sugarcane aphid: a new invasive pest of sorghum in georgia

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Sugarcane Aphid: a New Invasive Pest of Sorghum in Georgia G. D. Buntin Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Griffin Campus [email protected]

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Page 1: Sugarcane Aphid: a New Invasive Pest of Sorghum in Georgia

Sugarcane Aphid: a New Invasive Pest of Sorghum in Georgia

G. D. BuntinDepartment of Entomology,

University of Georgia, Griffin Campus

[email protected]

Page 2: Sugarcane Aphid: a New Invasive Pest of Sorghum in Georgia

Sugarcane Aphid, Melanaphis sacchari, infestations on grain sorghum in Georgia 2014, Top: Marion County, Center: Tifton GA, Bottom Randolph County, GA.

Leaves with honeydew and sooty mold

Page 3: Sugarcane Aphid: a New Invasive Pest of Sorghum in Georgia

Original discovery near Beaumont, TX

Page 4: Sugarcane Aphid: a New Invasive Pest of Sorghum in Georgia

Appling

Atkinson

Bacon

Baker

Baldwin

Banks

Barrow

Bartow

Ben Hill

Berrien

Bibb

Bleckley

Brantley

Brooks

Bryan

Bulloch

BurkeButts

Calhoun

Camden

Candler

Carroll

Catoosa

Charlton

ChathamChattahoochee

Chattooga

Cherokee

Clarke

Clay

Clayton

Clinch

Cobb

Coffee

Colquitt

Columbia

Cook

Coweta

Crawford

Crisp

Dade

Decatur

Dekalb

DodgeDooly

Dougherty

Douglas

Early

Echols

Effingham

Elbert

Emanuel

Evans

Fannin

FloydForsyth

Franklin

Fulton

Gilmer

Glascock

Glynn

Gordon

Grady

Greene

Gwinnett

Habersham

Hall

Hancock

Haralson

Harris

Hart

Heard

Henry

Houston

Irwin

Jackson

Jasper

Jefferson

Jenkins

Johnson

JonesLamar

Lanier

Laurens

Lee

Liberty

Lincoln

Long

Lowndes

Lumpkin

McDuffie

McIntosh

Macon

Madison

Marion

Meri-wether

Miller Mitchell

Monroe

Montgomery

Morgan

Murray

Muscogee

Newton

OglethorpePaulding

Peach

Pickens

Pierce

Pike

Polk

Pulaski

Putnam

Quitman

Rabun

Randolph

Richmond

Schley

Screven

Seminole

Spalding

Stewart

Talbot

Taliaferro

Tattnall

Taylor

Telfair

Terrell

Thomas

Tift

Towns

Treutlen

Troup

Turner

Twiggs

Union

Upson

Walker

Walton

Ware

Warren

Washington

Wayne

Webster

Wheeler

WhiteWhitfield

Wilcox

Wilkes

Wilkinson

Worth

Dawson

Fayette

JeffDavis

Oconee

Rockdale

Stephens

Sumter

Toombs

Georgia Counties with Sugarcane Aphid

Infested (Agent confirmed)

1‐Nov. 2014

No Sorghum or cannot confirm infestations.

Page 5: Sugarcane Aphid: a New Invasive Pest of Sorghum in Georgia

Aphids on Sorghum

Corn leaf aphid    yellow sugarcane aphid

Photos: Pat Porter, Texas A&M Agrilife Extension

Greenbug sugarcane aphid

Page 6: Sugarcane Aphid: a New Invasive Pest of Sorghum in Georgia

SCA Biology• Pest in China, Japan, India, Southern Africa, 

South America, Mexico• Infest sugarcane Hawaii: late 1800s, 1977 in FL; 

1999 in LA. • 2013 host shift to Sorghum east TX.• Sugarcane aphid, Melanaphis sacchari = 

Sorghum aphid, M. sorghi (Nibouche et al. 2014 PlosOne e106067)

• Host: Sorghum spp., grain, forage, sweet sorghum, Johnsongrass

• Poor / Non‐hosts: Corn, millet, wheat, barley, rye, sugarcane, energycane. (Armstrong et al. 2015. JEE ).

• Anholocyclic in US.;   • Does not overwinter in freezing areas. • Very high reproductive rate.• Sampling? 

G. Odvody/M. Brewer, AgriLife Research 

Page 7: Sugarcane Aphid: a New Invasive Pest of Sorghum in Georgia

Injury to Sorghum• Feed mostly on underside of leaves and 

stems.• Phloem feeder but reported to feed in 

xylem some places.• General desiccation of plant tissue.• If a toxin is involved, but not acute.• Associated reddening, purpling and 

necrosis of plant tissue.• Kill / stunt seedlings.• Feeding at boot stage may prevent heading 

or cause sterile grain heads.• Grain Yield losses: 20‐80%, sometimes 

complete loss; 20% med dough stage• Honeydew and sooty mold,• Interfere with harvest aids.

Courtesy of D. Kerns, LSU AgCenter, R. Villanueva, Texas A&M AgriLife Extension 

Page 8: Sugarcane Aphid: a New Invasive Pest of Sorghum in Georgia

Winnsboro, LA 2014

Action threshold

UTC 50 100 250 500

Yiel

d (b

u/ac

re)

0

20

40

60

80

100Resistant Susceptible

a a

a

a

a

neve

r tre

ated

neve

r tre

ated

neve

r tre

ated

2X 2X1X

2X 1X

1X1X

AAB

ABC BCC

SCA yield loss and Economic Thresholds (M. Brewer, Texas AgLife and D. Kerns, LSU)

Loss per 100 aphids/leaf: TX: 2.54 bu/ac; LA: 4.11 bu/ac; Ave: 3.325 bu/ac 

Estimated Thresholds: TX, LA, AR:  50 – 125 aphids per leaf.MS:    up to boot: 20% infested plants & local heavy honeydew; 

Bloom to dough: 30% infested plants & honeydew. 

