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Summary Report of the

Regional Disease Trap Nursery (RDTN)

for Bread Wheat, Durum Wheat Barley and Triticale

1980-81

Summary Report of the

Regional Disease Trap Nursery (RDTN)

for Bread Wheat, Durum Wheat Barley and Triticale

1980-81.

The authors are: J.M. Prescott, Director, Technical Services, International Division, DeKalb Pfizer Genetics, 3100 Sycamore Road, DeKalb, Illinois 60115; H.C. Young, Jr., CIMMYT Consultant, Rt. 1, 17 Hunter Court, Pagosa Springs, Colorado 81147; E.E. Saari, Pathologist/Breeder, CIMMYT Wheat Program, Ankara, Ttirkey; and M. van den Berg, Associate Scientist, CIMMYT Data Processing Services, El Batan, Mexico.

The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) is an internationally funded, nonprofit scientific research and training organization. Headquartered in Mexico, the Center is engaged in a worldwide research program for maize, wheat, and triticale, with emphasis on food production in developing countries. It is one of 13 nonprofit international agricultural research and training centers supported by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), which is sponsored by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the Uruted Nations, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank), and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The CGIAR consists of a combination of 40 donor countries, international and regional organizations, and private foundations.

CIMMYT receives core support through the CGIAR from a number of sources, including the international aid agencies of Australia, Austria, Brazil, Canada, China, Denmark, Federal Republic of Germany, Finland, France, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, the Philippines, Spain, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the USA, and from the European Economic Commission, Ford Foundation, Inter-American Development Bank, OPEC Fund for International Development, UNDP, and World Bank. CIMMYT also receives non-CGIAR extra-core support from Belgium, the International Development Research Centre, the Rockefeller Foundation, and many of the core donors listed above.

Responsibility for this publication rests solely with CIMMYT.

Acknowledgments: Data in this summary report were collected as part oft.he Wheat Disease Surveillance Project, whlch was funded by the Directorate of Private Organizations (DPO), Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Netherlands. The authors also thank Enrique Torres, coordinator of the CIMMYT Wheat Pathology Program, for reviewing the manuscript and Gene Hettel, science writer/editor in Information Services, for coordination and page formatting.

Correct Citation: Prescott, J.M., H.C. Young, Jr., E.E. Saari, and M. van den Berg. 1988. Summary of the Regional Disease Trap Nursery

Contents

1 Introduction

1 Nursery Entries

4 Nursery Locations, Countries, and Cooperators

7 Methods of Recording Data

11 Description of Additional Terms

12 LeafRust--Bread Wheat--1981

13 LeafRust--Bread Wheat--Comparisons Between Years

18 LeafRust--Durum Wheat--1981

19 LeafRust--Durum Wheat--Comparisons Between Years

22 Leaf Rust--Barley--1981

24 Leaf Rust--Barley--Comparisons Between Years

27 Stripe Rust--Bread Wheat--1981

28 Stripe Rust--Bread Wheat--Comparisons Between Years

34 Stripe Rust--Durum Wheat--1981

36 Stripe Rust--Durwn Wheat--Comparision Between Years

39 Stripe Rust--Barley--1981

41 Stripe Rust--Barley--Comparisons Between Years

44 Stem Rust--Bread Wheat--1981

46 Stem Rust--Bread Wheat--Comparisons Between Years

52 Stem Rust--Durum Wheat--1981

53 Stem Rrnd.--nun1m WheAt--Comparisons Between Years

57 Stem Rust--Barley--1981

58 Stem Rust--Barley--Comparisons Between Years

61 Septoria Leaf Blotch--Bread Wheat--1981

62 Septoria Leaf Blotch--Bread Wheat--Comparisons Between Years

66 Septoria LeafBlotch--Durum Wheat--1981

iii

67 Septoria Leaf Blotch--Durum Wheat--Comparisons Between Years

70 Septoria Leaf Blotch--Barley--1981

71 Septoria Leaf Blotch--Barley--Comparisons Between Years

73 Powdery Mildew--Bread Wheat-1981

74 Powdery Mildew--Bread Wheat--Comparisons Between Years

77 Powdery Mildew--Durum Wheat--1981

78 Powdery Mildew--Durum Wheat--Comparisons Between Years

81 Powdery Mildew--Barley--1981

82 Powdery Mildew--Barley--Comparisons Between Years

85 Helminthosporium LeafBlight--Bread Wheat--1981

86 Helminthosporium LeafBlight--Comparisons Between Years

89 Helminthosporium Leaf Blight--Durum Wheat--1981

91 Helminthosporium Leaf Blight--Comparisons Between Years

93 Helminthosporium Leaf Blight--Barley--1981

94 Helminthosporium LeafBlight--Barley--Comparisons Between Years

97 Rhynchosporium Scald--Barley--1981

98 Rhynchosporium Scald--Barley--Comparisons Between Years

Country Means; All Diseasesa .

101 Table 1.1 Bangladesh

105 Table 1.6 Nepal

109 Table 1.9 Turkey

113 Tnhle 1.13 Lehnnon

117 Table 1.15 Israel

121 Table 1.16 Egypt

125 Table 1.20 Morocco

129 Table 1.21 Iberian Peninsula

133 Table 1.22 France (North)

l.V

137 Table 1.23 Italy

141 Table 1.24 Yugoslavia

145 Table 1.25 Greece

149 Table 1.26 Bulgaria

163 Table 1.27 Arabian Peninsula

157 Table 1.28 Ethiopia

161 Table 1.29 Sudan

165 Table 1.30 Kenya

169 Table 1.31 Tanzania

173 Table 1.32 Zambia

177 Table 1.33 Malawi

181 Table 1.39 England

185 Table 1.40 Netherlands

189 Table 1.42 Czechoslovakia

193 Table 1.43 Switzerland

197 Table 1.47 Cyprus

201 Table 1.53 Zimbabwe

205 Table 1.54 Burundi

209 Table 1.65 Thailand

213 Table 1.68 France (South)

217 Table 1.81 Ecuador

ZoneMeansa

221 Table 2.1 Leaf Rust

227 Table 2.2 Stripe Rust

233 Table 2.3 Stem Rust

239 Table 2.4 Septoria

245 Table 2.5 Powdery Mildew

v

251 Table 2.6 Helminthosporium

257 Table 2. 7 Rhynchosporium

Virulencea




Cultivar Group Performance




276 Table 4.4 Septoria

277 Table 4.5 Powdery Mildew

278 Table 4.6 Helminthosporiwn

279 Table 4. 7 Rhynchosporium

a Throughout these tables, the old system of designating crosses is used for some entries. For example, under the new system that has been adopted by CIMMYT, CINNAMON-SARI BURSA would be CINNAMON/SARI BURSA. The new notation system is used in the text. Also, in these tables, LR9 X THATCHER is equal to TC*61Transfer (Lr9) and LR19 X THATCHER is equal to TC*6fr4 (Lr19).

vi

SUMMARY REPORT OF THE REGIONAL DISEASE TRAP NURSERY (RDTN) FOR BREAD WHEAT,

DURUM WHEAT, BARLEY, AND TRITICALE-198081

J.M. Prescott, H.C. Young, Jr., E.E. Saari, and M. van den Berg

Introduction

This report covers the 1980-81 crop season and follows the pattern established in previous years. The former International Yellow Rust Nursery, European Leaf Rust Nursery, and Egyptian Trap Nursery are combined into this Regional Disease Trap Nursery. The objective of the nursery is to assist in strengthening national cereal improvement programs in their capacity to evaluate disease presence, recognize shifts in disease significance and in pathogen variability or races, and estimate crop losses. The purposes of the nursery, then, are:

1. To monitor disease development A. To establish the potential for epidemic development B. To establish epidemic frequency for specific areas C. To develop a sound basis for cultivar or resistance gene

deployment recommendations 2. To determine the virulence spectra (races) of various pathogens

A. To measure the current spectra of, and/or changes in, virulence or virulence combinations (races)

B. To locate new sources of resistance genes, or combinations of genes

C. To assist in the establishment of an adequate level of resistance in the cultivar improvement program

D. To help diversify the sources ofresistance or combinations of resistance

3. To assist in studies related to epidemics and disease development A. To study the sources of inoculum and its spread in given areas

in the region covered by these nurseries B. To study the weather and other factors related to disease

development C. To study the heritability ofresistance in the host and

virulence in the pathogen D. To study the relationship between disease incidence and

severity and crop losses

The region covered by the Regional Disease Trap Nurseries includes the countries of Europe, Africa, the Middle East, East and South Asia. Russia, Oceania, and the Americas are not included in the RDTN region. Data from Mexico and Ecuador, when available, are included only in Table 1.

Nursery Entries

The nursery in 1980-81 was made up of a single set. This set had 150 entries and consisted of commercial local, improved, or dwarf cul ti vars of bread wheat, durum wheat and barley that are grown widely in the region covered by the report. "Check" cultivars for various diseases, differential, experimental, and new lines or cultivars of bread wheat, durum wheat, barley, and triticale also were included. The susceptible "check" cultivars are used for

1

measuring the extent of disease development in t.he area or region; t.he "local" cultivars are used for measuring improvement in levels of disease resistance over time; the "improved" cul ti vars are used for measuring the st.ability of local sources of resistance; the "dwarf' cultivars are used for measuring the stability of resistance of CIMMYT gennplasm; and the "differential" cultivars are for measuring the spectra of virulence of the various pathogens in the area and the distribution of combinations of virulence (races) over the region. There were 107 bread wheats, 23 durum wheats, 18 barleys, and 2 tritica)es in the nursery in 1980-81. Those entries. were as follows:

List of Bntriea

Bread Wheat

Spring Wheat "check"

Irnerio

T. Spelta saharense

Spring Wheat "local"

Local White

Spring Wheat "improved"

Abu Ghraib 3

Adria

Africa Mayo

Ariana 66

Baalbek

Baran! 70

Blue Silver

BWP 79

C-273

Chenab 70

Chenab 79

Conte Marzotto

Flavio

Florence Aurore

Giza 155

Giza 156

Giza 157

Indus 79

Line W-2521

Lyallpur 76

Malabadi

Mara

NP 876

Orso

Pari 73

Pavon 76

S-311/Norteno

SA 75

Sandal 73

ffil'ha

WL 711:

Bulbul

CI 14306

Era

Fletcher

Horizon

Jaral "S"

Lachish Line 1568/2

Sonora 64

Spring Wheat "differential"

Chris

Combination III

Combination IV

Combination Line

Eagle

Gamut

I SR-11-RA

Iaaaul 20

Kenya Farmer

TC*6/Transfer (~r9)

TC*6/T4 (Lr19)

Selpek

Timgalen

Waldron

Wisconsin/Supremo

Intermediate "local"

Akova

Rosh an

Intermediate "improved"

Libellula

Strampelli

Yektay 406

Winter Wheat "local"

111/33

2

Bread Wh"'at

(Continued)

Spring Wheat "dwarf"

Arz

Cajeme 71

Choti Lerma

cumhuriyet 75

Dougga 74

Haramoun

Inia 66

Kalyansona

Lerma Rojo 64

Mengavi 8156

Mexicani

Mexipak 65

Nacozari 76

Nuri 70

Penjamo 62

Pitic 62

Sahka 8

Sannine

Soltane

Sonalika

Yecora 70

Durum Wheat

Durum Wheat "local"

Berkmen

Bidi 17

Hourani

Kunduru 1149

Kyperounda

Durum "improved"

073/44

Cakmak 79

Capeiti

Cinnamon/Sari Bursa

CR "S"/T.Dic.Vernum

Deir Alla 2

Gediz

Winter Wheat "improved"

Bolal

Burgas 2

BVD-7

Etoile de Choisy

Kirac 66

KVZ/CUT 73 SE

Lely

Partizanko

Rousalka

Winter Wheat "experimental ...

