summary of articulators in prosthodontics

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dental articulators types and functions for dental students prosthodontics

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Page 1: Summary of articulators in prosthodontics

{{ARTICULATORSARTICULATORS

Dr. RAZAN AL-MGHAWICHDr. RAZAN AL-MGHAWICH

Page 2: Summary of articulators in prosthodontics

mechanical device that represents the TMJ and jaws, to mechanical device that represents the TMJ and jaws, to

which maxillary and mandibular casts are fixed to it; in a which maxillary and mandibular casts are fixed to it; in a

way to reproduce already recorded positions of the way to reproduce already recorded positions of the

mandible in relation to the maxilla, to simulate jaw mandible in relation to the maxilla, to simulate jaw

movementmovement..

DEFINITION

Page 3: Summary of articulators in prosthodontics

1.1. To To hold the maxillary and mandibular castshold the maxillary and mandibular casts in a in a determined fixed relationshipdetermined fixed relationship

2.2. Mounting of dental castsMounting of dental casts for diagnosis treatment for diagnosis treatment planning and patient presentationplanning and patient presentation

3.3. To simulate the jaw movement like To simulate the jaw movement like opening and opening and closing.closing.

4.4. Fabrication of Fabrication of occlusal surfacesocclusal surfaces for dental restoration for dental restoration & fixed prosthodontic restorations (crowns, bridges, & fixed prosthodontic restorations (crowns, bridges, inlays and onlays)inlays and onlays)

5.5. Arrangement of artificial teethArrangement of artificial teeth for complete and for complete and removable partial denture removable partial denture

6.6. orthodontic appliances. orthodontic appliances. 7.7. To To diagnose the state of occlusiondiagnose the state of occlusion in both the natural in both the natural

and artificial dentition.and artificial dentition.8.8. To To plan the dental procedures plan the dental procedures based on the based on the

relationship between opposing natural and artificial relationship between opposing natural and artificial teethteeth

9.9. e.x. Evaluation of the possibility of balance occlusion.e.x. Evaluation of the possibility of balance occlusion.10.10. To correct and To correct and modifymodify complete restorations. complete restorations.11.11. To To arrangearrange artificial teeth. artificial teeth.

Functions:

Page 4: Summary of articulators in prosthodontics

Two Types of RequirementsTwo Types of Requirements

a. Minimal requirements a. Minimal requirements

b. Additional b. Additional

requirementsrequirements

Page 5: Summary of articulators in prosthodontics

1. It must be accurately 1. It must be accurately maintainmaintain the correct horizontal and vertical the correct horizontal and vertical

relationship of the patient’s casts. relationship of the patient’s casts.

2. The casts should be easily removable and attachable to the articulator 2. The casts should be easily removable and attachable to the articulator

without loosing their correct horizontal and vertical relationshipwithout loosing their correct horizontal and vertical relationship

3. The articulator should have an 3. The articulator should have an incisal guide pin with a positive stop, ,

that is adjustable and calibrated.that is adjustable and calibrated.

4. should be able to open and closed in a hinge like fashion. 4. should be able to open and closed in a hinge like fashion.

5. should accept a face-bow transfer, utilizing an anterior reference point.5. should accept a face-bow transfer, utilizing an anterior reference point.

6. The construction should be accurate, rigid and of non corrosive material.6. The construction should be accurate, rigid and of non corrosive material.

7. The moving parts should move freely without any friction.7. The moving parts should move freely without any friction.

8. The non moving parts should be of a rigid construction. 8. The non moving parts should be of a rigid construction.

9. adequate distance between the upper and lower members.9. adequate distance between the upper and lower members.

10. should be stable on the laboratory bench and not too bulky and heavy10. should be stable on the laboratory bench and not too bulky and heavy

Minimal requirements Minimal requirements

Page 6: Summary of articulators in prosthodontics

condylar guides allowing condylar guides allowing right lateral, left lateral right lateral, left lateral movementsmovements

Condylar guides to allow protrusive movement.Condylar guides to allow protrusive movement.

