sundry free moors act 2012

7/23/2019 Sundry Free Moors Act 2012

1/81

Sundry Free Moors Act o 2012 1

A PROPOSED BILL TO THE

One Hundred Twelfth Congressof the

UNITED STATES of AMERICAAT THE FIRST SESSION

Senate Bill # ____________

A Bill For An Act Entitled: Sundry Free Moors Act o 2012 An Act for the

Better Ordering and Governing of Moors native to America within the terri-

torial borders of the United States to deter violations of the treaty, civil and

political rights of Any Moor living within the Territorial Borders of the

United States and recognition of Moors native to Amer-ica as an indigenous

group to protect and preserve for Moors their inherent right of freedom

to believe, express, and exercise the traditional religions of theMoor, in-

cluding but not limited to access to sites, use and possession of sacred ob-

jects, and the freedom to worship through ceremonial and traditional rites.

In the Senate

10-25-2011

Whereas the Moorish Political Action Committee or its subsidiary corporate

body politics and all Moors native to or living in the Several States, territories or

outlying possessions governed by the United States introduce the ollowing bill,

which was reerred to the Committee on Foreign Relations and the United States

Commission on International Religious Freedom.

_______________ Proposal

Seeking Resolution by the U.S. Senate o the ollowing article is proposed as

ederal law under the jurisdiction o the United States o America, enorceableby Executive action.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House o Representatives o the United States o

America in Congress assembled,

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS.

(a) SHORT TITLE.This Act may be cited as Sundry Free Moors Acto 2012.(b) TABLE OF CONTENTS.The table o contents or this Act isas ollows:

Sec. 1. Short title; table o contents.

Sec. 2. Findings; policy.


2/81


Sec. 3. Denitions.

TITLE I -- CALL TO ACTION FOR CRIMES AGAINST MOORS IN THE UNITEDSTATES

Sec. 101. National origin discrimination and persecution ndings.

Sec. 102. The many orms o such violations occurring against Moors.

Sec. 103. Moors in many U.S. States ace such severe and violent orms o discrimination.

Sec. 104. Slander by Law Enorcement.

Sec. 105. Well Respected Political gures Publicly slander Moors.

Sec. 106. Propaganda Article: Obama, The Silver Tongued Moor.

TITLE II HISTORY OF THE MOORS

Sec. 201. Roots and Etymology o Moors and Archaeological evidence supporting.

Sec. 202. Mudejares and Moriscos.

Sec. 203. Slaughter o the Moriscos by Early Spanish Inquisition.

Sec. 204. Christopher Columbus: Extracts rom Journal Edited by: Robert Guisepi 2002Discovery o America Book: Appendix C Author: Fiske, John Date: 1892

Sec. 205. BBC documentary on An Islamic History o Europe

Sec. 206. Moorish American Indigenous History(a)William Harlens book Surviving Indian Groups o the Eastern UnitedStates(b) Dr. Barry Fells book Saga America(c) Dr. Ivan Van Sertima is widely renowned or his work, They CameBeore Columbus(d) Booker T. Washingtons Up rom Slavery(e) The Story o Estevanico or Esteban the Moor() The Van Salee Family by Mario de Valdes y Cocom(g) Securing the Leg Irons: Restriction o Legal Rights or Slaves in Virgin-ia and Maryland, 1625 - 1791 Slavery In Early Americas Colonies: Seedso Servitude Rooted in The Civil Law o Rome by Charles P.M. Outwin.(h) Muslims in the Caribbean Beore Columbus By Dr. Abdullah HakimQuick.(i) Moors Discovering America.(j) Moroccan Project to Buid the First Mosque in America, 1897.(k) The American Negro, descendants o Moors and Arabs(l) Early deinitions o Americans(m) The Fusion o Arican and Indian Blood in the Americas(n) HR0689 A Bill or Moorish American Week(o) Mayoral Proclamations o Moorish American Week(p) Mayor o Fayetteville, NC proclaims Moorish American Week.(q) The First Americans Were Aricans(r) Article: The Federal Governments Power to Enact Color-Conscious Laws:an Originalist Inquiry.(s) Harvard, Slavery and Moors: Seeking A Forgotten History(t) Moorish Zionist Temple o the Moorish Jews, West 137th Street, Harlem,1929.

Sec. 207. Founders o the United States and their views on Islam.(a) Lincoln Deends Black Bill

Sec. 208. J.B. Stoner, the Archleader and Imperial Wizard o the Christian Knights o theKu Klux Klan letter to Muslims at the Convention in Chicago during Febru-ary 1957.

Sec. 209. Tracking, Peonage and Sale into involuntary servitude o Moorish Emir Abdul-Rahman rom Timbo, Arica.

Sec. 210. Clinton Alred Weslagers account o encounters with Moors and Nanticoke Indians by Clinton Alred Weslager, John Swientochowski, L. T. Alexander.

Sec. 211. Transormations in schooling: historical and comparative perspectives by KimBerley Tolley.


3/81


Sec. 212. Ancestors o the Melungeons are Moors, Arabs, and Turks.

Sec. 213. Removal o Moors Head rom European Coat o Arms.

Sec. 214. Mitsawokett: The Moors o Delaware.

Sec. 215. Noble Drew Ali ounded Moorish Science Temple o America Inc., 1913.

Sec. 216. Southern Poverty Law Center Libel against Moors.

Sec. 217. N.Y.P.D targets and slanders Moroccan-Americans in the Name o Home-

Land Security.

Sec. 218. Discriminatory Practices in Naturalization Process.

Sec. 219. Federal Directive 15 and ROCIC.

Sec. 220. Neo-Slavery.

Sec. 221. More Arican American men are in prison or jail, on probation or parolethan were enslaved in 1850, beore the Civil War began,.Sec. 222. Spanish Soldiers in Iraq issued badges o the Cross o St. James.

TITLE III. --TREATIES OF THE UNITED STATES-MOROCCO

Sec. 301. A Moorish Nation was the rst country to recognize the United States asa Nation.

Sec. 302. Letter rom George Washington to the Sultan o Morocco.

Sec. 303. 1836 Treaty o the United States.

Sec. 304. Convention o Madrid, concluded July 8, 1880.

TITLE IV. --LEGISLATIVE: STATE, FEDERAL, AND INTERNATIONAL

Sec. 401. Virginia General Assembly Act o 1670.

Sec. 402. Virginia General Assembly Act o 1682, c. 1. Purv. 282.

Sec. 403. Virginia General Assembly Act o October 1705.Sec. 404. Virginia General Assembly Act o the act o 1748, c. 14. Revisal o 1748.

Sec. 405. The Act o Massachusetts on 26th o March, 1788.

Sec. 406. South Carolina. March 3, 1753 - History Muslims rom North Arica, appear in the records o South Carolina Council Journal.

Sec. 407. South Carolina. March 3, 1753 - History Muslims rom North Arica, appear in the records o South Carolina Council Journal.

Sec. 408. The Statutes at Large o South Carolina No. 1605

Sec. 409. The Statutes at Large o South Carolina No. 1814

Sec. 410. The Statutes at Large o South Carolina No. 2107.




Sec. 414. The Statutes at Large o South Carolina No. 2361.Sec. 415. On January 20, 1790, a petition was presented to the South Carolina

House o Representatives.

Sec. 416. Legislative Journal - House - Page 5759 Resolution No. 75 May 4, 1933.

Sec. 417. SSA PR 09-168 Request or Regional Chie Counsel Opinion on State LawRecognition o Moorish A~ Marriages Re: 09-0190 ID 475971 https://secure.ssa.gov/apps10/poms.ns/lnx/1502705039.

Sec. 418. U.S. Court o Appeals, Eighth Circuit. Submitted May 20, 1996. FiledMay 29, 1996. 86 F.3d 1159 es. No. 95-2549.

Sec. 419. Federal court case Kolovrat v. Oregon, 366 U.S. 187 (1961).

Sec. 420. Moorish Treaty rights encompass universal human rights and undamental reedoms.

Sec. 421. Codied International obligations o the United States.

Sec. 422. Vienna Convention on the Law o Treaties Done at Vienna on 23 May 1969.


4/81


Sec. 423. United Nations Declaration on the Rights o Indigenous Peoples.

Sec. 424. Article 1 o The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights,entry into orce 23 March 1976, 1. All peoples have the right o sel-determination.

Sec. 425. Declaration on the Human Rights o Individuals Who are not Nationals othe Country in which They Live.

Sec. 426. General Recommendation XXX Discrimination Against Non Citizens.

Sec. 427. Articles 5 o the Adopted and proclaimed by the General Conerence o theUnited Nations Educational, Scientiic and Cultural Organization atits twentieth session, on 27 November 1978 Declaration on Race andRacial Prejudice.

Sec. 428. Declaration on the Rights o Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic,

Religious or Linguistic Minorities.

Sec. 429. Executive Order 13107 December 10, 1998.

Sec. 430. Title 22 Chapter 32 Subchapter II Part I Human rights and security assistance.

Sec. 431. Citizenship o the United States, expatriation, and protection abroadBy United States. Dept. o State, James Brown Scott, David JayneHill, Gaillard Hunt.

TITLE V. APOLOGIES AND DECLARATIONS

Sec. 501. Apologies rom Spain to Moors and Jews.

Sec. 502. Moroccan Historian Letter.

Sec. 503. Christianity and Citizen Synonymous.

Sec. 504. Centre or Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department o Biology

Sec. 505. Congress Apologizes or Slavery on Thursday June 19, 2009 the U.S.Senate apologized or slavery.

TITLE VI. Purposes and Judicial Relie

Sec. 601. Purposes o this Act and U.S. Case law.

Sec. 602. As a pillar o the United States o America, Moorish treaty rights withrespect to a matter within the ederal jurisdiction is supreme over aconlicting state law.

Sec. 603. The act is going to enorce the 1836 Treaty o the United States still inForce at 8 stat 484-487 within the Borders o the United States, itsterritories and outlying possessions.

Sec. 604. Homeland Security and the Federal Bureau o Investigations shall enorce - The administering o this act.

Sec. 605. The U.S. Department o State, the United States House Committee onForeign Aairs and the United States Commission on Inter-nationalReligious Freedom.

Sec. 606. Title 18 o the United States Codes.

Sec. 607. Supremacy Clause Unaected Treaties Law o the Land.

Sec. 608. The purposes o this Act listed.

