surface water balance and groundwater balance and water allocation practices in turkey kaan tunçok...
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Surface water balance and Groundwater balance and Water
Allocation Practices in Turkey
Kaan Tunçok
Module 2: Water Budget, Pressures and Impacts, Significant Water Management
Issues, Monitoring, Characterization Report
501 km3
Exploitable: 98 km3
Total: 186 km3
41 km3
274 km3
Safe Yield: 14 km3
Total Exploitable Water: 112 km3
Water Resources: Quantity
Sectoral Variation in Water Consumption
1990 2012 2030
billion
m3 %billion
m3 %billion
m3 %Irrigation 22 72 32 73 72 64
Domestic 5,1 17 7 16 18 16
Industrial 3,4 11 5 11 22 20
TOTAL 30,5 100 44 100 112 100
Water Users
• Irrigation
• Municipalities
• Industry
• Hydroelectric Power Plants and
Lakes
• Environmental flows
• Mining and Tourism
Water Resources: Quality
• Surface Water: discharge of domestic and industrial waste water, and protection of agricultural land.
• Groundwater: domestic and industrial waste and agricultural chemicals and fertilizers
• Marine and Coastal Ecosystems
• Special Water Bodies: wetlands
PurposeImplementation of principles and procedures to monitor and regulate water allocation through inter-agency coordination.
StructureBasin Delegation will be in-charge-of developing basin management plans, and monitoring/evaluation of basin-scale initiatives and practices .
Water allocationMacro-level sectoral allocation at basin-scale, to be supplemented through set of regulatory basis implemented at local level within respective sectors.
By-Law No. 28681 (Official Gazette on 18 June 2013)
“Water Management Coordination Committee”, through Prime Ministry Notice No. 2012/7
Water Management Coordination Committee
- Provide inter-sectoral coordination, collaboration and accelerated investment in water provision for effective water management,
- Develop strategy, policy and plan for realization of the objectives set out in national and international documents,
- Ensure a high level coordination and cooperation between all stakeholders.
New Organizational Features- Organizational structure - 2 additional elements: a central Basin Steering Committee and Basin
Delegation for each basin. - An advisor group composing of academicians and NGOs will also be
formed.
Draft Water Law
Administrative and coordination role of GDWM on sectoral allocation of water resources at basin scale
As per Law No. 6200, allocation of water resources owned by public is granted to GDSHW .
GDSHW maintained it with the new Water Law as well. GDSHW will be expected to closely coordinate with GDWM, specifically in
the context of overall planning and guidance to be provided by GDWM for sectoral users within a basin.
As per Law No. 3202, SPA is allocating water resources to Villages and Military Garrison and Posts. Consistency in coordination with GDSHW will be expected
Water Management Coordination Committee
Minister of Forestry and Water AffairsEuropean Union Undersecretary
Science, Industry and Technology Undersecretary
Environment and Urbanization Undersecretary
Foreign Affairs Undersecretaryuc
Energy and Natural Resources Undersecretary
Food, Agriculture and Livestock Undersecretary
Internal Affairs Undersecretary Development Undersecretary
Culture and Tourism Undersecretary Health Undersecretary
State Hydraulic Works General Director
Water Management General Director
Nature Conservation and National Parks General
Director
Combating Desertification and Erosion General Director
Meteorology General Director Head of Water Institute
12/150
GW RESERVE
GW Reserve 21,54 billion m3 Safe Operatinal Reserve 16,95 billion m3 (2013).