The condylar guides should be The condylar guides should be adjustable in a adjustable in a horizontal directionhorizontal direction

having provision for adjustment of having provision for adjustment of Bennett Bennett movement. movement.

adjustable in incisal and cuspid guidanceadjustable in incisal and cuspid guidance

ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTADDITIONAL REQUIREMENT

Page 7: Summary of articulators in prosthodontics

The The incisal guide table incisal guide table is either a is either a

mechanical tablemechanical table that can be adjusted in that can be adjusted in

the the sagittal and frontal planessagittal and frontal planes or a table or a table

that can be that can be customized with auto customized with auto

polymerizing resin or by grinding.polymerizing resin or by grinding.

Page 8: Summary of articulators in prosthodontics

1. 1. Properly mounted castsProperly mounted casts allow the operator to better visualize the allow the operator to better visualize the patients occlusion, especially from lingual view.patients occlusion, especially from lingual view.

2. Patient cooperation is not a factor when using an articulator. once 2. Patient cooperation is not a factor when using an articulator. once appropriate interocclusal recordsappropriate interocclusal records are obtained from the patient. are obtained from the patient.

3. reduces the 3. reduces the chair time, patient appointment time. chair time, patient appointment time.

44. The refinement of complete denture occlusion in the mouth is . The refinement of complete denture occlusion in the mouth is extremely difficult because of shifting denture bases and extremely difficult because of shifting denture bases and resiliency of the supporting tissue. resiliency of the supporting tissue.

after obtaining Inter occlusal records ,complete denture after obtaining Inter occlusal records ,complete denture occlusion can be refined outside the mouth on an articulatorocclusion can be refined outside the mouth on an articulator

5. More procedures can be delegated to auxiliary personnel when 5. More procedures can be delegated to auxiliary personnel when utilizing an articulator for development of patients occlusion.utilizing an articulator for development of patients occlusion.

6. The patients saliva, tongue, and cheeks are not factors when using 6. The patients saliva, tongue, and cheeks are not factors when using an articulator.an articulator.

ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES

Page 9: Summary of articulators in prosthodontics

Metal, plastic articulators show errors in Metal, plastic articulators show errors in tooling, (manufacturer). tooling, (manufacturer).

It doesn’t not exactly simulate the It doesn’t not exactly simulate the functional functional movements of the mandiblemovements of the mandible..

Errors in jaw relation procedure are Errors in jaw relation procedure are reproduced reproduced as errors in the denture as errors in the denture occlusion. Articulators do not have any occlusion. Articulators do not have any provision to provision to indicate or correctindicate or correct these errors these errors..

LIMITATIONSLIMITATIONS

Page 10: Summary of articulators in prosthodontics

Several basis of classification of Several basis of classification of articulator were proposed, some of articulator were proposed, some of them are as follows.them are as follows.

A.A. Based on their function.Based on their function.

B.B. Based on theories of occlusion.Based on theories of occlusion.

C.C. Based on the type of inter-occlusal Based on the type of inter-occlusal record been used.record been used.

D.D. Based on the adjustability of the Based on the adjustability of the articulator. articulator.

CLASSIFICATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF ARTICULATORSARTICULATORS

Page 11: Summary of articulators in prosthodontics
Page 12: Summary of articulators in prosthodontics

The Disposable Articulator is a fast for The Disposable Articulator is a fast for everyday use. everyday use.

easy separation of upper and lower easy separation of upper and lower models allows access to your work. It models allows access to your work. It can be used with your current pinning can be used with your current pinning system and vertex rubber based molds.system and vertex rubber based molds.

Disposable ArticulatorDisposable Articulator

Page 13: Summary of articulators in prosthodontics

At the international prosthodontic workshop on At the international prosthodontic workshop on complete denture occlusion at the university of complete denture occlusion at the university of Michigan in 1972, the articulators classified based Michigan in 1972, the articulators classified based on on instrument capability, intent, recording instrument capability, intent, recording procedure and record acceptanceprocedure and record acceptance

Class I : Hinge Type

Class II : Arbitrary – type A, type B, type C Class III : Average - type A, type B

Class Iv : Special - type A, type B

BASED ON FUNCTION

Page 14: Summary of articulators in prosthodontics

These are These are simple simple capable of accepting a single capable of accepting a single registration.registration.

They give only opening and closing actionThey give only opening and closing action

Vertical motionVertical motion may or may not be possible. may or may not be possible.