Gerek 79

Haymana 79

Winter Wheat "differential"

Bezostaya 1

Cappelle Desprez

Carstens V

Chinese 166

Clement

Heines VII

Hybrid 46

Kavkaz

Mildress

Moro

Riebesel 47-51

T. Spelta Album

Inrat 69

Maghrebi 72

Nummina

Senator Capelli

Valgerardo

Valnova

Durum "dwarf"

Cocorit 71

Jori C69

Mexicali

Durum "e~:perimental"

Creso

Durum "differential"

Khapli

3

Barley

Barley "local"

Athenaia

Orge Paya 25

Barley "improved"

Arabi Abyad

Beecher

Bonus

cumhuriyet 50

Deir Alla 103

Giza 119

Martin

Triticale

Triticale "improved"

Map ache

Tokak 157/37

Trikedritt

Vi jay

Yercil 147

Barley "differential"

Bigo

Cambrinua

Emir

Mazurka

Varunda

Triticale "experimental"

Beagle

Nursery Locations, Countries, and Cooperators

Usable data on disease readings were submitted by cooperators in 29 areas or countries in the region (30 including Ecuador) involving 54 locations (55 including Ecuador). The cooperation of all individuals is gratefully acknowledged regardless of whether or not they were able to submit. usable data on disease occurrence. Following is a list of countries where nurseries were located, the number oflocations in that country where data were obtained this year, and the cooperators in those countries:

Area or Country Locations Cooperators

ARABIAN PENINSULA 2

SAUDI ARABIA (1) A. Khalifa, A. Russayes, M. Sakr

YEMEN ARAB REP. (1) M. Kamal, M. Khawlani, K.N. Nabawy

BANGLADESH

BULGAP.!A

BURUNDI

CYPRUS

CZECHOSLOVAKIA

ECUADOR

EGYPT

ENGLAND

ETHIOPIA

FRANCE (N)

FRANCE (S)

GREECE

IBERIAN PENINSULA

PORTUGAL (l)

SPAIN (1)

ISRAEL

ITALY

KENYA

LEBANON

4

2

2

1

1

l

1

1

2

1

1

1

2

1

2

2

1

A. Ahmed, S.M. Ahmed, N.K. Saka, A. Samad,

A.B. Siddique, A. Sufian

N. Donchev, C.V. Kuzjin

P. Sagona

A. Karia

P. Bartos, V. Slovencikova, R. Tersova

CIMMYT Staff

T. Abdel-Hak

N.H. Chamberlain, R. Johnson

E. Bechere, T. Teeemma, V.I. Yakutkin

M. Trottet

P. Grignac

E.A. Skorda, G. Korpetie

c. Beato, A.P. Carmo e Freitas

J. Hernando, F. Montee, J.L. Montoya, M.C.

Perez

z. Amitai E. Biancolatte, M. Pasquini, G. Zitelli

H. Bonthuie, G. Kingma, A. Tarue

A. Alameddine, A. Chaaban, M. Chehade

4

Area or Country Locations Cooperators

MALAW:I 1 P.H. Myenyembe

MOROCCO 3 J.R. Burleigh

NEPAL 3 R.H. Dongol, C.B. Karki, s. Karna, s. Lohari NETHERLANDS 1 R. Stubbs, H. Vee ht

SUDAN 1 M.S. Ahmed, M.E. Khalid

SW:ITZERLAND 1 P.M. Fried

TANZAN:IA 3 R.A. Haggarty, GI.A. Mrimi, M.A. Sariah

THA:ILAND 1 s. Julsrigival, N. Ratanadilok, D. Tiyawlee TURKEY 9 c.o. Altrenay, M. Ari scan, A. Aydin, B.

Ergin, A.E. Fir at, L. Get in, 0. Kaptan, B.

Kiral, o. Ozoemir, M. oz turk

YUGOSLAV:IA 1 K. Bogdan

ZAMB:IA 1 R.H. Raemaekers

Z:IMBABWE 2 G.1f. Herd, E. Mtisi

Seasonal notes concerning the weather or other diseases encountered in connection with the nurseries were recorded by some cooperators as follows:

BANGLADESH, Ishurdi, Jessore, and .Joydebpur--Nonnal season. Jawalpur--Frequent showers from grain filling to harvest.

BULGARIA, Tolbuhin--Comparatively dry during the spring months and unusally hot during June.

BURUNDI, Nyakararo--Season wet t.o the end of May, cold temperatures. CYPRUS, Nicosia--Late emergence, but later no drought stress occurred. CZECHOSLOVAKIA, Praha-Ruzyhe--Early, dry spring and warm swnmer; heavy

rains before harvest. ECUADOR, Quit.o--Rainy season. EGYPT, Giza--Dry and warm during winter. ENGLAND, Carnbridge--Cool, damp and cloudy. ETHIOPIA, Dehre Zeit--Adequnte moisture throughout the season. FRANCE (N), Le Rheu--Very wet and cool in winter, warm in April, cool in

May and June. GREECE, Thessaloniki--Very dry from heading to harvest. ITALY, Gravina--cold winter, dry spring, light rains at end of May.

Rieti--Cold winter with many rainy days. Rome--Cold winter, short spring with few rainy days, sudden summer temperatures.

JORDAN, Deir Alla--Season was good; below average temperatures in April. MALA WI, Tsangano--Cool and humid season. NEPAL, Bhairhwa and Rampur--Normal season.

Kathmandu--Weather nearly normal. NETHERLANDS, E. Flevoland--Winter had normal t.f'mperatures hut was too

wet; early spring was extremely wet, then dry. Swnmer was too cool and too wet.

PORTUGAL, Oeiras--Very dry winter, dry and cool spring. SAUDI ARA.BIA, Taif--Nonnal season. SPAIN, Savilla--Drier than normal. SUDAN, New Halfa--Normal season. SWITZERLAND, Zurich--Rather dry summer.

5

TANZANIA. Arusha--Plnnting was late. Njombe--Fairly normal except earUer than usual due to cessat.ion of rain in May. Uyole--Relatively dry year.

THAILAND, Chiang Mai--Cool, dry; warm at the end of the growing season. TURKEY, Adapazari--Normal season.

Ankara--Dry autumn, moderate winter, late spring rains. Antalya-Too rainy. Diyarbakir--Precipitation above average; some frost damage. Edime--Almost no rain after first week of May, above normal temperature.

YEMEN ARAB REPUBJ.,IC, Taiz--Dry season. YUGOSLAVIA, Zagreb--Bad autumn, cold winter with snow, normal spring. ZAMBIA, Chilanga--Good distribution of above normal rainfall. ZIMBABWE, Chiredzi--Cold in June and July, warm to hot from August to

the end of the season. Henderson--Cold in June and July and only started getting warm toward the end of August.

For summary purposes the region covered hy the report. has been divided into six geographical zones. Later, when more information has been made available perhaps epidemiological zones may be established. Each area or country has been assigned a "Count.ry Number" in order to be able to manage the raw data and data summaries. Portugal and Spain are grouped into the dassification "Iberian Peninsula"; the c0tmtries on the Arabian Peninsula are grouped into the dassification "Arabian Peninsula"; India is divided into four separate geographical areas. North

Zones and Countries Included in Each Zone

ZONE

I - Eaat and South Aaia

Afghanistan-08

Bangladesh-01

India (NE-02), (NW-03),

(C&S, and Sri Lanka-04),

(N-05)

Nepal-06

Pakistan-07

Thailand-65

The Philippines-64

II - Northeaat Africa and

The Middle East

cyprua-47

Egypt-16

Iran-11

Iraq-10

Israel-15

Jordan-14

Lebanon-13

syria-12

Turkey-09

III - Arabian Peninsula and East-

ern and Southern Africa

Arabian Peninsula-27

Oman

P. Dem. Rep. of Yemen

Saudia Arabia

United Arab Emirates

Yemen Arab Rep.

Burundi-54

Ethiopia-28

Kenya-30

Lesotho-60

Madagascar-52

Malawi-33

Mozambique-92

Nigeria-57

Rwanda-63

South Africa-61

Sudan~29

Methods of Recording Data

ZONE

Tanzania-31

Uganda-62

Upper Volta-58

Zaire-59

Zambia-32

Zimbabwe-53

IV - Northwest Africa

Algeria-19

Libya-17

Morocco-20

Tunisia-18

V - Southern Europe

Bulgaria-26

France (S)-68

Greece-25

Iberian Peninsula-21

Portugal

Spain

Italy-23

Romania-46

Switzerland-43

Yugoslavia-24

VI - Northern Europe,

British Isles and

Scandanavia

Czechoslovakia-42

England-39

Finland-SO

France (N)-22

German Dem. Rep. (East)-51

German Fed. Rep. (West)-37

Hungary-45

Ireland-39

Norway-48

Poland-3B

Sweden-49

The Netherlands-40

Other Areas

Mexico-35

Ecuador-81

DAtn for rtu'lt. were re

accurate. It is for thiB reason t.hAt readings below 5 percent are usually made as eit.her "t" for trace, or "2" for 2 perc.-ent. Bet.wP.en 5 and 20 percent readings are made with 5 percent intervals. Above 20 percent the readings are made with 10 percent intervals.

Response refers to the most commonly observed infection type and is recorded for leaf rust and stem rust acco1ding to the following scale:

Symbol Description

0 No visible infection on plants.

R Resistant; visible chlorosis or necrosis, no uredia are

present.

MR Moderately resistant; small uredia are present and

surrounded by either chlorotic or necrotic areas.

M Intermediate; variable sized uredia are present, some

with chlorosis, necrosis or both.

MS Moderately susceptible; medium sized uredia are present,

possibly surrounded by chlorotic areas.

S Susceptible; large uredia are present, generally with

little or no chlorosis or necrosis.

VR and VS These readings have occasionally been used to

indicate supposedly high levels of resistance or

susceptibility. Usually, however, it is not possible

to consistently distinguish between R and VR or s and VS. Therefore, the readings of VR and. VS are of little

value and should not be used in connection with this

nursery.

Not.e that t.he mesothetic response code is not listed. Mesothetic, or "X", response was established for seedling infection types to identify specific host and pathogen gene combinations and is not useful in the field. Sometimes the response code "M" is used for mixed infection types in the field. This code, used in this context, does not provide useful information and is difficult to use in the interpretation of the data. It is much more useful to use the "range of variability" designation described below.

Somf'times there iR obvious variahility within a rultivar. ThiR varinhility may he of two types; clear cut separation of the plants in t.he cul ti var int.o two or more groups with distinctly different reactions, and a mixed or range of reaction within the cultivar without distinct groups. When either of these types of variability occur, the most useful readings are made as follows:

Distinct Groups--Read t.he reaction of each group and rC>cord both react.ions with a coma between them, with the predominant group first. For example - "5R, 408".

Mixf'd or Range of React.ions-- Read the extremes of reaction and record with a dash between them, for example: "15R - 58".