GW Potential
Operational Potential : 16,95 billion m3
GW Allocation : 13,56 billion m3
13/150
4,11 billion m3 30%
6,01 billion m345%
3,43 billion m3 25%
Sulama Kooperati-fleri+YAS Takviye+Kamu Su-laması
İçme-Kullanma-Sanayi
Belgeli Şahıs Su-lamaları
Groundwater Irrigation
Ünite sayısı Kuyu sayısı Sulanan alan (ha)
Irrigation Cooperatives : 1390 11.466 459.000
GW Supplemental Irrig : 28 1.692 85.000
Irrigation Schemes : 25 342 16.000
Total : 13.500 560.000
82%
15% 3%
Sulama Kooperatifi
YAS Takviye Sulaması
Kamu Sulaması (TİGEM)
15/150
29%
5%
1%
64%
Sulama Kooperatifi
DSİ Yas Takviye Sulaması
Kamu Sulaması (TİGEM)
Şahıs Sulaması
TOPLAM : 1 560 000 ha
GW Irrigation
Water Allocation Tools
Strategic Institutional Framework
1. Organizational
Structure
2. Technical3. Regulatory
4. Economic
Tools of Planning
Tools of Training and Awareness Raising
Water allocation planning
1
2
3
4
5
Common Drivers
Social and Environmental processes Competition for scarce water resources. Strategic integration into decision making process
Regulatory and Economic processes River Basin Committees and Organizations “User pays” and “Polluter pays” principles Recovery of Investment and O&M costs
Technical Processes Water Resources models to reflect Atmospheric, Hydrologic, Social,
Environmental, Economic conditions in a basin setting
Water allocation practices to consider both quality and quantity through sustainable monitoring and control of allocated water resources.
Water allocation practices to consider water regime and associated hydrologic processes, to allow equitable and sustainable practices.
Water demand management
Stakeholder involvement (WUAs, Municipalities, NGOs, etc.)
Water Allocation Principles and Mechanisms
Water Resources Allocation Tools
Organizational Structure
Technical Regulatory Economic
Planning Models
Allocation: How should water be allocated to various uses in time of shortage?
Infrastructure Operations: How should infrastructure in the system (e.g. dams, diversion works, etc) be operated to achieve maximum benefit?
Services: How can these operations be constrained to protect the services provided by the river?
Basin Scale Climate Change Models (Rainfall)
2011
2100
TrendW
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Basin Scale Climate Change Models(Runoff)
2011
2100
Trend
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1. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
SPAIN
River basin districts
River Basin Organizations (RBO): a) River basin mgt plans. c) Admin and control of more than one Autonomous Region. d) Project and Construction with RBO funds, and handed over by the State.
Autonomous regions
3 Levels:- Autonomous Region- State- River Basin Organization
River Basin Districts do not coincide with territory of Regional Administrations
FRANCE
State competent authority: Basin Coordinating “Prefect” (Prefect: State's representative in a department or region)
FRANCE
National Development Plan
National Level Basin level
National Water Plan
Public Register of Water Rights REPDA
Water Financial System
13 Basin Plans
Water Balances Basin Programs & Projects
476,000 Users
New water demands
Improvement of efficiency
New concessions Water markets
Payments of taxes and O&M
MEXICO
BRAZIL Federal and State Waters National and State Water Councils National Water Resources Secretariat – Ministry of Environment National Water Agency (ANA) – water management authority at
Federal level State Water Management Agencies - water authority at State level River Basin Committees
State waters
Federal waters
BRAZILManagement Instruments National water resources plan River Basin water resources plans Water use rights Bulk water charges Classification of water bodies according to predominant use and water
quality standards National Water Resources Information System
TURKEY: Basin DelegationsBasin
No.Basin Name
CoordinatorCity Mayor
Other Cities in the Basin
1 ERGENE Tekirdağ Edirne, Kırklareli
2 MARMARA İstanbulKocaeli, Canakkale, Bursa, Tekirdag, Yalova
3 SUSURLUK BursaBalıkesir, Kutahya, Manisa, Canakkale, Bilecik, İzmir
4 KUZEY EGE Çanakkale Balıkesir, İzmir, Manisa
5 GEDİZ Manisa Usak, İzmir, Kutahya
6KUCUK MENDERES
İzmir Aydın, Manisa
7BUYUK MENDERES
AydınUşak, İzmir, Afyonkarahisar, Denizli, Burdur, Isparta, Kütahya, Manisa, Mugla
