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Supporting native bees in your garden Dr. Rachel Mallinger October 22, 2019

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Page 1: Supporting native bees in your garden - UF/IFAS OCI · Systemic neonicotinoids. imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nithiazine, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam. Tips

Supporting native bees in your garden

Dr. Rachel MallingerOctober 22, 2019

Page 2: Supporting native bees in your garden - UF/IFAS OCI · Systemic neonicotinoids. imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nithiazine, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam. Tips
Page 3: Supporting native bees in your garden - UF/IFAS OCI · Systemic neonicotinoids. imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nithiazine, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam. Tips
Page 4: Supporting native bees in your garden - UF/IFAS OCI · Systemic neonicotinoids. imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nithiazine, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam. Tips
Page 5: Supporting native bees in your garden - UF/IFAS OCI · Systemic neonicotinoids. imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nithiazine, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam. Tips
Page 6: Supporting native bees in your garden - UF/IFAS OCI · Systemic neonicotinoids. imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nithiazine, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam. Tips

Part 1 Part 2 Part 3

Page 7: Supporting native bees in your garden - UF/IFAS OCI · Systemic neonicotinoids. imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nithiazine, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam. Tips

Baldock et al. 2015

Page 8: Supporting native bees in your garden - UF/IFAS OCI · Systemic neonicotinoids. imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nithiazine, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam. Tips
Page 9: Supporting native bees in your garden - UF/IFAS OCI · Systemic neonicotinoids. imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nithiazine, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam. Tips
Page 10: Supporting native bees in your garden - UF/IFAS OCI · Systemic neonicotinoids. imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nithiazine, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam. Tips

Why are pollinators important?

•85% flowering plants are animal-pollinated

•Maintain plant biodiversity

•Produce fruits and seeds

– Food source for birds and mammals

Page 11: Supporting native bees in your garden - UF/IFAS OCI · Systemic neonicotinoids. imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nithiazine, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam. Tips

Agriculture and pollinators

•87 of 115 crops

•35% of crop production worldwide

Page 12: Supporting native bees in your garden - UF/IFAS OCI · Systemic neonicotinoids. imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nithiazine, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam. Tips

Part 1 Part 2 Part 3

Page 13: Supporting native bees in your garden - UF/IFAS OCI · Systemic neonicotinoids. imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nithiazine, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam. Tips

Bees are the most important pollinators

• Abundant, diverse

• Actively collect pollen to feed their young

• Exhibit flower constancy or fidelity

Page 14: Supporting native bees in your garden - UF/IFAS OCI · Systemic neonicotinoids. imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nithiazine, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam. Tips

What is a bee?Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: ArthropodaClass: Insecta

Order: HymenopteraFamily: 7 families

Page 15: Supporting native bees in your garden - UF/IFAS OCI · Systemic neonicotinoids. imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nithiazine, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam. Tips

How Many Bees?

Page 16: Supporting native bees in your garden - UF/IFAS OCI · Systemic neonicotinoids. imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nithiazine, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam. Tips

How Many Bees?

Over 300!

Page 17: Supporting native bees in your garden - UF/IFAS OCI · Systemic neonicotinoids. imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nithiazine, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam. Tips

How Many Bees?

Over 4,000!Over 300!

Page 18: Supporting native bees in your garden - UF/IFAS OCI · Systemic neonicotinoids. imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nithiazine, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam. Tips

How Many Bees?

Over 4,000!Over 300! Over 20,000!

Page 19: Supporting native bees in your garden - UF/IFAS OCI · Systemic neonicotinoids. imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nithiazine, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam. Tips

Aizen and Harder 2009Apis mellifera

Single species in U.S.Non-native

Honey bees

Page 20: Supporting native bees in your garden - UF/IFAS OCI · Systemic neonicotinoids. imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nithiazine, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam. Tips

Main groups:• Mining bees• Plasterer bees• Leafcutter bees• Mason bees• Resin bees• Sweat bees• Bumble bees• Long-horned bees• Carpenter bees• Cuckoo bees

Native Bees in North America

Page 21: Supporting native bees in your garden - UF/IFAS OCI · Systemic neonicotinoids. imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nithiazine, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam. Tips

• 1,437 (of 4,337) species assessed

• 749 (over half) are declining

• 347 (1 in 4) are imperiled

Native wild bee decline in North America

Page 22: Supporting native bees in your garden - UF/IFAS OCI · Systemic neonicotinoids. imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nithiazine, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam. Tips