Responst> for stripe, or yellow rust is rearl anrl recorded according to the scale proposed by McNeal et a1. (McNeal, F.II., C.S. Konzak, E.P. Smith, W.S. Tate and T.S. Russe1. 1971. A Uniform System for Recording and

8

Processing Cereal Research Data. U.S.D.A. - A.RS., ARS34-121.) That scale is as follows:

Code *Index

Symbol

0

VR

R

MR

LM

M

HM

MS

s

vs

Value

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Description of Infection Type

No visible infection

Very Resistant: Necrotic or chorotic flecks, no

sporulation

Resistant: Necrotic flecks and/or necrotic

stripes (Blotches), no sporulation

Moderately Resistant: Necrotic flecks and/or

necrotic stripes (Blotches), with a trace of

sporulation

Low Moderate: Necrotic flecks and/or necrotic

stripes (Blotches), with light sporulation

Moderate: Necrotic flecks and/or necrotic

stripes (Blotches), with intermediate

sporulation

High Moderate: Necrotic flecks and/or necrotic

stripes (Blotches), with moderate sporulation

Moderately Susceptible: Necrotic flecks and/or

necrotic stripes (Blotches), with abundant

sporulation

susceptible: Chlorosis behind sporulating areas

with abundant sporulation

Very Susceptible: No necrosis or chorosis with

abundant sporulation

* The Index Value was devised for work with seedlings. The Code Symbol should be used for a field response code.

Regardless of whether the leaf-stem rust or the stripe rust response codes are used. readings of severity and response are recorded together with severity given first. For example:

tR trace of severity of a resistant type of response

SMR 5 percent severity of a moderately resistant response

60S - 60 percent severity of a susceptible response

40HM - 40 percent severity of a high moderate response (Stripe

rust).

Data for Septoria alrm may be recorded in two ways; on a 0 to 9 scale (Foliar Index), or with a severity reading of the percent of the plant infected. The 0 to 9 scale used is that published by Saari and Prescott (Saari, E.E. and .J.M, Prescott. 1975. A Scale for Appraising the Foliar Intensity of Wheat Diseases. Pl. Dis. Reptr. 59:377-380) given below:

9

Code

Number Description

0 - Free from infection

OE - Free from infection but proba.bly represents an escape

1 - Very resistant: Few isolated lesions on the lowest moat

leaves only

2 - Resistant: Scattered lesions on the second set of leaves

with th first leaves infected at a light intensity

3 - Moderately resistant: Light infection of lower third of

plant, lowest most leaves infected at a moderate level

4 - Low intermediate: Moderate infection to severe infection of

lower leaves with scattered to light infection extending to

the leaf immediately below the mid-point of the plant

5 - Intermediate: Severe infection of lower leaves. Moderate to

light infection extending to the mid-point of the plant

with upper leaf free. Infections do not extend beyond

mid-point of plant

6 - High intermediate: severe infection of the lower third of

plant, moderate degree on middle leaves and scattered

lesions beyond the mid-point of the plant

7 - Moderately susceptible: Lesions severe on lower and middle

leaves with infections extending to the leaf below the flag

leaf, or with trace infections on the flag leaf

8 - Susceptible: Lesions severe on the lower and middle leaves.

Moderate to severe infection of upper third of plant. Flag

leaf infected in amounts more than a trace.

9 - Very susceptible: Severe infection on all leaves and the

spike infected to some degree. Spike infections are scored

as modified scale (1 to 9) or as percentage of the total

area covered. The spike infection score is separated from

the foliar score by a"/".

N - Used to indicate no scoring possible due to necrosis as a

result of other diseases or factors.

Additional descriptors for t.he foliar index may include a severity reading by using a second digit haRed upon a scale where 1 = 10%, 2 = 20%, etc. When a severity reading is made in this way, that reading should follow the foliar index reading. For example, a foliar index of "9 8/2" wouJd mean a very susceptible entry on the 0 to 9 scale, a severity of 80% based on leaf area, and 20% of the spike area covered by disease.

Data for 0U1er diReases Rnch as powdery mildew, Helminth!'lporium leaf blight and Rhynchosporium scald are 1ecorded using the same foliar index as described for use with Septo1;a.

Readings sometimes may be difficult to make due to low levels of disease dev

Also, sometimes one disease will obscure t.he symptoms of nnot.her. For example, ifstripe n1st kills the lenves before lt>afmst. can develop, t.hen the reading for leaf rust for thnt cultivar would be the letter "N". If, for any other reason, the data for a cultivar can not be recorded (for example, if the cultivar did not survive) the space for the reading for that cultivar should be left blank.

Description of Additional Terms

When the data for the rusts were summarized, a coefficient of infection was calculated for each entry at each location. This was done by multiplying the severity reading by a constant value for the field response. Those constant values are:

Field reponae Symbols Constant Value

Reaiatant VR, R 0.2

Moderately Reiatant MR, LM 0.4

Intermediate M 0.6

Moderately Susceptible HM, MS 0.8

Suceptible s, vs 1.0

Thmt, the coefficient of infection for a cultivar that. had a field reading of 5MR would he 2.0, and for a cul ti var that had a field reading of 208 the coefficient of infection would be 20.0. Average coefficients of infection have been obtained by adding the coefficients concerned and dividing by the number of coefficients involved. For example, the average coefficient of infection for a country was obtained by adding the coefficients of all entries at all of the locations in that country and dividing by the total number of coefficients used to make t.he average.

For the leaf diseases ot.her than the nu:its, a foliar index was nsed instead of a coefficient of infection. An average foliar index was obtained by adding the foliar indices concerned and dividing by the number of indices involved.

Since a "check" cultivar is not necessarily a check for all oft.he diseases meai:mred in t.he RDTN, and since the relative resistance of some cultivars in the nursery may vary from one location to another and from one year to another, t.he "Average Coefficifmt. of lnfoction" (A.C.I.) or the "Average Foliar Index" (A.F.l.l may not ndequately estimate the level of disease development to which the nursery at a given location was exposed as compared t.n nnother location or another year. Therefore, as a i:mpplemental index of t.he disease development level, a t.ype of "abst.ract." check was calculnt.ed hy oht.aining an average of the coefficients of infection or foliar indices of the five cultivars with the highest coefficient or index for any given location, country, or Zone. This "exposure index" (E.I.) may give a more adequate measure of the effect of weather on disease development.

The breadth, or t.he spectrum, of virulence is discussed in terms of the percent of the entries in the nursery on which high infection types were reported. For instance, if the spectra of virulence is said to be wide, then over 50 percent of the entries in the nursery were reported to have had high infection types.

ll

('nltivani may~ considered to he "resi1:itant" t.o disease in t.his re~rt. if their average coefficients of infection or average foliar indices are low. For example, a cultivar may have had an average coefficient of infection of 2.0 and be considered to be "resistant", even though that coefficient was calculated from a single reading of "28" (a low incidence of a high infection type). However, in the discussions of differential cultivar performance an ':R" following the average coefficient of infection means that, in spite of the level of the coefficient, there were no high infection types reported.

Leaf Rust--Bread Wheat--1981

DISTRIBUTION. Leaf rust of bread wheat was reported from 21 areas or countries of the region in 1981.

CHECK CULTIVAR PERFORMANCE. The performance of the "check" cultivars in 1981 is given in Table 2.1.

DISEASE DEVELOPMENT. The three areas or countries with the highest average coefficients of infection and/or exposure indices in 1981 were:

AVERAGE COEFFICIENT EXPOSURE

AAEA OR COUNTRY OF INFECTION INDEX*

Thailand 40.8 (Table 1.65) 100.0 (1)

Burundi 24.4 (Table 1. 54) 81. 2 (2)

Bulgaria 21.6 (Table 1.26) 72.5

Ethiopia 5.9 (Table 1.28) 78.1 (3)

* The exposure index is the average of the coefficients for the five cultivars with the

highest average coefficients of infection in

the area or country, Zone, or region as a whole.

The average coefficients of infection hy Zone are given in Table 2.1 and compared with the exposure indices below.

A.C.I.

E. I.

I II III

16.6 7.1 10.4

64.6 29.6 39.4

ZONE

IV v VI

0.2 6.3 3.9

0.9 26.6 40.0

ENTIRE

REGION

9.1

34.9

VIRULENCE SPECTRA. The widest Rpectmm of virulence was found in Bangladesh where 83 percent of the bread wheat entries were reported to have high infection types (Table 3.1). In Bulgaria, 81% had high infection types, and in Turkey, 75%. Six other areas or cow1tries had spectra of over 50%.

12

RESISTANT CULTIVARS. The five bread wheat cultivars with the lowest average coefficients of infection in 1981(Tables2.1 and 3.1) were:

CULT IVAR A.C.I. VIRULENCE WAS REPORTED IN

CHRIS 0.2 Bangladesh, Morocco

PARTIZANKO 0.2 Bangladesh, Bulgaria, Cyprus

ERA 0.3 Malawi

ETOILE DE CHOISY 0.5 France (N)' Yugoslavia

TC*6/T4 0.7 Bangladesh, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Nepal

Highest A.C.I. 40.5

GROUP CULTIVAR PERFORMANCE. The average coefficients of infection for the "local", "improved", and "dwarf' groups of bread wheat cultivars are given in Table 4.1.

DTFFERENTJAL CULTJVAR PERFORMANCE. Th~re were two leaf rust diffPrential cu1tivars in the 1981 nursery (Table 2.1). Those cultivars, their principal known gene for resistance, and their performance are given below.

CULT IVAR

TC*6/T4

TC*6/TRANSFER

Lr

GENE

19

9

I II

1.3 0.7

0 R 6.9

A.C.I. IN ZONE

III IV v ENTIRE

VI REGION

0.6R

0.7R

OR 0.4 OR 0.7

2.2 0 R 0 R 5.0

'fhe resist.once of both of these cultivars was effective in all Zones of the region in 1981.

Leaf Rust--Bread Wheat--Comparisons Between Years

DISTRIBUTION. The relation between the numher of areas or countries that reported leaf rust on bread wheat and the number of countries that reported any disease data from the RDTN in each of the last seven years is given below.

PERCENT OF AREAS OR COUNTRIES

YEAR REPORTING LEAF RUST

1975 71

1976 91

1977 82

1978 82

1979 83

1980 89

1981 72

13

CHECK CULTIVAR PERFORMANCE. The "check" cnlt.ivar T. SPELTA SAHARENSE was in the nursery in 1975, and 1979 through 1981, nnd IRNERIO was int.he nursery in 1975 through 1977, and in 1981. 'Their performance during that period follows:

AVERAGE COEFFICIENT

OF INFECTION IN ZONE ENTIRE

CULTIV.M. YEAR I II III IV v VI REGION

---------------------------------------------------------------------IRNERIO 1975 14.8 12.0 0 12.6 49.6 22.0 24.6

1976 48.7 37.3 26.8 15.0 30.4 39.4

1977 49.2 27.7 17.2 50.3 38.4

1981 21. 5 9.4 20.0 0.6 14.9 0 14.4

T. SPELT A SAHAJU!:NSE 1975 48.6 30.8 0 22.0 57.4 37.0 49.2

1978 71.3 70.0 33.3 26.7 41. 4 0 48.3

1979 54.6 43.5 3.0 33.0 20.7 0 35.8

1980 60.7 29.5 21.0 24.5 34.9 0 37.9

1991 75.0 26.0 41. 7 0 . ., 28.8 10.0 38.7

--------------------------------------------------------------------DISEASE DEVELOPMENT. In t.he last six years the areas or countries with the highest average coefficients of infection and/01 exposure indices have been:

AVERAGE COEFFICIENT OF INFECTION

AREA OR COUNTRY 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981

.----------------------------------------------------------Bulgaria 14.8 13.5 19.5 21.6*

Burundi 24.4*

Ethiopia 16.8 6.1 13.9 4.6 5.9

India (C&S) 8.7 37.8* 31.2*

India (NE) 30.6* 30.3*

India (NW) 45.9* 34.l* 24.0

Israel 12.8 12.2 8.2 0.7

Italy 10.9 7.5 12.1 8.9 0

Jordan 29.3 29.1*

Nepal 40.0* 19.9 25.2 15.7 21.1 10.4

Pakistan 23.8 13.l 20.8 22.7* 11.3

Romania 39.3* 24.B 19.2 20.0* 41.3*

Thailand 22.4* 40.8*

Yugoslavia 19.6 18.6 32.3* 13.0 21. 9* 2.4

----------------------------------------------------------

1 4

EXPOSURE INDEX

AREA OR COUNTRY 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981

Bulgaria

Burundi

Ethiopia

India (C&S)

India (NE)

India (NW)

Israel

Italy

Jordan

Nepal

Pakistan

Romania

Thailand

Yugoslavia

52.6

52.8

41.0

4l..7 84.0

98.0* 100.0*

96.0* 90.0*

89.0* 77.5 71.5

100.0*

68.0

82.0

96.5* 69.0

75.0 58.7

99.0* 84.0

56.8

48.0

65.8

72.5

80.0

80.0

43.5

88.0*

80.0

61.3

72.0

50.0

49.l

86.0*

96.7* 48.1

86.0* 100.0*

75.2

81.2*

78.l*

12.4

0.2

60.3

96.0* 100.0*

75.6 78.5 100.0* 59.9 65.6 31.0

* Areas or countries among the three with the highest average coefficient of infection or exposure index that year.