Sec. 609. Formation o the Bureau o Moorish Aairs a Independent FederalExecutive agency that promotes the health and welare o Moorishpeoples.

Sec. 610. The President shall direct the U.S. Department o State, the bipartisanUnited States Commission on International Religious Freedom.

TITLE VII. Defnitions

Sec. 701. the term Any Moor

Sec. 702. the term Moorish Subjects

Sec. 703. the term Government


5/81


Sec. 704. the term State

Sec. 705. the term United States

Sec. 706. the term Moorish Empire

Sec. 707. the term Moorish Government

Sec. 708. the term Vessel o the United States

Sec. 709. the term Vessel o the Moorish Empire

Sec. 710. the term Moorish treaty rights and obligations

TITLE VIII. Penalties

Sec. 801. Protection o rights o Moors.

Sec. 802. Penalty and amount o Penalty.

SHORT TITLE I--(a) This bill may be cited as the Sundry Free Moors Act o

2012.

TITLE I. CALL TO ACTION FOR CRIMES AGAINST MOORS IN THE

UNITED STATES

Subsections 101-105 makes the ollowing indings:

In the territorial borders o the United States and the several States,

Moors are targeted as well as discriminated against by Municipal, Stateand Federal law enorcement agencies nationwide.

(101) National origin discrimination and persecution indingsThough not conined to a particular region or regime, na-

tional origin discrimination and persecution is oten particularly(a)widespread and based upon racketeering schemes under coloro law.(b)systematic in its application.(c)heinous under municipal governments and in States with mili-tant, politicized religious majorities.

(102) The many orms o such violations occurring against MoorsAmong the many orms o such violations occurring against

Moors include.(a)ederal and state-sponsored public slander campaigns.(b)illegal searches and coniscations o property.

(c)warrant less surveillance by security police, including specialdivisions o municipal and state police.(d)severe prohibitions against construction and repair o places oworship.(e)denial o the right to reedom o expression, to identiy them-selves as Moors.()denial o the right to reedom o expression, to identiy usingtheir Moorish-Islamic Names.(g)denial o rights to assemble coupled by relegation o Moorishcorporate body politics to illegal status through arbitrary registra-tion laws.(h)prohibitions against the pursuit o education or public oice.(i)prohibitions against possessing Moorish national, Corporate andtribal identiication and materials.

(103) Moors in many U.S. States ace such severe and violent orms odiscrimination


6/81


Even more abhorrent, Moors in many U.S. States ace suchsevere and violent orms o.(a)national origin discrimination(b)religious persecution(c)detention(d)torture(e)beatings()imprisonment(g)enslavement(h)mass incarceration(i)Public Humiliation(j)denial o Moorish Consular Privelges.(k)Condemnation o reedom o expression o their Moorish iden-

tity.(104) Slander by Law Enorcement

Immigration and other law enorcement oicers oten tryto intimidate Moorish U.S. Citizens and Moorish non-U.S. citi-zens alike by telling them they dont have any rights, their treatyrights are expired, Moorish treaties only apply to the NorthernCoast o Arica, Moorish treaties dont apply to criminal or civildisputes, and not to Moors, and even i they are American Born.

(105) Well Respected Political igures Publicly slander MoorsAugust 2, 2011, Rep. Doug Lamborn spoke to KHOW-AM

radio about whom voters would hold responsible or actions on thenations debt ceiling when he said he thought voters would blamethe president. Lamborn said: Now I dont want to even have tobe associated with him. It is like touching a tar baby and you get

it youre stuck, and youre part o the problem now. Somepeople consider the term tar baby to be a racial epithet. Lam-borns spokeswoman Catherine Mortensen said in a written state-ment Monday that Lamborn simply meant to reer to a sticky situa-tion. She says Lamborn sent an apology letter to President Obama.United States politicians--including presidential candidates JohnMcCain, John Kerry, and Mitt Romney--have received public criti-cism in recent years rom civil rights leaders, members o the popu-lar daily media, and ellow politicians due to their perception oracial overtones behind the use o the metaphor tar baby.

The Oxord English Dictionary lists tar baby as a deroga-tory term or a black or a Maori [Mauri].

(106) Propaganda Article: Obama, The Silver Tongued MoorJanuary 30, 2008, a website known as the Enemypublished

a blog titled Obama, The Silver Tongued Moor exploiting the actthat the President has a Moorish ancestry through his Islamic andArican Ancestry and Heritage without public proclamation otherthan his declarations as a U.S. Citizen o being apart o the Ari-can American class. http://theenemy.typepad.com/enemy/2008/01/obama-the-silve.html

President Barack Obama asserted in December o 2008,The only connection Ive had to Islam is that my grandather onmy athers side came rom that country [Kenya]. The City oMoors in Kenya is also called the Old Town o Mombasa is the sec-ond largest city o Kenya and the place richest in the cultural heri-tage o this city. It is Spread across an area o about 72 hectares,the City o Moors is reminiscent o the times when the towns ar-chitecture & culture experienced a major inluence o the Moors.well known or its historic buildings with ornately carved windows& doors as also or its extravagant architecture & curio shops.The original Arabic name o Mombassa was Manbasa, people woreclothes made o silk and gold. The walled City o Moors as it was


7/81


called, was an inner sanctum or the people, situated just by thebay o Mombasa - where the merchants o old, using the power othe winds sailed their wooden dhows to and rom lands as ar awayas China, India and Arabia.

TITLE II. HISTORY OF THE MOORS

Subsections 201-222

Sec. 201. Roots and Etymology o the term Moor and Archaeologicalevidence supporting indigenous status.

(a)The English word Moor derives rom the Germanic term Mor,the Latin, the word maurus (plural mauri) means coming romMauretania, ater the Punic wars became a Roman province on thenorthwestern ringe o Arica. In the Medieval Romance languages(such as Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian, Romanian), the rootappeared in such orms as mouro, moro, moir, mor and maur. De-rivatives are ound in todays versions o the languages. Some de-rive the word rom the ancient Greek mauros, meaning dark orblack-skinned.(b)Mauretania or the Land o the Moors. This district, which wasseparated on the East rom Numidia, by the river Ampsaga, andon the South. rom Gaetulia, by the snowy range o the Atlas, waswashed upon the N. coast by the Mediterranean, and on the W. bythe Atlantic. From the earliest times it was occupied by a peoplewhom the ancients distinguished by the name MAURUSII (Strab.i. p.5, iii. pp. 131, 137, xvii. pp. 825, 827; Liv. 24.49; Verg. A.4.206; Ptol. 4.1.11) or MAURI ( Blacks, in the Alexandrian dia-lect, Paus. i, 33 5, 8.43. [2.297] 3; Sal. Jug. 19; Pomp. Mela,1.4.3; Liv. 21.22, 28.17; Hor. Carm. 1.22. 2, 2.6. 3, 3.10. 18; Tac.Ann. 2.52, 4.523, 14.28, Hist. 1.78, 2.58, 4.50; Lucan 4.678; Juv.5.53, 6.337; Flor. 3.1, 4.2); hence the name MAURETANIA (theproper orm as it appears in inscriptions, Orelli, Inscr. 485, 3570,3672; and on coins, Eckhel, vol. vi. p. 48; comp. Tzchucke, adPomp. Mela, 1.5.1) or MAURITANIA ( Ptol. 4.1.2; Caes. B.C. 1.6,39; Hirt. B. Ar. 22; Pomp. Mela, 1.5; Plin. Nat. 5.1; Eutrop. 4.27,8.5; Flor. iv. (the MSS. and printed editions vary between this ormand that o Mauretania); Strab. p. 827).(c)These Moors, were not to be considered a dierent race romthe Numidians, but as a tribe belonging to the same stock. Theywere represented by Sallust (Sal. Jug. 21) and remnants o thearmy o Hercules. Also being represented by Procopius (B. V. 2.10)as the posterity o the Cananaeans who led rom Joshua; He quotestwo columns with a Phoenician inscription. Procopius supposedlywas the only, or at least the most ancient author, who mentionsthis inscription. Furthermore his invention o it has been attrib-uted to himsel. When it occurs, however, in the history o Moseso Chorene (1.18), to Moses being accredited or writing more thana century beore Procopius. This same inscription is mentioned bySuidas (s. v.), who probably quotes rom Procopius. The nameMaure was irst used or one o the several dozen black skinnedtribes that occupied North Arica even beore the Christian era.The Mauri tribe itsel included the Mazazaces, Baueres, Bagodaand Gentiani and several other clans.(d)Through nominalization, the root has taken on a variety o mean-ings. Moreno, rom the Latin root, can mean tanned in countrieslike Spain, Portugal, or Brazil. In Cuba and other Spanish-speak-ing American countries, it can mean black person or mulatto.Among Spanish speakers, moro (Moor) came to have a broadermeaning, applied to both Moros o Mindanao in the Philippines,and the Moriscos o Granada. Moro is used to describe all thingsdark, as in Moor, moreno, etc.(e)In Polish murzyn means a black person. It can be used either


8/81


neutrally or pejoratively. It was used as a nickname, or instance;Milanese Duke Ludovico Sorza was called Il Moro because o hisdark complexion.()In Portugal and Spain, mouro (eminine, moura) may also reerto supernatural beings known as enchanted moura, where moorimplies alien and non-Christian. From this root, the name mooris also applied to unbaptised children, meaning not Christian.(g)In Basque, mairu means moor and also reers to a mythicalpeople.(h)The Greek adjective Mauros, meaning dark or black (denotingskin complexion and the peoples o Ancient Mauritania ) Circa46BC. See: The Oxord English Dictionary (New York, OxordUniversity Press, 1977, p. `846.)

