surfactants europa
TRANSCRIPT
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Surfactants Europa L
A Directory of Surface Active Agents available in Europe T H I R D E D I T I O N
EDITED BY
G O R D O N L . HOLLIS MScPhD
@- THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CHEMISTRY &&
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The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
0 The Royal Society of Chemistry 1995
ISBN 0-85 404-804-9
All Rights Reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means - graphic, electronic, including photocopying, recording, taping, or information storage and retrieval systems - without written permission from The Royal Society of Chemistry.
Published by The Royal Society of Chemistry, Thomas Graham House, The Science Park, Cambridge, CB4 4WF
Typeset by Datix International Ltd, Bungay, Suffolk Printed by Staples Printers Ltd, Rochester
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Production team
Nichole Gibson (Staff Editor) Julie Hetherington Sally Hawes Angela Nicholls Helen Thomas Doug Hartley Cheryl Beynon
James Butler (Design) Alan Skull Andrew Nightingale
Acknowledgements
The Editor is grateful to all the companies who have willingly supplied data for use in this directory and in particular for the many conversations with members of their staff which have helped in the presentation of their data in the various parts of the book. He is also appreciative of the work and enthusiasm of the many members of the production team, at Cambridge, who have combined to ensure publication in the minimum time.
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Contents
Preface
Introduction and notes on the we of this directory
ix
Glossary
Definitions
Abbreviations
1 Amphoterics Acetates Be taines G1 ycinates Imidazolines Propionates Miscellaneous amphoterics
2 Anionics Alkyl sulfates Alkylaryl sulfonates Alkylarylether carboxylates A1 ky lary le t her sulfates Alkylether carboxylates Alkylether sulfates Lignin products Olefine sulfonates Paraffin sulfonates Phosphate esters Sarcosinates Sulfosuccinates/sulfosuccinmates Tauratedisethiona tes Miscellaneous anionics
3 Cationics Amides Amidoamines Amine salts Amines Diamines Imidazolines Quaternaries Miscellaneous cationics
4 Nonionics Alkoxylates
Alcohol ethoxylates Alkylphenol ethoxylates h i d e ethoxylates Amine ethoxylates Block polymers Ester ethoxylates Fatty acid ethoxylates Glyceride ethoxylates Miscellaneous ethoxylates Other alkoxylates
Alkylolamides Amine oxides Esters Miscellaneous nonionics
X
xv
xviii
xix
1 1 1 7 8
11 14
19 19 29 41 41 43 4.5 54 57 57 58 72 74 83 84
99 99
100 101 103 110 112 114 133
139 139 139 181 200 201 210 217 226 23 1 24 1 245 2.56 268 2 72 317
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vi Contents
5 Miscellaneous surfadants Fluorochemicals Glucosides Lanolin and wool wax derivatives Polymer-based products Protein-based surfactants Silicon-based products Other surfactants including blends
Indexes Index of company addresses Index of companies Index of trade names
333 333 335 336 3 43 348 350 355
389 389 415 417
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A unique monthly newsletter
Focus on Surfactants provides data on surfactant intermediates and raw materials, associated products, detergent formulations, process and plant news, biodegradability and product safety and more every month. It is edited by Dr Gordon Hollis, an established consultant in detergents, surface active agents, their raw materials, markets and applications. Previously he was for many years employed by an important manufacturer in the development of detergent chemicals and intermediates.
Focus on Surf actants monitors information from both technical and commercial sources, including company literature, press releases, market research reports and journals. The newsletter is essential reading for anyone involved with this diverse and fascinating sector of the chemical industry.
Focus on Surfactants enables you to:
b gain information vital to your business, including * new product developments * market information * companynews
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Tel: +44 (0) 1223 423821 Fax: +44 (0) 1223 423429 Toll free (US only): 1-800-473-9234
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Preface
The existence of soap, the original cleansing agent, has been known for many centuries and the active ingredient, the fatty acid carboxylate salt in various forms can rightly claim to represent the first category of surface active agents in regular use.
The name of turkey red oil has had a place in organic chemistry journals and text books for over a century in the context of mordant dyeing, while products such as alkyl sulfates, alkyl sulfonates and secondary olefme sulfonates achieved commercial significance in a number of industrial fields in the inter-war years. During World War 11, ethoxylates, mostly derived from aromatic bases, contributed to alleviation of the shortage of naturally-derived soap.
Serious growth began in the 1940s in line with the introduction of synthetic detergents and continued rapidly both in quantities used and in chemical categories of products available as applications grew in other industries. By the 1960s, the industry as we know it today had become established. Subsequently the rate of increase of new surfactant types began to slow down but the number of manufacturers steadily increased on a me-too basis and also as producers increasingly established positions in countries outside their home-base. This inevitably led to re-organisation in and since the 1980s as companies began to recognise the need to concentrate on core activities and in appreciation of opportunities in the rapidly developing countries outside the traditionally so-called western world. The last few years in particular have witnessed changes in company ownership, many
on a large scale and most of international dimension. Subsequent rationalisation of product ranges has resulted in the disappearance of some long-familiar names both of companies and products.
The situation is reflected in the contents of this directory, the fifth in a series first published in 1976 with a second edition in 1979 listing surfactants available in the UK. In 1982 this was extended to include products of other European countries and further so extended in 1989.
This edition is the third under the title SURFACTANTS EUROPA. As in previous editions, listing is by over 40 surfactant classes together with an appreciable number of products of unspecified constitution. Properties of a product of a particular class and its trade name can be easily identified together with address details of companies marketing it across the continent of Europe.
Minor changes in presentation occur in particular with esters in which so-called food esters are no longer separately listed to avoid confusion where a given product can be used for food and other outlets, though probably with different levels of purity.
introductory section and various cross-reference indexes as an essential background to studying the product lists.
Readers are strongly advised to familiarise themselves with the
G. L. Hollis
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Introduction and notes on the use of this directory
1. Nature of surfactants The term SURFACTANTS is the contemporary name for surface active agents, the class of chemical products whose molecules are able to modify the properties of an interface, e.g. liquid/air or liquid/liquid by lowering the surface or interfacial tension, with associated changes occurring in other properties, e.g. wetting. Depending on the precise chemical nature of the product, the properties of, for example, emulsification, detergency and foaming may be exhibited in varying degrees.
two essential portions, one being water repellent, usually called hydrophobic (or lipophilic), the other being water attractive, usually called hydrophilic (lipophobic). The hydrophobic portion comprises a collection of hydrocarbon groups, some at least of which form a linear chain which may or may not be substituted to varying extents. The hydrophilic portion comprises a solubilising group such as sulfate, sulfonate or ethoxylate, for example.
The number and arrangement of the hydrocarbon groups together with the nature and position of the hydrophilic groups combine to determine the surface active properties of the molecule. C,, to C,, is generally regarded as the range covering optimum detergency properties while optimum wetting and foaming properties usually occur at somewhat shorter chain lengths.
of electrical charge on the molecule viz.
Every surfactant possesses the fundamental characteristic of having
Surfactants fall into four categories depending on the distribution
(i) Anionic in which the hydrophobic portion of the molecule carries a residual negative charge
e.g. sodium dodecyl sulfate:
C H3(CH2),&H20S03-Na+
(ii) Cationic in which the hydrophobic portion carries a residual positive charge
e.g. cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide:
(iii) Nonionic in which there is no residual electrical charge e.g. dodecylalcohol ethoxylate:
(iv) Amphoteric in which both positive and negative centres are to be found in the molecule
e.g. alkyldimethylbetaine:
Further examples of products in the above categories are to be found in the product lists and in the glossary of chemical formulae.
Each of the above types finds application in industry though anionic and nonionic types are used in much greater quantities than cationic and amphoteric.
nonionic type properties may be exhibited. The following, however, should be noted:
Depending on the conditions prevailing, cationic, anionic or
(9
(ii)
(iii)
Long chain amines are not strictly cationic in neutral solution but do exhibit that property in the form of salts, e.g. acetates. Amines are nevertheless listed under the heading cationics for convenient reference. Amine ethoxylates are listed in this directory under ethoxylates (i.e. nonionics) even though relatively short chain ethoxylates exhibit cationic properties. Amine oxides in neutral or alkaline solution are essentially nonionics but weakly cationic below about pH 3. They are listed under nonionics.
Anionics and nonionics form the organic active constituent of detergents and also find widespread usage in wetting, spreading, emulsification, dispersing, foaming and other applications in a whole host of manufacturing industries including textiles, plastics, paints, paper, pharmaceuticals, disinfectants, agricultural preparations and many more.
but also find outlets in, for example, ore flotation and road making. They are not of importance in providing detergency as such.
detergency but hitherto have attracted relatively little commercial interest on account of their high cost of manufacture. Their usage, however, is now increasing, in part at least, because of their extra mildness to the skin providing real advantages in cosmetic and toiletry preparations.