A comparison het.ween t.he average coefficients of infect.ion nnd the exposure indices for each Zone in each of the last seven years is given below.

AVERAGE COEFFICIENT OF INFECTION IN ZONE ENTIPE

YEAR I II III IV v VI REGION

------------------------------------------------------------1975 22.7 16.3 0.1 8.7 21.6 16.1 18.2

1976 28.3 17.0 13.7 7.2 20.5 21.l

1977 27.5 16.3 7.7 17.6 10.6 19.5

1978 24.2 18.4 11. 4 8.0 10.4 6.3 15.8

1979 16.2 13.7 5.1 1.9 9.0 4.7 11.0

1980 14.9 13.0 5.3 4.4 12.5 0.9 11. 6

1981 16.6 7.1 10.4 0.2 6.3 3.9 9.1

------------------------------------------------------------EXPOSURE INDEX IN ZONE ENTIRE

YEAR I II III IV v vr REGION

------------------------------------------------------------1975 66.9 67.3 0.1 59.0 61.8 80.2 59.6

1976 71.8 48.4 33.3 34.6 52.8 53.0

1977 67.2 51.5 34.3 67.4 72. 0 56.2

1978 70.8 72 .0 48.5 46.0 44.6 44.0 53.8

1979 63.7 44.6 29.9 25.9 39.9 36. B 41.3

1980 60.1 34.6 29.2 31. 3 45.3 12.0 40.0

1981 64.6 29.6 39. 4 0.9 26.6 4o.o 34.9 ------------------------------------------------------------

VIRULENCE SPECTRA. Those areas or countries that. have heen among the three wit.h the widest virulence spectra in each of the last seven years are listed below.

PERCENT OF ENTRIES WITH

HIGH INFECTIC'N TYPES

AREA OR COUNTRY 1975 1976 1977 1979 1979 1990 1991

----------------------------------------------------------Arabian Pen. 70 94* 69 72 20 53 30

Bangladesh 89* 66 51 92 72* 63 93*

Bulgaria 56 53 59 57 81*

Egypt 67 95* 71 70* 88* 62

Ibrian Pen. 96* 85* 26 47 1 11

India (C&S) 23 91* 100*

India (NE) 66 90*

India (NW) 85 77 89* 72

Nepal 67 72 86 22 71* 68 72

Tunisia 52 33 77*

Turkey 99* 41 64 73 69 67 75*

Yugoslavia 89* 75 97* 100* 63 84* 20

----------------------------------------------------------* Areas or countries among the three with the widest spectra

of virulence that year.

RESISTANT CUI~TIVARS. The cultivars with the lowest average coefficients of infection in each of the last seven years are given below.

16

C!JLTIVAR


1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 AVE

0.5* ARTHUR

ARZ

CHRIS

0.3* 10.4 11.7 1.9 2.9 1.3 4.8

1.6* 5.1 1.3 1.0 1.5 0.2* 1.8

CI 14306

ERA

0.2* 3.7 2.0 2.5 1.5 1.6 2.0 1.9

0 * 1.3* 0.8* 1.1* 1.1 0.5* 0.3* 0.7

ETOILE DE CHOISY

FKN (II-50-17) 2.1

FLETCHER 0.7

0.8*

0.3*

JIJPATECO "S"

K 428.I.A.2

PARTIZANKO

0.5* 3.7

NS 2568/2

NS 2630/1

PRESKA

SCOUT/5*AGENT

STRAMPELLI

TC*6/T4

TMP 2

TMP 3

TMP 6

TMP 7

TMP 8

0.5*

0.3*

0.5*

2.9* 5.8

24.3 28.8

5.5

WALDRON 7.2 2.8* 4.3

2.0

1.8* 9.1

WISCONSIN/SUPREMO

WORLD SEED 1809

ZAAFRANE

Higheat A.C. I.

3.9

68.1 54.9 60.4

1. 7

1.3

3.0

3.2

2.1

1.9

3.4 4.7

0.6*

2.2 1.6

0.5* 1.8

0.6* 3.0

0.5* 1.2

1.5

5.1 2.6

2.1

0.2* 1.5

1.8

1. 9

4.4

20.6 0.7* 5.5 5.2 14.2

6.5 0.5* 1.1* 0.7* 2.9

0.6*

0.7*

0.1*

0.3*

4.7 2.9 2.5

0.8* 0.6* 3.3

1.1*

0.9*

2.6

5.4

56.3 44.4 42.9 40.5

3.9

2.4

4.0

2.4

* Cultivars among those five with the lowest average coefficients of infection that year.

GROUP CULTIVAR PERFORMANCE. The average coefficients of infection for the "local", "improved", and "dwarf' groups of cultivars for the last seven years are given below:

CULT IVAR

GROUP

Local

Improved

Dwarf

AVERAGE COEFFICIENT

1975 1976 1977 1978

36.7

22.1

7.0

40.4

26.2

13.6

51. 4

21.9

14.8

39.6

20.l

12.5

OF INFECTION

1979 1980 1981

31. 3

13.1

7.2

40.9

14.9

9.2

28.7

8.8

7.2

DIFFERENTIAL CULTIVAR PERFORMANCE. The average coefficients of infection for the two hread wheat leaf rust differential cultivars that were in the nursery in 1981, and have been in the nursery at least one of the previous six years, are given below.

17

AVE. COEFFICIENT OF INFECTION IN ZOllE ENTIRE

CULT IVAR YEAR I II III IV v VI 'EIEGION

-------------------------------------------------------------------------TC*6/T4 1977 12.3 4.6 0.2 0.8 5.5

1978 7.7 2.0R 15.1 10.8 1.0R 0 R 6.5

1979 0.3R 1.lR O.SR 0 R 0.5R 0 R 0.5

1980 O.lR 3.2 0.3R 0.6 0.7 0 R 1.1

1981 1.3 0.7 0.6R 0 R 0.4 0 R 0.7

TC*6/TRANSFl!!R 1977 19.6 2.1 0.3 1.2 8.5

1978 9.7 2.0R 7.0 2.8 0.9R 0 R 4.9

1979 3.3 1.1 10.2 0.6 2.0 0 R 3.1

1980 5.0 1.1 l.OR 2.0 0.2R 0 R 1.9

1981 0 R 6.9 0.7R 0 R 0 R 5.0 2.2

* "R"- No high infection types reported in that Zone. A "0" without an "R" means that at one or more locations in that Zone a

reading with an "S" or "MS" occurred but that the average

coefficient of infection for that cultivar in that Zone waa

less than "0.1".

The resistance of t.hese t.wo cu1tivars has generally been effective throughout the region each year that they have been in the nursery.

Leaf Rust--Durum Wbeat--1981

DISTRIBUTION. Leaf rust on durum wheat was reported from 21 areas or countries in the region in 1981.

CHRCK CULTIVAR PERFORMANCE. There were no durum wheat "check" cultivars in the nursery in 1981.

DISEASE DEVELOPMENT. The areas or countries with the hjghest average coefficients of infection and/or exposure indices were as follows:


AREA OR COUNTRY OF INFECTION INDEX

Burundi 45.2 (Table 1.54) 66.0 (3)

Ethiopia 38.4 (Table 1.28) 84.6 (2)

Thailanr:l 37.7 (Tabl" 1. 1;5) 92.0 (1)

------------------------------------------------

The averaJ:{P coefficients of infect.ion for each Zone in 1981 are given in Tahle 2.1 and are compared, by Zone, with the exposure indices below:

A.C.I.

E. I.

I

9.3

28.7

II

6.0

14.5

III

19.2

31. 6

ZONE

IV

0.7

0.9

v

3.8

10.5

18

VI

2.4

9.6

ENTIRE

REGION

9.0

18.2

VIRULENCE SPECTRA. High infect.ion types WE'!re reported on 96% of the durum e-nt.riE'!s in Rurundi nnd Morocco, nnd on 9 t % oft.he entri.-s in Turkey (Tnhle 3.1). Virulence spectra over 50% were reported from 11ix other areas or countries.

RESISTANT CULTIV AR..'3. The five cultivars with the lowest average coefficients of infection {Tables 2.1 and 3.1) in 1981 were:

CULT IVAR

NUMMINA

KYPEROUNDA

SENATOR CAPELLI

VALGERARDO

CRESO

A.C.I. VIRULENCE WAS REPORTED IN

1.0

1.9

2.0

2.7

2.9

Burundi, Ethiopia, Malawi, Morocco

Arabian Pen., Bulgaria, Burundi, Egypt,

France (N), Morocco

Arabian Pen., Bulgaria, Burundi, Ethiopia,

France (N), Italy, Malawi, Morocco, Nepal,

Turkey

Arabian Pen., Bulgaria, Cyprus, Ethiopia,

Morocco, Thailand, Turkey

Bulgaria, Burundi, Malawi, Morocco, Thailand,

Turkey

Highest A.C.I. 20.9

GROUP CUI,TIV AR PERFORMANCE. The avernge coefficients of infE'!dion for the "local", "improved", and "dwarf' groups of cul ti vars are given in Table 4.1.

OTFFERENTIAJ,, CULTIVARS. There were no durum wheat leafrust differential cu1tivars in the nursery in 1981.

Leaf Rust--Durum Wheat--Com parisons Between Years

l)ISTRT'RUTTON. The relation between the number of areas or countries thnt repol't.Pd leafn1st of dun1m wh.-nt and the number of areas or countries that reported any disease data in each of the last seven years is given below.


YEAR REPORTING LEAF RUST

197'5 65

1976 91

1977 74

1978 71

1979 83

1980 78

1981 72

CHECK ClTLTIV AR PERFORMANCE. There have not been any durum wheat "check" cultivars in the nursery in the last seven yea1s.

1 9

DISEASE DEVELOPMENT. The areas or count.ries wit.h t.he highest coefficients of infect.ion and/or exposure indices in .each of the last six years were:


AREA OR COUNTRY 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981

-----------------------------------------------------Arabian Pen.

Bulgaria

Burundi

Ethiopia

Iberian Pen.

India (C&S)

India (NE)

India (NW)

Italy

Jordan

Nepal

Thailand

Turkey

Yugoslavia

AREA OR COUNTRY

Arabian Pen.