Use in cases where a Use in cases where a tentative jaw relationtentative jaw relation is done.is done.

Exp.Exp. Plaster slab articulator: (Rrelator)Plaster slab articulator: (Rrelator) Hinge joint articulator – GARIOT (1805) Hinge joint articulator – GARIOT (1805) Barn door articulatorBarn door articulator

CLASS I : simple hinge articulator

Page 15: Summary of articulators in prosthodontics

These articulator These articulator permits horizontal and permits horizontal and vertical movementsvertical movements but they do not orient but they do not orient the movement to TMJ a face-bow.the movement to TMJ a face-bow.

TYPE ATYPE A TYPE BTYPE B TYPE CTYPE C

CLASS II :Arbitrary articulators

Page 16: Summary of articulators in prosthodontics

Ex. Mean-Value articulator - GYSI o They have two joints representing the TMJ, and they They have two joints representing the TMJ, and they

permit eccentric motionpermit eccentric motion o These are fixed condylar path or mean value These are fixed condylar path or mean value

articulators:articulators:It means the condylar path angle here is fixed at a It means the condylar path angle here is fixed at a

certain angle, which is the average value of population. certain angle, which is the average value of population. It ranges from 30°-40° from the horizontalIt ranges from 30°-40° from the horizontal

o The incisal guidance may be fixed to an average or may The incisal guidance may be fixed to an average or may be adjustablebe adjustable

o The upper cast can be mounted either by face bow The upper cast can be mounted either by face bow record or according to an average making use of the record or according to an average making use of the Bonwill triangle.Bonwill triangle.

Class II, type A:Class II, type A:

Page 17: Summary of articulators in prosthodontics

They can perform:They can perform: 1-Opening and closing.1-Opening and closing. 2-Protrusive movement at a fixed 2-Protrusive movement at a fixed

horizontal condylar path angle. horizontal condylar path angle.

Essential features of the mean value articulator. A, Condylar guidance mechanism; B, Upper bow; C, Incisal guide pin; D, Incisal guide plate; E, Lower bow.

The Gysi articulator. a, Upper bow; b, Lower bow; c, Condylar hinge; d, Movable incisal table; e, Mdline indicator;

Page 18: Summary of articulators in prosthodontics

if three lines are drawn to join both if three lines are drawn to join both condyles and the tips of the lower central condyles and the tips of the lower central incisors, they will form a triangle. On the incisors, they will form a triangle. On the average, it is an equilateral triangle average, it is an equilateral triangle having 4 inch or nearly 10 cm sides.having 4 inch or nearly 10 cm sides.

Bonwills treiangleBonwills treiangle

Page 19: Summary of articulators in prosthodontics

TYPE B :- Instruments in this class Instruments in this class permit eccentric permit eccentric

motion basedmotion based on arbitrary theory of motion and on arbitrary theory of motion and will not accept a face-bow transfer.will not accept a face-bow transfer.

Based on spheric theory of occlusion. Ex. Monson’s articulator Ex. Monson’s articulator Hall articulatorHall articulator

TYPE C :- Instruments in this class permit eccentric Instruments in this class permit eccentric

motion based on engraved records obtained motion based on engraved records obtained from the patient and will not accept a face-bow from the patient and will not accept a face-bow transfertransfer

Ex.:- House’s articulator Ex.:- House’s articulator

Page 20: Summary of articulators in prosthodontics

This class of articulators differs from the This class of articulators differs from the fixed condylar path articulators in that fixed condylar path articulators in that they can accept eccentric records that are they can accept eccentric records that are used to adjust the condylar guidance of used to adjust the condylar guidance of the articulator.the articulator.

So the condylar path is not fixed but can So the condylar path is not fixed but can be adjusted be adjusted

Either semi-adjustable or fully adjustableEither semi-adjustable or fully adjustable

Class III :adjustable Class III :adjustable articulators articulators

Essential features of the adjustable articulator. A, Adjustable condylar mechanism; B, Upper bow; C. Incisal guide pin; D, Adjustable incisal guide plate; E, lower bow.

Page 21: Summary of articulators in prosthodontics

SEMI ADJUSTABLE A.. Have Have adjustable horizontal condylar adjustable horizontal condylar

paths, adjustable lateral condylar path paths, adjustable lateral condylar path adjustable incisal guide table and adjustable incisal guide table and adjustable inter condylar distance.adjustable inter condylar distance.