Cationics are mainly used for bactericidal and softening applications
Amphoterics have many actual and potential applications including
2. Scope The technical criterion for inclusion of a product in this directory is that it is considered to be a surfactant as described in section 1 of this introduction.
There are however many definitions of surfactant depending on personal preference and field of usage, e.g. textiles. Some operators regard a dispersant, for example, as a surfactant while others would not. Some chemicals which fall into this wider definition of surfactants have been included for completeness.
Therefore, products listed in the directory should not necessarily be regarded as surfactants under any of those definitions used in section 1. This should be noted particularly in a litigation context.
The commercial criterion for inclusion is that the product listed should be on the product range of a company possessing a selling organisation or an approved agent in a European country, irrespective of where the product is manufactured. Data have, in all cases, been provided by the supplier.
of where it is manufactured. Imports are nevertheless an important part of the surfactant scene. However, the majority of products used in a particular country, especially in the larger countries of the developed areas of the world, will normally be made in that country.
In theory, any product is potentially available worldwide regardless
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xii Introduction
It should be noted that often the product range publicised by a manufacturer represents only a fraction of those surfactants potentially available. By varying the quantity and types of hydrophobes and hydrophiles it is possible to create a vast number of surfactants. This is particularly so in the case of the versatile alkoxylates where the number of moles of ethylene oxide or propylene oxide per mole of hydrophobe is theoretically almost limitless. Values between 1 and over 100 occur in practice. In these cases, where specific ranges are offered, others can frequently be tailor-made by arrangement with the manufacturer.
compilation, editing and printing of this directory following receipt of product information. During this time, changes in products may be taking place. Such changes will be relatively small. However, there may be significant changes, especially in expanding companies or those experiencing product rationalisation.
While the directory is believed to provide an accurate overall picture of product and product range availability at the beginning of 1995, it is imperative that, when contemplating the use of a particular product, the supplier should be consulted regarding current availability or suitable alternatives.
It will be appreciated that considerable time is needed for
3. Presentation of data Surfactants are listed on the basis of the four types described in section I, with subdivision where appropriate, together with a miscellaneous section covering:
(i) Certain blends of surfactants, often including products of more
(ii) Products of undisclosed composition. than one class.
For ease of cross-reference, an alphabetical list of trade names is included. An alphabetical list of the suppliers name, address, telephone and fax numbers throughout Europe is provided and there is a chemical formula glossary covering the many surfactant types listed.
4. Company names The name used to identify companies in the product listings is normally a suitably short name sufficient to identify the company. The full official name appears in the address index for those countries in Europe in which the company is represented for commercial purposes either by an associate company or by an appointed agent. Address details are confmed to Europe. Many companies operate worldwide and details of addresses outside Europe can normally be obtained from the headquarters or local addresses.
This edition reflects the extensive changes that have taken place over recent years in company ownership. Many one-time familiar names both of companies and products no longer appear. In many cases the products are still offered, but by a different company. The products may be available under the same trade name as before, but are often available under a new trade name.
5. Terminology As with organic compounds in general, there is more than one way of naming most surfactants. In addition, these names become distorted as a result of commercialisation. In many cases more than one of these names is in regular use for a given product or class of products.
The situation may be illustrated by the case of the product having the following chemical formula:
where R is a mixture of alkyl groups in the region of ClzHz5~C14Hz9.
This product will be recognised as a key ingredient of many liquid
lauryl ether sulfate lauryl 3 -e thoxysulfa te lauryl 3E0 sulfate sodium salt of linear alcohol ethoxysulfate alkyl polyglycol ether sulfate There are thus many ways of naming the above product. In
detergent formulations. Names by which it may be known include:
addition the term lauryl is capable of more than one interpretation. In the strict text book sense, this alcohol has the formula:
Commercially, however, lauryl alcohol is normally offered in two grades. The purer form is usually called narrow cut and comprises a mixture of lauryl alcohol (CH,(CH,),,CH,OH) and myristyl (CH,(CH,),,CH,OH) alcohol in ratio of approximately 2:l.
The broad cut grade in common use comprises the analogous products having even numbers of carbon atoms between 8 and 18 inclusive, peaking in the C12,14 range and sometimes known as coconut alcohol.
formulations, it is called n-dodecyl alcohol to distinguish it from the lauryl as commercially understood.
Over the years, a number of alcohols made by so-called synthetic processes using petrochemically derived feed-stocks have appeared on the market for uses similar to those of the traditional lauryl alcohol derived from natural sources, viz coconut oil and palm kernel oil. In actual product descriptions the word lauryl is sometimes used in a generic sense implying lauryl type alcohols.
The chemical names used in this directory are those used by the suppliers in their literature. In a number of cases products are described by the Cosmetic, Toiletry and Fragrance Association (CTFA) designation instead of or in addition to their traditional names. This has been done when the appropriate data have been provided by the supplier but no attempt has been made to introduce the CTFA designation when not supplied, in order to avoid possible misrepresentation.
It follows therefore that essentially the same product will be named in different ways in different places. To introduce chemical names other than those long established by a given supplier could lead to unnecessary confusion.
In applications where the true lauryl alcohol is used e.g. in dentrifice
6. Surfactant application For a directory such as this to be of maximum value, the properties of each product must be related to industries in which it finds or is likely to find application.
Whilst some products are restricted in usage to specific applications for which they may have been specially tailored, most are more likely to possess a variety of properties which may be usefully employed in many fields.
For reasons of space and sometimes availability of data, key uses only have been mentioned. Such information varies from supplier to supplier. Some companies state properties and applications for each product within a series while others prefer to summarise for a group of products.
Further, one companys information may differ from anothers for what is apparently the same product. It must be emphasised that, while some of these variations may be as a result of company preference and space constraints, there may be good reasons why a product should not be used in place of an apparently similar one.
There might be important effects on, for example, physical properties and compatibility which are of great importance in application e.g. in formulations. These differences can arise, for
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Infroduciion xiii
example, through variations in the feedstock from which the hydrophobe is made, the method of conversion to the surfactant, the reagent and/or catalyst used, or the degree of purification.
It is essential therefore that before any product is used for a given application, its suitability be confirmed by the would-be user, consulting with the supplier if in any doubt whatever.
7. Patent liability Mention in this directory of the use of a given product in a particular application or of its manufacture by a particular method does not imply freedom from patent restrictions of any kind. Manufacturers and users should, in their own interests, clarify their positions in this respect in advance of any operation or application involving the surfac tan ts listed.
8. Environmental In recent years, as we are all aware, environmental considerations have assumed an increasingly prominent place in the whole of life. In the post-war years, particularly from the 1960s onwards, increases in living standards throughout the world, particularly in the developed countries, have been associated with ever-improving quality and efficiency in product types, usage and production using new branches of science and technology that have been developed so comprehensively.
This situation has brought great benefits to society as a whole but, as so often in such situations, associated adverse (or allegedly adverse) factors have to be taken into account. The time for the latter has now been with us for some time and the chemical industry is under increasing scrutiny in respect of toxicity, waste disposal and environmental effects in general.
As those Concerned with the industry at the time will recall, surfactants experienced their own problems starting over 40 years ago in the field of biodegradability. Extensive investigations carried out in the 50s and 60s brought acceptable solutions to this problem which has steadily receded from the spotlight following adoption of recommendations or compliance with regulations as appropriate throughout the world. Should this compliance ever, for any reason, diminish, then the problem could be expected to return to the headlines and probably with even greater urgency bearing in mind the level of environmental awareness now prevalent.
It is therefore the responsibility of all those concerned with surfactant production and usage to become and remain acquainted with the biodegradability requirements and any other regulations applicable in all areas throughout the world where their products are liable to be used. In cases where usage involves direct contact with the person, e.g. in cosmetic, toiletry and food applications, a precise knowledge of all necessary regulations and requirements is obviously of even greater importance.
Since this directory is expected to be used, like its predecessors, throughout the world, where the precise requirements for surfactant applications differ from country to country, reference is not made to the suitability or otherwise of any particular surfactant in any aspect of usage including biodegradability.
However, for the convenience of the reader and particularly those (relatively) new to the subject, the established principles of biodegradability are summarised below.
8. I. Biodegradability Biodegradability is a word with which those connected with the manufacture and use of surface active agents have been familiar for many years.
Following the initial highlighting, in the early 1950s, of the problem of limited biodegradability of branched chain alkylbenzene sulfonates work was initiated in several countries to identify the cause of the problem and provide a suitable remedy.
