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SURVIVAL LANGUAGE GUIDE

BULGARIAN ALPHABET

In 886 AD, the Bulgarian Empire introduced the Glagolitic alphabet which was devised by the Saints Cyril and Methodius in the 850s. The Glagolitic alphabet was gradually superseded in later centuries by the Cyrillic script, developed around the Preslav Literary School, Bulgaria in the beginning of the 10th century.

Because the script was conceived and popularised by the followers of Cyril and Methodius, rather than by Cyril and Methodius themselves, its name denotes homage rather than authorship. The name "Cyrillic" often confuses people who are not familiar with the script's history, because it does not identify a country of origin (in contrast to the "Greek alphabet"). Some call it the "Russian alphabet" because Russian is the most popular and influential alphabet based on the script. Some Bulgarian intellectuals, have expressed concern over this, and have suggested that the Cyrillic script be called the "Bulgarian alphabet" instead, for the sake of historical accuracy.

In Bulgarian, Macedonian, Russian, and Serbian, the Cyrillic script is also known as azbuka, derived from the old names of the first two letters of most Cyrillic alphabets (just as the term alphabet came from the first two Greek letters alpha and beta).

Sample Text in Bulgarian

Всички хора се раждат свободни и равни по достойнство и права. Tе са надарени с разум и съвест и следва да се отнасят помежду си в дух на братство.

ITALIAN ALPHABET AND LANGUAGE

Italian orthography uses a variant of the Latin alphabet consisting of 21 letters to write the Italian language.

The base Italian alphabet consists of 21 letters: five vowels (A, E, I, O U) and 16 consonants. The letters J, K, W, X and Y are not part of the proper alphabet, and are used only for loanwords and foreign names (with very few exceptions, such as in the native names Jesolo and Bettino Craxi). In addition, acute, grave and circumflex accents may be used to modify vowel letters.

According to the Bologna statistics of the European Union, Italian is spoken as a native language by 59 million people in the EU (13% of the EU population), mainly in Italy, and as a second language by 14 million (3%). Including the Italian speakers in non-EU European countries (such as Switzerland and Albania) and on other continents, the total number of speakers is around 85 million.

Italian is descended from Latin. Unlike most other Romance languages, Italian retains Latin's contrast between short and long consonants. As in most Romance languages, stress is distinctive. Among the Romance languages, Italian is the closest to Latin in terms of vocabulary

ROMANIAN ALPHABET

The Romanian alphabet is a variant of the Latin alphabet used by the Romanian language. It is a modification of the classical Latin alphabet and consists of 31 letters.

Romanian is a Romance language spoken by about 24 million people in Romania, Moldova and Ukraine. Romanian retains a number of features of Latin, such as noun cases, which other Romance languages dispensed with a long time ago. Romanian contains many words taken from the surrounding Slavic languages, and also from French, Old Church Slavonic, German, Greek and Turkish.

Romanian first appeared in writing during the 16th century mainly in religious texts and other documents. The earliest known text in Romanian dates from 1521 and is a letter from Neacşu of Câmpulung to the mayor of Braşov.

From the late 16th century a version of the Latin alphabet using Hungarian spelling conventions was used to write Romanian in Translyvania. Then in the late 18th century a spelling system based on Italian was adopted.

A version of the Cyrillic alphabet was used in the Soviet Republic of Moldova until 1989, when they switched to the Romanian version of the Latin alphabet.

Sample text in Romanian

Toate fiin ele umane se nasc libere i egale ț șîn demnitate i în drepturi. Ele sunt șînzestrate cu ra iune i con tiin ă i trebuie ț ș ș ț șsă se comporte unele fa ă de altele în țspiritul fraternită iiț

TURKISH ALPHABET

The Turkish alphabet is an alphabet derived from the Latin alphabet used for writing the Turkish language, consisting of 29 letters, seven of which (Ç, Ğ, I, İ, Ö, Ş, and Ü) have been modified from their Latin originals for the phonetic requirements of the language. This alphabet represents modern Turkish pronunciation with a high degree of accuracy and specificity. It is the current official alphabet and the latest in a series of distinct alphabets used in different eras.

Turkish was written using a Turkish form of the Arabic script for over a thousand years. It was well suited to write Ottoman Turkish which incorporated a great deal of Arabic and Persian vocabulary. However, it was poorly suited to the Turkish part of the vocabulary. Whereas Arabic is rich in consonants but poor in vowels, Turkish is exactly the opposite.

The current 29-letter Turkish alphabet was established as a personal initiative of the founder of the Turkish Republic, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.

Sample text in Turkish

Bütün insanlar hür, haysiyet ve haklar bakımından eşit doğarlar. Akıl ve vicdana sahiptirler ve birbirlerine karşı kardeşlik zihniyeti ile hareket etmelidirler.