On page 145 ( Arican presence in early europe, copyrighted 1985by the Journal o Arican Civilizations Ltd..Inc... the chapterby Wayne B. Chandler, called The Moor: Light o Europes DarkAge.), Although the term Moor had been put to diverse use. Itsroots are still traceable. Circa 46 B.C, the Roman Army enteredWEST AFRICA where they encountered black Aricans which theycalled Maures rom the Greek adjective mauros, meaning darkor black. The country o the maures, Mauretania (not to be con-used with the Islamic Republic o Mauretania in present day WestArica, although obviously the root is the same), existed in what isnow northern Morocco and Western Algeria. In his ootnotes hehas the oxord english dictionary ( New York: Oxord UniversityPress, 1977), p. 1846.(i)Moorish kingdoms existed in much o present-day Morocco andAlgeria beore the establishment o those jurisdictions, betweenthe end o eective Roman rule in the area and the Byzantine andArab invasions o Arica. Direct Roman rule became conined to

a ew coastal cities (such as Ceuta in Mauretania Tingitana andCherchell in Mauretania Caesariensis) rom the late 3rd centuryin Mauretania Tingitana and ater the Vandal invasion o 429 inMauretania Caesariensis. Historical sources about inland areasare sparse, but these were apparently controlled by local Moorishrulers who maintained a degree o Roman culture. This includedthe local cities, usually nominally acknowledged the suzerainty othe Roman Emperors. In an inscription rom Altava in western Al-geria, one o these rulers named Masuna, described himsel as rexgentium Maurorum et Romanorum (king o the Roman and Moor-ish peoples). Altava was later the capital o another ruler, Garmulor Garmules, who resisted Byzantine rule in Arica but was inallydeeated in 578. The Byzantine historian Procopius also men-tions another independent ruler, Mastigas, who controlled most oMauretania Caesariensis in the 530s.(j)The area was later reunited with the Byzantine Empire as a re-sult o Justinians campaigns o c. 533 AD; it was conquered by the

Moors at the end o the next century.(k)Moorish dominions stretched at times, as ar as modern-dayMauritania, West Arican countries, and the Senegal River. InSenegambia, between 1300 and 1900, close to one-third o thepopulation was enslaved. In early Islamic states o the western Su-dan, including Ghana (7501076), Mali (12351645), Segou (17121861), and Songhai (12751591), about a third o the populationwere enslaved. In Sierra Leone in the 19th century about hal othe population consisted o enslaved people. In the 19th centuryat least hal the population was enslaved among the Duala o theCameroon and other peoples o lower Niger, the Kongo, and theKasanje kingdom and Chokwe o Angola. Among the Ashanti andYoruba a third o the population consisted o enslaved people. Thepopulation o the Kanem (16001800) was about a third-enslaved.It was perhaps 40% in Bornu (15801890). Between 1750 and 1900rom one- to two-thirds o the entire population o the Fulani jihadstates consisted o enslaved people.

(l)The Sokoto Caliphate is an Islamic spiritual community in Ni-geria, led by the Sultan o Sokoto, Saadu Abubakar. Founded


9/81


during the Fulani Jihad in 1809 by Usuman dan Fodio, it was oneo the most powerul empires in sub-Saharan Arica prior to Eu-ropean conquest and colonization. The caliphate remained extantthrough the colonial period and aterwards, though with reducedpower.The population o the Sokoto caliphate ormed by Hausas inthe northern Nigeria and Cameroon was hal-enslaved in the 19thcentury. When British rule was irst imposed on the Sokoto Caliph-ate and the surrounding areas in northern Nigeria at the turn o the20th century, approximately 2 million to 2.5 million people therewere enslaved.(m) Earlier, the Classical Romans interacted with (and later con-quered) parts o AncientMauretania, a Moorish state that coverednorthern portions o modern Morocco and much o north westernand central Algeria during the classical period. The people o theregion were noted in Classical literature as the Mauri.(n)In various medieval literature the term Moor was colloquiallyapplied to any person rom North Arica and any dark or blackskinned person.(o)The term Moroccan is a denotative national identity derivedrom the Free National Name Moor. The ull Arabic name al-Mamlakat al-Maghribiyyah translates to The Western Kingdom.Al-Maghrib, meaning The West, is commonly used. For histori-cal reerences, medieval Moorish historians and geographers usedto reer to Morocco as al-Maghrib al-Aqs, The Farthest West),disambiguating it rom neighboring historical regions called al-Maghrib al-Awsat, The Middle West, Algeria) and al-Maghrib al-Adn, The Nearest West, Tunisia).(p)The English name Morocco originates rom Spanish Mar-ruecos or the Portuguese Marrocos, rom medieval Latin Mor-roch, which reerred to the name o the ormer Almoravid andAlmohad capital, Marrakesh.(q)In Persian and Urdu, Morocco is still called Marrakesh. Untilrecent decades, Morocco was called Marrakesh in Middle East-ern Arabic. In Turkish, Morocco is called Fas which comes romthe ancient Idrisid and Marinid capital, Fez.(r)The word Marrakesh is made o the Imazighen (singular:Amazigh) the indigenous peoples o North Arica west o the NileValley word combination Murt n Akush (Murt n Akuc), meaningLand o God. The best known o the ancient Amazighs are the Nu-midian king Masinissa, the Amazigh-Roman author Apuleius, SaintAugustine o Hippo, and the Roman general Lusius Quietus, whowas instrumental in deeating the major wave o Jewish revolts o115117. Famous Amazighs o the Middle Ages include Tariq ibnZiyad, a general who conquered Hispania; Abbas Ibn Firnas, a pro-liic inventor and early pioneer in aviation; Ibn Battuta, a medievalexplorer who traveled the longest known distances in pre-moderntimes; and Estevanico, an early explorer o the Americas.(s)Circa 480 A.D., The Monastic Brotherhood (Catholic Moorsrom Morocco) landed on present day Connecticut (North Ameri-ca), near the coast o Long Island Sound.(t)The inscription ound on granite outcrops in Cockaponset Forest,CN., and the inscription on Haj Minmoun Rock located in Figuigtoward the east o Morocco, conirms the voyage. North AricanArabic and Old Kuic scripts are engraved on rocks, test, diagram,charts including writing, reading, arithmetic, religion, history, ge-ography, mathematics, astronomy and sea navigation. See: Moroc-can daily Newspaper (Le Matin D Sahara Et Du Magred, September16, 1995).(u) In 1441, the irst slaves were brought to Portugal rom northernMauritania. The irst Europeans to arrive on the coast o Guineawere the Portuguese; the irst European to actually buy enslavedAricans in the region o Guinea was Anto Gonalves, a Portu-guese explorer in 1441 CE/AD. The maritime town o Lagos, Por-tugal, was the irst slave market created in Portugal or the saleo imported Arican slaves the Mercado de Escravos, opened in


10/81


1444. In the 16th century the Portuguese settlers ound that thesevolcanic islands were ideal or growing sugar. Sugar growing is alabour-intensive undertaking and Portuguese settlers were diicultto attract due to the heat, lack o inrastructure, and hard lie. Tocultivate the sugar the Portuguese turned to large numbers o en-slaved Moors. Elmina Castle on the Gold Coast, originally built byMoorish labor or the Portuguese in 1482 to control the gold trade,became an important depot or slaves that were to be transported tothe New World. Much o the inhabitant o the 10th Century Caro-lingian Empire did not describe themselves as Europeans, a namecoined in the 17th Century.(v)The Spanish were the irst Europeans to use enslaved Moors inthe New World on islands such as Cuba and Hispaniola, where the

alarming death rate in the native population had spurred the irstroyal laws protecting the native population (Laws o Burgos, 15121513). The irst enslaved Moors arrived in Hispaniola in 1501 soonater the Papal Bull o 1493 gave all o the New World to Spain.(w)In 1452, Pope Nicholas V issued the papal bull Dum Diversas,granting Aonso V o Portugal the right to reduce any Saracens,pagans and any other unbelievers to hereditary slavery. This ap-proval o slavery was reairmed and extended in his Romanus Pon-tiex bull o 1455. These papal bulls came to serve as a justiicationor the subsequent era o slave trade and European colonialism.However Pope Eugene IV in his bull, Sicut Dudum o 1435 hadcondemned the enslavement o the black inhabitants o the CanaryIslands. Pope Paul III in 1537 issued an additional Bull, Subli-mis Deus, declaring that all peoples, even those outside the aithshould not be deprived o their liberty. The ollowers o the churcho England and Protestants did not use the papal bulls as a justii-cation or their involvement in slavery. The English translation o

Romanus Pontiex is a reproduction o its publication in EuropeanTreaties bearing on the History o the United States and its De-pendencies to 1648, Frances Gardiner Davenport, editor, CarnegieInstitution o Washington, 1917, Washington, D.C., at pp. 20-26.The original text in Latin is in the same.

(202) Mudejares and Moriscos(a)1487 Milaga was taken ater a long siege by the orces o Fer-dinand and Isabella, and in 1492 Granada was taken by ChristianPowers. Many o the Moors had accepted Christianity; these,called Mudejares, were now joined by new converts, the Moriscos.(b)They were allowed to stay in Spain, but were kept under closesurveillance. Moors were orced to convert to Christianity, edictswere put out by Queen Isabella o which one was that they werenot to wear Moorish Garb, etc. Moors were and still are known inSpain as the Moriscos, those who converted to Christianity out oorce.

(203) Slaughter o the Moriscos by Early Inquisition(a)1568 They were persecuted by Philip II, revolted in 1568,

and in the Inquisition were virtually exterminated. In 1609 theremaining Moriscos were expelled. Thus the glory o the Moorishcivilization in Spain trailed out. Its contributions to Western Eu-rope and especially to Spain, Portugal and southern France werewell-nigh incalculable in art and architecture, medicine, scienceand learning.(b)The Moriscos were Moors. This above bullet point indicates thepersecution and extermination o the Moors in the eastern hemi-sphere (holocaust). Many status quo scholars have written this as acomplete extermination when in act it was not.(c)Many Moors were labeled Indians. The term indians or Na-tive American both owe their existences to Europeans. The nameIndia is derived rom Indus, which is derived rom the Old Persianword Hindu, rom Sanskrit Sindhu, the historic local appellationor the Indus River. The ancient Greeks reerred to the Indians as


11/81


Indoi, the people o the Indus. The Word India ink means, BlackPigment See: Websters New World Dictionary (Third College Edi-tion, 1988), p.686. Indian ink (in British English) is a simple blackink once widely used or writing and printing and now more com-monly used or drawing, especially when inking comic books andcomic strips. Indian ink has been in use in India since at least the4th century BC, where it was called masi, an admixture o severalsubstances. Indian documents written in Kharosthi with this inkhave been unearthed in as ar as Xinjiang, China. The practice owriting with ink and a sharp-pointed needle was common practicesince antiquity in South India. Several ancient Buddhist and Jainscripts in India were also compiled in ink. In India, the carbonblack rom which India ink is ormulated was obtained indigenous-

ly by burning bones, tar, pitch and other substances.(d)Moorish-American history starts well beore the 16th century,and beore the Moorish captives rose up against Lucas Vzquez deAylln (c. 1475, probably Toledo, Spain 18 October 1526).(e)Aylln was a member o the Real Audiencia in Santo Domingo,he was a Christian Spanish explorer who in 1526 established theshort-lived San Miguel de Gualdape colony, the irst European at-tempt at a settlement in what is now the continental United States.()De Aylln had received rom Charles V in 1523 a grant or theland explored in 1521 by Francisco Gordillo and slave trader Cap-tain Pedro de Quejo (de Quexo). On the 1521 expedition, Gordilloand de Quejo had kidnapped about 70 natives, including Franciscode Chicora, who survived, learned Spanish in Hispaniola, and pro-vided essential ethnographic data about his homeland, Chicora.(g)The employment o Moorish captives in the 1526 colony is per-haps the irst instance o Arican slave-labour within the presentterritory o the United States. Aylln died in the colony in 1526,

purportedly in the arms o a Dominican riar.(h)Circa 1492 A.D., On Monday October 21, 1492, ChristopherColumbus admits in his papers, while sailing near Cuba, he saw amosque on top o a beautiul mountain. The ruins o mosques andminerats with inscriptions o Quranic verses have been ound inCuba, Mexico, Texas and Nevada. The dress o many AmericanIndian woman include long veils the men Breedclothes painted inthe style o Moorish draperies in Grenada and Trinidad.