8 BATI AKDENİZ Muğla Antalya, Burdur, Denizli
9 ANTALYA Antalya Isparta, Burdur
10 BURDUR Burdur Denizli, Isparta, Antalya, Afyonkarahisar
11 AKARCAY Afyonkarahisar Konya
2. TECHNICAL – Decision Support Sys.
SPAIN
Water resources systems in Spanish river basins
Hydrological Planning Regulation and Hydrological Planning Instruction: balances between resources and demands are developeda) Surface water and Groundwater
resources, SIMPA Model b) Demand unitsc) Ecological flows for rivers and wetlandsd) Minimum flows international
agreementse) Regulation damsf) Main transport pipelines
FRANCE
MEXICO: National Water Plan
MEXICO: Integrated Basin Modeling
Hydrological, Economical and Environmental variables to evaluate basin behavior under diverse water management options defined through feasible scenarios
BRAZIL
Type of use: priority uses (for human and animal supply, discharge of householdwaste water), other consumptive uses, uses altering hydrological regime
Rational water use, assessed according to detailed procedures and criteria set forth by a specific norm;
Magnitude of the conflict regarding basin water use, as assessed by the Basin Water Balance Indicator; and
Magnitude of individual water use, with respect to water resource availability.
BRAZIL
Basin Water Balance Indicator (I)
quantitative management of a water basin on how much water is actually allocated to consumptive uses at a given section of a water resource.
Individual Impact Indicator (Ii)
amount of water used by an individual user for abstraction and for effluent dilution
TURKEY: Basin Scale IWRM Models
WEAP Network SchematicLinking supply
and demand
Return flows to surface or ground
water or treatment plants
5 Main Views
Data ViewData for the
demand sites is displayed
numerically and graphically
Reading from Files
Read in timeseries data from text files or Access database
Results View Results can be displayed in a
number of formats and
scales
Results Displayed on the Map
Scenario Explorer
Favorite charts can be selected to
give quick overviews
Hydropower
Specify capacities,
efficiencies, and other properties
of power generation
Financial Analysis
Specify variable and fixed costs and revenues
Water Quality
Specify pollutant loadings
Linking WEAP to MODFLOW
Linking WEAP to MODFLOW
3. REGULATORY
SPAIN
RBM PlanInput: Decision Support SystemOutput: Water Res. Allocation
Licensing SystemInput: RBOOutput: Decision and Registry
SPAIN2 Instruments to increase flexibility of licensing system
(1999 Water Act reform).
- Temporary Rights transfer contracts.
Yearly volume transferred can NOT be higher than actually used or granted
- Rights exchange centres
RBO makes public offer of water rights to other users.
Reasons: drought situations, aquifer overexploitation, groundwater in danger. During drought period of 2005-2008, this tool alleviated water scarcity in most affected basins.
Objectives:- Reallocate resources for new uses. - Palliate effects mainly in drought situations.
SPAIN: Licensing System
Control River Basin Authorities control Non tradable water rightsPriorities by law: Drinking, Agriculture, Hydropower
Expiration •Term expiration (Permits cannot extend beyond 35 years (RBMP can reduce)
Revision •Change in conditions •Adaption to RBMPs
Water Registry •Public •Legal security •Protection
FRANCE Impact on health, safety, water resources and aquatic ecosystems,
regulated by “water police”. Water meters compulsory.
Abstraction points (surface or groundwater) are subject to declaration and require authorization beyond 8 m3/h
Maximum annual permissible volume
Local administration under Prefect authority deliver these permits according to characteristics of the project
Main stream or Transboundary course, regional administration under Basin Prefect may be concerned.
Title based rights, exempt from any administrative authorization or renewal procedure.