This led eventually to the adoption in the UK from the beginning of 1965 of a voluntary agreement between the detergent manufacturers and chemical suppliers that branched chain alkylbenzene sulfonates should no longer be used in household detergents. Corresponding arrangements followed in other European countries, the USA, Japan and Australia (West Germany had introduced a legal standard of biodegradability in October 1964).
The EEC introduced two Directives covering the usage of detergents and surface agents on 22 November 1973; the first Directive (73/404/EEC) is a general Directive stipulating that the average biodegradability of each class of surfactant (anionic, nonionic, cationic and ampholytic) in a detergent formulation shall be not less than 90%; the second Directive (73/405/EEC) specified test procedures for determination of the biodegradability of anionic surfactants but, in order to take into account the unreliability of test methods, specifies a minimum biodegradability of 80% which has effectively become the standard used.
(82/242/EEC) was introduced on 31 March 1982. This Directive is broadly similar to the anionic surfactant Directive referred to above, but with the important difference that it includes some exemptions. These relate to low-foaming nonionic surfactants used in dish-washing products, and may be marketed until adequately degradable substitutes are found.
Directive (73/405/EEC) was later amended by Directive (82/243/EEC), and further specifies methods of testing the biodegradability of anionic surfactants.
Directives specifically concerned with the cationic or ampholytic surfactants.
A further EEC Directive (79/83 l/EEC) which became effective on 18 September 1981, concerns the notification of new substances with regard to their classification, packaging and labelling. The very wide-ranging notification dossier required for a new substance includes informa tion on biodegradability, though the requirements are somewhat different in principle to those of the specific surfactant directives. Those surfactants registered before 18 September 1981 are regarded as existing chemicals and are listed on the EINECS list. Any new surfactants not on this list have to be tested for both primary and ultimate biodegradability as described by Directive (92/69/EEC).
It is widely accepted that products having linear hydrocarbon chains are acceptably biodegradable whereas those with significantly branched chains are not. For example, linear alkylbenzene sulfonates as opposed to the branched chain variety give acceptable biodegradability under normal user conditions and, as is well known, have been used now for many years as leading ingredients of the household detergent formulations.
and paraffin sulfonates are further examples of acceptable anionic types.
In the case of alcohol ethoxylates, products having more than about 15 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of hydrophobe are generally regarded as being less readily biodegraded. In those with less than this number, the position as with anionics, depends on the h ydrop hobe.
Thus linear or straight chain alcohols generally give rise to biodegradable products. In the various product lists in this directory, the alcohols used as hydrophobes are described in many different ways by the different suppliers. In many cases, it may not be readily apparent to the uninitiated which products are, in fact, linear or
With regard to nonionic surfactants, a third Directive
So far there have been no official moves in respect of EEC
Linear alcohol sulfates and ether sulfates, linear olefine sulfonates
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xiv lnlroducfion
near-linear and therefore biodegradable and which are not. If in any doubt the prospective user should consult the supplier.
undoubtedly evidence to show that, under appropriate conditions, these products can be caused to degrade. Their consistent degradability at an acceptable rate under normal user conditions, however, is not universally accepted (I).
of the main types of anionic and nonionic surfactants in this directory where sufficient information is given of the products constitution. In other cases, the supplier may nevertheless refer to the products biodegradability but in many cases this is not so.
requirements, as with others, differ from country to country. Thus, products may be used for certain export formulations which would not necessarily be acceptable if the same formulations were to be used in their country of origin.
The position with alkylphenol ethoxylates is less clear-cut. There is
These notes are intended as guidelines to the likely biodegradability
Finally, it should be remembered that biodegradability
9. Precautions in handling Surfactants are not in general classed as dangerous chemicals but like all chemicals, they can give rise to adverse effects if not handled with proper precautions and common sense. It is not, however, regarded as within the scope of this directory to provide advice or suggestions in this field.
It is the responsibility of all concerned with production and usage of surfactants to ensure that all necessary precautions are observed in the handling of the surfactants and their intermediates in manufacture and usage at all stages including transportation, thereby playing their part in the maintenance of a fully safe chemical industry.
References 1 Swisher, R. D. Surfactanf Biodegradation, Surfacfanf Science Series
2nd ed., 1987, 18, Marcel Dekker AG, Basel, Switzerland.
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Glossary
This section is included to provide a basic guide to the chemical structure of products listed in the various sections with particular reference to the nature of the hydrophilic groups used in the different surfactant classes. A knowledge of elementary organic chemistry is assumed.
identified by its chemical name. In a number of cases however, mainly in the miscellaneous section, chemical structures are highly complex and are often mixtures. In these cases no attempt is made to identify particular chemical types.
In the majority of products listed, the hydrophobic group is easily
Amp hot erics Surfactants of this class carry both a positive and a negative charge. The cationic or anionic character of the molecule can be changed by varying the pH of an aqueous solution. Such products are sometimes referred to as ampholytes or amopholytic surfac tan ts.
This class of surfactants includes a very large number of chemical types and the subject is one of considerable complexity. However, the principal structures on which most products are based are as follows:
Betaines: R I
Ri--N+-CH2C02-
k 2
Gly cinates:
RN HCH2C02H
Propionates:
RN H C H2C H2C02H
Imidazolines:
R 'C H2C H 2 0 H
These are essentially intermediates but become amphoterics on reaction with for example, chloroacetic acid. There is now evidence that the ring structure breaks down during formation of the amphoteric so the imidazoline ring as such is not part of the surfactant molecule. For more detailed information see reference I, page 258.
Anionics Alkylaryl sulfonates General formula:
The C,H,, + I (alkyl) portion may be branched, as when derived from prop ylene te tramer in biologically 'hard' surfactants or substantially linear as when derived from n-paraffins or alpha-olefines in biologically 'soft' surfactants. M is most commonly sodium but other metal ions, ammonium or amine derivatives are available. The most common average value for n is around 12 for detergent applications. Toluene, xylene and cumene sulfonates are also offered primarily for solubilisation purposes.
(ii) Alkyl sulfates General formula:
These products are also called alcohol sulfates. The value of x is normally in the C10,16 range. Again the most usual cation (M) is sodium but other metals and also ammonium and ethanolamines are offered commercially.
(iii) Ether sulfates General formula:
CH3(CH2)sH2(0CH2CH2), OS03-M+
The most usual values of n are 2 and 3 but others do occur in practice. The alkyl group is normally substantially or entirely linear (x = 10 - 12 being the most common value). Alkylaryl groups are also used. This class of product is known commercially by a wide variety of names.
(iv) Ether carboxylates General formula:
R(OC H 2C H2)nO C H 2C02-M+
where R may be an alkyl or alkylaryl group.
(v) Phosphate esters General formula:
0 0 II II
I I OH OH
Mixture of RO-P-0 H and RO-P-OR
depending on the conditions of reaction between alcohols (ROH) and either phosphoric acid or phosphorus pentoxide. In addition to alcohols, alkylphenols are used and also the ethoxylate derivatives (varying proportions of ethylene oxide) in both cases. These products are generally of a specialised nature with often relatively little information about their detailed molecular structure being available.
(vi) Sulfosuccinates General formula:
CH2C02R I or CH2C02R I
Na+S03--CHC02-Na+ Na'S03--CHC02R
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xvi Glossary
Derived from ROH where R may be an alkyl group or an 3
(9 ethoxylate group derived from alcohol, alkylphenol or alkylolamide.
Sulfosuccinamates Derivatives of succinamic acid:
CH &ON H 2 I CH2C02H
e.g. Disodium N-octadecylsulfosuccinamate:
CH2CON HC 18H37 I C H2C02-N a+ I S 0 3-Na'
(ii)
Paraffin sulfonates
General formula: RS03-Na+
in which R is an alkyl group, normally a mixture within the C13j,s range and the sulfonate linkage is predominantly of the secondary type. Also known as alkane sulfonates.
(iii)
Olefine sulfonates These products are normally mixtures of hydroxyalkane sulfonates and alkene sulfonates, the hydrocarbon chain being
in the range. (iv)
Sarcosinates General formula:
RCO-N-CH2C02H I CH3
where R is an alkyl group. Products are offered commercially in either the free acid form (as above) or as a metallic salt, usually sodium.
Isethionates Derived from isethionic acid:
Formula of typical derived surfactant:
RC02CH2C H2S03-Na+
where R is an alkyl group.
Taurates Derived from taurine:
Formula of typical derived surfactant:
RCO-N-CH2CH2S03-Na' I CH3
Cationics Quaternaries General formula:
CH3 I R-N+-CH3 I Br-
CH3
Other types include pyridine derivatives in which the nitrogen atom assumes a quaternary form in, for example, an alkyl pyridinium bromide structure.