Conserving bees in your garden

1. Flowers

2. Nest habitat

3. Protection from toxins

Page 23: Supporting native bees in your garden - UF/IFAS OCI · Systemic neonicotinoids. imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nithiazine, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam. Tips

Bees eat pollen and nectar throughout entire life (larvae – adults)

Flowers

Page 24: Supporting native bees in your garden - UF/IFAS OCI · Systemic neonicotinoids. imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nithiazine, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam. Tips

Mothers provision nests with pollen and nectar

No migration

Majority generalists

Specialist bees rely on pollen from specific plants or plant groups

Flowers

Page 25: Supporting native bees in your garden - UF/IFAS OCI · Systemic neonicotinoids. imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nithiazine, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam. Tips

Different bees forage at different times

Some species forage throughout most of the year (bumble bees)

Other species forage for a short period ~1 month

Flowers

Page 26: Supporting native bees in your garden - UF/IFAS OCI · Systemic neonicotinoids. imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nithiazine, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam. Tips

Tips for flowersDiversity of flowering plants throughout the year

Page 27: Supporting native bees in your garden - UF/IFAS OCI · Systemic neonicotinoids. imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nithiazine, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam. Tips

Tips for flowers– Early blooming plants: trees and shrubs

– Late blooming plants: herbaceous wildflowers

Page 28: Supporting native bees in your garden - UF/IFAS OCI · Systemic neonicotinoids. imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nithiazine, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam. Tips

Tips for flowers– Native plants

•May be more attractive

•Better for specialist bees

•Non-native plants can provide valuable nectar

Page 29: Supporting native bees in your garden - UF/IFAS OCI · Systemic neonicotinoids. imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nithiazine, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam. Tips

Tips for flowers– Color: Yellow, white, purple/blue flowers

– Bees not as attracted to red/orange/pink

– Shape: Relatively short flower tubes (flat flowers)

– Bees cannot access nectar from long tubes

Not a bee plant Bee plant Bee plant

Page 30: Supporting native bees in your garden - UF/IFAS OCI · Systemic neonicotinoids. imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nithiazine, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam. Tips

Seagrape Fiddlewood

Sweet almondChaste tree

Best trees/shrubs for bees in Florida

Sabal palm

Walter’s virburnum

Saw palmetto

Sparkleberry

Page 31: Supporting native bees in your garden - UF/IFAS OCI · Systemic neonicotinoids. imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nithiazine, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam. Tips

Florida wildflowersGoldenrod

Rosinweed

Blanket flower

Blanketflower

Rosinweed

Monarda/bee balm/dotted horsemint

Liatris/blazing star

Blanketflower CoreopsisSalvia

Stokes asterBeach sunflower

False rosemary(Conradina spp.)

Page 32: Supporting native bees in your garden - UF/IFAS OCI · Systemic neonicotinoids. imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nithiazine, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam. Tips

Herbs, fruits, vegetables• Basil (African Blue Basil)

• Borage

• Mint

• Thyme

• Rosemary

• Cucurbits (melons, squash)

• Cherries

• Plums & peaches

• Passion fruit

Page 33: Supporting native bees in your garden - UF/IFAS OCI · Systemic neonicotinoids. imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nithiazine, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam. Tips

Weeds for bees• Spanish needle (Bidens alba)

• Thistles

• Spiderwort

• Goldenrod

Page 34: Supporting native bees in your garden - UF/IFAS OCI · Systemic neonicotinoids. imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nithiazine, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam. Tips

What about these?• Pentas

• Zinnias

• Cosmos

• Coral honeysuckle

• Nasturtiums

• Lantana

• Azaleas

• Marigold

• Cannas

Page 35: Supporting native bees in your garden - UF/IFAS OCI · Systemic neonicotinoids. imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nithiazine, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam. Tips
Page 36: Supporting native bees in your garden - UF/IFAS OCI · Systemic neonicotinoids. imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nithiazine, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam. Tips

• Native vs. non-native species• Different cultivars

• Attractiveness• Nectar and pollen

Research examining best plants for bees

Page 37: Supporting native bees in your garden - UF/IFAS OCI · Systemic neonicotinoids. imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nithiazine, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam. Tips

• Native vs. non-native species• Different cultivars

• Attractiveness• Nectar and pollen

Research examining best plants for bees

Page 38: Supporting native bees in your garden - UF/IFAS OCI · Systemic neonicotinoids. imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nithiazine, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam. Tips