State is guarantor & arbiter of water rights
FRANCE
WUA’s basic principles
Public Administrative Body Governed by landowners, with State control Limits and risks
Social pressure to minimize expenses, jeopardise maintenance Lack of flexibility to fit to dynamic changes (land use)
MEXICO Water as a public good, managed by the Federal Government
(CONAGUA)
National Water Plan. 13 Basin programs and water balances publicly disseminated.
Integrated management at the basin level. Surface and groundwater, quantity and quality with a long term objective of sustainability
Strong public participation. Basins, water users associations, groundwater and user’s groups
BRAZIL
River basin scale is less relevant for IWRM purposes.
Most critical aspect:- combining state level management at river basin - with decision-making at smaller territorial levels such as sub-
basins, regulated river valleys and reservoirs
BRAZIL : Permit ProcessAt federal level, 4 types of permitsPreventive permits: reserve flow rates to be granted,
enable investors to plan for water needs of the enterprise.
Individual Permits
Collective Permits: particularly useful to stressed‐ or scarce‐water areas, as a set of users are granted the right to collectively and co‐responsibly use a maximum flow rate
Water Availability Reserve Statement: aims to make a provision of the required water flow rate for the feasibility of a hydropower venture in federal or state rivers. Exclusively to hydro plants that has no longer than 3‐year term which can be renewed for the same period.
I = Basin Water Balance Indicator
li = Individual Impact Indiactor
MR = Water Regulatory
Framework
SCBH = Water Balance Control
System
1. Permit Application
2. Indicator calculation
3. Evaluation wrt River Basin Water
Balance
4. Evaluation wrt Regulatory Framework
5. Accept/Reject Permit Application
TURKEY: Existing Laws in Water SectorLaw No. Content
167 Groundwater Resources178 Organizational Structure and Responsibilities of the
Ministry of Finance442 Villages773 Civil Law831 Water Law
1053 Supply of Drinking, Usage and Industrial Water in Ankara, Istanbul and Provinces with Population over 100,000
1380 Aquaculture1580 Municipalities1593 General Sanitary2560 Establishment and Duties of the General Directorate of
Istanbul Sewage and Water Authority2872 Environment3194 Public Works3202 Services to Villages4373 Protection Against Flood Waters and Inundation4562 Organized Industrial Zones4628 Organization Structure and Duties of Energy Market
Regulatory Authority
4721 Civil Affairs 4722 Implementation principles of Turkish Civil Law4737 Industrial Regions 4759 Establishment of Bank of Provinces5018 Public Financial Management and Control 5216 Greater Municipality5237 Turkish Criminal5302 Special Provincial Administration5326 Penalties5393 Municipality5403 Soil protection and land use5442 City Regulation 5516 Drainage5686 Geothermal Sources and Natural Mineral Waters6172 Water Union Associations6200 Establishment and Functions of the General Directorate of
State Hydraulics Works6446 Energy Market7269 Supporting action to be implemented as part of protection
measures7478 Drinking Water for Villages
Official Gazette
No.