Imidazolines Based on the structure:
Imidazolines can also form quaternaries.
Amines, diamines
General formula: RNH2 and RNHCH2CH2CH2NHR1
Not strictly cationic in neutral solution.
Amine Salts For example,
4 Nonionics (i) Alkoxylates
General formula:
R(OCH2CH2)n0 H
where R is an alkyl derivative containing a reactive hydrogen atom, for example, alkylphenol, alcohol, amine, fatty acid, ester, glyceride (including castor oil), or amide. The ethoxy portion (OCH,CH,) may be replaced by propoxy groups in which a hydrogen atom is replaced by a methyl group, to give propoxylates. Sometimes mixed ethoxy and propoxy groups are found in the same molecule.
(ii) Block Polymers General formula:
CH3 I
HO(C H2C H20)JC HCH2O)AC H2C H2O)ZH
(iii) Alkylolamides Often also referred to as alkanolamides. General formula:
(a) Monoethanolamides:
RCO N H C H2C H 2 0 H Lignin products Lignin products are prepared from the waste liquor of the sulfite pulping process.
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Glossary xvii
(b) Diethanolamides:
/ CH2CH20H
CH2CH20H RCON,
When made using two moles of ethanolamine per mole of fatty acid, a mixture is formed comprising about 60% of diethanolamide together with ester amines and ester amides in which either or both of the OH groups of the ethanolamine are reacted with the fatty acid. The acids used are normally in the fatty series ranging from lauric to stearic but other types e.g. undecylenic and ricinoleic are also to be found in practice.
(iv) Esters
R C O ~ R ~ General formula:
R represents the acid portion, e.g. lauric, oleic, stearic or more complex types. R' represents the hydroxyl portion, e.g. monohydric alcohols of a wide variety of chain lengths, and polyhydric alcohols, e.g. polyglycols, glycerol. In the case of the polyhydric alcohols, one or more of the hydroxyl groups may be esterified.
(v) Amine oxides General formula:
R' I
R-N-O
k 2
where R is an alkyl group, normally within the range C10,16 R1 and R2 are also alkyl derivatives. Frequently R' and RZ are both methyl.
Further Reading: 1 Porter, M.R. Handbook of Surfactants, Blackie Academic &
Professional, Glasgow and London. Davidsohn, A. and Milwidsky, B.M. Synthetic Detergents, 7th ed., Longman Group UK Ltd., London. Chalmers, L. and Bathe, P. Chemical Specialities, 2nd ed., 1978 and 1979, I and 11, Micelle Press, Weymouth. Tadros, T.F., Surfactants, Academic Press Ltd., London. Surfnctanf Science Series, Marcel Dekker AG, Basel, Switzerland.
2
3
4 5
-
Abbreviations xix
aq. BDG ca. cm CPS cst dm EO g HLB IMS in. IPA
kg m max.
mg
Abbreviations
aqueous butyldiglycol circa centimetre centipoise centistokes decimetre ethylene oxide gram hydrophilic-lipophilic balance industrial methylated spirits inch isopropyl alcohol kilogram metre maximum milligram
min min. ml mm mol mmHg m.p. M.W. no. "C OH value PO POE POP sapon. sec soln.
minute minimum millilitre millimetre moles millimetres of mercury melting point molecular weight number degree centigrade hydroxyl value propylene oxide pol yoxyethylene pol yox ypropylene saponification second solution
-
I A
mph
oter
ics
Ace
tate
s
Supp
lier
Tra
de n
ame
Che
mic
al d
escr
iptio
n C
ompo
siti
on
Gen
eral
pro
pert
ies
Func
tiona
lity
App
licat
ions
Hen
kel
Rho
ne-P
oule
nc
Surfa
chem
Alb
right
&
EMPI
GEN
CD
L60/
P
EMPI
GEN
CD
R30
EMPI
GEN
CD
R40
EMPI
GEN
CD
R60
DEH
YTO
N G
VEL
VET
EX C
DC
Wils
on
Mcl
ntyr
e G
roup
M
AC
KA
M I
C
MA
CK
AM
1L
MA
CK
AM
2C
MA
CK
AM
2C
Y
MA
CK
AM
2L
MA
CK
AM
2W
MIR
APO
N E
XCEL
SUR
FAC
CA
A30
SUR
FAC
CA
A60
SUR
FAC
CA
D40
Zsch
imm
er &
A
MPH
OTE
NSI
D G
B Sc
hwar
z 20
09
laur
oarn
phoa
ceta
te
alky
l am
phoa
ceta
te
coco
amph
o(di
)ace
tate
coco
arnp
hoac
etat
e
coco
amph
odia
ceta
te
diso
dium
coc
oam
phod
iace
tate
sodi
um c
ocoa
mph
oace
tate
sodi
um la
uroa
mph
oace
tate
diso
dium
coc
oam
phod
iace
tate
diso
dium
cap
rylo
amph
odia
ceta
te
diso
dium
laur
oam
phoa
ceta
te
diso
dium
whe
atge
rmam
phod
iace
tate
coco
arnp
hoac
etat
e
45%
activ
e
50%
act
ive
45%
act
ive
40%
activ
e
29-3
1% a
ctiv
e
50%
activ
e
45%
act
ive
44%
act
ive
50%
act
ive
50%
activ
e
50%
activ
e
35%
act
ive
coco
amph
oace
tate
coco
amph
oace
tate
coco
amph
oace
tate
and
coc
oam
phod
iace
tate
diso
dium
coc
oam
phod
iace
tate
38
% a
ctiv
e
liqui
d
liqui
d
liqui
d
liqui
d
light
am
ber v
isco
us li
quid
liqui
d; pH
11
liqui
d; pH
10
liqui
d; p
H 8
.5
liqui
d; p
H 1
1
liqui
d; pH
9
liqui
d; pH
9.5
liqui
d
fluid
wet
ting
agen
t tex
tile
indu
stry
1 sham
poos
; ski
n cle
ansin
g pr
epar
atio
ns; c
osm
etics
sham
poos
; ba
th p
repa
ratio
ns; s
howe
r pr
epar
atio
ns
wet
ting
agen
t ba
by sh
ampo
os; c
austi
c cle
aner
s
foam
ing
agen
t (hi
gh);
emul
sifie
r; w
ettin
g ag
ent
sham
poos
; ba
th p
repa
ratio
ns; s
kin
care
pro
ducts
; ba
by ca
re
prod
ucts;
liqu
id s
oaps
Bet
aine
s
Akc
ros C
hem
ical
s A
MPH
OLA
N D
197
alky
lam
ido
beta
ine;
toile
try g
rade
Akz
o N
obel
AM
PHO
LAN
E21
0 al
kyl b
etai
ne; t
oile
try g
rade
30%
act
ive;
NaC
l 5%
30%
act
ive;
NaC
l 7.5
%
AM
PHO
TEEN
24
C,2
/14 a
lkyl
dim
ethy
l bet
aine
dr
y co
nten
t 36-
38%
AM
PHO
TEEN
BC
A-
coco
amid
opro
pylb
etai
ne
30
dry
cont
ent 3
4-36
%
clea
r pal
e ye
llow
liqu
id; v
isco
sity
20
CPS;
pH 5
.0
(1%
aq.)
clea
r wat
er-w
hite
liq
uid;
vis
cosi
ty 40
cPs;
pH 7
.0
(1%
aq.)
toile
tries
; bat
h pr
epar
atio
ns; s
ham
poos
; sho
wer g
els
foam
boo
ster
to
iletri
es; b
ath
prep
arat
ions
; sha
mpo
os; s
howe
r gels
; di
shwa
shin
g ag
ents
sham
poos
; was
hing
-up
liqui
ds; h
ard-
surfa
ce cl
eane
rs; v
ehicl
e cle
aner
s su
rfac
e te
nsio
n 33
dyn
es/c
m (
0.1%
soh
)
surf
ace t
ensi
on 3
I dy
nes/
cm (
0.1%
soh.