Conserving bees in your garden

1. Flowers

2. Nest habitat

3. Protection from toxins

Page 39: Supporting native bees in your garden - UF/IFAS OCI · Systemic neonicotinoids. imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nithiazine, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam. Tips

• Majority (70%) nest underground• Tunnels or shallow cavities

• Aboveground nesters (30%) • Some excavate own nests

• Others use pre-existing cavities

Nesting resources

Page 40: Supporting native bees in your garden - UF/IFAS OCI · Systemic neonicotinoids. imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nithiazine, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam. Tips

Photo by P. Westrich

Belowground nesters

Page 41: Supporting native bees in your garden - UF/IFAS OCI · Systemic neonicotinoids. imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nithiazine, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam. Tips

Aboveground nesters

Page 42: Supporting native bees in your garden - UF/IFAS OCI · Systemic neonicotinoids. imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nithiazine, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam. Tips

Bare ground, untilled ground for ground-nesting bees

Tips for nesting resources

• Well drained soil• Relatively bare• No heavy mulch• No weed barrier• Sunny spot• No disturbance

Page 43: Supporting native bees in your garden - UF/IFAS OCI · Systemic neonicotinoids. imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nithiazine, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam. Tips

Tips for nesting resources

Page 44: Supporting native bees in your garden - UF/IFAS OCI · Systemic neonicotinoids. imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nithiazine, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam. Tips

Small and long cavities (4 – 12 mm diameter holes, at least 150 mm long)

Replaceable liners (paper)

Cavities that can be cleaned

Tips for nesting resources

Page 45: Supporting native bees in your garden - UF/IFAS OCI · Systemic neonicotinoids. imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nithiazine, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam. Tips

Secure a few feet above ground to post/stake/wall

Face east or southeast

Tips for nesting resources

Page 46: Supporting native bees in your garden - UF/IFAS OCI · Systemic neonicotinoids. imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nithiazine, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam. Tips

Conserving bees in your garden

1. Flowers

2. Nest habitat

3. Protection from toxins

Page 47: Supporting native bees in your garden - UF/IFAS OCI · Systemic neonicotinoids. imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nithiazine, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam. Tips

Protection from toxins

Page 48: Supporting native bees in your garden - UF/IFAS OCI · Systemic neonicotinoids. imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nithiazine, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam. Tips

Tips for protection

Avoid seeds or starts that have been treated with systemic pesticides

Page 49: Supporting native bees in your garden - UF/IFAS OCI · Systemic neonicotinoids. imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nithiazine, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam. Tips

Systemic neonicotinoids

imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nithiazine, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam

Page 50: Supporting native bees in your garden - UF/IFAS OCI · Systemic neonicotinoids. imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nithiazine, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam. Tips

Tips for protection

•Do not spray plants in bloom–Look for flowering weeds

•IF spraying flowers –Spray late in day/night

–Use chemicals with short activity period

•Minimize all chemicals– Including fungicides and

insecticides

Page 51: Supporting native bees in your garden - UF/IFAS OCI · Systemic neonicotinoids. imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nithiazine, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam. Tips

Tips for protection•Low acute toxicity to bees

•Minimal residual activity

•Systemic pesticides = high residual activity

•Organic pesticides = shorter residual activity

Page 52: Supporting native bees in your garden - UF/IFAS OCI · Systemic neonicotinoids. imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nithiazine, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam. Tips

Part 1 Part 2 Part 3

Page 53: Supporting native bees in your garden - UF/IFAS OCI · Systemic neonicotinoids. imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nithiazine, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam. Tips

Main groups:• Mining bees• Plasterer bees• Leafcutter bees• Mason bees• Resin bees• Sweat bees• Bumble bees• Long-horned bees• Carpenter bees• Cuckoo bees

Native Bees in North America

Page 54: Supporting native bees in your garden - UF/IFAS OCI · Systemic neonicotinoids. imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nithiazine, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam. Tips

Conserving bees in your garden

1. Flowers

2. Nest habitat

3. Protection from toxins

Page 55: Supporting native bees in your garden - UF/IFAS OCI · Systemic neonicotinoids. imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nithiazine, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam. Tips

Resources1. Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation: https://xerces.org/2. Pollinator Partnership: http://pollinator.org/3. NRCS Pollinator Conservation: https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/national/plantsanimals/pollinate/4. Protecting bees (plant selection): https://protectingbees.njaes.rutgers.edu/6. My Lab: http://www.rachelmallinger.com/