SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA

PAN B

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Subject Index, Volume 51B

Ablated material Analysis of glass by UV laser ablation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Part 1. Effects of the laser parameters on the amount of ablated material and the temporal behaviour of the signal for different types of laser 321

Ablation ionization Diagnostic and analytical study of post ablation ionization of neutral atoms of major and minor con- stituents from a low alloy steel 127

Accuracy A persona1 view of the development of solid sampling emission spectrochemical analysis 245

Aerosol characterization Behaviour of the thermospray nebulizer as a system for the introduction of organic solutions in flame atomic absorption spectrometry 1535 Dispersion of discrete sample signals within aerosol spray chambers: preliminary investigations 1733

Aerosol desolvation Use of a multi-tube NafionRmembrane dryer for desolvation with thermospray sample introduction to inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry 1491

Ag Use of laser-excited atomic fluorescence spectrometry with a novel diffusive graphite tube electrothermal atomizer for the direct determination of silver in sea water and in solid reference materials 1355

Air entrainment Air entrainment in an inductively coupled plasma measured by Raman and Rayleigh scattering 1527

Air inductively coupled plasma Continuous emission monitoring of metal aerosol con- centrations in atmospheric air 1695

Air segmentation Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometric deter- mination of lead in high-purity reagents with flow- injection on-line microcolumn preconcentration and separation using a macrocycle immobilized silica gel sorbent 1875

Alloy A persona1 view of the development of solid sampling emission spectrochemical analysis 245 Production control of metal alloys by laser spec- troscopy of the molten metals. Part 1. Preliminary investigations ~ 279

Alumina reduction Gaseous carbide theory. Has it been buried prema- turely 533

Aluminium alloy Production control of metal alloys by laser spec- troscopy of the molten metals. Part I. Preliminary investigations 279

Aminocarboxylic sorbents On-line-sorption preconcentration and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry deter- mination of rare earth elements 1417

Analyte transport Behaviour of the thermospray nebulizer as a system for the introduction of organic solutions in flame atomic absorption spectrometry 1535 Influence of sample matrix components on the selection of calibration strategies in electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry 159 1

Argon dimer ion Statistical mechanics of Arl in an inductively coupled plasma 1487

Array detection Extended calibration ranges for continuum source atomic absorption spectrometry with array detec- tion 1055

As Determination of arsenic in gold by flow injection inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with matrix removal by reductive precipitation 1823 Determination of As, Sb, Bi and Hg in water samples by flow-injection inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with an in-situ nebulizerlhydride generator 18 13 Direct determination of Se and As in solid certified

reference materials using electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry 271 Evaluation of electrochemical hydride generation for the determination of arsenic and selenium in sea water by graphite furnace atomic absorption with in situ concentration 1325 Routine clinical determination of lead, arsenic, cad- mium, and thallium in urine and whole blood by induc- tively coupled plasma mass spectrometry 13 Use of a surfactant in the determination of arsenic by RON injection hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry 1859

As speciation First-order speciation of As using flow injection hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry with in-situ trappng of the arsine in a graphite furnace 178 1

Ascorbic acid modifier Development of a new method for direct deter- mination of selenium associated with atmospheric particulate matter using chemical modifiers and graphite probe furnace atomic absorption spectro- metry 155

Atmospheric particulate matter Development of a new method for direct determin- ation of selenium associated with atmospheric particu- late matter using chemical modifiers and graphite probe furnace atomic absorption spectrometry 155

Atom counting A novel approach to resonance ionization mass spectrometry employing a glow discharge atom source 1463

Atom removal Diffusion vapour transfer modelling for end-capped atomizers. Part 2. Atomizer with open injection port lOXI

Atomic absorption coefficient On-line atomization of selenium hydride in graphite furnaces: estimate of atomic absorption coefficient and spectroscopic temperature 1107

Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) Design and application of a new phase separator for flow injection liquiddliquid extraction 1769 Extended calibration ranges for continuum source atomic absorption spectrometry vvith array detec- tion 1055 Extension of working range in Zeeman graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry by nonlinear calibration with prior correction for stray light 1309 Interferences in hydride atomization studied by atomic absorption and atomic fluorescence spectrometry 48 I