The Moorish historian Amir Muhammad notes Columbushimsel, attested in his Journal o Discovery., while his [Colum-bus] ship was sailing near Gibara on the northeast coast o Cuba,he saw a Mosque on the top o a beautiul mountain. The ruinso mosques and minerats with inscriptions o Quranic verses havebeen ound in Cuba, Mexico, Texas and Nevada. The dress o manyAmerican Indian woman include long veils the men Breedclothespainted in the style o Moorish draperies in Grenada and Trini-dad.

According to Dr. Muhammad, ruins o Mosques and min-arets with inscriptions o Quranic verses have been discoveredin Cuba, Mexico, Texas, and Nevada. He also contends that thePima Indians, one o the continents most ancient people, have avocabulary which is partially o Arabic origin, which presupposesthat they are either descendants o Moors themselves or were incontact with Moors at some time in pre-Colombian history.

The earliest Moorish journey to America is identiied by Dr.Muhammed as Sultan Abu Bakri II o Mali, who, in 1312, suppos-edly explored North America with a leet o 400 ships via the Mis-sissippi River and brought elephants rom Arica to Arizona, whereancient pictographs exist o animals resembling them.

The Moorish presence in the Americas was not limited to theCaribbean and Southwest, where one might expect to ind themamong the Spaniards. According to Dr. Muhammed, when the irstEnglish settlers arrived in Jamestown in 1609 they were told bythe Indians that within a six-days walk were a people like you,


12/81


which he describes as a tribe o bearded Moors who wore Europe-an clothing, mined or silver and dropped to their knees to praymany times daily. He identiies these people with the Melungianso southern Appalachia, whose origins are still in dispute.

The brothers Martn Alonso Pinzn and Vicente YanexPinzn, the captains respectively o the Pinta and the SantaMara, were allegedly kinsmen o Abuzayan Muhammad III, theMoroccan Sultan o the Marinid Dynasty (1196-1465). It was Mar-tn Pinzn who directed Columbus towards land and is celebratedin his hometown o Palos de la Frontera, in Huelva, as the real dis-coverer o America. Spanish navigator and companion o Colum-bus on his irst voyage to the New World, b. at Palos de Moguer,1441; d. there at the convent o La Rbida, 1493. Sprung rom a

amily o seamen, he became a hardy sailor and skilul pilot. Ac-cording to Parkman and other historians, he sailed under Cousin,a navigator rom Dieppe, to the eastern coast o Arica, whencethey were carried ar to the south-west. They there discovered anunknown land and a mighty river. Pinzns conduct on this voyagewas so mutinous that Cousin entered a complaint to the admiraltyon their return home, and had him dismissed rom the maritimeservice o Dieppe. Returning to Spain Pinzn became acquaintedwith Columbus through Fray Juan Perez de Marchina, prior othe convent o La Rbida, and became an enthusiastic promoter othe scheme o the great navigator. Other historians account dier-ently or the origin o Pinzns interest in Columbuss project. Ac-cording to these, he heard o the scheme several years ater he hadretired rom active lie as a sailor, and established with his broth-ers a shipbuilding irm in his native town. During a visit to Romehe learned rom the Holy Oice o the tithes which had been paidrom the beginning o the iteenth century rom a country named

Vinland, and examined the charts o the Norman explorers. Onhis return home he supported the claims o Columbus, when hisopinion was sought by Queen Isabellas advisers concerning theproposed voyage. It was he who paid the one-eighth o the expensedemanded rom Columbus as his share, and built the three ves-sels or the voyage. Through his inluence also Columbus securedthe crews or the transatlantic journey. Pinzn commanded thePinta, and his brother Vicente Yaez the Nia. On 21 Novem-ber, 1492, he deserted Columbus o Cuba, hoping to be the irstto discover the imaginary island o Osabeque. He was the irst todiscover Haiti (Hispaniola), and the river where he landed (nowthe Porto Caballo) was long called ater him the River o MartinAlonso. He carried o thence our men and two girls, intending tosteal them as slaves, but he was compelled to restore them to theirhomes by Columbus, whom he rejoined on the coast o Haiti on 6January, 1493. It was during this absence that the lagship wasdriven ashore, and Columbus compelled to take to the Nia. In

excuse or his conduct, Pinzn aterwards alleged stress o weath-er. O the coast o the Azores he again deserted, and set sail withall speed or Spain, hoping to be the irst to communicate the newso the discovery. Driven by a hurricane into the port o Bayonnein Galicia, he sent a letter to the king asking or an audience. Themonarch reusing to receive anyone but the admiral, Pinzn sailedor Palos, which he reached on the same day as Columbus (15March, 1493). Setting out immediately or Madrid to make a reshattempt to see the king, he was met by a messenger who orbadehim to appear at court. Anger and jealousy, added to the priva-tions o the voyage, undermined his health, and led to his death aew months later.

Passing through the Antilles during the trip home to Spain,Pinzn once again abandoned Columbus, although the reasonsor this remain unclear. As the two ships sailed o the coast othe Azores in mid-February, a storm hit, lasting or several days.Whether Pinzn became lost in the storm or intentionally deserted

in an attempt to beat Columbus in bringing news o the discov-ery to Ferdinand and Isabella is not known. In either case, he re-


13/81


turned to Spain by a separate course and arrived at the northwest-ern port o Bayone in early March. Perhaps believing Columbus tohave perished at sea, or attempting to gain an audience in advanceo the Italian, Pinzn immediately sent a letter to King Ferdinanddescribing the discovery o the new world. Not waiting or a reply,he continued on to Palos, which he reached on March 15, 1493.Ironically, he was only a ew hours behind Columbus, who had ar-rived in Spain ater just avoiding imprisonment at the hands o theking o Portugal. Because Columbus had already inormed the kingabout the discovery o the Indies, Ferdinand reused Pinzn an au-dience in avor o one with Columbus. Despite extreme atigue, theelderly Pinzn planned to set out immediately or Madrid to makea resh attempt to see the king, but was met by a messenger who

orbade him to appear at court.Columbus was received by Ferdinand and Isabella with greathonor on March 15, 1493. Some historians believe that had Pinznbeen present to tell his side o the story o the discovery o theNew World, Columbuss star may not have shined so brightly. Histendency toward embellishment, as well as his antagonisms towardmany men he ormerly held as riends, suggest that he may haveportrayed his ellow captain unairly in the pages o his logbooks.Columbus made our more voyages to the New World, reachingDominica and the coast o South America beore retiring in 1504.He died a year later and was buried in a monastery in Seville, al-though his remains were eventually reintered in Santa Dominga,Hispaniola, beore being returning to Spain in 1899.

For Pinzn there was no such uture. Exhausted, angry, anddisheartened ater his return voyage, he is also reported to havealso suered rom syphilis.

(204) Christopher Columbus: Extracts rom Journal Edited by: Robert

Guisepi 2002 Discovery O America Book: Appendix C Author:Fiske, John Date: 1892

This document is rom the journal o Columbus in his voyageo 1492.

Christopher Columbus, himsel declared that his impressiono the Carib people (i.e., Caribbean people) were Mohemmedans.He knew o the Mandinka presence in the New World (Moors) andthat Moors rom the North and West coast o Arica had settleddown in the Caribbean, Central, South and North America. Co-lumbus urther admitted that on October 21st, 1492, as he was sail-ing past Gibara on the coast o Cuba, he saw a mosque. Since thenmany remnants o other Masjids have been ound in Cuba, Mexico,Texas and Nevada.

In Puerto Rico, ound in the 1500 era Fort o the MoorsArabic writings are ound on one o the walls o the ort. Even indowntown old San Juan we ound a restaurant storeront decoratedin Arabic tiles, centuries old.

On the second voyage Columbus took to the West Indies, thepeople o Haiti told him that black skinned people had been therebeore him. They showed him spears o these visitors, and urtherstudies o the metals involved in their construction, showed thatthey could have been made only in one place: Guinea.

IN THE NAME OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST: Whereas, MostChristian, High, Excellent, and Powerul Princes, King and Queeno Spain and o the Islands o the Sea, our Sovereigns, this presentyear 1492, ater your Highnesses had terminated the war with theMoors reigning in Europe, the same having been brought to an endin the great city o Granada, where on the second day o January,this present year,

I saw the royal banners o your Highnesses planted by orceo arms upon the towers o the Alhambra, which is the ortress othat city, and saw the Moorish king come out at the gate o the city


14/81


and kiss the hands o your Highnesses, and o the Prince my Sover-eign; and in the present month, in consequence o the inormationwhich I had given your Highnesses respecting the countries o Indiaand o a Prince, called Great Can, which in our language signiiesKing o Kings, how, at many times he, and his predecessors hadsent to Rome soliciting instructors who might teach him our holyaith, and the holy Father had never granted his request, wherebygreat numbers o people were lost, believing in idolatry and doc-trines o perdition.