Bulgaria

Burundi

Ethiopia

Iberian Pen.

India (C&S)

India (NE)

India (NW)

.Italy

Jordan

Nepal

Thailand

Turkey

Yugoslavia

12 .4 13.4 24.7 25.7* 12.7 2.9

20.1 10.4 13.0 21.6*

24. 4*

4.0 17.2 15.4 13.7 5.9

31.1* 6.0 7.8 0.9 2.0 1. 4

1.1 35.0 39.1*

56.5* 31.0

24.5 36.9* 16.8

36. 1* 36.1* 42.9* 32.3* 0

42. 4* 35.1*

30.5* 14.1 10.2 16.4 11.3 10.4

25.7* 40. 8.*

21.4 20.l 33.1 9.4 15.8 9.0

7.1 27.1 38.3* 17.2 35 .1 2.4

EXPOSURE INDEX

1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981

20.0 26.1 44.8 37.9* 25.8 lB.6

36.7 25.6 34.0 72.5

81.2*

8.4 40.6 37.8 24.7

74.0* 16.0 16.9 1.9

2.9 50.3 56.0

82.0* 54.4

42.9 51.1* 29.3

78.l*

6.2 29.4

56.0*

72.0*

61.0* 68.0* 45.7* 0.2

57.6*

46.5* 33.8 16.l 27.9 29.9 60.3

64.4*100.0*

35.2 29.0 60.4* 17.5 30.5 39.7

17.1 43.7 63.2* 34.9 55.9* 31.0

* Areas or countries among the three with the highest

average coefficients of infection or exposure

indices that year.

The avernge infect.ion coefficients and the exposure indices hy Zone for the last seven yt1U"s are compared below:

20

ZONB ENT IM

I II III IV v VI :REGION

--------------------------------------------------------------~-. . A.C.I. 1975 20.l 10.l o.o 10.l 20.3 6.5 16.2

1.976 15.4 15.0 11.0 4.9 15.l 14.3

1977 28.2 14.9 12.7 19.9 11.3 20.9

1978 19.8 19.2 14.8 19.6 18.5 15.l 18.6

1979 14.l 11.8 17.0 3.4 10.9 8.7 12.l

1980 11.l 11.2 6.4 6.7 19.9 0.4 12.3

1981 9.3 6.0 19.2 0.7 3.8 2.4 9.0

-----------------------------------------------------------------E.I. 1975 32.0 15.7 0.1 20.l 35.0 15.5 24.5

1976 23.6 23.9 16.6 12.9 24.4 20.8

1977 41.4 21.2 21.8 32.2 24.0 30.3

1978 32.4 5o.o 22.l 28.7 29.3 32.0 28.3

1979 24.1 18.5 26.3 7.2 17.6 19.l 19.0

1980 24.0 17.8 13.2 10.5 31.0 1.2 20.7

1981 28.7 14.5 31.6 0.9 10.5 9.6 18.2

-----------------------------------------------------------------VIRULENCE SPECTRA. The areas or countries with the widest spectra of virulence in each of the last seven years are given below.


HIGH INFECTION TYPES

AREA OR COUNTRY 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981

---------------------------------------------------------Sangladeah 87* 87 88 43 100* 71 43

Burundi 96*

Egypt 67 100* 76 92* 100* 48

France (N) 82 86* 62 41 65 ' India (C&S) 20 100* 57

India (NE) 94 86*

India (NW) 87* 100* 100* 86*

Italy 80 93 86* 85 88 35

Morocco 100* 100* 94 96*

Nepal 47 100* 100* 36 85 76 65

Pakistan 23 87 24 43 46 100*

Tunisia 38 7 100*

Turkey 87* 87 100* 86* 92* 100* 91*

Yugoalavia 85 67 100* 79 92* 100* 22

---------------------------------------------------------* Areas or countries among the three with the widest

apectra ot virulence that year.

RESISTANT CULTIVARS. The performance of the durum wheat cultivars with the lowest average coefficients of infection in each of the last seven years is given below.

21

AVltRAGE COEFFJC!F.NT OF INFECTION

CULT!VAA 197"5 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 AVE

----------------------------------------------------------------BAD RI $.9* 13.5* 11.2

BIJAGA YELLOW 2.9* 11.8 15.8 20.9 12.9

COCORIT 71 12.9* 8.8* 15.1 11. 4* 6.3* 10.2 4.4 10.0

Cl'IESO 2.5* 2.9* 2.7

HOURANI NAWAWI 11.1* 14.1 19.7 15.2

INRAT 69 29.6 10.2* 13.5* 12.3* 5.0* 8.9* 4.1 11. 9

JORI C69 10.3* 14.4 18.5 15.1 1.8* 7.4* 6.5 11.5

l



Bulgaria 39.6 (Table l.26) 64.8 (2)

Netherlands 27.4 (Table l. 40) 67.0 (1)

Cyprus 15.6 (Table l. 47) 42.2

Ethiopia 14.0 (Table 1.28) 48.8 (3)

------------------------------------------------The average coefficients of infection for each Zone are given in Table 2.1, and are compared with the exposure indices below.

A.C.I.

E.I.

I II III

0.4 8.0 4.0

1.4 18.1 11.9

ZONE

IV

0

0

v VI

14.0 21.3

24.2 47.8

ENTIRE

REGION

6.8

13.3

VIRULENCE SPECTRA. High infect.ion types were reported on 94% of the hnrley entries in the nursery int.he Arabian Perunsula. Bulgaria, and Turkey

Leaf Rust--Barley--Comparisons Between Years

DISTRIBUTION. The relation hetween t.he nnmhE-r of areas or count.ries t.hat reported Jeafrust ofharlPy and the number of countries that. reported any disease data from the RDTN in the.last six years is given below.


Yl!:AR REPORTING LEAF RUST

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

71

71

39

83

81

48

CHECK CULTIVAR PERFORMANCE. There have not been any barley "check" cuJt.ivars in the nursery since 1975.

DISEASE DEVELOPMENT. The areas or countries that had t.he highest average coefficient of infection and/or exposure index in each of the last six years were:


AREA OR COUNTRY. 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981

Bulgaria 35.0 40.9* 23.9 39. 6*

Cyprus 22.0 24.6 18.8 15.6*

Ethiopia 0.1 16.3 9.4 14.0 14.0

France (N) 25.9 32.5* 15.2

Greece 15.4 2.8 29.6* 14.4 4.6

Iberian Pen. 21. 7 21.7 30.1* 14.8 2.6 2.7

India (C&S) 0 4.6 28.9*

Israel 88.6* 0 7.8 5.8

Italy 12.6 45.8* 33.5* 10.4 2.9

Jordan 65.2* 9.6

Libya 59.7*

Netherlands 12.3 7.0 27.4*

Romania 38.1 61.4* 6.8 69.5*

Tunisia 39.3* 2.9

Turkey 10.4 60.0 15.4 31. 7 9.7

Yugoslavia 44.4* 54.3 7.5 48.6*

----------------------------------------------------------

24

AREA OR COUNTRY

Bulgaria

Cyprus

Ethiopia

France (N)

Greece

Iberian Pen.

India (C&S)

Israel

Italy

Jordan

Libya

Netherlands

Romania

Tunisia

Yugoslavia

EXPOSURE INDEX

1976 1977 1978 i979 1~80 1981

31.1

26.4

19.5

80.0* 55.0* 64.8*

0.2

17.6

28.2

0

17.6

80.0*

26.0

5.7

100.0*

73.0*

52.0* 80.0*

40.0

57.6* 65.0

18.6

4.0

55.6

39.1

44.0

56.0* 52.0

42.0 35.2

48.5* 35.0

52.0*

6.4

0

66.0* 56.0*

22.0

24.0

20.3

41.2 7.0

23.2 100.0*

7.6

21.7 66.0*

42.4

48.8*

48.0

10.4

7.6

20.2

9.2

67.0*

* Areas or countries among the three with the highest average coefficients of infection or exposure indices that year.

The average coefficients of infection nnd t.he exposure indices for the last seven years nre compared by Zones below.

ZONE ENTIRE

Year I II III IV v VI REGION

----------------------------------------------------------------A.C.I. 1975 0.1 11.3 9.7 32.4 8.9 14.7

1976 2.8 9.8 4.5 49.8 27.0 10.3

1977 6.5 41.8 13.l 45.9 0 21.7

1978 1.1 8.0 14.3 5.6 30.9 11. 5

1979 0.8 16.l 9.0 5.0 19.4 19.1 10.7

1980 0.3 21.0 5.0 2.7 18.6 15.8 11. 7

1981 0.4 8.0 4.0 0 14.0 21.3 6.8

----------------------------------------------------------------E.I 1975 0.1 14.7 16.5 40.3 10.4 17.4

1976 3.4 12.4 5.5 60.0 34.3 12.3

1977 8.0 47.7 15.7 54.2 0 25.2

1978 5.6 16.0 21. l 8.8 46.2 16.3

1979 1.9 25.7 21.5 13.1 34.7 46.2 18.7

1980 1.0 31. 0 14.9 7.9 31.3 31.5 19.6

1981 1.4 18.1 11.9 0 24.2 47.8 13.3

----------------------------------------------------------------VIRULENCE SPECTRA. The areas or countries with the widest spectra of virulence in each of the last six years were:

25


HIGH INf'ECTION TYPES

AEU!:A OR COUNTRY 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981

----------------------------------------------------------Arabian Pen. 86* 100* 100* 18 35 61

Bulgaria 86 82* 59 94*

Cyprus 71 18 35 94*

Egypt 100* 86 100* 94*

Israel 100* 53 22

Italy 71 90* 82* 88 39

Kenya 82*

Morocco 100* 94* 59

Romania 86* 100* 12 76

Turkey 86* 86 71 94* 94*

Yugoelavia 100* 100* 71 100*

----------------------------------------------------------* Areas or countries among the three with the widest

virulence spectra that year.

RESISTANT CULTIV A.RS. The performance of the cul ti vars with the lowest average coefficients of infection for each of the last seven years is given below.

.AVERAGE COEFFICIENT OF INFECTION

CULT IVAR 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 AVE

--------------------------------------------------------------ATHENAIS 15.8 4.1* 13.6* 10.1 8.2 10.4

BEECHER 14.2* 9.7* 20.2* 5.2* 12.7 13.4 7.9 11. 9

BIGO 1.1* 4.7* 0.7* 2.2

DEIR ALLA 103 3.9* 8.1 9.9 3.4 6.3

EMIR 4.6* 2.7* 6.8* 1.8* 2.6* 0.9* 3.2

GIZA 119 5.3* 5.4 6.4 2.7 5.0

MAZURKA 3.5* 2.2 2.9

TOPPER 11.7*

VAR UN DA 2.1* 0.9* 1.5

Highest A.C.I. 22.5 14.5 30.6 24.9 25.5 23.7 21.0

* Cultivars among the three with the lowest average coeffici~nts of infection that year.

GROUP CULTTVAR PERFORMANCE. A compar;son of the ave.rage coefficients of inft-ction for the "local" and "improved" groups of cul ti vars for the last seven years is given helow. There were no "dwarf' barley cultivars in the nursery in those years.

CULT IVAR

GROUP


Local

Improved

1975

16.0

17.1

1976

7.2

12.8

1977

19.4

25.3

1978

10.6

11. 6

26

1979

14.6

13.4

1980

13.1

14.4

1981

9.2

8.6

DIFFERENTIAL CULTIVAR PERFORMANCE. There have not heen nny bat'lPy lenf rust differential cultivars in the nursery in the last seven years.