They don’t accept lateral recordsThey don’t accept lateral recordsThey can accept the following records:

1. Face bow record to mount the upper cast.2. Centric relation record to mount the lower cast.3. Protrusive record, to adjust the articulator's horizontal guidance, that correspond to the patient's horizontal condylar path inclination.

The lateral condylar guidance is adjusted according to the Hanau's formula: L = H/8+12 L: The lateral condylar inclination, H: The horizontal condylar inclination.

An example of this type is Hanau model H articulator.

Page 22: Summary of articulators in prosthodontics

FULLY ADJUSTABLE A.

This type of articulators accept the following records:

1. Face bow record to mount the upper cast. 2. Centric relation record to mount the lower cast. 3. Protrusive record, to adjust the articulator's horizontal condylar

guidance which corresponds to the patient's horizontal condylar path inclination.

4. Right lateral record, to adjust the right lateral condylar guidance. 5. Left lateral record, to adjust the left lateral condylar guidance.

House, Phillips, and Hanau ki-noscope are representative of this type of articulators. Stuart Gnathoscope Simulator

Capable of being adjusted to follow the mandibular movement in all direction.They don't have a condylar guidance instead they have receptacles

Page 23: Summary of articulators in prosthodontics

Another classification depends on the location of Another classification depends on the location of the condyle whether in the upper or lower the condyle whether in the upper or lower member of the articulator. (Acron & non-Acron)member of the articulator. (Acron & non-Acron)

An Acron articulator has condylar An Acron articulator has condylar guidance similar to that in the skull.guidance similar to that in the skull.

In this type of articulator the condyles are In this type of articulator the condyles are located on the lower member of the located on the lower member of the articulator articulator

the condylar guidance is on the upper the condylar guidance is on the upper member.member.

In this manner the condyles move in a In this manner the condyles move in a relationship to their condylar guidance relationship to their condylar guidance similar to the way the natural condyle similar to the way the natural condyle moves in relation to the glenoid fossa.moves in relation to the glenoid fossa.

The name is derived from the first The name is derived from the first letters of the expression articulator letters of the expression articulator and condylar. (Arconand condylar. (Arcon))

Page 24: Summary of articulators in prosthodontics

Non- AcronNon- Acron

Articulators of this type Articulators of this type have the condyles on have the condyles on the upper member of the upper member of the articulator the articulator

and the condylar and the condylar guidance on the lower guidance on the lower member.member.

For complete dentureFor complete denture

Page 25: Summary of articulators in prosthodontics

These articulator permit These articulator permit horizontal and vertical motionhorizontal and vertical motion and and they do accept face-bow transfer but these facility is limited.they do accept face-bow transfer but these facility is limited.

These instruments simulate condylar pathways by using These instruments simulate condylar pathways by using average or mechanical equivalentsaverage or mechanical equivalents for the whole or part of the for the whole or part of the condylar motion.condylar motion.

can be either can be either Type A or Type B Type A or Type B

TYPE A :-

a. They accept a face-bow transfer and a protrusive a. They accept a face-bow transfer and a protrusive interocclusal record.interocclusal record.

Exp. Hanau H articulator- RUDOLPH HANAU (1923)Exp. Hanau H articulator- RUDOLPH HANAU (1923) Hanau H2 articulator Hanau H2 articulator Bergstrom articulator (ARCON) Bergstrom articulator (ARCON)

CLASS III

Page 26: Summary of articulators in prosthodontics

TYPE B :- Instrument in this class accept a face-bow Instrument in this class accept a face-bow

transfer, protrusive interocclusal records, and transfer, protrusive interocclusal records, and some lateral interocclusal records. some lateral interocclusal records.

e.x..Trubyte articulator - GYSI e.x..Trubyte articulator - GYSI Tripod articulator - STANSBERRYTripod articulator - STANSBERRY Ney articulator - De Pietro Ney articulator - De Pietro

(1960)(1960) Hanau (130-21) - Richard Beu &Hanau (130-21) - Richard Beu &

James Janik (1964)James Janik (1964) Tele Dyne articulator - Richard Beu Tele Dyne articulator - Richard Beu

(1975)(1975) Pandent articulator - Robert Lee Pandent articulator - Robert Lee

Page 27: Summary of articulators in prosthodontics

These articulator accept These articulator accept three dimensional dynamic registration.three dimensional dynamic registration.They are capable of accurately reproducing the They are capable of accurately reproducing the condylar pathway for condylar pathway for each patient.each patient.