) fo
amin
g ag
ent (
high
); fo
am b
oost
er; t
hick
ener
liq
uid
soap
s; wa
shin
g-up
liqu
ids;
toile
tries
-
Supp
lier
Tra
de n
ame
Che
mic
al d
escr
iptio
n C
ompo
sitio
n Fu
nctio
nalit
y A
pplic
atio
n G
ener
al p
rope
rtie
s
Akz
o N
obel
Alb
right
&
Wils
on
thic
kene
r ho
useh
old
clean
ers
AM
PHO
TEEN
BTH
- 35
AR
MO
TER
IC 1
6
AR
MO
TER
IC LB
EMPI
GEN
550
9
tallo
w bis(hydroxyethy1)betaine
dry
cont
ent 3
9-41
%
surfa
ce te
nsio
n 30
dyn
es/c
m (0
.1%
soh
)
hexa
decy
ldim
ethy
lbet
aine
coco
dim
ethy
lbet
aine
(fra
ctio
nate
d co
co-a
lkyl
)
alky
l am
ido
prop
yl s
ulfo
bet
aine
liqui
d
liqui
d
28-3
0% ac
tive
29-3
1% ac
tive
45%
activ
e
EMPI
GEN
BB
alky
l dim
ethy
l am
ine
beta
ine
30%
activ
e liq
uid
foam
boo
ster
po
lymer
indu
stry
EMPI
GEN
BS/
C
EMPI
GEN
BS/
F
EMPI
GEN
BS/
FA
EMPI
GEN
BS/
J
EMPI
GEN
BS/
P
CH
IMIN
AX
CH
IMIN
CB
CH
IMIN
LX
INC
RO
NA
M 3
0
coco
am
ido
prop
yl d
imet
hyl b
etai
ne
alky
l am
ido
prop
yl d
imet
hyl a
min
e be
tain
e
alky
l am
ido
prop
yl d
imet
hyl a
min
e be
tain
e
aIky
l arn
ido
prop
yl d
imet
hyl a
min
e be
tain
e
alky
l arn
ido
prop
yl d
imet
hyl a
min
e be
tain
e
coca
mid
opro
pyl b
etai
ne
laur
yl b
etai
ne
laur
ylam
idop
ropy
l bet
aine
coco
amid
opro
pyl b
etai
ne s
uppl
ied
as a
30%
aq.
soh.
30%
activ
e
30%
activ
e
30%
activ
e
30%
activ
e
30%
activ
e
30%
activ
e
30%
activ
e
30%
activ
e
29
53
1.5
% ac
tive;
NaC
l 4.5
-5.2
%
liqui
d
liqui
d
liqui
d
liqui
d
liqui
d
liqui
d
liqui
d
pale
cle
ar li
quid
; vis
cosi
ty 1
5 cP
s; co
lour
2 m
ax.
(Gar
dner
); pH
5.5
-7.5
(10%
aq. s
oln.
)
Aus
chem
C
esal
pini
a de
terg
ent;
foam
ing
agen
t; co
nditi
oner
liq
uid
deter
gent
s; co
smeti
cs
Cro
da
subs
tant
ivity
age
nt; f
oam
ing
agen
t (hi
gh);
visc
osity
m
odifi
er
cosm
etics
; toi
letrie
s; ski
n ca
re p
rodu
cts; h
ouse
hold
pro
ducts
foam
boo
ster
foam
boo
ster
Dac
Inte
rnat
iona
l Su
rfac
tant
s A
NFO
DA
C C
B
AN
FOD
AC
LB
CA
FLO
N A
DB
30
CA
FLO
N P
CA
30
coco
am
ido
beta
ine
laur
yl a
mid
o be
tain
e
alky
l am
ino
beta
ine
alky
l am
ido
beta
ine
coco
bet
aine
Ellis
& E
vera
rd
30%
activ
e
30%
activ
e
antis
tatic
age
nt; b
acte
riost
atic
age
nt; d
eter
gent
; foa
min
g ag
ent (
high
); co
uplin
g ag
ent;
wet
ting
agen
t co
smeti
cs; t
oilet
ries;
hair
care
prod
ucts:
pers
onal
care
pro
ducts
; sh
ampo
os; h
air c
ondi
tione
rs; b
ubbl
e bat
hs; l
iqui
d so
aps;
shav
ing
prod
ucts;
all-p
urpo
se cl
eane
rs; c
arpe
t clea
ners
; dish
wash
ing
agen
ts; la
undr
y pro
ducts
cond
ition
er; c
lean
sing
agen
t; fil
m f
orm
er
hair
care
pro
ducts
; ski
n cle
ansin
g pre
para
tions
Fina
Che
mic
als
RA
DIA
TER
IC 6
860
30%
activ
e; ca
rbon
cha
in c
ompo
sitio
n C
s,lo
3%,
C,,
48-5
8%, C
,, 18
-24%
, C16
8-1
2%. C
1, 10
- 13
%
30%
activ
e; ca
rbon
cha
in c
ompo
sitio
n C
s,lo
2%,
C,,
68-7
3%, C
,, 25
-30%
, C,,
2%
liqui
d; c
olou
r 2 m
ax. (
Gar
dner
); pH
5-8
(10%
in
H,O
)
RA
DIA
TER
IC 6
864
laur
yl b
etai
ne
liqui
d; c
olou
r 2 m
ax. (
Gar
dner
); pH
5-8
(10%
in
HzO
)
Th. G
olds
chm
idt
ABIL
B 9
950
dim
ethi
cone
pro
pyl P
G-b
etai
ne
yello
w li
quid
TEG
O B
ETA
IN F
TEG
O B
ETA
IN H
S
TEG
O B
ETA
IN L
7,
SPR
AY
DRI
ED
TEG
O B
ETA
IN L
7
TEG
O B
ETA
IN L
53
51
DEH
YTO
N A
B 30
coca
mid
opro
pyl b
etai
ne
coca
mid
opro
pyl b
etai
ne a
nd g
lyce
ryl l
aura
te
coca
mid
opro
pyl b
etai
ne
ca. 3
0% ac
tive;
NaC
l con
tent
ca.
5%
ca. 3
0% ac
tive;
NaC
l con
tent
ca.
5%
78-8
5% ac
tive;
NaC
l con
tent
ca.
15%
ca. 3
0% ac
tive;
NaC
l con
tent
ca.
5%
ca. 3
0% ac
tive;
NaC
l con
tent
1.2
% m
ax.
29-3
1% ac
tive
31%
activ
e
yello
w li
quid
; pH
5-7
yello
w li
quid
; pH
6-7
ivor
y po
wde
r; pH
ca.
5 (1
0% so
ln. i
n H
,O)
bath
pre
para
tions
; sho
wer p
repa
ratio
ns; b
aby
clean
sing
prep
arat
ions
; int
imat
e hyg
iene p
rodu
cts; s
hamp
oos;
baby
sh
ampo
os; h
air c
ondi
tione
rs; l
iqui
d so
aps;
show
er ge
ls; b
ubbl
e ba
ths;
skin
clea
nsin
g pre
para
tions
co
cam
idop
ropy
l bet
aine
coca
mid
opro
pyl b
etai
ne
yello
w li
quid
; pH
ca.
5
yello
w li
quid
; pH
ca.