Shipe Rust--Bread Wheat--1981

DISTRIBUTION. Stripe rust of bread wheat was reported from 18 areas or countries in the region in 1981.

CHECK CUL TIVAR PERFORMANCE. The petfonnance of the bread wheat "check" cultivars is given in Table 2.2.

DISEASE DEVELOPMENT. The areas or countries with the highest average coefficients of infection and/or exposure indices in 1981 were:

AVEllAGE COEFFICIENT EXPOSURE


Kenya 36.9 (Table 1.30) 88.0 (2)

Burundi 17.3 (Table 1.54) 51.0

Bulgaria 14.2 (Table 1.26) 43.5

Israel 14.0 (1able 1.15) 96.0 (1)

France (N) 13.1 (Table 1.22) 78.0 (3)

The average COP.fficients of infect.ion by Zone are given in Table 2.2, and are compared with the exposure indices for each Zone below.

A.C.I.

E.I.

I II

0 9.1 16.9

1.0 44.3 42.2

ZONE

IV v VI

0.1 7.4 7.0

1.5 22.9 50.8

ENTIRE

REGION

9.1

29.2

VIRULENCE SPECTRA. The widest Rpectra ofvin1lPnce

GROUP CULTIV AR PERFORMANCE. The. average coefficients of infection for the "local", "improved", and 'dwarf' groups of cultivars are given fo Table 4.2.

DIFFERENTIAL CULTIVAR PERFORMANCE. The performance of the 11 bread wheat stripe rust differential cultivars is given in Table 2.2, and below.

AVERAGE COEFFICJ:ENT

Yr OF INFECTION IN ZONE ENTIRE

CULT IVAR GENE I u IU IV v VI REGION

---------------------------------------------~----~-----------------CAP PELLE DESPREZ 3 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 2.6R 0.3

CARSTENS v 0 R .. o R 0 R 0 R .0.3R O.lR 0 CHINESE 166 l 0 R 0.6 7.4 0 R 2.0 0.8R 2.4 CLEMENT 9 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 18.S 2.6

HEINES vu 2+ 0 R 0.9 5.7 0 R l.3 32.7 5.1 HYBRID 46 4+ 0 R 0.1 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0

MILD:RESS 0 R 0 0 R 0 R 2.0R 25.5R 3.9

MORO 10 0 R 4.2 0 R 0 R 0.3 O.lR 1.5

RIEBESEL 47-51 10+ 0 R 0.1 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 .2R 0.1

SE LP EK 2+ 0 R 1.9 0.3R 0 R 7.5 2.9R 2.5

T. SPELTA ALBUM 5 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0

---------------------------------------------------------------------All of these cul ti vars had low average coefficients of infection over the region as a whole, but CLEMENT and HEINES VII had moderately high coefficients in Zone VI.

Stripe Rust--Bread Wheat--Comparisons Between Years

DISTRIBUTION. The number of areas or countries that reported stripe rust of bread wheat in relation to the number of countries that reported any disease data from the RD'rN in each of the last seven years is given below.


YEAR REPORTING STRIPE RUST

1975 53

1976 43

1977 84

1978 68

1979 67

1980 63

1981 62

CHECK CULTIV AR PERFORMANCE. The bread wheat "check" cultivar IRNERIO was in the nursery in 1975 through 1977 and in 1981. T. SPELTA SAHARENSE was in the nursery in 1975 and in 1978 through 1981. Their performance during those periods is given below.

28

AVERAGE COEFFICIENT


CULT IVAR YE.Alt I II III IV v VI REGION

---------------------------------------------------------------------IRNERIO 1975 0 8.9 4.2 20.0 10.0 23.0 12.0

1976 7.0 0 8.8 35.0 16.0 10.4

1977 2.6 18.1 13.l 86.7 40.4 68.2 24.2

1981 0 8.4 18,3 0.3 19.3 32 .5 13.8

T. SPELTA SAHARENSE 1975 50.1 37.5 35.0 70.0 12.5 55.0 42.1

1978 48.6 0 45.0 50.0 27.8 74.5 43.4

1979 61.4 49.9 72.5 36.0 49 .2 0 54.8

1980 94.5 35.3 57.5 40.0 70.8 85.0 56.5

1981 0 57.9 48.7 0 27.0 5'7.5 41.5

---------------------------------------------------------------------DISEASE DEVELOPMENT. The ~hree countries with the highest average coefficients of infection and/or exposure indices for each of the last six years are given below.


AREA OR COUNTRY 1976 197'1 1978 1979 1980. 1981

----------------------------------------------------------Alqeria 31.6 17.3 9.4 7.7

Bulgaria 19.'7* 14.2*

Burundi 17.3*

Ethiopia 6.6 0 33.2* 0.4

France (N) 26.2 19.2 25.4* 12.8 13.l

Iran 1.5 43.3* 0.1

Israel' 8.7 12.l 7.1 14.0

Kenya 11.6 32.8* 29.1* 21.5* 36.9*

L"'banon 35.l* 15.0 1. 6

Netherlands 27.3 30.4* 1.9 2.8 2.2

Pakistan 7.2 7.0 19.8 7.3 18.5

Romania 16.1* 32.3* 13.1 8.3 31.6*

Tunisia 22.8* 40.7*

Turkey 10.3* 22.1 6.8 18.8 4.5 11.4

29

AREA OR COUNTRY

Algeria

Bulgaria

Burundi

Eth;!.opia

Franc (N)

Iran

Israel

'Kenya

Lebanon

Netherland

Pakistan.

Romania

Tunisia

Turkey

1976

43.2

EXPOSUJU!: INCIEX

1977 1978 1979 1980 1981

84.0 90.0* 50.4 66.0

72.0 0.2

82.0 76.0

24.9 100.0*

90.0* 56.8

34.0 69.0

100.0*

98.5*

93.0* 43.5

51.0

10.8

88.0* 72.0

1.8

6i.6

76.0 60.3

64.0

78.0*

96.0*

88.0*

30.4

83.3

42.0

99.0* 25.6

65.0 54.5

36.0 34.4

80.5*

83.8* 88.0 76.0 87.6* 96.0*

68.0* 100.0*

36.0* 69.4 38,8 73.2 32.8 55.7

* Area or countriea among the three with the highest

average coefficient of infection or exposure indices

that year.

A comparison oft.he average coefficients of infection and the exposure indices for each Zone in each of the last seven years is given below.

AVEAAGE COEFFICl'ENT OF INFECTION IN ZONE ENTIRE


----------------------------------------------------------------1975 8.2 13.7 21.3 9.6 10.7 14.8 12.l

1976 4.4 10.3 5.4 22.8 6.6 6.9

1977 1.4 10.1 8.2 36.7 16.4 23.4 11.1

1978 8.2 11.3 12.9 7.5 8.4 24.8 10.4

1979 4.1 11.7 18.0 9.4 5.9 13.5 10.0

1980 18.5 3.6 19.0 9.7 11.3 7.8 10.2

1981 0 9.1 16.9 0.1 7.4 7.0 9.1

----~-------------------------------------------------~---------EXPOSURE INDEX IN ZONE ENTIRE

YF.AR I II III IV v VI REGION

----------------------------------------------------------------1975 45.0 52.5 56.l 57.0 73.0 63.0 44.2

1976 25.2 36.0 35.9 68.0 31. 3 21.5

1977 10.0 34.2 36.7 89.7 46. 4 65.3 31. 9

1978 33.6 40.5 39.2 38.0 30.3 78.6 32.7

1979 38.l 45.7 47.7 50.4 36. 4 51.8 38.l

1980 80.5 22.6 57.1 48.8 48.6 50.2 36.2

1981 0.1 44.3 42.2 1. 5 22.9 50.8 29.2

----------------------------------------------------------------

VIRULENCE 8PECTRA. The countrif's with the widest. spf'drit ofviru]ence for each of the last. seven years, in tenns of the percent of bread wheat cult.ivars in the nursery that were reported to have high infection types, are given below.

30

MEA OP. COUNT:P.Y

Algeria

Arabian Peninsula

Cyprus

England

France (N)

Iberian Peninsula

Kenya

Netherlands

Pakistan

Tunisia

Turkey

PEP.CENT OF ENTRIES WITH


1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981

53

93*

52

100*

67

2

28

95*

73*

3

34*

67*

12

91*

57

11

64

75*

19

40

24

87*

75*

45

65

69*

27

66*

75*

29

42

34

64*

43

87*

13

30

82*

12

77*

44

83*

17

65*

57

0

53*

3

40

47

81*

14

79*

---------------~-----------------------------------------~-* Areas or countries among the three with the widest spectra

of virulence that year.

RESISTANT CULTIVARS. The cultivars with the lowest average coefficients of infection in each of the last seven years are given below.

CULT IVAR

ARIANA 66

CAPPELLE OESPREZ

CARSTENS V

HYBRID 46

KAVKAZ

KHOSTI

LELY

MARIS WIDGEON

MEXICAN I

MILDRESS

NOVA PRATA

NP 875

NS 2568/2

NS 2630/l

NS 2699

PATO BLANCO

:P.IEEIESEL 47-51

T. SPELTA ,Al.BUM

TMP 3 (1978)

TMP 5 (1978)

TMP 3 (1980)

TMP 5 (1980)

WALDRON

Highest A.C.I.


1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 AVE

0.8

3.0

4.1

0.5

0 *

2.8 2.5* 2.5

0.5 2.0*

1.1 3.3

0.2* 3.5 2.7

0 * 5.7

7.2 1.9

1.6 0.6

0.2* 1.5

0.3* 2.3

0.7 2.2

0.3*

2.3 4.7 2.4* 6.9 5.9

6.9

1.1

5.3

7.6 0 *

0.4*

0.3*

0 *

5.2

0 '* 5.7

0 * 0.1*

2.6

1.3* 0 .3* 1.0

0.5* 0.7 1.4

5.0 0.3* 0.2

0 * 0.2* 0 '* 0.8* 1.7 0.4*

1. 9 6.3

1.2*

1. 4*

1.3* 8.9

0.1*

0.1*

1.6

52.0 24.0 35.6 43.3 54.8 56.5

0.6 2.6

0.3* 1.3

0 '* 0.6 0 * 1.9

1.2 1.6

2.8

5.1

3.9

2.9

1.6

4.7

4.6

2.4

0.9

0.9

1. 8

0.1* 0.1

0 '* 0.6

6.7 4.6

41.5

* Cultivars among the five with the lowest average coefficients of infection that year.

31

GROUP CULTIVAR PERFORMANCE. The average coefficients of infection for the "local", "improved", and "dwarf' groups of cultivars for each of the last seven years are compared below.

CULTIVAR AVERAGE COEFFICIENTS OF INFECTION

GROUP 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981

Local 28.2 6.7 18.3 12.l 18.4 22.3 18.6 Improved 7.9 6.0 8.1 8.9 7.3 9.7 6.9 Dwarf 8.0 6.9 9.7 9.5 8.8 10.2 10.3

---------------------------------------------------------DIFFERENTIAL CULTIVAR PERFORMANCE. The average coefficients of infection for the bread wheat stripe rust differential cultivars that were in the 1981 nursery and at least one of the previous six years are compared below.