Your Highnesses, as Catholic Christians, and princes wholove and promote the holy Christian aith, and are enemies o thedoctrine o Mahomet, and o all idolatry and heresy, determined tosend me, Christopher Columbus, to the above-mentioned countries

o India, to see the said princes, people, and territories, and tolearn their disposition and the proper method o converting themto our holy aith; and urthermore directed that I should not pro-ceed by land to the East, as is customary, but by a Westerly route,in which direction we have hitherto no certain evidence that anyone has gone. So ater having expelled the Jews rom your domin-ions, your Highnesses, in the same month o January, ordered meto proceed with a suicient armament to the said regions o India,and or that purpose granted me great avors, and ennobled methat thenceorth I might call mysel Don, and be High Admiral othe Sea, and perpetual Viceroy and Governor in all the islands andcontinents which I might discover and acquire, or which may here-ater he discovered and acquired in the ocean; and that this dignityshould be inherited by my eldest son, and thus descend rom degreeto degree orever.

Hereupon I let the city o Granada, on Saturday, thetwelth day o May, 1492, and proceeded to Palos, a seaport, where

I armed three vessels, very it or such an enterprise, and hav-ing provided mysel with abundance o stores and seamen, I setsail rom the port, on Friday, the third o August, hal an hourbeore sunrise, and steered or the Canary Islands o your High-nesses which are in the said ocean, thence to take my departureand proceed till I arrived at the Indies, and perorm the embassyo your Highnesses to the Princes there, and discharge the ordersgiven me. For this purpose I determined to keep an account o thevoyage, and to write down punctually everything we perormed orsaw rom day to day, as will hereater appear. Moreover, SovereignPrinces, besides describing every night the occurrences o the day,and every day those o the preceding night, I intend to draw up anautical chart, which shall contain the several parts o the oceanand land in their proper situations; and also to compose a book torepresent the whole by picture with latitudes and longitudes, on allwhich accounts it behooves me to abstain rom my sleep, and makemany trials in navigation, which things will demand much labor.

(205) The ull documentary; produced by BBC An Islamic History oEurope.

In 1502 Ferdinand ordered a mass baptism o all Moors.Those who were orced to convert were denationalized and losttheir identities. They were given Christian Names and were per-secuted. The Moors had never orced the Christians to convert toIslam or many Moors it was too much to bear those who would notconvert led into the Sierra Nevada. Ater Ferdinand and Isabellatook over Moorish Spain, their Religious advisor Cardinal Cisnerosounder o the Inquisition said good Christians cannot live with in-idels so the Moors must be driven out and the way it was done wasby legislation enacted which made their lives intolerable with theextreme burdens on the religious practices and customs.

All over Spain are monuments o Columbus request and con-quest o 1492 to reach the East Indies. Isabella in act rejected


15/81


Columbuss petition. She was only persuaded by Luis de Santngela Jewish convert to Christianity who interceded on Columbussbehal, another Jewish convert Luis Coronal the Popes Minstero Finance bankrolled the entire expedition, Columbus studiedMoorish Maps, used Moorish astrolabes rom Moors rom Toledo,American Gold transormed Spain into an Colonial Empire, all oEurope got wealthy o plundering Spanish ships.. Without Moor-ish expertise Spain would not have become the greatest ColonialEmpire in the 16th century. Moorish Culture is permanently hardwired into European Civilization and helped propel the continentout o the middle ages and into the Renaissance.

(a) A companion to the literatures o colonial AmericaBy Susan P. Castillo, Ivy Schweitzer

With respect to cultural typography, writers create strik-ing comparisons between Indians and other races or ethnicgroups; there is particular ocus on the linteral outcasts oSpain: Jews and Moors. Not only does Spains recently wagedcampaign against inidels ind a logical extension in America,it also creates a poignant backdrop or visualizing the Indian;irst-hand knowledge o and contact with Jewish and Moorishconventions allow writers to discharge a host o observationsand conjectures. Preestablished truth, experience, and narra-tive authority suice to liken both Indian and Moor: The sameas the Moors, their laws are combined in old songs, throughwhich they rule themselves, like the Moors through their writ-ing (Pane 1974: 34); They should be good Christians, and notail like the Moriscos o Granada, to whom their rivals and de-tractors compare them (Mendieta 1971: 426). The indigenes,like the Moors are plygamous; their sacriice o beast, accordingto ancient ceremony, is the same that the Moors have (Acosta

1880: 246). No less inluential is testimony that evaluates nativesociety and juxtaposes it to Jewsh Law. According to Duran, thenatives observed the practice [o not drinking] as rigorouslyand to such an extrme as Jews do in not eating pork...And theyperormed the solemnity and estival that I have spoken o inthe same manner and style that ormerly Jews in ancient lawscelebrated the jubilee year (Duran 1967:35, 221). Motoliniareers to rituals the inhabitants share with Jews, Moors, andgentiles illustrating how Europeans perceived and understoodthe new Other: Some Spaniards adjudge them to be o Moorishlineage. Others to some causes and conditions that they see inthem, say that they are o Jewish lineage, but the most commonopinon is that they are all gentiles. (Motolinia 1969: 8) In theimage that resluts, commentators construee Indian rites as a co-mosite o all threww religions, yet still regard therese rites withapprehension: The original strangeness, mystery, or exoticismo the events is dispelled, and they take on a amiliar aspect,

not in their details, but in their unctions as elemts o a amil-iar kind o coniguaration (White 1978: 86). Another type ocomparison suggest that the natives, in traditions and appear-ance avor other peoples, ancient or exotic, who reamin oreverindelible through the general notions o [their] orms (White1978: 86). Observers reerence the archetypes o Arica, Asia,and classical civilizatinos: They do not tato themselves, norhave they giben way to such a ceremony, like many in Ethiopiaand the East (Acost 1880: 61); I think that these Inca o Perushould be preerred, not only over the Chines and Japanese andIndians rom the East, but also over native gentiles o Asia andGreece (Garcilaso 1985: 179). Alussions to Jews, Moors, theancients and non European nations lead to declarations that the

particulars o seemingly distinct cultures are similiar.

(206) Moorish American Indigenous History


16/81


Citing the book written by the amous Egyptian scholar, IbnFadi-Al Umari in 1342, there were two large voyages across the At-lantic Ocean preceding that o Columbus. Both expeditions werepioneered by one man, Abubakari or to give him his rightul name,Mansa (King) Abubakari II.http://www.bornblackmag.com/discovery.html

In the year 1311, Abubakari abdicated his thrown to Man-sa Musa. Not a son o his (contrary to contemporary literature).Abubakari equipped 1000 o his ships with the inest men, sorcer-ers, physicians, sailors and navigators. Every ship had supply shipattached to it. The number o ships totalled 2000. The other 1000ships were loaded with oodstus, drugs, ruits and drinks to lasthis team or 2yrs. It was believed that Abubakari arrived on the

other end o the Atlantic in the year 1312. Proo o the Malian ex-pedition can be noted in the names given to places in Haiti as theMalians renamed places ater themselves. Examples o such areMandinga Port, Mandinga Bay and Sierre de Mali.

In addition to the above, another proo o this voyage comesrom words o Mansa Musa, the successor to the thrown. Upon hisarrival in Egypt, it was obvious the Egyptians were expecting tosee Abubakari or the Hajj. On arriving in Egypt, Mansa Musawas quoted as explaining how ascended the thrown o Mali. Onceagain citing the manner King Abubakari had given up his thrownto contribute to global knowledge. A trait lacking in present dayArican rulers.

The presence o the Malians on American soil may thus bethe reason or the presence o Arican crops such as Banana Plantsand mango to mention a ew.

Proposed claims or an Arican presence in Mesoameri-ca rest on attributes o the Olmec culture, the presence o an A-

rican plant species in the Americas, and interpretations o certainEuropean and Arabic historical accounts.The Olmec culture existed rom roughly 1200 BCE to 400 BCE.The idea that the Olmecs are related to Aricans was suggestedby Jos Melgar, who discovered the irst colossal head at Hueya-pan (now Tres Zapotes) in 1862.[67]More recently, Ivan van Ser-tima has argued that these statues depict settlers or explorers romArica, but his views have been the target o severe scholarly criti-cism.[68]

North Arican sources describe what some consider to bevisits to the New World by a Mali leet in 1311.[69] According tothese sources, 400 ships rom the Mali Empire discovered a landacross the ocean to the West ater being swept o course by oceancurrents. Only one ship returned, and the captain reported thediscovery o a western current to Prince Abubakari II; the o-course Mali leet o 400 ships is said to have conducted both tradeand warare with the peoples o the western lands. It is claimed

that Abubakari II abdicated his throne and set o to explore thesewestern lands. In 1324, the Mali king Mansa Musa is said to havetold the Arabic historian, Al-Umari that his predecessors hadlaunched two expeditions rom West Arica to discover the limitso the Atlantic Ocean.

According to the abstract o Columbus log made by Bar-tolom de las Casas, the purpose o Columbus third voyage wasto test both the claims o King John II o Portugal that canoeshad been ound which set out rom the coast o Guinea [West A-rica] and sailed to the west with merchandise as well as the claimso the native inhabitants o Hispaniola that rom the south andthe southeast had come black people whose spears were made o ametal called guannrom which it was ound that o 32 parts: 18were gold, 6 were silver, and 8 copper.[70][71]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Columbian_trans-oceanic_con-tact_hypotheses#Aricans

Early Chinese accounts o Muslim expeditions state that


17/81


Muslim sailors reached a region called Mulan Pi (literally magno-lia skin) (Chinese: ; pinyin: Mln P; WadeGiles: Mu-lan-pi). Mulan Pi is normally identiied as Spain, though some ringetheories hold that it is instead some part o the Americas.[42][43] The sources or this claim are Lingwai Daida (1178) by ZhouQuei and Zhuan Zhi(1225) by Chao Jukua, together reerred toas the Sung Document.