6
Hen
kel
liqui
d co
smeti
cs; s
hamp
oos;
skin
clea
nsin
g pre
para
tions
; dish
wash
ing
agen
ts; cl
eane
rs
cosm
etics
coco
-bet
aine
DEH
YTO
N C
B liq
uid
coco
-bet
aine
-
Supp
lier
Tra
de n
ame
Che
mic
al d
escr
iptio
n C
ompo
sitio
n G
ener
al p
rope
rtie
s Fu
nctio
nalit
y A
pplic
atio
n
fatty
aci
d am
ide
deriv
ativ
e w
ith b
etai
ne
stru
ctur
e
coca
mid
opro
pyl b
etai
ne
29-3
1% ac
tive
29-3
2% ac
tive
29-3
2% ac
tive
35%
activ
e
35%
activ
e
43%
activ
e
35%
activ
e
35%
activ
e
50%
activ
e
30%
activ
e
30%
activ
e
30%
activ
e
50%
activ
e
78%
activ
e
40%
activ
e
80%
activ
e
liqui
d
liqui
d
liqui
d
clea
r yel
low
liqu
id
clea
r am
ber l
iqui
d
clea
r liq
uid
clea
r yel
low
liqu
id
clea
r am
ber l
iqui
d
ambe
r tra
nslu
cent
gel
liqui
d
liqui
d
liqui
d
dish
wash
ing
agen
ts; c
leane
rs
Hen
kel
Hic
kson
Man
ro
DEH
YTO
N G
sham
poos
; ski
n cle
ansin
g pr
epar
atio
ns; s
howe
r and
bat
h pr
epar
atio
ns; d
ishwa
shin
g ag
ents:
clea
ners
dis h
wash
ing
agen
ts
DEH
YTO
N K
DEH
YTO
N K
E 30
16
B EMER
Y 6
744
coco
nut a
mid
o pr
opyl
bet
aine
foam
ing
agen
t sh
ampo
os; h
air
care
pro
ducts
; ski
n cle
ansin
g pr
epar
atio
ns;
baby
care
pro
duct
s
visc
osity
mod
ifier
; gel
ling
agen
t; co
nditi
oner
ha
ir ca
re p
rodu
cts; s
kin
care
pro
ducts
antis
tatic
age
nt; f
oam
ing
agen
t; co
nditi
oner
ha
ir ca
re p
rodu
cts; s
kin
care
pro
ducts
; ba
th p
repa
ratio
ns
sham
poos
; bat
h pr
epar
atio
ns; c
leans
ing
prep
arat
ions
coca
mid
opro
pyl b
etai
ne
coca
mid
opro
pyl b
etai
ne
coco
bet
aine
EMER
Y 67
48
VELV
ETEX
AB
45
VELV
ETEX
BA
35
VELV
ETEX
BK
35
VELV
ETEX
OLB
50
MA
NR
OTE
RIC
CA
B
MA
NR
OTE
RIC
NA
B
MA
NR
OTE
RIC
SA
B
DO
DIC
OR
CA
B-5
0
DO
DIG
EN 3
558
DP1
21
GEN
AG
EN C
AB
PDR
CEN
AC
EN C
AB
GEN
AG
EN D
AB
GEN
AG
EN K
BT
GEN
AG
EN L
AB
AM
PHO
LYT
JB 1
30
coca
mid
opro
pyl b
etai
ne
coca
mid
opro
pyl b
etai
ne
oley
l bet
aine
coco
amid
opro
pyl b
etai
ne
N-a
lkyl
dim
ethy
l bet
aine
N-a
lkyl
dim
ethy
l bet
aine
coco
am
ido
beta
ine
coco
big
uam
ide
deriv
ativ
e
C, a
mid
o be
tain
e
coco
am
ido
beta
ine
hair
care
pro
ducts
; bat
h pr
epar
atio
ns; h
ouse
hold
dete
rgen
ts;
indu
stria
l clea
ners
deter
gent
s; oi
ls
disin
fect
anfs
spec
ialty
pro
ducts
toile
tries
; con
struc
tion
indu
stry
Hoe
chst
30%
activ
e
30%
activ
e
30%
activ
e
30%
activ
e
activ
e de
terg
ent
30%
toile
tries
; dete
rgen
ts; cl
eane
rs
toile
tries
; dete
rgen
ts
foile
tries
; dete
rgen
ts; cl
eane
rs
toile
tries
; dete
rgen
ts
sham
poos
; liq
uid
soap
s; wa
shin
g-up
liqu
ids
coco
am
ido
beta
ine
C,,
amid
o be
tain
e
coco
am
ido
beta
ine
Iaur
yl d
imet
hyl b
etai
ne
coco
nut f
atty
acid
am
idop
ropy
lbet
aine
liq
uid
Hiil
s
Inol
ex
LEXA
INE
C
LEXA
INE
CG
-30
BETA
DET
HR
coco
amid
opro
pyl b
etai
ne
coco
amid
opro
pyl b
etai
ne
alky
lam
ide p
ropy
l bet
aine
liq
uid;
pH
4.3
-5.8
(5%
) K
ao C
orpo
ratio
n
Lake
land
Labo
rato
ries
27.5
-31.
5% ac
tive
30%
activ
e; s
ak c
onte
nt 5
%
amid
o be
tain
e pa
le y
ello
w li
quid
fo
amin
g ag
ent (
high
); so
lubi
liser
; hyd
rotro
pe; w
ettin
g ag
ent
deter
gent
s; to
iletri
es
foam
ing
agen
t; so
lubi
liser
; hyd
rotro
pe; w
ettin
g ag
ent
deter
gent
s; to
iletri
es
foam
ing
agen
t; vi
scos
ity m
odifi
er; i
rrita
tion
miti
gant
pe
rson
al c
are p
rodu
cts; i
ndus
trial
app
licat
ions
CAB
pale
yel
low
to w
ater
whi
te li
quid
C
TA/N
al
kyl b
etai
ne
30%
activ
e; sa
lt co
nten
t 6.5
%
solid
s 35%
; NaC
l2%
Lo
nza
liqui
d; p
our p
oint
3C
; vis
cosi
ty 1
4 C
PS; su
rface
te
nsio
n 34
.4 dy
nes/
cm (
0.1%
activ
e); D
rave
s w
ettin
g 11
sec;
pH
7.5
(3%
)
solid
; vis
cosi
ty 7
20 C
PS; su
rfac
e ten
sion
32
dyne
s/cm
(0.
1% ac
tive)
; Dra
ves w
ettin
g 11
sec;
pH
7.5
LON
ZAIN
E 12
C
coco
bet
aine
cety
l bet
aine
so
lids 3
5%: N
aCl 7
%
LON
ZAIN
E 16
.9
-
Supp
lier
T
rade
nam
e C
hem
ical
des
crip
tion
C
ompo
siti
on
Func
tion
alit
y A
pplic
atio
n G
ener
al p
rope
rtie
s
Lonz
a LO
NZA
INE
C
coca
mid
opro
pyl b
etai
ne
solid
s 35
%; N
aCl5
%
liqui
d; p
our
poin
t 3
C; v
isco
sity
29
cPs;
sur
face
te
nsio
n 33
.6 d
ynes
/cm
(0.1% a
ctiv
e); D
rave
s w
ettin
g 28
sec;
pH
5 (10%)
liqui
d; p
our
poin
t 3
C; v
isco
sity
28
cPs;
sur
face
te
nsio
n 33
.9 d
yned
crn (0.1%
activ
e); D
rave
s w
ettin
g 16
sec;
pH
7 (10%)
liqui
d; p
H 6
liqui
d; p
H 6
liqui
d; p
H 8
gel;
pH 7
liqui
d; p
H 7
liqui
d; p
H 7
.5
liqui
d; p
H 6
liqui
d; p
H 5
liqui
d; p
H 8
liqui
d; p
H 7
liqui
d; p
H 6
.5
liqui
d
foam
ing
agen
t; vi
scos
ity m
odifi
er; i
mita
tion
rniti
gant
pe
rson
al a
re pr
oduc
ts; in
dust
rial a
pplic
atio
ns
foam
ing
agen
t; vi
scos
ity m
odifi
er; i
rrita
tion
rniti
gant
pe
rson
al ca
re p
rodu
cts;
indu
stria
l app
licat
ions
LO
NZA
INE
CO
co
carn
idop
ropy
l bet
aine
so
lids
ca. 3
6%; N
aCl 5
%
Mcl
ntyr
e G
roup
M
AC
KA
M 3
5
MA
CK
AM
35H
P
MA
CK
AM
CB
-35
MA
CK
AM
CET
MA
CK
AM
HV
MA
CK
AM
ISA
MA
CK
AM
J
MA
CK
AM
L
MA
CK
AM
LM
B
MA
CK
AM
08-
30
MA
CK
AM
WG
B
MA
PRO
LYTE
C
coca
mid
opro
pyl b
etai
ne (
via g
lyce
ride)
coca
mid
opro
pyl b
etai
ne
CO
CO
bet
aine
cety
l bet
aine
olea
mid
opro
pyl b
etai
ne
isos
tear
amid
opro
pyl
beta
ine
coca
mid
opro
pyl
beta
ine
coca
mid
opro
pyl b
etai
ne
laur
amid
opro
pyl b
etai
ne
oley
l bet
aine
whe
atge
rmam
idop
ropy
l be
tain
e
coco
amid
opro
pyl
beta
ine
35%
activ
e
35%
activ
e
35%
act
ive
33%
act
ive
35%
activ
e
33%
act
ive
35%
act
ive
35%
act
ive
35%
activ
e
30%
act
ive
34%
act
ive
solid
s 33
-37%
indu
stria
l cle
aner
s; pe
rson
al ca
re p
rodu
cts
foam
ing
agen
t; st
abili
ser;
wet
ting
agen
t sh
ampo
os; b
ubbl
e ba
fhs
foam
ing
agen
t; st
abili
ser;
wet
ting
agen
t in
dust
rial a
nd h
ouse
hold
clea
ners
; dis
hwas
hing
agen
ts; li
quid
so
aps
Mill
chem
SUR
CO
CO
CO
B
ETA
INE
coco
amid
opro
pyl
beta
ine
solid
s 40
.44%
liq
uid
clea
r am
ber
liqui
d; D
rave
s w
ettin
g 13
sec (1
%
activ
e, 3
g h
ook)
; pH
7.7
(at 10%)
clea
r lig
ht y
ello
w li
quid
; Dra
ves w
ettin
g 18
sec
(1
% ac
tive,
3 g
hoo
k); p
H 7
.1 (a
t 10%)
clea
r yel
low
liqu
id; D
rave
s w
ettin
g 10 s
ec (1
%
activ
e, 3
g h
ook)
; pH
7.9
(at 1
0%)
clea
r lig
ht y
ello
w li
quid
; Dra
ves
wet
ting
9 se
c (1
% ac
tive,
3 g
hoo
k); p
H 8
.3 (a
t 10%)
clea
r lig
ht y
ello
w li
quid
; Dra
ves
wet
ting
18 se
c (1
% ac
tive,
3 g
hoo
k); p
H 4
.8 (a
t 10%)
brow
n liq
uid
Mon
a In
dust
ries
MO
NA
TER
IC A
DA
co
carn
idop
ropy
l bet
aine
to
tal s
olid
s 38
%; N
aCl 5
%; 3
3% ac
tive
MO
NA
TER
IC C
AB
co
cam
idop
ropy
l bet
aine
to
tal
solid
s 35
%; N
aCl 5
%; 3
0% a
ctiv
e fo
amin
g ag
ent (
high
); de
terg
ent;
solu
bilis
er; a
ntis
tatic
ag
ent;
anti-
corr
osio
n m
etal
wor
king
; cos
met
ics;
pers
onal
care
pro
duct
s; pa
per
indu
stry
; tex
tile i
ndus
try; d
eter
gent
s; cl
eane
rs; s
ofte
ning
agen
ts;
lubr
ican
ts; a
gric
ultu
re
MO
NA
TER
IC C
OA
B
coca
mid
opro
pyl b
etai
ne
tota
l so
lids
37%
; NaC
l5%
; 32%
act
ive
MO
NA
TER
IC L
MA
B
laur
amid
opro
pyl b
etai
ne
tota
l so
lids
35%
; NaC
l5%
; 30%
activ
e
MO
NA
TER
IC M
CB
co
cam
idop
ropy
l be
tain
e to
tal
solid
s 33
%; N
aCl3
%; 3
0% ac
tive
Nik
ko C
hem
ical
s N
IKK
OL
AM
-101
2-alkyl-N-carboxymethyl-N-hydroxyethyl
irnid
azol
iniu
m be
tain
e; a
q. s
oh.