32

AVERAGE COEFFICIENT


CULT IVAR YEAR I II III IV v VI REGION

----------------------------------------------------------------------CAPPELLE DESPREZ 19'75 0 R 0 R 0 R 0.2R 10.1 10.l 3.0

19'76 1. '7 0 R 0 R 0 R 0.5

19'7'7 1.8 0 R 0 R 5.0 l.lR '7 .4 2.0

19'79 O.lR 0 R 1.6 0 R 5.3 2.0 1.6

1980 3.8R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0.4R 2.4 0.6

1981 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 2.6R 0.3

CARSTENS V 19'79 0.3R 0 R 0.2R 0 R 0.3R 0 R 0.2

1980 18.2 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R l.OR 1.5

1981 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0.3 O.lR 0

CHINESE 166 19'75 16.3 0 R 0 R 1.lR 40.l 30.4 12.3

19'79 2.9 0 R 0.4R 0 R 0 R 40.0 3.4

1980 1.5R 0 R 0 R 0 R 10.3 3.0 3. '7

1981 0.R 0.6 '7 .4 0 R 2.0 O. 8R 2.4

CLEMENT 19'79 O.lR 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 35.0 2.5

1980 l.OR 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 42.0 3.3

1981 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 18.5 2.6

HEINES VII 19'75 0 R 0 R 0 R 6.0R O.lR 20.0 5.4

19'76 13.3 0 R 20.0 3.3 9.0

19'7'7 2.4 O.lR O.lR 43.0 16.5. 18.0 6.8

19'79 0.6R 0 R 0 R 0 R 1.5R 4.0R 0. '7

1980 29.3 1.3 1.3 0 R 6.3 8.0 5.4

1981 0 R 0.9 5. '7 0 R 1. 3 32. '7 5.1

HYBRID 46 19'75 0 R 3.0 50.0 2.0R 3.3 0.2 4.1

19'76 0.'7R 0 R 5.0 O.lR 1.1

19'7'7 '7. 9 0 R 0 . .lR 4.1 0 R 5 .SR 3.3

19'79 0.3R 0.6 0 R 0 R 0.3R 0.2R 0.3

1980 18 .. 2 0.6 0 R 0 R 2.3 0 R 2.3

1981 0 R O.l 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0

33

AVERAGE COEFFICIENT

OF INFECTION IN ZONE ENTTRE

CULT IVAR YEAR I II III IV v VI REGION

---------------------------------------------------------------------MILDRESS 1975 0 R 0 ,R 0 R 0 R 0 R 1.3 0

1979 0.6R 2.5 22.2 0 R 6.4R 6.0R 6.9

1980 20.3 0 .R 0 R 0 R 13.8 15.4 7.6

1981 0 R 0 .R 0 R 0 R 2.0 25.5 3.9

MORO 1975 0 R 0.1 24.0 O.lR 33.3 0.7 5.4

1976 O.lR 19.3 0 R O.lR 5;9

1977 6.8 0.1 0.1R 5 .. o 8.3 1.2 2.9 1979 0.3R 12.4 0.8R 1.0 0.2R 15.0 4.7

1980 18.2 1.9 0 R 0 R 5.6 2.0 4.0

1981 0 R 4.2 0 R 0 R 0.3 O.lR 1.5

RIEBESEL 4751 1975 0 R 0 R 0 R l.OR 0 R 0 R 0

1976 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 1977 0 R 0 R O.lR O.lR 0 R 0.4R 0.1 1979 0.1R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0

1980 1.0R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 1.5 0.2

1981 0 R 0.1 0 R 0 R 0 R 0.2R 0.1

SF.LP EX 1976 O.lR 1. 7 0 R 0 R 0.5

1977 0 R 0.9 2.0 10.0 16.0 26.6 6.2

1979 0.3R 4.4 3.3 4.0R 2.3R 12.0 3.3

1980 12.4 0 R 3.0 32.5 14.9 9.0 8.9

1981 0 R 1. 9 0.3R 0 R 7.5 2.9 2.5

T. SPELTA ALBUM 1976 O.lR 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 1977 0 R 0 R 2 .4R 5.0 O.lR l.lR 0;8

1979 0.3R 3.9 2.0 0 R 0 R 2.5 1. 7

1980 2.7R 0.3R 0 R 0 R 0.3R 0 R 0.4

1981 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0

--------------------------------------------------High infect.ion types havP. now heen rE>ported on RJERESEL 47-51 in two Zones. The resistance of CAPPELLE DESPREZ, RIEBESEL 47-51, and 'f. SPELTA ALBUM, have been generally effective throughout the region. The resistance of the other cuJtivars has bt!en effective in ce1tain Zones and in ce1'tain years, hut not throughout the region each year: Some have been quite variable from year .to year.

Stripe Rust-Durum Wheat--1.981

DISTRIBUTION. Stripe rust on durum wheat was reported from 13 areas or countries in the region in 1981.

CHECK ClTLTIVAR PERFORMANCE. There were no durum wheat "check" cullivars in the nursery in 1981.

34

DISEACJE DEVELOPMENT. 'l1le nrens or counb;es with t.he highest average coefficient.a of infection and/or exposure indices are given below.


~ OR COUNTRY OF INFECTION INDEX

-----------------------------------------------Knya 1'1.2 (Table 1. 30) 44.8 (1)

Enqland 16.0 (Tabla 1.39) 3.2

Turkey 9;4 (Tabla 1.9) 22.2 (3)

Iraal 6.3 (Tabla 1.15) 25.6 (2)

The average coefficients of infection for each Zone are given in Table 2.2 and are compa1-ed with the exposure index for each Zone below.

I II III

ZONE

IV v VI ENTIRE

REGION

-----------------------------------------------------------A.C.I.

B.I.

0

0

6.5 5.3

15.8 13.2

0

0

3.4

9. '1

0.7

2.7

4.l

9.8

VIRULENCE SPECTRA. The areas or countries with the widest virulence spectra in 1981(Table3.2) were: Turkey, where 100% of the durum wheat entries were reported to have high infection types; Kenya, with 83% and the Iberian Peninsula with 52%. None of the other areas or countries that reported the disease had spectra of 50% or over.

RESISTANT CUI.TIV ARS. The five cu1tivar1;1 with the lowest average coefficients of infection in 1981(Tables2.2 and 3.2) were:

CULT IV~ A.C.I. VIRULENCE WAS REPORTED IN

NUHMINA 0.1 Turkey

CR"S"/T.DIC.VERNUM 0.3 Turkey

MAGHJIJ!!BI 72 0.7 Turkey

CRESO 0.8 Bulgaria, Iberian Pen., Turkey

.GEDIZ . 1.0 Iberian Pen., Kenya, Turkey

Highet A.C.I. 16.3

GROUP CUL TIVAR PERFORMANCE. The performance of the "local", "improved", and "dwarf' cul ti var gt-oups is given in Table 4.2.

DIFFERENTIAi, CULTJV AR PERFORMANCE. 'l11ere were no durum wheat stripe mst differential cultivars in the nursery in 1981.

Stripe Rust-Durum Wheat--Comparisons Bet\veen Years

'DISTRIBlITION. The relation between the number ofnreas or countries that reported stripe rust of dunim wheat, and the number of areas or counhies that reported any disease data from the RDTN in the last seven years is given below:


YEAR REPORTING STRIPE RUST

1975 55

1976 43

1977 77

1978 57

1979 54

1980 63

1981 45

CHF.CK CULTIVAR PERFORMANCE. There have not been any dumm wheat "check" cultivars in the nursery i11 the last severi years.

,. DISEASE DEVEL'OPMENT. The areas ~1: countries With t.he hJghe~t average coefficients of infection and/or the highest exposure indices in e~ch of the last six years are given below.

AVERAGE COEFFICIENT OF INFE~TTON

AREA OR COUNTRY 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981

---------------------------------------------------------.-Bulgaria 17.3* 4.1

England 9.8 16.0*

Ethiopia 2.6 0.1 14.0* 0

France (N) 8.3 23.9* 18.9* 9.6 0.9

Germany (W) 32.1*

Iran 1.2 60.0* 0.4

Israel 12.0 20.l 6.5 6.3

J('enya 5.6 7.5 11. 5 3.8 17.2*

Lebanon 46.9* 4.5 1.5

Morocco 0 11.3 0

N"therlands 18.6 20.7* 0.2 1.8 0.3

Pakistan 13.5 4.2 16.6 7.7 18.5*

Romania 21.4* 34.l* 12.9 3 .. 4 11.5

Switzerland 16.7* 8.0

Tunisia 9.5* 27.3

Turkey 15.6* 26. 4 6.0 19.1* 3.6 9.4*

EXPOSURE INDEX

AREA OR COUNTRY 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981

Bulgaria 34.2* 18.4

England 22.7 3.2

Ethiopia 10.7 0.2 37.8* 0

France (N) 16.4 56.0* 35.6* 27.4 3.8

Germany (W) 72.0*

Iran 3.8 78.0* l.l

Israel 40.6 32.0 17.4 25.6*

Kenya 12.0 11. 7 23.7 7.5 44.8*

Lebanon 78.0* 6.8 6 ;O

Morocco 0 36.0* 0

Netherlands 41.5 49.l* 0.4 4.4 1.6

Pakistan 16.2 13.!5 27.l 17.7 38.8*

Romania 57.0* 68.0* 32.0 8.2 18.4

Switzerland 12.5 l.6

Tunisia 14. 7* 65.2 -. TUrkey 38.0* 49.0 12.4 27.0* 8.9 22.2*

----------------------------------------------------------* Areas or countries among the three with the highest

average coefficient of infection or highest exposure

index that year.

A comparison of the average coefficients of infection and the exposure indices for each Zone in each of the last seven years is given below:

AVERAGE COEFFICIENT 01' INFECTION IN ZONE ENTIRE


--------------------------------------------------------------1975 l. 4 9.1 25.5 6.3 14.9 12.4 9.6

1976 3.5 15.6 8.9 9.5 6.8 6.0

1977 1.4 12.5 11.4 24.0 16.6 16.3 10.4

1978 5.6 16.5 2.7 4.3 4.4 22.3 7.4

1979 3.0 9.7 10.5 4.0 2.3 8.3 6.6

1980 18.1 2.9 3.4 6.8 6.5 5.7 5.7

1981 0 6.5 5.3 0 3.4 0.7 4.1

--------------------------------------------------------------EXPOSURE INDEX IN ZONE ENTIRE


--------------------------------------------------------------1975 4.3 21.2 35.6 18.0 31.5 22.9 17.4

1976 8.8 38.0 19.2 14.7 19.5 14.2

1977 2.7 21.6 19.5 48.0 36.l 32.8 17.6

1978 8.7 24.0 5.2 12.0 8.8 48.9 12.0

1979 6.7 14.6 23.0 9.6 4.7 18.0 10.9

1980 38.8 5.6 6.9 18.9 17.6 15.4 11.5

1981 0 15.8 13.2 0 9.7 2.7 9.8

--------------------------------------------------------------

37

VIRULENCE SPECTRA. The areas or countries with the widest spectra of virulence in each of the last seven years were:



AREA OR COUNTRY 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981

Algeria

Arabian Pen.

England

Ethiopia

France (N)

Iberian Pen.

India (NW)

Iaral

Kenya

Pakistan

Tunisia

Turkey

85 100*

100*

100*

94

53

29

82

60

62

23

100*

15

92*

60* 94

24

53

47 24

33 100*

73* 100*

36

93*

64

71*

57

38

46

es 62

15

43 92*

79* 54

43 100*

6

65

18

83*

17

52*

26

83* 83*

88*

65 100*

* Areaa or countriea among the three with the wideat virulence spectra that year.

RESISTANT CULTIVARS. The five clJtivars with t.he lowest average coefficients of infection in each of the last seven years are given below.

