sumila gulyani_diamonds inclusive cities inclusive growth

8/2/2019 Sumila Gulyani_Diamonds Inclusive Cities Inclusive Growth

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DIAMONDS & POLYGONS:Frameworks for inclusive urbanization

SUMILA GULYANI

Urbanization Knowledge Platform

The World Bank, Washington, DC


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S. Gulyani-June 2008

1. Poverty rates & income inequality

poverty rate (absolute poverty); Gini coefficient (relative poverty)

2. Poverty is rural in South Asia

3. Mitigate by using social safety nets

e.g. employment guarantee schemes, food subsidies, pensions

(conditional) cash transfer programs

4. Rights-based approaches & universal access goals

Right to education, housing, justice, health care, water; MDGs

5. Participatory & inclusive governance

As inequality or exclusion, social tensions

THE DISCOURSE ON INCLUSION


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POVERTY MAP: NAIROBI


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DIAMONDS AND POLYGONS

Plotting conditions in Nairobi and Dakar

1


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NAIROBIS SLUMS


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DEVELOPMENT DIAMOND: NAIROBIs SLUMS

28%

WELFARE% above poverty line

EMPLOYMENT% working

EDUCATION

% completed primary

LIVINGCONDITIONS

% with perm wall, waterand electricity

68%

79%

3%


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DEVELOPMENT DIAMOND: DAKARs SLUMS

18%


EMPLOYMENT% working

EDUCATION

% completed primary

LIVING CONDITIONS% with perm wall, water

and electricity

39%

36%

74%


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SLUM DEVELOPMENT DIAMOND: SLUMS of NAIROBI AND DAKAR

NAIROBI DAKAR

18%

36%

74%

28%

68%

79%

3% 39%


EMPLOYMENT% working

EDUCATION% completed primary

LIVING

CONDITIONS% with permwall, water

and electricity


EMPLOYMENT% working


LIVING


and electricity


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LIVING CONDITIONS DIAMOND

UNIT

INFRASTRUCTURE

TENURE

NEIGHBORHOOD

& LOCATION


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INFRASTRUCTURE POLYGON: NAIROBIS SLUMS

PIPEDWATER ELECTRICITY

TOILET

SEWAGEDISPOSAL

GARBAGEPICKUP

DRAINAGE

19%

22%

25%

12%12%

25%


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INFRASTRUCTURE POLYGON: DAKARS SLUMS

84%

82%

94%

4%

66%73%


TOILET

SEWAGEDISPOSAL

GARBAGEPICKUP

DRAINAGE


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TOILET

SEWAGEDISPOSAL

GARBAGEPICKUP

DRAINAGE

INFRASTRUCTURE POLYGON: NAIROBI AND DAKAR

NAIROBI DAKAR


TOILET

SEWAGEDISPOSAL

GARBAGEPICKUP

DRAINAGE

19% 22%

25%

12%12%

25%

84%

82%

94%4%

66%73%


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THE LIVING CONDITIONS DIAMOND:

Why is quality so bad in Nairobi?

2


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LIVING CONDITIONS DIAMOND: A DYNAMIC FRAMEWORK

UNIT

INFRASTRUCTURE

TENURE

NEIGHBORHOOD& LOCATION


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UNIT- 12% have permanent walls- 1.6 rooms per household- 2.6 persons per room

INFRASTRUCTURE- 22% have electricity- Water: 19%, toilets: 25%; drains: 25%; sewer: 12%- Public garbage collection: 11%; street lights: 17%

LIVING CONDITIONS DIAMOND: NAIROBI

TENURE- 8% own homes- Informal land tenure- Move house in 5 yrs (avg)

NEIGHBORHOOD & LOCATION- 37% feel safe

- High density, irregular layout- Some located in hazardous sites


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LIVING CONDITIONS DIAMOND: NAIROBI AND DAKAR

NAIROBI DAKAR

UNIT12%

withpermanent

walls

INFRASTRUCTURE22% with electricity

TENURE8%

ownhomes

NEIGHBORHOOD& LOCATION37% feel safe

UNIT96%

withpermanent

walls

INFRASTRUCTURE82% with electricity

TENURE74%

ownhomes

NEIGHBORHOOD& LOCATION48% feel safe


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WHAT SHOULD BE DONE?