Content
10875 Groundwater
18733 Preparation of Projects for Drinking Water of Cities and Villages
22223 Aquaculture
24843 Feed-in Tariffs in Electricity Market
25507 Aquaculture Production
25150 Rules and Regulations for Water Use Rights for Production in the Electricity Market
25348 Rental of Aquaculture Production Areas
25687 Water Quality Control
26315 Allocation and Handover of Government Stationaries
26939 Environmental Impact Assessment
27951 Water Needs and Area Allocation in Aquaculture Production Investments
27984 Establishment of General Directorate of Water Management
28257 Protection Of Groundwater Against Pollution And Deterioration
28338 Surface Water Quality of Existing and Planned Drinking Water Resources
28444 Protection of Water Basins and Development of Management Plans
28483 Surface Water Quality
28681 Establishment of Basin Management Delegations and Definition of Duties, Work Guidelines and Principles
Law / By law
Status
Water Law
Draft, under consideraton of other institutions
Draft By-Law on Protection of Drinking Water Basins
Will be sent to Prime Ministry for approval
Draft By-Law Reuse of treated waste water
Preparation ongoing
Draft By-Law on Water Economy and Tariffs
Preparation ongoing
Draft By-Law for Water Loss and Leakage Preparation ongoing
Draft By-Law on “Monitoring Surface and Ground Water”
Draft By-Law on Bathing Water Quality
Preparations ongoing under coordination of Ministry of Health
Draft By-Law of Water Protection Against Nitrates Pollution From Agriculture
Preparations ongoing under coordination of Agricultural Reform DG with support of Water Management DG
Draft By-Law of Fresh Water Quality in Demand of Protection and Recruitment for Fish Life Sustainability
Preparations ongoing with Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock
TURKEY: Participatory Irrigation Mgt. 80% of total irrigated area: Surface irrigations
Driven by WUAs (90% transferred)
20% of total irrigated area: Groundwater irrigation Driven by Cooperatives (81% transferred)
WUAs and Cooperatives declare next year’s irrigation budget to the Regional Directorate of GDSHW for approval. The budget includes water use service fee (irrigation fee) tariff as well.
GDSHW finalizes water allocation plan using Farmers’ Declarations and water availability in Reservoirs (for surface water irrigations).
TURKEY: Use of Groundwater in Irrigation
“Groundwater to be abstracted cannot be provided a use certificate, without installation of measurement systems to identify groundwater quantity.”
Unregistered users are a major concern, specifically in Basins such Konya Closed Basin, where 1/3 of Turkey’s groundwater resources is being abstracted
4. ECONOMIC
SPAINFinancial sustainability and cost recovery
Mechanisms to charge cost of water services.
Economic value of water is not contemplated.
Users pay construction, exploitation and maintenance of infrastructures: regulation fee and utilisation tariff.
Criteria: rationalisation, equity and self-financing.
Exemptions to cost recovery principle: social, environmental and economic consequences, geographical and climatic conditions taken into account as per WFD.
FRANCESix water agencies, under supervision of Ministry for
Sustainable Development and the Ministry of Finance, collect funds from water users and redistribute them to projects
Fees of water agencies are environmental tax revenues levied on users (consumers and economic activities)
“polluter-pays” and “user-pays”
MEXICO
Financial System in place and promotion of PPPs and water markets and water banks
Full O&M recovery and 80% financial self-sufficiency
10 fold increase in water revenue . 70% self sufficiency.
O&M services at 80% self sufficiency
Increase in distribution efficiency from 57% to 65%
Establishment of financial water system and promotion of private participation in financing investments to develop hydraulic projects and operation/maintenance systems
BRAZIL
Bulk water charge systems set forth by the legislation are in general similar to the French system, except for the fact that it directly links charges to the volume granted in the water use permit, rather than measured flows.
Centralization of bulk water charges to guarantee a minimum financial sustainability to State Water Agency and O&M of the water infrastructure
from US$107 thousand in 1996
to US$20 million in 2012
TURKEY: Irrigation
Area based (common practice in gravity)
a) Crop based (TL/da)
b) Fixed charge (TL/da)
Favored by farmers but more uncertainty for WUA
Volumetric (practice in pumped)
a) Based on water amount consumed (TL/m3)
More certainty to estimate amount of water to be required by farmers
TURKEY: Irrigation
Every year in November, WUAs declare next year’s irrigation budget to the Regional Directorate of GDSHW for approval. The budget includes water use irrigation fee tariff as well.
Maintenance services implemented using service fee executed in two-stages. First in spring, prior to the irrigation season, and Second in autumn, following irrigation season.
Farmers provide irrigation declaration to commit to specific land parcel and crop type. Declarations are controlled through site checks.
GDSHW finalizes water allocation plan using Farmers’ Declarations and water availability in Reservoirs.
Irrigation then starts in April-June time frame, based on specific geographic location of irrigated area.