38

AVERAGE COEFFICIENT 01!' INFECTION

CULT IVAR 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 AVE

----------------------------------------------------------------BAD RI 2.0 6.0* 4.0

BEIU(MEN 4.6* 10. 6 4.1* 5.4 10.4 3.6 6.5

BIJAGA YELLOW 35.0 29.4 31. 0 3.5* 24.7

CAPE I TI 4.6* 4.0 4.4* 8.3 3.5* 4.0 3.3 4.6

COCORIT 71 4.3* 2.0* 6.5* 5.3* 2.2* 1. 5* 3.4 3.6

CRESO 0.2* 0.8* 0.5

CR"S"/T. DIC. 0.3*

VERN UM

GEDIZ 1.9* 1.0* 1.5

HOURANI NAWAWI 8.0 2.4 6.6* 5.7

INRAT 69 5.0 4.6 8.8 6.9 2.8* 6.4 4.4 5.6

JORI C69 4.6* 1. 7* 7.1 1. 7* 8.2 3.1 2.7 4.2

KYl?EROUNDA 5.0 6.3 9.8 8.2 3.9* 8.9 6.0 6.9

MAGHREBI 72 7.1 0.7* 3.9

NUMMINA 0.1*

OUED ZENATI 3.2* 1.5* 2.4

PATRIZIO 1.4* 4.0* 2.7

SENATOR CAPELLI 1.8* 6.7 5.4 2.6* 1.5* 1.4 2.8

VALGERARDO 2.1* 1.7 1.9

VALNOVA 2.1* 3.6 2.9

WARD 2.7*

----------------------------------------------------------------H.ighest A.C. I. 35.0 29.4 31.0 19.6 23.3 18.9 16.3

* cultivars among the five with the lowest average coefficients

of infection that year.

GROl lP CUL TIVAR PERFORMANCE. TI1e performance of the "local", "improved", and "dwarf' groups of cul ti vars in each of the last seven years is given below.

CULTIVAR GROUP


1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981

----------------~----------------------------------------Local 12.0 8.2 13.3 7.9 6.1 8.4 4.1

Improved 6.5 4.5 7.1 6.9 4.6 4.4 3,4

Dwarf 4.5 1.9 6.8 3.5 4.9 2.7 3.8

DIFFERENTIAL CULTIVAR PERFORMANCE. There have not. been any durum wheat stripe rust differential cultivars in the nursery in the last seven years.

Stripe Rust--Barley--1981

DISTRIBUTION. Stripe rust on barley was reported from eight areas or countries in the region in 1981.

CHECK r.uLTTVAR PERFORMANCE. There were no barley "check" cultivars in the nursery in 1981.

39

DISEASE DEVELOPMENT. The highest average coefficients of infection and/or exposure indices in 1981 were reported from the following areas or count.ries:

ARBA OR COUNTRY

England

cyprua

Nepal


OF INFECTION

48.0 (Table 1.39)

7.0 (Table 1.47)

6.1 (Table 1.6)

INDEX

9.6 (3)

17 .o (2) 18. 0 (1)

The average coefficients of infection by Zone are given in Table 2.2 and are compared with the exposure indices by Zone below.

I

A.C.I. 6.1

E.I. 18.0

II

2.6

6.2

III

0.4

1. 7

ZONE

IV

0

0

v

0.2

0.7

VI

0.9

2.4

ENTIRE

REGION

1.4

3.4

VIRULENCE SPECTRA. The widest spectrum of virulence in 1981 (Table 3.2) was reported in Cyprus where 67% of the barley entries had high infection types. Turkey had n spectrum of 50%, and all of the other areas or countries that reported the disease had spectra of less than 50%.

RESISTANT CUL TIV ARS. The three barley cultivars with the fowest average coefficients of infection in 1981(Tables2.2 and 3.2) were:

CUL TIVAR

MAZUMA

VAR UN DA

BONUS

A.C.I.

0

0

0

Highest A.C.I. 5.5

VIRULENCE WAS

REPORTED IN

GROUP CULTIV AR PERFORMANCE. The performance of the "local" and "improved" groups of cultivars is given in Table 4.2. There were no barley "dwarf' cultivars in the nursery in 1981.

DIFFERENTIAL CULTIVAR PERFORMANCE. There were five barley stripe rust differential cultivars in the nursery in 1981 and their performance is given in Table 2.2.

40

Stripe Rust-Barley--Comparisons Between Years

DISTRIBUTION. The relation between the number of areas or countries that reported stripe rust of barley and the number of areas or countries that reported any disease data from the RDTN in the last seven years is given below.

P~CENT OF Al\EAS OR COUNTRIES

YEAR J\EPORTING STRIPE RUST

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

52

43

74

21

33

41

28

CHECK CULTIVAR PERFORMANCE. There have not been any barley "check" cultivars in the nursery since 1976.

DISEASE DEVELOPMENT. The areas or countries with the highest average coefficients of infection and/or exposure indices in each of the last six years were:

. AVERAGE COEFFICIENT OF INFECTION

AREA OR COUNTRY 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981

----------------------------------------------------------Afghanistan 4.0 6.9*

Algeria 54.0* 0 0 3.2

Bangladesh 0 7.7*

Cyprus 0 7.0*

England 0.7 48.0*

Ethiopia 0 0 6.4*

France {N) 2.1* 0 0.3

Iberian Pen. 10.0 6.6* 0

India (NW) 25.9* 0.6 4.3

Morocco 0 27.6*

Nepal 19.5* 33.9* 79.0* 28.7* 44.7* 6.1*

Romania 0 0 0 28.0*

Tunisia 38.6* 0

41

EXPOSUQ :INDEX

AREA Oil COUNTRY 1976 1977 1978 1971> 11>80 11>81

----------------------------------------------------------Af9haniatan 4.8 18.2*

Alqeria 64.0* 0 0 11.0

Ban9ladeeh 0 14.4*

Cyprua 0 1'7.0

Enqland 1.0 0 0 9.6*

Ethi.opia 0 0 18.0*

rrane (N) 2.8* 0 0.9

Iberian Pen. 14.0 11.0 0

:India (NW) 29.7* 0.8 7.8 Horoc:c:o 0 64.4* Nepal 24.9* 40.8* . 92.0* 58.7* 86.0* llLO* Romania 0 0 0 58.0* Tunieia 40.0* 0

---------------~-~---------~-----------------------------* Ar or countri a111on9 th tbr- with th biqbt

averaq coefficient of infection or expour indic that year.

The average coefficients of infection and the exposure indices for each Zone in each of the last seven years are given below:

AVZlU.QB CO&F!':IC:IENT OF INl'BCT:ION :IN ZONE ENT:IllE

Y'&All x n i:n xv v vi: UQ:ION -----------------------------~----------------------------1975 15.7 1.8 0.4 0 8.6 7.8 5.9

1976 15.8 0 0.7 38.6 3.3 10.9

197.7 12.5 0.1 0.9 18. 9 0.1 1.7 5.5

1978 17.3 0 0 0 6.1 6.1

1979 15.4 1.2 4.5 0 0 0 5.1

1980. 14.0 0 0.4 15.1 6.6 0.1 4.6

1981 6.1 2.6 0.4 0 0.2 0.9 1.4

----------------------------------------------------------EXPOSURE :INDEX :IN ZONE ENT:CllE

YEAll :I :I:I :I:I:I :IV v vi: llEG:ION

----------------------------------------------------------1975 25.8 3.2 0.8 0 17.0 12.2 8.7

1976 17.9 0 0.7 40.0 3.3 i2.2

1977 15.0 0.1 1.2 21.3 0.2 2.3 6.5

1978 21.2 0 0 0 9.9 7.1

1979 32.2 3.8 10.5 0 0 0 10.8

1980 29.6 0 1.1 37.7 14.0 0.5 8.7

1981 18.0 6.2 1. 7 0 0.7 2.4 3.4

------------------~---------------------------------------

VIRULENCE SPECTRA. The areas or countries with the widest virulence spectra in each of the last seven years are given below:

42

COUNTRY

Afghanistan

Algeria

Arabian Pen.

Cyprus

England

Iberian Pen.

India (NW)

Morocco

. Nepal

Netherlands

Romania

Tunisia

Turkey

1975

50

38

88*

50

88*

75*

1976

57

29

57

83*

67*

100*



1977

100*

57

71*

57

86*

43

0

0

1978

0

40*

70*

100*

0

0

1979

53*

41*

82*

24

1980

6

53*

71*

71*

1981

67*

6

39*

50*

* Areas or countri among the three with the widest spectra ot virulence that year.

RESISTANT CULTIVARS. The barley cultivars with the lowest average coefficients of infection in each of the last seven years are given below.

CUL TIVAR

ATHENAIS

BEECHER

BIGO

CAMBRINUS

EMIR

GEM

GIZA 119

MAZURl

CULT IVAR

Gl\OUP

AVlCRAGB COEl'l'ICIBNTS OF INFBCTION

19'15 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981

--------------------------------------------------------Local

Improved

3.3 8.8

8.2 12.6

5.3

6.5

4.9

6.2

7.1

5.4

1.6

1.8

DIFFERENTIAL Ctn.. TIVAR PERFORMANCE. The performance of the barley stripe rust differential cultivars that were in the n1,ll'sery in 1981 and at least one of the previous six years is given below.

CULT IVAR

BIGO

CAMBJUNUS

EMIR

MAZURKA

VAR UN DA

YEAR

1979

1980

1981

1979

1980

1981

1975

1976

1977

I

AVBRAGE COEFFICIENT

OF INFECTION IN ZONE

II III IV V VI

0 R

0 R

0 R

0.lR

16.8

0 R

0 R

0 R

3.8

0 R

0 R

2.5

0.2R

0 R

0 R

0.5R

0 R

0 R

0 R

0 R

0 R

0 R

0 R

0 R

0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R

0 R 0 R 40.0

0 R 0.1 0 R 4.1

0 R

0 R 0 R

0 R

1.7

0 R

0 R

0 R

0 R

0 R

0 R

0 R

0 R 0 R

0 R

0 R 0 R

ENTIRB

REGION

0

0

1.1

0.1

2.4

0.8

0

4.0

0.3

1979 3.9 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 1.0

1980 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0

1981 0 R 0 R 6.4 0 R 0 R 0 R 1.3

1979 0.7 0 R 0 2R 0 R 0 R 0 R

1981 OR OR OR OR OR OR

1979 O.lR 0 R 0.2R 0 R .0 .R 0 R

0.2

0

0.1

1980 10.0 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 1.3

1981 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0

High infection t.ypes have been reported on all of these cultivars in at least one year that they have been in the nursery. Infection coefficients have been low, however, and the resistance of these cultivars has been effective throughout the region.

Stem Rust--Bread Wheat--1981

DISTRIBUTION. Stem rust of bread wheat was reported from 22 areas or countries in the region in 1981.

CHECK CULTIVAR PERFORMANCE. The performance of the bread wheat "check" cultivars is given in Table 2.3.

DISEASE DEVELOPMENT. The highest average coefficients of infection and/or exposure indices were reported from the following areas or countries in 1981:

44


AREA OR COUNTRY OFINFECTION INDEX

Zambia 50.6 (Table 1.32) 100.0 (1)

Switzerland 25.3 (Table 1.43) 100.0 (1)

Greece 20.l (Table 1.25) 61.2

Israel 19.5 (Table 1.15) 88.0 (3)

-------------------------------------------------The average coefficients of infection for each Zone are given in Table 2.3, and compared with the exposW'e indices below:

A.C.I.

E.I.

I II III

2.4 9.4 10.0

18.0 35.6 29.2

ZONE

IV v V

summary report of the regional disease trap …libcatalog.cimmyt.org/download/cim/10177.pdf ·...

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