IN WHAT SQUENCE?

3


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28%


EMPLOYMENT% working


LIVING


and electricity

68%

79%

3%

SLUM DEVELOPMENT(Improving lives)

INFRASTRUCTURE(Improving services)

WHAT SHOULD BE DONE? SEVERAL OPTIONS


TOILET

SEWAGEDISPOSAL

GARBAGEPICKUP

PUBLIC

TRANSIT

19% 22%

25%

12%12%

20%


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UNIT- 12% have permanent walls

INFRASTRUCTURE- 22% have electricity

UPGRADINGS MESO GOAL?: IMPROVING LIVING CONDITIONS

TENURE- 8% own homes

NEIGHBORHOOD & LOCATION- 37% feel safe


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AND IN DAKAR, EMPHASIZE EDUCATION & JOBS

18%


EMPLOYMENT% working

EDUCATION

% completed primary


and electricity

39%

36%

74%


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BROADER IMPLICATIONS

4


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1. Poverty is multi-dimensional. Its not just income.

2. Inclusive access to jobs, education, living conditions

3. Education/incomes insufficient to ensure good living

conditions They are a key element of poverty

Improving living conditions must be a development goal in itself

Urban policymakers should push for both of the above

BROADER IMPLICATIONS: URBAN POVERTY & INCLUSION


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4. Heterogeneity among & within cities

Within cities: among neighborhoods & among HHs

5. Entry points for inclusion vary by context

6. Diamonds & Polygons: Tools for decisions Provide baselines & overtime highlight dynamics

Help reveal whatinterventions

Help understand howto intervene

BROADER IMPLICATIONS: URBAN POVERTY & INCLUSION

MNA ARABIA AGRABAH MAYOR DASHBOARD PROTOTYPE


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Environment

GHG emission/capita:

Air pollution: PM2.5 orPM10

MNA > ARABIA > AGRABAH MAYORs DASHBOARD PROTOTYPE

PEERGROUPS:

Mid-East , C40 ,C100

WBPROJECTS:

Transport | Urban

MDG s:

(report)

Economics & Business

GROWTH

(report)

COMPOSITION

(report)

Development & Infrastructure

UNEMPLOYMENT: 11%

DOING BUSINSS: 5th(Natl) | 42nd(MNA)

ENTERPRISES

Global Rankings

INDEX WORLD MNA

Population 131 9

GDP 139 7

Green Index 20 3

Congestion N/A N/A

Livable Index 62 3

58%Citizen Feedback

Satisfaction

Confidence 57 CONSUMER

FIRM

SCity Management & Finance

CREDITRATING A- (report)

BUDGETALLOCATN:

REVENUEEXPENDITURE

$3,523 mil, $210/capita$4,100 mil, $244/capita

ASSETS /LIABILITIES

parks, public space, cultural,brown-field, crime, climate vuln

DEBT $8,300 mil , $290/capita STAFF: 62,205

Thematic Indicators

Economy

Environment

Social Inclusion

Governance


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THANK YOU


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WHAT SHOULD BE DONE IN DAKAR?

5

INFRASTRUCTURE POLYGON DAKARS SLUMS


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INFRASTRUCTURE POLYGON: DAKARS SLUMS

84%

82%

94%

4%

66%73%


TOILET

SEWAGEDISPOSAL

GARBAGEPICKUP

DRAINAGE


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Dakar

DEVELOPMENT DIAMOND DAKAR


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DEVELOPMENT DIAMOND: DAKAR

18%


EMPLOYMENT% working

EDUCATION

% completed primary


and electricity

39%

36%

74%

TENURE MIX AND COMPLEX POLITICAL ECONOMY


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To unlock the tap and improve housing,

need to altertenure mix.

Need a deal between govt, structure owners and tenants

TENURE MIX AND COMPLEX POLITICAL ECONOMY

sumila gulyani_diamonds inclusive cities inclusive growth

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