GERMAN ALPHABET AND LANGUAGE

German is a West Germanic language spoken mainly in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Belgium, Luxembourg and Italy.Standard German (Hoch Deutsch) has around 90 million native speakers, and other varieties of German have some 30 million. There are about 80 million people who speak German as a second language, and many others study it as a foreign language.

Sample text in German

Alle Menschen sind frei und gleich an Würde und Rechten geboren. Sie sind mit Vernunft und Gewissen begabt und sollen einander im Geist der Brüderlichkeit begegnen.

SütterlinSütterlin was created by the Berlin graphic artist L. Sütterlin (1865-1917), who modelled it on the style of handwriting used in the old German Chancery. It was taught in German schools from 1915 to 1941 and is still used by the older generation.

Written German script styles

FrakturFraktur was used for printed and written German from the 16th century until 1940. The name Fraktur comes from Latin and means "broken script". It is so called because its ornamental twiddly bits (curlicues) break the continuous line of a word. In German it is usually called the deutsche Schrift (German script).

PORTUGESE ALPHABET AND LANGUAGE

Portuguese is a Romance language spoken by about 220 million people mainly in Portugal and Brazil (Brasil), and also in Angola, Mozambique (Moçambique), Cape Verde (Cabo Verde), Guinea-Bissau (Guiné-Bissau), São Tomé e Principe, East Timor (Timor-Leste), Equatorial Guinea and Macau.

Portuguese is a descendent of Latin, which was brought to the Iberian Peninsula by Roman soldiers, settlers and merchants from 218 BC. The earliest records of a distinctly Portuguese language appear in administrative documents dating from the 9th century AD. In 1290 King Denis decreed that Portuguese, then simply called the "Vulgar language" should be known as the Portuguese language and should be officially used.

A reformed Portuguese orthography (nova ortografia), in which words were spelled more in accordance with their pronunciation, was adopted is Portugal in 1916. A slightly modified form was adopted in Brazil in 1943 and revised in 1970. A new orthography which aims to unify the written Portuguese of all the lusophone countries was adopted in Brazil in 2009. Dates have yet to be set for its adoption in the other Portuguese-speaking countries

A a B b C c D d E e F f G g H h I i

á bê cê dê é efe gê agá i

J j K k L l M m N n O o P p Q q R r

jota cá/capa

ele eme ene ó pê quê erre

S s T t U u V v W w X x Y y Z z  

esse tê u vê dábliu,dáblio,duplo-vê

xis ípsilonipsilão,i grego

zê

Sample text in Portuguese

Todos os seres humanos nascem livres e iguais em dignidade e em direitos. Dotados de razão e de consciência, devem agir uns para com os outros em espírito de fraternidade.

SWITZERLAND

The four national languages of Switzerland are German, French, Italian and Romansh. All but Romansh maintain equal status as official languages at the national level within the Federal Administration of the Swiss Confederation.

Native speakers of German (chiefly Swiss German, though Standard German is also understood) number about 4.6 million (64%); for French (mostly Swiss French, but including some Arpitan dialects) they number 1.5 million (20%); for Italian (mostly Swiss Italian, but including Lombard dialects), 500,000 (6.5%); and for Romansch, 35,000 (0.5%).

The German region (Deutschschweiz) is roughly in the east, north and center; the French part (la Romandie) in the west and the Italian area (Svizzera italiana) in the south. There remains a small Romansh-speaking native population in Graubünden in the east. The cantons of Fribourg, Bern and Valais are officially bilingual; Graubünden is officially trilingual.

"Map Languages CH" by Marco Zanoli (sidonius 13:20, 18 June 2006 (UTC)) - Swiss Federal Statistical Office; census of 2000. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons - http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Map_Languages_CH.png#/media/File:Map_Languages_CH.png

ENGLISH BULGARIAN GERMAN ITALIAN PORTUGESE ROMANIAN TURKISH

Hello! Здрасти! Hallo! Ciao! Olá! Buna! Salut! Merhaba! Good

morning! Добро утро! Guten

Morgen! Buongiorno! Bom dia! Bună

dimineața! Günaydın! Good

afternoon! Добър ден! Guten Tag!

Buon pomeriggio! Boa tarde! Bună ziua!

Iyi akşamlar!

Good evening! Добър вечер!

Guten Abend! Buonasera! Boa noite! Bună seara!

Iyi akşamlar!

Bye! Чао! Tschüss! Bye! Tchau! Pa! Güle güle!

Have a nice day!

Приятен ден!

Hab einen schönen

Tag! Buona

giornata! Tenha um bom dia! O zi plăcută! Iyi günler!

What is your

name? My name

is…

Как се казваш?