TYPE A :- Instruments in this class will accept Instruments in this class will accept three dimensional dynamic three dimensional dynamic registrationregistration and utilize a face-bow transfer. and utilize a face-bow transfer. The condylar pathways are formed by The condylar pathways are formed by registration engravedregistration engraved by by the patient.the patient.Exp. TMJ articulator – Kenneth Swanson Exp. TMJ articulator – Kenneth Swanson

(1965)(1965)

TYPE B :- Similar to type A; Similar to type A; condylar pathway can be selectively angled condylar pathway can be selectively angled and customized, utilizing and customized, utilizing pantographic tracing.pantographic tracing.e.x. Pantronic articulator – Dener (1982)e.x. Pantronic articulator – Dener (1982) Gnathoscope - Charls StuartGnathoscope - Charls Stuart D 4A & D 5A - Niles GuichetD 4A & D 5A - Niles Guichet Simulator - Earnest GrangerSimulator - Earnest Granger

CLASS IV

Page 28: Summary of articulators in prosthodontics

THEORIES OF ARTICULATORS

Known as Known as theory theory of equilateral of equilateral triangle.triangle.

Allow Allow lateral lateral

movement & permit movement & permit movement in movement in horizontal planehorizontal plane..

A. Bonwill theory articulator – WG A Bonwill.

Page 29: Summary of articulators in prosthodontics

Lower teeth move Lower teeth move

over the surface of over the surface of

the upper teeth the upper teeth as as

over the surface of over the surface of

a cone generating a cone generating

an angle of an angle of 45 45

degree.degree.

B. Conical theory articulator – R. E. HALL

Page 30: Summary of articulators in prosthodontics

Lower teeth move over the surface of the Lower teeth move over the surface of the upper teeth as upper teeth as over a surface of sphere with over a surface of sphere with a diameter ofa diameter of 8 inches.8 inches.

The center was located in the The center was located in the region of region of glabella.glabella.

C. Spherical theory articulator–G.S.MONSON

Page 31: Summary of articulators in prosthodontics

upper member – represent maxillalower member – represent mandiblecondylar track condylar element vertical rod (incisal pin) incisal guide table

BASIC COMPONENT OF AN ARTICULATOR

Page 32: Summary of articulators in prosthodontics

Mean-Value ArticulatorMean-Value Articulator

Hanau wide VUE articulatorHanau wide VUE articulator

Whip – mix articulatorWhip – mix articulator

Denar articulatorDenar articulator

Panadent articulatorPanadent articulator

TMJ articulator TMJ articulator

SOME COMMONALY USED ARTICULATOR

Page 33: Summary of articulators in prosthodontics

Incisal guide table Incisal guide table A table which upper surface A table which upper surface is concave.is concave.

Vertical Rod should rest on the Vertical Rod should rest on the center of the center of the incisal guide table incisal guide table during articulation.during articulation.

Vertical Incisal rodVertical Incisal rod Helps to Helps to keep a fixed distancekeep a fixed distance between the between the upper & lower member at anterior end.upper & lower member at anterior end.

The pointed tip of vertical rod should The pointed tip of vertical rod should rest on rest on

the center of incisal guidethe center of incisal guide during articulation during articulation..

The horizontal guide The horizontal guide pinpinPresent at the Present at the mid point ofmid point of vertical rod. vertical rod. The midline of the incisal edge of the should The midline of the incisal edge of the should touch the tip of incisal pin during articulation.touch the tip of incisal pin during articulation. It present the It present the anterior reference point.anterior reference point.

Page 34: Summary of articulators in prosthodontics

customized incisal guide table.

The slope of the incisal guide table can be changed in the antero-posterior direction & can lock in position with a lock nut.

During articulation it should be flat & the incisal pin should be at in center.

A pair of lateral wings is present around it.