2-al
kyl-N
-car
box
yeth
yl-N
-hyd
roxy
ethy
l irn
idaz
olin
ium
beta
ine;
aq.
sol
n.
2-al
kyl-N
-sod
ium
car
boxy
met
hyl-N
- ca
rbox
ymet
hyl
ox ye
thyl
imid
azol
iniu
rn be
tain
e;
aq. s
oln.
laur
yl b
etai
ne; a
q. s
oh.
coco
amid
opro
pyl
beta
ine;
aq.
so
h
coco
amid
opro
pyl
beta
ine;
aq.
sol
n.
NIK
KO
L A
M-IO
ZEX
br
own
liqui
d
NIK
KO
L A
M-1
03EX
br
own
liqui
d fo
amin
g ag
ent;
clea
nsin
g ag
ent
cosm
etic
s
NIK
KO
L A
M-3
01
NIK
KO
L A
M-3
130N
NIK
KO
L A
M-3
130
T
colo
urle
ss li
quid
pale
yel
low
liqu
id
pale
yel
low
liqu
id
-
Supp
lier
T
rade
nam
e C
hem
ical
des
crip
tion
C
ompo
siti
on
Gen
eral
pro
pert
ies
Func
tion
alit
y A
pplic
atio
n
Pent
agon
PE
NTA
TER
IC 2
48
PPG
Ras
chig
PEN
TATE
RIC
B
PEN
TATE
RIC
BLG
PEN
TATE
RIC
BSG
MA
FO C
AB
SP
MA
FO C
AB
MA
FO C
B-4
0
MA
FO L
MA
B
RA
LUFO
N C
A
RA
LUFO
N C
AS-
OH
RA
LUFO
N D
CH
RA
LUFO
N D
L
RA
LUFO
N D
M
RA
LUFO
N D
P
RA
LUFO
N D
S
RA
LUFO
N D
T
RA
LUFO
N M
DS
RA
LUFO
N T
A
Rho
ne-P
oule
nc
MIR
ATA
INE
D40
Sche
r Che
mic
als
SCH
ERC
OTA
INE
APA
B
SCH
ERC
OTA
INE
CA
B-A
SCH
ERC
OTA
INE
CAB-
K
alky
l (C
12/1
4) dim
ethy
l bet
aine
coco
amid
opro
pyl
beta
ine
coco
amid
opro
pyl
beta
ine.
low
gly
cero
l
coco
amid
opro
pyl
beta
ine
coca
mid
opro
pyl
beta
ine
coca
mid
opro
pyl b
etai
ne
coco
-bet
aine
laur
amid
opro
pyl b
etai
ne
N-a
lkyl
aci
d am
idop
ropy
l-NN
-dim
ethy
l-N-
(3-sulfopropyl)-ammonium-betaine
amid
osul
fobe
tain
e
N-alkyl-N,N-dimethyl-N-(3-~uIfopropyl)-
amm
oniu
m-b
etai
ne
N-alkyl-N,N-dimethyl-N-(3-~ulfopropyl)-
amm
oniu
m-b
etai
ne
N-alkyl-N,N-dimethyI-N-(3-~ulfopropyl)-
amm
oniu
m-b
etai
ne
N-alkyl-N,N-dimethyl-N-(3-~ulfopropyl)-
amm
oniu
m-b
etai
ne
N-alkyl-N,N-dimethyl-N-(3-~ulfopropyl)-
amm
oniu
m-b
etai
ne
N-alkyl-N,N-dimethyl-N-(3-sulfopropyl)-
amm
oniu
m-b
etai
ne
sulfo
beta
ine
surf
acta
nt
N-a
lkyl
acid
amidopropyl-N,N-dimethyl-N-
(3 -sulfopropyl)-ammonium-betaine
coco
dim
ethy
l bet
aine
apric
otam
idop
ropy
l be
tain
e
coca
mid
opro
pyl b
etai
ne a
nd a
mm
oniu
m c
hlor
ide
coca
mid
opro
pyl
beta
ine
and
pota
ssiu
m c
hlor
ide
tota
l sol
ids
38-4
0%; N
aCl 7
4%
clea
r pal
e ye
llow
liqu
id; p
H 6
.0-8
.0 (10%
aq.
soh
)
clea
r pal
e ye
llow
liqu
id; c
olou
r 3
max
. (G
ardn
er);
pH 6
.0-8
.0 (1
0% aq
. soh
.)
clea
r pal
e ye
llow
liqu
id; p
H 4
.0-6
.0
tota
l sol
ids
35-3
6%; N
aCl 4
5%
tota
l so
lids 3
535%
; NaC
l 6%
max
.; fr
ee a
min
e 2%
max
.
tota
l sol
ids
33-3
5%; N
aCl6
Yo
max
.; fr
ee a
min
e 2%
ma
. cl
ear p
ale
yello
w li
quid
; col
our 16Y:3R m
ax.
(6 in
. lov
ibon
d ce
ll); p
H 4
.0-6
.0
solid
mat
ter
35%
solid
mat
ter 40%
solid
mat
ter
35%
solid
s 40%
; NaC
l5.0
%
liqui
d
dry
solid
s 35%
min
.; sa
lt co
nten
t 4.
0%
clea
r am
ber
liqui
d; p
H 5
-7
dry
solid
s 45%
min
.: sa
lt co
nten
t 5% m
ax.
clea
r lig
ht y
ello
w li
quid
; pH
5-7
clea
r lig
ht y
ello
w li
quid
; pH
5-7
dr
y so
lids 4
5% m
in.;
salt
cont
ent 3
.5%
max
.