Аз се казвам ...

Wie ist dein

Name? Mein Name ist

Come ti chiami?

Il mio nome e …

Qual é o seu nome?

Meu nome é ...

Cum te numești? Numele

meu este ...

Adın ne? Benim adım ...

ENGLISH BULGARIAN GERMAN ITALIAN PORTUGESE ROMANIAN TURKISH

Where are you from? I am

from ...

От къде си?

Аз съм от ...

Woher kommst du? Ich komme

aus ...

Di dove sei?

Io vengo da ...

De onde você é?

Eu sou de ...

De unde esti?

Sunt din ...

Nerelisin? Lıyım ...

How are you? I am fine,

thank you!

So - so!

Как си? Добре съм, благодаря! Горе-долу!

Wie geht es Dir?

Mir geht es gut, danke!

So - so!

Come stai? Io sto bene,

grazie! Così così!

Como você está?

Eu estou bem,

obrigado! Mais ou menos!

Ce mai faci? Sunt bine,

multumesc! Asa si asa!

Nasılsın? Iyiyim! Eh işte!

Nice to meet you!

Приятно ми е да се

запознаем!

Schön, Dich kennenzulern

en!

Piacere di conoscerti!

Prazer em conhecê-lo!

Încântat de cunoștință!

Tanıştığımıza memnun

oldum!

ENGLISH BULGARIAN GERMAN ITALIAN PORTUGESE ROMANIAN TURKISH

Thank you! Благодаря! Danke! Grazie! Obrigado! Mulţumesc! Teşekkürler! I do not

understand! Не

разбирам! Ich

verstehe nicht!

Non capisco!

Eu não entendo!

Nu înțeleg! Anlamadım!

Yes Да Ja Si Sim Da Evet No Не Nein No Não Nu Hayır

How much does it cost?

Колко струва ... ?

Wie viel kostet das?

Quanto costa?

Quanto custa isso?

Cat costa? Ne kadar?

One, two, three, four,

five, six, seven,

eight, nine, ten.

Едно, две, три,

четири, пет, шест, седем, осем, девет,

десет.

Eins, zwei ,

drei, vier, fünf,

sechs, sieben, acht,

neun , zehn.

Uno, due, tre, quattro, cinque,

sei, sette, otto, nove, dieci.

Um, dois, três, quatro, cinco, seis, sete, oito, nove, dez.

Unu, doi, trei ,patru, cinci, sase, sapte, opt, noua, zece.

Bir, iki, üç, dört, beş, altı, yedi,

sekiz , dokuz, on.

ENGLISH BULGARIAN GERMAN ITALIAN PORTUGESE ROMANIAN TURKISH

Who is this?

This is my

friend ...

Кой е това? Това е моят приятел .../

Това е моята

приятелка ...

Wer ist das?

Das ist mein

Freund .../ Das ist mein

Freundin ...

Chi è questo? Questo è il mio amico

.../ Questa è la mia amica

...

Quem é? Este é meu amigo .../

Esta é minha

namorada ...

Cine este aceasta? Acesta

este prietenul meu .../ Aceasta

este prietena mea ...

Bu kim? Bu benim arkadaşım

.../ Bu benim kız arkadaşım

...

When is your

birthday?

Кога е рождения

ти ден?

Wann hast du

Geburtstag?

Quando è il tuo

compleanno?

Quando é seu

aniversário?

Când este ziua

ta de naștere?

Doğum günün ne zaman?

Why? Защо? Warum? Perché? Por quê? De ce? Neden? What do

you call it in

English?

Как е това на

английски?

Was heiβt das in

Englisch?

Come si chiama in inglese?

O que você chamá-lo

em Inglês?

Cum se spune in engleză?

Eğer İngilizce olarak ne diyorsun?

ENGLISH BULGARIAN GERMAN ITALIAN PORTUGES

E ROMANIA

N TURKISH

Can you speak more

slowly, please?

Може ли да говорите по-бавно,

моля?

Kannst Du langsamer sprechen,

bitte?

Puoi parlare più lentamente

, per favore?

Você pode

falar mais devagar,

por favor?

Poți vorbi mai

încet, te rog?

Sen daha yavaş bir

konuşabilir miyim lütfen?

Can you spell your

name, please?

Може ли да кажете името

буква по буква?

Kannst Du Deinen

Namen bitte buchstabieren

?

Puoi precisare il tuo nome, per favore?

Você pode

soletrar o seu

nome, por

favor?

Poți scrii numele tău te rog?

Sen adınızı, lütfen yazım

olabilir?

Where is the

restroom?

Къде е тоалетната

?

Wo ist die Toilette?

Dov'è il bagno?

Onde é o banheiro

?

Unde este

toaleta?

Tuvalet nerede?