Final Exam

Study guide Art I 8000Elements of ArtI. LineLine is one of the seven elements of art.  It is considered by most to be the most basic element of art. In terms of art, line is considered to be a moving dot.  It has an endless number of uses in the creation of art.The most common use of line is showing where an object ends.  This type of line is called a contour line.  Contour lines are most commonly called outlines.

Line can also create the illusion of form in a drawing. Line quality is the thickness or thinness of a line.  By varying the line quality an artist can show form in a drawing with just the use of line.

Line can also indicate shadow and form through the use of cross contour lines.  Cross contour lines follow the contours of the object. Much like running your finger around the form of an object.

Kinds of linesVertical lines- lines that move up and down without any slantHorizontal lines- lines that are parallel to the horizonDiagonal lines- lines that slantZigzag lines- lines made from a combination of diagonal linesCurved lines- Lines that change direction gradually          Hatching and crosshatching- using lines to create valueHatching- lines going in the same directionCrosshatching- lines that cross

II. ShapeA shape is created when a line is enclosed.  Shape is one of the seven elements of art and it has a variety of uses in the creation of art.

 Shape is a two-dimensional area that is defined by a change in value or some other form of contrast.

All shapes are two-dimensional, meaning that they have only length and width.Shapes defined by objects are positive space. Shapes defined around objects are negative shapes (space.

Shape-TermsShape- an element of art that is a two-dimensional area that is defined in some way.  A shape may have an outline around it or you may recognize it by its area.Geometric shapes- precise shapes that can be described using mathematical formulas.  Ex. Circle, square, triangle, oval, rectangle, parallelogram, trapezoid, pentagon, pentagram, hexagon, and octagon. Freeform Shapes- also called organic shapes, are irregular and uneven shapes.  Their outlines may be curved, angular, or a combination of bothForm and Shape are related.  You can turn a shape into the illusion of form by adding value and you can simplify a form from life into a shape.

III. FormIn terms of art, form refers to objects that are 3-Dimensional, or have length, width, and height. Form- an element of art, means objects that have three dimensions.  I like to think of form as a 3-D shapeGeometric forms have specific names associated with them and are typically man-made.

Organic forms do not have specific names associated with them and are often associated with naturally occurring forms.We can create the illusion of form by understanding how light reacts on the object. Adjusting different areas of an object with values of the local color will result in the illusion of form in a drawing or painting.

IV. ValueValue deals with the lightness or darkness of a color.  Since we see objects and understand objects because of how dark or light they are, value is incredible important to art.  (I'll remind you that drawing and painting is about seeing.) In order to draw or paint in a way that creates an illusion of what we normally see, we must fully understand light and how it reacts on surfaces.  Value is the key to the illusion of light.  This is why value is so incredibly important to drawing and painting. 

Successful Artwork has a Full Range of ValueArtworks that exhibit a full range of value are generally successful. As long as there are dark values in harmony with light values, your artwork will most likely be aesthetically pleasing. A full range of value means that they are ample amounts of light values- called tints, and dark values- called shades. 

The whole point to value is to create the illusion of light.  So value is used to basically create the illusion of highlights and shadows.  Highlights and shadows combine to create the illusion of a light source.  Remember, without light we cannot see.  So technically, without a light source, you have no illusion. 

Value-TermsValue- Element of art associated with the darkness or lightness of a colorLight source- area in which light is originating fromValue scale- a guide to creating a range of value, good pieces of art have a full range of value

Tints- light values

 

Shades- dark values

 

Highlights- areas on an object where light is hitting    Shadows- areas on an object where light does not hit

V. TextureTexture- element of art that refers to the way an object feels to the touch or looks as it may feel.3-D Texture- refers to the way an object feels to the touch2-D Texture- refers to the way an object looks as it may feel

Visual texture- the illusion of a 3-D surfaceSimulated- imitate real texturesInvented- 2-D patterns created by the repetition of lines of shapesMatte- surface that reflects a soft, dull light.  Shiny surfaces are the opposite of matte.When drawing or painting texture, it is important to pay close attention to the values- they reveal the illusion of texture

VI. SpaceIn terms of art, space is the area around, above, and within an object.  With consideration to drawings and paintings, our goal is to create the illusion of space.There are six ways an artist can create the illusion of space on a 2-Dimensional surface:1. Overlapping - occurs when objects that are closer to the viewer prevent the view of objects that are behind them.2. Placement on the paper - Objects placed higher within the picture plane will appear further away.3. Size - Objects that are smaller will appear further away from the viewer.4. Detail - Objects that are further away should have less detail than objects that are closer to the viewer.5. Color and Value - Objects that are further away are cooler in color temperature, while objects that are closer are warmer.  Objects that are further away are lighter in value, while objects that are closer are typically darker in value.6. Perspective - Linear perspective is a drawing method that uses lines to create the illusion of space on a flat surface.  One point perspective uses one vanishing point to accomplish this illusion.Two point perspective uses two vanishing points to create the illusion of space.