One supporter o the interpretation o Mulan Pi as parto the Americas was historian Hui-lin Li in 1961,[42][43] andwhile Joseph Needham is also open to the possibility, he doubtsthat Arabic ships at the time would have been able to withstand areturn journey over such a long distance across the Atlantic Oceanand points out that a return journey would have been impossible

without knowledge o prevailing winds and currents.[44]CHECK THE LINK FOR MALIAN AMERICANhttp://www.murakushsultanate.com/group/m-s-u-nationalization-privatization-course/orum/topics/step-2-change-name-race-and-ethnicity-on-social-security-card-wit?page=17&commentId=3211853%3AComment%3A152820&x=1#3211853Comment152820

The descendants o Nomadic Moors are members in thepresent day Arican American populus, as well the Iroquois, Al-gonquin, Anasazi, Hohokam, Apache, Arawak, Arikana, Chavin,Cherokee, Cree, Hupa, Hopi, Makkah, Mohawak, Naca, Zulu,Zuni. Many o these words, derive rom Arabic root origins. See:Precolumbian Muslims in the Americas by Dr. Youse Mroueh.(a) William Harlen in Surviving Indian Groups o the EasternUnited States

According to William Harlen in Surviving Indian Groupso the Eastern United States: Annual Report Smithsonian Institu-tion other known groups were the Arabs o Summit, in SchoharieCounty, New York, The Mecca Indians, the Hassanamisco Nipmugo Massachusetts, the Turks o South Carolina, the Brass Ankleso South Carolina, and the Seminoles o Florida, who were amongthe many dierent groups ound here in America.

History shows that some o the descendants o the earlyMoorish Muslims married and lived among American Indian tribeslike the Alibamu o Alabama, Apaches, Anasazi, Arawak, Arika-na, Blackoot, the Black Indians o the Schuylkill River area inNew York, Cherokees, Creeks, Kickapoo, Lenapi, Makkahs, Mec-cans, Mahigans, Mohanets, Mohegans, Nanticokes, Seminoles,Zulus, and the Zuni Indians.

The early Moors were inhabitants o Dover, Delaware;Bridgeton in Southern New Jersey; Sumter, South Carolina, andin parts o the Delmarva area o Maryland. The Melungeon Moorslived in parts o Tennessee, Kentucky, and Virginia, the Guineaslived in West Virginia, the Arab Clappers lived in upstate NewYork, the Laster Tribe lived near Hertord, North Carolina, andthe Ben Ishmael Tribe lived in Kentucky, parts o Illinois and In-diana.

Delaware Today Jan 1972, p. 10. Delawares Forgotten Mi-nority, THE MOORS: by Neil Fitzgerald. To my regret and hisapparent surprise, Mr. Durham drew his drivers license rom hiswallet the other day arid discovered that he was an Other.

Well, Ill be damned, exclaimed Mr. Durham, who looked a weebit too much taken o guard by the discovery, Im an Other. Ilooked incredulously at Mr. Durham and at the capital I whichgraced the ront o his Delaware operators license, and my skepti-cism stemmed rom hard act.

For one thing, I happened to know that Mr. Durham was a Moorwith a capital M and decidedly not an Other, which is why Idrove down to Cheswold to talk to him in the irst place.


18/81


For another, I knew that the Moors o Cheswold paid extra specialattention to the code letter under race on the driving license. Inthe early 1950s, a spokesman or the State Department o PublicSaety told me, these people asked or a distinctive designation otheir race on the card. They veritably clamored to be identiiedas Moors, and--had the precedent been set at the time--they prob-ably would have called or Moor Power. As a result, the reverseside o Everymans Delaware license sports a series o Color andRace Codes, among them BK; BL or Blonde; BU or Blue;GN or Green; GR or Gray; H or Hazel; M or Moor;N or Negro; O or Oriental; W or White, and T orOther. An R or Red--apparently added in the 50s along with

M or Moor--is also among the codes, although it isnt very clearwhether it was meant to denote color, race or political ailiation.At any rate, here was Mr. Durham, one o the most prominentMoors in all Cheswold, telling me in eect that he hadnt noticedthat the state, in eect, had rescinded his Moorishness.http://na-tiveamericansodelawarestate.com/MoorsODelaware/moor3.html.

There are more than 500 names o places, villages, streets,towns, cities, lakes, rivers, etc . . . in the United States in whichthere name are derived rom Arican, Islamic, and Arabic words.Places like Mecca, Indiana; Morocco, Indiana; Medina, NY; Medi-na, OH; Medina, TX; Toledo, OH; Mahomet, IL; Mahomet, Texas;Yarrowsburg, MD; Islamorada, FL, and Tallahassee, FL are oundthroughout America. There are at least two cities in Illinois namedater Nubian Cities Argo and Dongola, Illinois.

Other cities with possible Islamic and Arican root namesare Allakaket, Alakanuk, and Soloman, Alaska; Ali Chuk, AliMolina, Ali Oidak, Arizona; Cushman, Arkansas; Alameda, and

Malcolm X Square, Caliornia; Abeyta, and Medina Plaza, Colora-do; Liberia Historical, Connecticut; Medulla, and Sallee Heights,Florida; Mecca Historical, Tallulah Falls, and Zaidee, Georgia;Aliamanu, and Maili Hawaii; Hagerstown, Samaria, and Syria,Indiana; Cairo Junction, Egypt Shores, Egyptian Hills, EgyptianAcres, Hagarstown, Media, Medinah, and Shabbona, Illinois; Min-go, Ollie, Palestine Historical, Sabula, Salem, Tama, Makee, andMalak, Iowa; Assaria, Kansas; Gamaliel, Kentucky; Jordan Hill,and Tallulah, Louisiana; Hagerstown, and Yarrowburg, Mary-land; Egypt Beach, Massachusetts; Almira, Hagar Township, andZilwaukee, Michigan; Amiret, Amor, Isanti, Mesaba, Kanaranzi,Quamba, and Suomi, Minnesota; Egypt Hill, and Itta Bena, Missis-sippi; Ameera Historical, Ebo, Egypt Grove, Egypt Mills, Sabula,and Yarrow, Missouri; Madrid, Nebraska; Alhambra Historical,New Mexico; Cairo Junction, Hague, Nunda, Salem, Salamanc,and Unadilla, New York; Babylon Historical, Nevada, Amenia,North Dakota; Ashtabula, Damascus Historical, Kalida, Sabina,

and Toledo, Ohio; Damascus Heights, Jordan Creek, Jordan Val-ley, and South Lebanon, Oregon; Aliquippa, Egypt Corners, EgyptMills, Jordan Valley, and Media, Pennsylvania; Jordan Village,Utah; Bagdad Historical, Cairo Bend, Isham, Palestine Historical,and Zu Zu, Texas; Ahmedabad, Egypt Bend Estates, and JordanSprings, Virginia; Bagdad Junction, Illahee, Shuwah, and YarrowPoint, Washington; Algeria Historical, Egypt Historical, JordanRun, and Jumbo, West Virginia; Medina Junction, and Mecan,Wisconsin, and Holy Islamville, South Carolina.

Circa 15031517 A.D., An estimated 3,000 AboriginalMoors were captured rom the eastern seaboard o Terra Nova(North America) some o their names are Ali, Melchor, Miguel,Manne, Juan, Pedro, Antonio and Juan-Amarco. A record o thataccount can be ond in the Slave Books o Seville, Valencia, Cata-lina Spain. They were classiied as Negros meaning Property .

1547 is the year dated to the oldest known use or the termblackamoor, Moors were branded under derogatory and oensive


19/81


terms such as Black-a-Moor, generations later Moor was droppedrom the term and Black remained and replaced with the cus-tomary terms Arican, Nigger, Negroe, Colored or Black. NoahWebsters 1828 American Dictionary o the English Language de-ines Black as Black a. [Sax. blac, and blaec, black, pale, wan,livid; blacian, blaecan, to become pale, to turn white, to becomeblack, to blacken; blaec, ink; Sw. blek, pale, wan, livid; bleck,ink; Sw. Blek, pale, wan, livid; bleck, ink bleka, to insolate, toexpose to the sun, or to bleach; also to lighten, to lash; D. Bleek,palel bleeken, to Bleichen, to bleach; Dan. blaek, ink; bleeg,pale, wan, bleak, sallow; bleeger, to bleach. It is remarkable thatblack, bleak and bleach are all radically one word. The primarysense seems to be, pale, wan orsallow, rom which has proceeded

the present variety o signiications.Online Etymological Dictionary. black (adj., n.)O.E. blcthe color black; dark, rom P.Gmc. *blakaz burned (c.O.N. blakkr dark, O.H.G. blah black, Swed. blck ink,Du. blaken to burn), rom PIE *bhleg- to burn, gleam, shine,lash (c. Gk. phlegein to burn, scorch, L. lagrare to blaze,glow, burn), rom base *bhel- (1); see bleach. The same root pro-duced O.E. blac bright, shining, glittering, pale; the connectingnotions being, perhaps, ire (bright) and burned (dark). Theusual O.E. word or black was sweart (see swart). Accordingto OED: In ME. it is oten doubtul whether blac, blak, blake,means black, dark, or pale, colourless, wan, livid. Adjectiveused o dark-skinned people in O.E. The noun in this sense is irstattested 1620s (perhaps late 13c.; blackamoor is rom 1540s; seemoor). O coee, irst attested 1796. Sense o dark purposes, ma-lignant emerged 1580s (e.g. black art). To be in the black (1928)is rom the accounting practice o recording credits and balances

in. black ink. black (v.) to make black or dark; dye, early 15c.,rom black (adj.). Related: Blacked; blacking.Noah Websters 1828 American Dictionary o the English

Language Deines the term Moor, n. [D. moor; G. mohr; Fr. maure;Gr. auaupos, uaupos, dark, obscure.] A native o the northerncoast o Arica, called by the Romans rom the color o the people,Mauritania, the country o dark complexioned people. The samecountry is now called Morocco, Tunis, Algiers, & etc.

Online Etymological Dictionary: deines the term Moor as:North Arican, Imazighen, late 14c., rom O.Fr. More, romM.L. Morus, rom L. Maurus inhabitant o Mauritania (north-west Arica, a region now corresponding to northern Algeria andMorocco), rom Gk. Mauros, perhaps a native name, or else cog-nate with mauros black (but this adjective only appears in lateGreek and may as well be rom the peoples name as the reverse).Being a dark people in relation to Europeans, their name in theMiddle Ages was a synonym or Negro; later (16c.-17c.) used

indiscriminately against Muslims (Persians, Arabs, etc.) but espe-cially those in India.Jack D. Forbes in his book entitled AFRICANS AND NA-

TIVE AMERICANS, page 69 states, In 1524 the people o theCarolina coast were said to be o dark color, not much unlike theEthiopians.

From 1566-1587 Spain kept and maintained a military out-post and settlement called Santa Elena on the southern tip o Par-ris Island, SC. Portuguese were known to be among the Spaniardsat Santa Elena. In Spain 1568 the Alpujarra uprising o the Moris-cos (Muslims who were orcibly converted to Catholicism) gavecause to another wave o Portuguese Moriscos to leave Spain.