sham
poos
; foa
m b
aths
; ind
ustri
al a
nd h
ouse
hold
dete
rgen
ts
chel
atin
g ag
ent;
solu
bilis
er; f
oam
boo
ster
; det
erge
nt:
lubr
ican
t; vi
scos
ity m
odifi
er
meta
l wor
king
visc
osity
mod
ifier
; foa
m b
oost
er
pers
onal
care
pro
ducts
foam
ing
agen
t; an
tista
tic a
gent
; bac
teric
ide
deter
gent
s; tex
tile i
ndus
try: p
erso
nal c
are p
rodu
cts;
phot
ogra
phy;
fire
-figh
ting;
elec
tropl
atin
g; oi
l rec
over
y
foam
ing
agen
t (hi
gh);
visc
osity
mod
ifier
; foa
m b
oost
er;
emul
sifie
r; wet
ting
agen
t; di
sper
sant
ha
rd-su
rface
clea
ners
dete
rgen
t; co
nditi
oner
; em
ollie
nt; v
isco
sity
mod
ifier
foam
ing
agen
t
visc
osity
mod
ifier
so
aps
-
Func
tion
alit
y A
pplic
atio
n Su
ppli
er
Tra
de n
ame
Che
mic
al d
escr
ipti
on
Com
posi
tion
G
ener
al p
rope
rtie
s
Sepp
ic
Surf
ache
m
Witc
o
Sche
r Che
mic
als
SCH
ERC
OTA
INE
CA
B
SCH
ERC
OTA
INE
IAB
SCH
ERC
OTA
INE
MA
B
SCH
ERC
OTA
INE
PAB
SCH
ERC
OTA
INE
SCA
B-A
SCH
ERC
OTA
INE
SCA
B-K
SCH
ERC
OTA
INE
SCA
B
SCH
ERC
OTA
INE
UA
B
SCH
ERC
OTA
INE
WO
AB
AM
ON
YL
265
BA
AM
ON
YL
380
BA
AM
ON
YL
440
NI
AM
ON
YL
673
BA
AM
ON
YL
675
BA
Step
an E
urop
e A
MPH
OSO
L C
A
AM
PHO
SOL
CB3
AM
PHO
SOL
DM
SUR
FAC
B4
SUR
FAC
LB3
SUR
FAC
SB0
9
EMC
OL
6748
EMC
OL
CO
CO
BE
TAIN
E
EMC
OL
NA
-30
REW
OTE
RIC
AM
B
13
REW
OTE
RIC
AM
B
14
coca
mid
opro
pyl
beta
ine
isos
tear
amid
opro
pyl
beta
ine
rnyr
ista
mid
opro
pyl
beta
ine
palm
itam
idop
ropy
l be
tain
e
coca
mid
opro
pyl
hydr
oxy
sulta
ine
and
amm
oniu
m c
hlor
ide
coca
mid
opro
pyl h
ydro
xy su
ltain
e an
d po
tass
ium
ch
lorid
e
coca
mid
opro
pyl
hydr
oxy
sulta
ine
unde
cyle
nam
idop
ropy
l be
tain
e
whe
atge
rmam
idop
ropy
l bet
aine
coco
-bet
aine
coco
arni
dopr
opyl
bet
aine
coco
amid
opro
pyl
beta
ine
coco
sulfo
beta
ine
coco
amid
osul
fobe
tain
e
alky
l am
ido
beta
ine
CIL
,ln
alky
l am
ido
beta
ine
Csl
ln
alky
l bet
aine
alky
l am
ido
prop
yl d
imet
hyl a
min
e be
tain
e
alky
l bet
aine
sulfo
beta
ine
coca
mid
opro
pyl b
etai
ne
coca
mid
opro
pyl b
etai
ne
coca
mid
opro
pyl
beta
ine
coco
nut a
mid
obet
aine
spec
ial c
ocon
ut a
mid
obet
aine
dry
solid
s 45% m
in.;
salt
cont
ent 6
.5%
max
.
dry
solid
s 35
% m
in.;
salt
cont
ent 4
.5%
max
.
dry
soIid
s 30%
min
.; sa
lt co
nten
t 5.0
% m
ax.
dry
solid
s 35%
min
.; sa
lt co
nten
t 5.5
% m
ax.
dry
solid
s 50%
min
.; sa
lt co
nten
t 5.0
% m
ax.
dry
solid
s 50%
min
.; sa
lt co
nten
t 6.0
% m
ax.
dry
solid
s 50%
min
.; sa
lt co
nten
t 6.0
% m
ax.
dry
solid
s 35%
min
.; sa
lt co
nten
t 5.5
% m
ax.
dry
solid
s 35
% m
in.;
salt
cont
ent 4
.0%
max
.
30%
activ
e
30%
activ
e
34%
activ
e
30%
activ
e
30%
activ
e
30%
activ
e
30%
activ
e
30%
activ
e
35%
solid
s
42%
solid
s
36%
solid
s
35%
activ
e
35%
activ
e
clea
r lig
ht y
ello
w li
quid
; pH
5-7
soft
ambe
r gel
; pH
5-7
clea
r lig
ht y
ello
w li
quid
; pH
5-7
soft
light
yel
low
gel
; pH
5-7
clea
r lig
ht y
ello
w li
quid
; pH
5-7
clea
r lig
ht y
ello
w li
quid
: pH
5-7
clea
r lig
ht a
mbe
r liq
uid;
pH
5-7
clea
r am
ber l
iqui
d; p
H 5
-7
clea
r am
ber l
iqui
d; p
H 5
-7
liqui
d
liqui
d
liqui
d
liqui
d
liqui
d
pale
yel
low
liqu
id
wat
er w
hite
to p
ale
yello
w li
quid
wat
er w
hite
to p
ale
yello
w li
quid
1
liqui
d; co
lour
3 (G
ardn
er)
liqui
d; c
olou
r 3
(Gar
dner
)
liqui
d: c
olou
r 3
(Gar
dner
)
liqui
d
liqui
d
dete
rgen
t; w
ettin
g ag
ent:
foam
ing
agen
t sh
ampo
os; b
ubbl
e bat
hs
dete
rgen
t; co
nditi
oner
sk
in ca
re p
rodu
cts; s
hamp
oos
dete
rgen
t; w
ettin
g ag
ent;
thic
kene
r; an
tista
tic a
gent
co
smeti
cs; t
oilet
ries
thic
kene
r; co
nditi
oner
sk
in ca
re p
rodu
cts; h
air c
are p
rodu
cts
foam
ing
agen
t
visc
osity
mod
ifier
so
aps
dete
rgen
t; w
ettin
g ag
ent;
foam
ing
agen
t
germ
icid
e; b
acte
ricid
e sh
ampo
os
cond
ition
er
hair
care
pro
ducts
foam
ing
agen
t; de
terg
ent
hair
care
pro
ducts
foam
ing
agen
t; co
nditi
oner
; thi
cken
er; w
ettin
g ag
ent:
dete
rgen
t; fo
am b
oost
er
sham
poos
: bub
ble b
aths
; sho
wer g
els; l
iqui
d so
aps;
baby
sh
ampo
os; h
oweh
old,
insti
tutio
nal a
nd in
dustr
ial c
leane
rs
dete
rgen
t; fo
am st
abili
ser;
foam
ing
agen
t; vi
scos
ity
mod
ifier
; wet
ting
agen
t pe
rson
al ca
re p
rodu
cts; h
ouse
hold
and
indu
stria
l app
licat
ions
foam
boo
ster
fo
am b
aths
; sho
wer g
els; s
hamp
oos;
liqui
d so
aps;
all-p
urpo
se
clean
ers
-
Supp
lier
T
rade
nam
e C
hem
ical
des
crip
tion
C
ompo
siti
on
Gen
eral
pro
pert
ies
Func
tion
alit
y A
pplic
atio
n
Witc
o R
EWO
TER
IC A
M
coco
nut
sulfo
beta
ine
CA
S
REW
OTE
RIC
AM
la
uryl
dim
ethy
l bet
aine
D
ML
50%
act
ive
liqui
d sh
ampo
os; b
aby
care
prod
ucts;
foam
bath
s: sh
ower
gels
; cle
aner
s
40%
activ
e liq
uid
sham
poos
; foa
m b
aths
; har
d-su
rface
clea
ners
REW
OTE
RIC
AM
ric
inol
am
idob
etai
ne
R 4
0
REW
OTE
RIC
AM
ta
llow
am
inob
etai
ne
TEG
Zsch
imm
er &
A
MPH
OTE
NSI
D B
4
fatty
aci
d am
ido
alky
l bet
aine
Sc
hwar
z
40%
activ
e
40%
activ
e
30%
activ
e
liqui
d
liqui
d
liqui
d
skin
clea
nsin
g age
nts;
baby
sham
poos
sham
poos
; clea
ners
sham
poos
; pr
oduc
ts; li
quid
ba
th so
aps
prep
arat
ions
; clea
nsin
g pre
para
tions
; baby
care
G1 y
cina
tes
Akz
o N
obel
A
MPH
OLA
K 7
CX
/C
AM
PHO
LAK
7CX
cosm
etic
gra
de o
f A
mph
olak
7CX
coco
amph
ocar
boxy
glyc
inat
e
cosm
etic
gra
de o
f A
mph
olak
7TX
tallo
wam
phoc
arbo
xygl
ycin
ate
tallowamphocarboxyglycinate
salt-
free
dry
cont
ent 3
9-41
%
dry
cont
ent 3
9-41
%
surf
ace
tens
ion