Space-TermsSpace- element of art, refers to the emptiness or area between, around, above, below, or within objectsPositive Space- the shapes or forms of interest Negative Space- the empty space between the shapes or forms3-D Space can be defined as the space over, under, through, behind, and around a form.  Architecture, sculpture, weaving, ceramics, and jewelry are three-dimensional art forms2-D space can best be described as an illusion.  We perceive depth by creating an illusion of 3-D space on a 2-D surface.Point of view- refers to the angle at which you view an object.Illusion of form-is manifested by creating an image with a range of value.  By accurately placing highlights and shadows an artist can create the illusion of form.

Illusion of depth- is manifested through the use of several factors:Perspective- a graphic system that creates the illusion of depth and volume on a two-dimensional surfaceOverlapping- when one object covers part of a second object, the first seems to be closer to the viewer. Size- Larger objects appear to be closer to the viewer than smaller objectsPlacement- Objects placed low on the picture plane seem to be closer to the viewer than objects placed near eye levelDetail- objects with clear, sharp edges and visible details seem to be close to the viewer.  Objects that are less detailed seem further awayColor- Brightly colored objects seem closer to you, and objects with dull, light colors seem to be further away

VII. ColorColor is the element of art that refers to reflected light. Color has an affect over how we feel about objects, how we behave, and how our bodies react to circumstances.  The Color WheelThe color wheel was developed by Sir Isaac Newton by taking the color spectrum and bending it into a circle. If you follow around the color wheel, you will find the same order of the color spectrum- red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo (blue-violet), and violet.  The color wheel is made up of three different types of colors- Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary.The primary colors are red, yellow, and blue.  No two colors can be mixed to create a primary color. In other words, primary colors can only be created through the use of natural pigments.  The secondary colors are orange, green, and purple.  Secondary colors are created by mixing equal parts of any two primary colors.  Tertiary colors are created by mixing equal parts of a secondary color and a primary color together.  There are six tertiary colors- red-purple, red-orange, blue-green, yellow-green, blue-purple, and yellow-orange.  Notice that the proper way to refer to tertiary colors is by listing the primary color first and the secondary color, second.Color SchemesColor schemes are ways colors are put together in an intelligent way

Monochromatic- literally means one (mono) color (chroma).  So a monochromatic color scheme is made up of one color and its shades and tints.

Analogous colors- are colors that are next to each other on the color wheel.  When used as a color scheme, analogous colors can be dramatic. Ex. Blue, blue-green, green, and yellow-green; red, red-purple, purple, blue-purple

 Complementary colors- are colors found directly across from each other on the color wheel.  Complementary color scheme provide strong contrast.  Ex. Blue and orange, red and green, yellow-green and red-purple.

Warm colors- colors that are usually associated with warm things.  Ex. Red, yellow, orange

Cool colors- colors that are usually associated with cool things.  Ex. Blue, purple, green

Color-Terms Color- Element of art derived from reflected light.  We see color because light waves are reflected from objects to your eyes.Color wheel- color spectrum bent into a circle. Primary colors- The most basic colors on the color wheel, red, yellow and blue.  These colors cannot be made by mixingSecondary colors- colors that are made by mixing two primary colors together. Orange, green and violet (purple)Tertiary colors- colors that are made by mixing a primary color with a secondary colorTints- are created by adding white to a colorShades- are created by adding black to a color

Principles of Design

I. Movement This refers to the way your eye moves through the composition. You can create dynamic or static movement depending on your intent.

II. Unity/Harmony The quality of wholeness or oneness created by a composition.

III. Variety Having different forms or types within a composition. These differences can create visual and conceptual interest.

IV. Balance

Arranging a composition so that no one part overpowers or feels heavier than another part. Also, symmetry vs. asymmetry.