In 1586 the English pirate Sir Francis Drake proceededto raid his Spanish and Portuguese enemies on the coast o Bra-zil. During the raid Drake liberated or captured 400 Portugueseand Spanish held prisoners, including an estimated 300 Moorish


20/81


and Turkish galley slaves who were captured in Mediterranean Seabattles, as well as several dozen South American Indians, a small-er group o West Arican Muslims, and a ew Portuguese soldiers.Drake had planned to arm and release the Turks and Moors onCuba, but heavy storms orced them to continue up the coast oNorth Carolina. Drake inally landed on Roanoke Island, NorthCarolina where he met some stranded English settlers pleading ora ride home. Reports have it that he let at least 200 o the WestArican Moors, Turks, Portuguese soldiers, and South AmericanIndians there on the Island.

In 1639, The First Moor recorded by name on the Delmarva Peninsula was called Anthony. He was delivered near presentday Wilmington. He was oten described asan Angoler or Moor,

and called Blackamoor. See theDelawares Forgotten Folk TheStory o the Moors & Nanticokes by C.A. WeslagerIn 1654, English explorers rom Jamestown reported inding

a colony o bearded people Moors wearing European clothing,living in cabins engaging in mining, smelting silver and droppingto their knees to pray many times daily in the mountains o what isnow, North Carolina.

In 1684, Moors are reported to have arrived in Delawarenear Dover, and in Southern New Jersey near Bridgeton. Duringthis same year in Virginia the beneits o Christianity as a mode osecuring reedom were deinitely denied to all Negroes, mulattoes,Moors, and Turks, and to such Indian slaves as were sold by otherIndians where original heathenism was airmed.

From the 1880s to 1914, several thousand Muslims many othem Moors immigrated to the United States rom the Ottoman Em-pire. Many other Muslims and their descendants came to Americasshores ater being marooned, such as the Moors o Delaware near

Dover, and o Southern New Jersey near Bridgeton, and in partso Southern Maryland; the Melungeon Moors o Tennessee and Vir-ginia; the Guineas o West Virginia; the Clappers o New York; theTurks o South Carolina; and the Laster Tribe near Hertord, NC.in Perquimans County. It is reported that the Laster Tribe was de-scendants rom a Moorish captain who married a white woman andsettled in the area. They are known to be a mixed tribe who has atradition and heritage rom a Moorish sea captain who married awhite woman and settled in the area. The Lasters principal amilynames are the Coe Clan, Pools, Slaughters, Van Guilders, Goins,and Maleys.

Historically Moors have been present in North America romthe earliest years o European exploration evidence indicates thatAzemmuri the Moor a boat pilot rom Azemmour, landed in Americabeore Columbus.(b) In 1980 Dr. Barry Fells book Saga America

Dr. Barry Fell, a noted New Zealand archaeologist and lin-guist o Harvard University, showed detailed existing evidence inhis work, Saga America, that Moors were not only in the Ameri-cas beore Columbus arrived, but very active there as well.He reports the southwest Pima people possessed a vocabulary whichcontained words o Arabic origin. Dr. Fell also reports that in InyoCounty, Caliornia, there exits an early rock carving which statedin Arabic:Yasus ben Maria (Jesus, Son o Mary). This is nota Christian phrase; in act, the phrase is to be ound in the versesand ayahs o the Holy Quran. Dr. Fell also discovered the existenceo Muslim schools in Nevada, Colorado, New Mexico, and Indianadating back to 700-800 CE. The language o these Pima people inthe South West and the Algonquian language had many words intheir vocabulary that were Arabic in origin, and Islamic petro-glyphs were ound in places such as Caliornia. This glyph, as Fellbelieves, is centuries older than the US. In the Western states o the


21/81


US he ound texts, diagrams and charts engraved on rocks thatwere used or schooling that dated back to 700-800 C.E.

The schooling was in subjects such as mathematics, his-tory, geography, astronomy and sea navigation. The language oinstruction was Kuic Arabic, rom North Arica. The Germanart historian, Alexander Von Wuthenau, also provides evidencethat Islamic peoples were in America, in the time between 300 and900 C.E. This was at least hal a millennium beore Columbus wasborn! Carved heads, that were described as Moorish-lookingwere dated between 300 and 900 C.E. and another group o headsdated between 900 and 1500 C.E. An artiact ound in the earliergroup was photographed, and when later examined was ound toresemble an old man in a Fez, like the Egyptians.

(c) Dr. Ivan Van Sertima is widely renowned or his work,They Came Beore Columbus.

Showed that there was deinitely contact between the an-cient and early North and West Arican people with the earlyAmericans. This and another o his works, Arican Presence inEarly America both prove that there were Moorish Islamic set-tlements in the Americas, beore the expedition o Columbus waseven conceived. His research has shown that Moorish trade wasactive in America and one can only imagine that the marvellousculture that the Native Americans had that shared so much withIslamic teachings was o great attraction to the Moors that came soar across the sea.

On page 169 o Arican Presence in America also writtenby Ivan Van Sertima where he cites works by Harold G. Lawrence(Koi Wangara), entitled Mandinga Voyages Across the Atlan-tic, citing reerences to support the act that there was a pre-

Columbian expedition to America by West Aricans. The older othese accounts appears in Al-Umaris 14th century Masalik , be-tween 1307 and 1312. In the journals o Columbus he mentionsWest Arican merchant-marine leets periodically let the GuineaCoast and sailed to the middle Americas with gold and other mer-chandise. http://books.google.com/books?id=uziKYgZAVS0C&printsec=rontcover&dq=arican+presence+in+early+america&hl=en&sa=X&ei=K6XrT5XoH4iQ8wS39-jeBQ&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=west%20arica&=alse

In one o his other works, on page 169 o Arican Presencein America also written by Ivan Van sertima has works contrib-uted by Harold G. Lawrence (Koi Wangara), entitled MandingaVoyages Across the Atlantic, cites reerences to support the actthat there was a pre-columbian expedition to America by West A-ricans. The older o these accounts appears in Al-Umaris 14thcentury Masalik , between 1307 and 1312. In the journals o Co-lumbus he mentions West Arican merchant-marine leets periodi-

cally let the Guinea Coast and sailed to the middle Americas withgold and other merchandise http://books.google.com/books?id=uziKYgZAVS0C&printsec=rontcover&dq=arican+presence+in+early+america&hl=en&sa=X&ei=K6XrT5XoH4iQ8wS39-jeBQ&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=west%20arica&=alse(d) Booker T. Washingtons Up rom Slavery

In Chapter 6 Reads an illustration o something o thissame eeling came under my observation aterward. I happen toind mysel in a town with so much excitement and indignationwere being expressed that it seemed likely or a time that therewould be a lynching. The occasion o the trouble was that a Dark-Skinned man had stopped at the local hotel. Further investigationdeveloped the act that this individual was a citizen o Morocco,and that while traveling in this country he spoke the English lan-


22/81


guage. As soon as it was learned that he was not an American Ne-gro, all the signs o indignation disappeared. The man who was theinnocent cause o the excitement, though, ound it prudent aterthat not to speak English. This incident is said to have took placein 1879. in Washington.

(e) Estevanico or Esteban the Moor

Estevanico or Esteban the Moor, a Muslim o the AmazighTribe, who came rom Azamore on the Atlantic Coast o Morocco.He was among the irst two persons to reach the west coast o Mex-ico in an exploring overland expedition rom Florida to the PaciicCoast. Its reported that Estevanico acted as a guide and it tookthem nine years to reach Mexico City where they told stories otheir travels. In 1538, Estevanico lead an expedition rom Mexicowith Friar Marco, in search o the abled Seven Cities o Cibolia,in which time he discovered Arizona and New Mexico. He was theirst member o a dierent race reported to have visited the NorthMexican Pueblos. He was killed in the city o Cibolia, one o theSeven Cities o the Zuni Indians, which is now New Mexico. FriarMarco, while ollowing Estevanicos trail to Cibolia, learned o hismurder rom an Indian messenger.

() The Van Salees Family Researched and Written by Mario deValdes y Cocom, an historian o the Arican diaspora.

Anthony and Abraham van Salee were the ancestors othe Vanderbilts, the Whitneys, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis andHumphrey Bogart. They were among the earliest arrivals to 17thcentury New Amsterdam. In a number o documents dating backto this period, they are both described as mulatto. From whatscholars have been able to piece together about their background,

they appear to have been the sons o a Dutch seaarer by the nameo Jan Jansen who had turned Turk and become an admiral inthe Moroccan navy.

With the Port o Salee as the base rom which it harried Eu-ropean shipping, reerences to the leet he commanded are saltedaway in the old English sea shanties that are still sung about theSalee Rovers. The mother o his two sons was probably a concu-bine he had while trading in this part o the world beore his con-version to Islam.

As a result o the anti-social behaviour o his white wie,Anthony van Salee was induced to leave the city precincts o lowerManhattan and move across the river, thus becoming the irst set-tler o Brooklyn. Since Coney Island abutted his property, it was,until sometime in the last century, also reerred to as Turks Is-land; the word, Turk, being a designation o his which the re-cords used interchangeably with, mulatto. According to the doc-umentation that people like Proessor Leo Hershkowitz o Queens

University have sited through, it would seem that Anthony vanSalee never converted to Christianity. His Koran, in act, was in adescendants possession until about ity years ago when, ignoranto its relevance to his amilys history, he oered it or sale at auc-tion.

The Van Salee history also includes a more contemporaryblack collateral branch in the U.S. Anthonys brother Abrahamathered an illegitimate son with an unknown black woman. Theson became the progenitor o this side o the amily. Although hav-ing to ace constraints that their white cousins could at best onlyimagine, two o these van Salees nevertheless let their mark in theannals o Arican American history.