Page 9: Sugarcane Aphid: a New Invasive Pest of Sorghum in Georgia

Plant Resistance / Tolerance?

Page 10: Sugarcane Aphid: a New Invasive Pest of Sorghum in Georgia

Natural Enemies: predatory lady beetles and syphid flies and 1 parasitoid

Honeydew attracts bees, wasps, and flies

Aphelinus sp.Parasitoid

Syrphus sp. hover fly

Photos, J. P. Michaud, TX A&M

Page 11: Sugarcane Aphid: a New Invasive Pest of Sorghum in Georgia

Impact on Forage Sorghum?

Page 12: Sugarcane Aphid: a New Invasive Pest of Sorghum in Georgia

Sugarcane Aphid infestations on grain sorghum on equipment, slow delay harvest. Left: Silage chopper, East Texas; Right: Aphids and sticky leaves clogging combine

Courtesy of D. Kerns, LSU AgCenter, R. Villanueva, Texas A&M AgriLife Extension 

Page 13: Sugarcane Aphid: a New Invasive Pest of Sorghum in Georgia
Page 14: Sugarcane Aphid: a New Invasive Pest of Sorghum in Georgia

Aphi

ds p

er p

lant

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

Aphi

ds p

er le

af

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

19 DAP 26 DAP 33 DAP 40 DAP

Gauch

o 6.4 m

g-aiPonch

o 6.4 m

g-aiNipsit

6.4 m

g-aiCruise

r 7.6

mg-aiUntre

ated

Gaucho 6.

4 mg-ai

Poncho 6.

4 mg-ai

Nipsit 6.

4 mg-ai

Cruiser 7

.6 mg-ai

Untreate

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Primarily alates

Impact of seed treatments on SCA population development. Source: David Kerns, Louisiana State University AgCenter, 

2014.

Poncho 600 and Cruiser 5FS seed treatments have 2(ee) supplemental labels for SCA on sorghum.

Page 15: Sugarcane Aphid: a New Invasive Pest of Sorghum in Georgia

Insecticide Control of Sugarcane Aphid Control on Grain Sorghum, Marion County, GA 2014

0102030405060708090

100

Percen

t Con

trol

2‐day7‐day14‐day

§ § §

§ = 0% control or negative

Page 16: Sugarcane Aphid: a New Invasive Pest of Sorghum in Georgia

Insecticide Control of Sugarcane Aphid Control on Grain Sorghum, EXPO‐Moultrie, GA 2014

Treatments applied Sept. 5, 2014

0102030405060708090

100

Percen

t Con

trol

7‐day

‐91%§

§ = 0% control or negative

Page 17: Sugarcane Aphid: a New Invasive Pest of Sorghum in Georgia

Insecticide Control of Sugarcane Aphid Control on Grain Sorghum, Henry County, GA 2014, 

Treatments applied September 25, 2014

0102030405060708090

100

TransformWG @ 1.5 fl.

oz.

Sivanto @ 3fl. oz.

Sivanto @ 5fl. oz.

Lorsban 4E@ 1 pt

Ecozin @ 30fl. oz.

Percen

t Con

trol 2‐day

7‐day

§

§ = 0% control or negative

Page 18: Sugarcane Aphid: a New Invasive Pest of Sorghum in Georgia

Sugarcane aphid Insecticides for sorghum in 2015

• Neonic seed treatments, Cruiser 5FS, Poncho 600.• Transform WG (sulfoxaflor); Section 18.

– Rate: 0.75 – 1.5 oz, – Max per crop: 3.0 oz per acre and 2 applications per crop.– Application volume: full coverage by ground; 5 GPA by air.– PHI: 14 days for grain; 7 days for grazing, forage, and hay.– Re‐entry: 24 hours

• Sivanto 200SL (flupyradifurone); Full federal label.– Rate: 4 – 7 oz per acre (2ee supplemental label), – Max per crop: 28 fl. oz per acre.– Application volume: 10 GPA by ground; 2 GPA by air.– PHI: 21 days for grain; 7 days for grazing, forage, and hay.– Re‐entry: 4 hours.

• Chlorpyrifos @ 2 pts before heading; PHI: 60 days @ 2 pts.                         DO NOT use on sweet sorghum.

• Chlorpyrifos + Dimethoate @ 1 pt each per acre before heading; PHI: 30 & 28 days.

• Dimethoate alone?;  Adjuvants?

Page 19: Sugarcane Aphid: a New Invasive Pest of Sorghum in Georgia

Sugarcane aphid management guidelines for sorghum in 2015

• Plant early.• Few tolerant hybrids? • Neonic seed treatment.• Scout early and often.• Treat at aphid threshold. • Natural enemies not timely in control.• Avoid pyrethroid insecticides for other pests.

– Sorghum midge: Chlorpyrifos, Lannate– Fall armyworm in whorl: Belt; Prevathon, Lannate– Headworms & stink bugs on heads

• Check fields 2‐3 weeks before harvest for infestation