V. Emphasis/Focal Point Creating a point of interest within a composition that attracts the viewers eye.

VI. Contrast Refers to the differences in value within a composition. Low contrast would include a shallow range of values while High contrast ranges from black to white.

VII. Proportion The size and space relationships of all elements within a composition. Can be used to create the illusion of largeness or smallness in an artwork.

VIII. Pattern/Rhythm The use of repetition within a composition. Can be used to create movement and action.

Concepts

LineLine: The path of a moving point made by a tool, instrument, or medium as it moves across an area. A line is usually made visible because it contrasts in value with its surroundings. Three-dimensional lines may be made using string, wire, tubes, solid rods, and the like.

Contour: In art, the line that defines the outermost limits of an object or a drawn or painted shape. It is sometimes considered to be synonymous with outline; as such, it indicates an edge that also may be defined by the extremities of dark, light, texture, or color.

Cross-contour: A line that moves across a shape or object to define the surface undulations between the outermost edges.

Hatching: Repeated strokes of an art tool, producing clustered (usually parallel) lines that create values.

Cross-hatching: In cross-hatching, similar lines to previous hutching pass over the hatched lines in a different direction, usually resulting in darker values.

Blending: Create a smooth transition from light to dark or dark to light. In color, the same transition from one color to another.

Line grossening: Change in thickness of any line. The thickness of the lines can change value within the area: wide lines appear dark and narrow lines appear light.

Perspective

One-point perspective

Two-point perspective

Color

Color Wheel

Primary Color Wheel Chart

Primary Colors: Colors at their basic essence; those colors that cannot be created by mixing others.The primary colors are red, blue and yellow. All other colors are derived from these three colors.

Secondary Color Wheel Chart

Secondary Colors: Those colors achieved by a mixture of two primaries.The secondary color wheel chart comprising of yellow, orange, red, purple, blue, green contains colors formed by mixing together the three primary (or pigment) colors.

Tertiary Color Wheel Chart

Tertiary Colors: Those colors achieved by a mixture of primary and secondary hues.The tertiary color wheel chart is made up of colors created by mixing a primary (or pigment) color and secondary color together. Tertiary Colors are most commonly given a two word name such as yellow-orange, red-purple, red-orange, blue-green, blue-purple and yellow-green.

Complementary ColorsThe colors that are positioned opposite one another are complementary colors.

Analogous Colors

Analogous Colors: Those colors located close together on a color wheel.

Warm and cool colors

Advancing hues are most often thought to have less visual weight than the receding hues. Most often warm, saturated, light value hues are "active" and visually advance. Cool, low saturated, dark value hues are "passive" and visually recede. Tints or hues with a low saturation appear lighter than shades or highly saturated colors. Some colors remain visually neutral or indifferent.

Color Shade and Tints

ValueValue

1. The relative degree of lightness or darkness.

2. The characteristic of color determined by the degree of lightness or darkness or the quantity of light reflected by the color.

Local value

The relative lightness or darkness of a surface, seen in the objective world, that is independent of any effect created by the degree of light falling on it.

Highlight

The portion of an object that, from the observer’s position, receives the greatest amount of direct light.

Shadow

The darker value on the surface of an object that suggests that a portion of it is turned away from or obscured by the source of light.

Cast shadow

The dark area that occurs on a surface as a result of something being placed between that surface and a light source.

High-key value

A value that has a level of middle gray or lighter.

Low-key value

A value that has a level of middle gray or darker.

Shape

A two-dimensional, close, or implicitly closed configuration.

Form

The shape, configuration, or substance of an object.

Volume

The quality of a form that has height, width, and depth; the representation of this quality.

Three-dimensional

The illusion of volume or volumetric space—that is, of space that has height, width, and depth.

Sculpture

Sculpture in the round

Sculpture that is fully three-dimensional and finished on all sides. Also known as free-standing.

Relief sculpture

Sculpture in which the figures or forms are united with a background.

Types of Relief sculpture:

1. Low or Bas-relief sculpture

Relief sculpture in which flattened figures or forms project only very slightly from the background

2. High relief sculpture

Sculpture in which the forms project substantially from the background.

3. Sunken relief sculpture

An Egyptian style of relief sculpture in which the figures are recessed into the surface. Also known as incised relief.

4. Pictorial relief sculpture

Sculpture that conveys an illusion of depth by using a subtle transition from high to progressively lower relief.