Dr. John van Salee De Grasse, born in 1825, was the irsto his race to be ormally educated as a doctor. A member o theMedical Society o Massachusetts, he also served as surgeon to thecelebrated 54th Regiment during the Civil War. His sister, Serena,married George Downing who was not only an enormously success-


23/81


ul black restauranteur both in New York City and in Newport,RI, but a man who used his wealth and connections with the EastCoasts most powerul white amilies to eect social change or hispeople. Because o his organization and his own contribution to thepurchase o Truro Park in Newport, one o the streets bordering itstill bears his name. Interestingly enough, this genealogy was doneas part o an ongoing study o the Ramopo in Tappan, NY, one othose red, white and black groups sociologists and ethnographersare now working on and which in academese are reerred to as triracial isolates. It is because o what advantages their Indian heri-tage (no matter how discernably negroid they were) legally and o-icially provided them that the opportunity or passing in thesegroups was not only a more ambiguous political or moral decision

but, comparatively, a more easily documentable one as well.Considering how important a role John Hammond o Co-lumbia Records played in the establishment o the black music in-dustry, it would certainly be worth exploring the possible inluencehis van Salee ancestry might have had on his career. Back then,there would have been no option possible or publicly declaringhimsel black according to the one drop racial code that wasthe law in most states until the Johnson administration. With aVanderbilt or a mother, his iconographical value to the white ma-

jority was so important that had he dared to tamper with it, theKKK or some such group would most probably have made him paythe ultimate price or having desecrated his and the prestige ohis relatives who had, ater all, airly well succeeded in makingthemselves the equivalent o this countrys royal amily. Hammonddied a ew years ago but since his son, ollowing in his athers oot-steps, has become a recognized exponent o R&B his could proveto be a very important interview or us.

Jackie Kennedy OnassisEither Proessor Hershkowitz, or Tim Beard, ormer head o theGenealogical Department o the New York Public Library relatedthis incident regarding van Salee genealogy. At the time the Kenne-dy administration began implementing its civil rights agenda, theNew York Genealogical and Historical Society approached Mrs.Kennedy hoping to discuss the opportunity her Arican ancestry,through the Van Salees, could have in possibly assisting her hus-band to realize his social goals regarding race relations. Mrs. Ken-nedy insisted on reerring to the van Salees as Jewish, and theNew York Genealogical Society did not push the subject urther.

Humphry Bogart and Ruth Gordon in a scene rom the 1927ilm Saturdays Children. He is a Van Salee descendent and sheis a Pendarvis descendent. A ew years later, another descendantattempted to pass o the racial description o the van Salles in theoicial records as nothing more than malicious humor.

(g) Securing the Leg Irons: Restriction o Legal Rights or Slavesin Virginia and Maryland, 1625 - 1791 Slavery In Early AmericasColonies: Seeds o Servitude Rooted in The Civil Law o Rome byCharles P.M. Outwin.

Slavery in the early Middle Ages o north-western Europe(coexisting with the legally somewhat less onerous serdom) wasmore similar to the agrarian orm amiliar in the United States,but in England and France the practice aded away between c.1100 and c.1350. Throughout the period, slaves on the Europeanmainland remained legal Things, in conormity with the remnantso Roman civil code, and as demonstrated in the Spanish Codede Tortosa (1272). They were also believed under the inluence oChristianity, to be possessed o a salvageable soul which could onlytheoretically attain human status through conversion.11 Thus, al-though native slavery virtually disappeared ater the depredationso the Black Death, Christian Iberians began again to keep uncon-verted Moors and Aricans as slaves at the close o the iteenth


24/81


century. 12 The northern Spanish and Portugese o Barcelona andLisboa, along with the Italian Genoese and Venitians had come intocontact with the laws and customs o revered Constantinople via theMediterranean trade routes, and tried to emulate her style. WhenByzantium at last ell to Muhammed II and his Ottoman Turks, herphilosophers and legates led not only to Venice, Florence, Milan,Paris, Rome and Palermo, but to Barcelona, Madrid and Sevilleas well. Much o the devolping laws or the newly powerul prin-cipalities o Aragon and Castille depended upon the wisdom andguidance o expatriate Byzantine jurists. Soon, the newly unitedSpain would bring its version o Roman civil code, including thatregarding slaves, to America.

(h) Muslims in the Caribbean Beore Columbus By Dr. Abdullah

Hakim Quick.Dr. Abdullah Hakim Quick

Abdullah Hakim Quick was born in the United States oAmerica and accepted Islam in Canada in 1970. He pursued hisstudy o Islam at the Islamic University o Madinah in Saudi Ara-bia where he graduated and received an Ijaza rom the College oDawah and Islamic Sciences in 1979. He later completed a Mas-ters Degree and a Doctorate in Arican History at the Universityo Toronto in Canada. His thesis was an analysis o the early lie oSheikh Uthman Dan Fodio, a great West Arican Scholar, Mujaa-hid and social activist.

Shaykh Abdullah has served as Imam, teacher and coun-selor in the USA, Canada and the West Indies. For three years hecontributed to the religious page o Canadas leading newspaper.He has travelled to over 51 countries on lecture, research and edu-cational tours.

Presently he is a senior lecturer on the history o Islam inArica at The International Peace University South Arica in CapeTown and a member o the Muslim Judicial Council, Cape Town,South Arica. Shaykh Abdullah is also the Director o the DiscoverIslam Centre (Cape Town) and Ameer o the Dawah CoordinatingForum o South Arica.

Part o the pre-Columbian Arican hereditary legacy is thatlet with the Carib people rom whose name we derive the wordCaribbean, One o their scholars wrote in The Daily Clarion oBelize on November 5, 1946, When Christopher Columbus dis-covered the West Indies about the year 1493, he ound there a raceo indigenous people (i.e., hal breeds) with wooly hair whom hecalled Caribs, they were seaaring hunters and tillers o the soilpeaceul and united. They, hated aggression. Their religion wasMohammedanism and their language presumably Arabic. On theother hand the British Honduras Handbook states that the Caribare very clannish and speak a language o their own which they

guard jealously. It appears to be basically an Arican dialect with astrong admixture o French, Spanish and English words.

The Black Caribs, also had a number o clearly Islamicpractices like the complete prohibition o the eating o the lesh oswine which they called coincoin or bouirokou. The Handbooko South American Indians describes the Caribs with the ollowing:The most prized possessions o the [Carib] men was the Caracoli,a crescent-shaped alloy o gold and copper ramed in wood whichthe warriors obtained during raids upon the continental [SouthAmerican] Arawak. Some o the Caracoli were small and served asear, nose, or mouth pendants; others wee large enough to be wornon the chest. They were a sign o high rank, being passed downrom generation to generation, and worn only on a ceremonial oc-casion and during journeys.

Islamic words having a West Arican, Manding root havebeen ound in native languages not only in the Caribbean region,


25/81


but also in North America.The renowned American historian and linguist, Leo Weiner

o Harvard University in 1920 wrote a controversial but well doc-umented work entitled Arica and the Discovery o America. Heproved in it that Columbus was well aware o the Mending presenceand that the West Arican Muslims had not only spread through-out the Caribbean, Central and South America, but they reachedCanada and were trading and intermarrying with the Iroquois andAlgonquin Indian nations! A 10th century Arab map shows theAmericas as Ard Majhoola.

(i) Moors Discovering America.

Numerous evidence suggests that Moors arrived to the Amer-

icas at least ive centuries beore Columbus:A: HISTORIC DOCUMENTS:

1. A Muslim historian and geographer ABUL-HASSAN ALIIBN AL-HUSSAIN AL-MASUDI (871-957 CE) wrote in his bookMuruj adh-dhahab wa maadin aljawhar (The meadows o gold andquarries o jewells) that during the rule o the Moorish Caliph oSpain Abdullah Ibn Mohammad(888-912 CE), a Muslim naviga-tor, Khashkhash Ibn Saeed Ibn Aswad, rom Cortoba, Spain sailedrom Delba (Palos) in 889 CE, crossed the Atlantic, reached anunknown territory(ard majhoola) and returned with abulous trea-sures. In Al-Masudis map o the world there is a large area in theocean o darkness and og which he reerred to as the unknownterritory (Americas).

2. A Muslim historian ABU BAKR IBN UMAR AL-GUTI-YYA narrated that during the reign o the Moorish caliph o Spain,Hisham II (976-1009CE), another Muslim navigator, Ibn Farrukh,rom Granada, sailed rom Kadesh (February 999CE) into the At-lantic, landed in Gando (Great Canary islands) visiting King Gua-nariga, and continued westward where he saw and named two is-lands, Capraria and Pluitana. He arrived back in Spain in May 999CE.

3. Columbus sailed rom Palos (Delba), Spain. He wasbound or GOMERA (Canary Islands)-Gomera is an Arabic wordmeaning small irebrand - there he ell in love with Beatriz BO-BADILLA, daughter o the irst captain general o the island (theamily name BOBADILLA is derived rom the Arab Islamic nameABOU ABDILLA.). Nevertheless, the BOBADILLA clan was noteasy to ignore. Another Bobadilla (Francisco) later, as the royalcommissioner, put Columbus in chains and transerred him romSanto Dominigo back to Spain (November 1500 CE). The BO-BADILLA amily was related to the ABBADID dynasty o Seville(1031-1091 CE). On October 12, 1492 CE, Columbus landed on alittle island in the Bahamas that was called GUANAHANI by thenatives. Renamed SAN SALVADOR by Columbus. GUANAHANIis derived rom Mandinka and modiied Arabic words. GUANA(IKHWANA) means brothers and HANI is an Arabic name.There-ore the original name o the island was HANI BROTHERS. Fer-dinand Columbus, the son o Christopher, wrote about the blacksseen by his ather in Handuras: The people who live arther easto Pointe Cavinas, as ar as Cape Gracios a Dios, are almost blackin color. At the same time, in this very same region, lived a tribeo Muslim natives known as ALMAMY. In Mandinka and Arabiclanguages, ALMAMY was the designation o AL-IMAMor AL-IMAMU, the leader o the prayer,or in some cases, the chie o thecommunity,and/or a member o the Imami Muslim community.

B: GEOGRAPHIC EXPLORATIONS:1. The amous Muslim geographer and cartographer AL-

SHARIF AL-IDRISI (1099- 1166CE) wrote in his amous book Nu-


26/81


zhat al-mushtaq i ikhtiraq al-aaq (Excursion o the longing onein crossing horizons) that a group o seaarers (rom North Arica)sailed into the sea o darkness and og (The Atlantic ocean) romLisbon (Portugal), in order to discover what was in it and what ex-tent were its limits. They inally reached an island that had peopleand cultivation...on the ourth day, a translator spoke to them inthe Arabic language.

2. The Muslim reerence books mentioned a well-document-ed description o a journey across the sea o og and darkness byShaikh ZAYN E

sundry free moors act 2012

Documents