On-line focused microwave digestion-hydride gener- ation of inorganic and organic selenium Total deter- mination and inorganic selenium speciation by atomic absorption spectrometry 1849 On-line precipitation/dissolution system for the pre- concentration and determination of manganese traces by atomic absorption spectrometry 1935 Peak shape effects in tungsten electrothermal atomizer atomic absorption spectrometry 1271 Peristaltic pumps-Fourier transforms: a coupling of interest in continuous flow flame atomic absorption spectrometry 1761 Spatially and temporally resolved detection of ana- lytical signals in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry 1023 Study on stable coatings for determination of lead by flow-injection hydride generation and in situ concentration in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry 1425 Three-dimensional structure of the radiation beam in atomic absorption spectrometry 93 1

Atomic emission spectrometry (AES) A miniature planar magnetron glow discharge source for analysis of submicroliter volume aqueous samples using atomic emission spectroscopy 399 Analysis of glass by UV laser ablation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Part 1. Effects of the laser parameters on the amount of ablated material and the temporal behaviour of the signal for different types of laser 321 Analysis of glass by UV laser ablation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Part 2. Analytical figures of merit 333 Classification of singly ionized iron emission lines in the 160-250 nm wavelength region from Grimm-type glow discharge plasma 349 Continuous emission monitoring of metal aerosol con- centrations in atmospheric air 1695 Effect of power and carrier gas flow rate on the tolerance to water loading in inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry 15 I7 Laser ablation solid sampling: vertical spatial emission intensity profiles in inductively coupled plasma 1473 The effect of two gases forming supercritical fluids (Xe and CO>) on the spectral characteristics and analytical capabilities of microwave induced plasmas 685 Two-dimensional imaging of excited analyte species in electrothermal vaporizers 999

Atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS) Determination of tin in steels by non-dispersive atomic

fluorescence spectrometry coupled with flow-injection hydride generation in the presence of L-cysteine 1829 Interferences in hydride atomization studied by atomic absorption and atomic fluorescence spectrometry 48 I Use of laser-excited atomic fluorescence spectrometry with a novel diffusive graphite tube electrothermal atomizer for the direct determination of silver in sea water and in solid reference materials 1355

Atomic state distribution On the atomic state densities of plasma produced by the “torche a injection axiale” 457 Imaging of analyte distribution in a graphite tube atomizer by laser induced fluorescence 1007

Atomization An alternative to the popular atomization concept for electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry 1291 Digital imaging of formation and dissipation pro- cesses for atoms and molecules and condensed- phase species in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry: a review 973 Vaporization and atomization of neodymium in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry 87 Effects of atomization surfaces and modifiers on the kinetics of copper atomization in electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry 1121

Au The possibility of standardless analysis in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry: determin- ation of gold in geological samples 65

Automation Investigation of on-line coupling electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry with flow injection sorption preconcentration using a knotted reactor for totally automatic determination of lead in water samples 189 1 Precision-based optimization of multicomponent analysis in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry 591

Avalanche detection Single photo-electron and photon detection in a mercury resonance ionization photon detector (RID) 563

Axial injection torch On the atomic state densities of plasma produced by the “torche a injection axiale” 457 On the electron temperatures and densities in plas- mas produced by the “torche a injection axiale” 1385 Preliminary spectroscopic experiments with helium microwave induced plasma produced in air by use of a new structure: the axial injection torch 467

B The role of modifiers in electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ETV-ICP-MS) for the determination of B, La and U 817

Background suppression A photon counting dynamic digital lock-in amplifier for background suppression in glow discharge atomic emission spectrometry 97

Band broadening Dispersion of discrete sample signals within aerosol spray chambers: preliminary investigations 1733

Beam profile Spatially resolved measurements of ion density behind the skimmer of an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer 4 I Three-dimensional structure of the radiation beam in atomic absorption spectrometry 93 I

Beer-Lambert law Three-dimensional structure of the radiation beam in atomic absorption spectrometry 93 I

Bi Determination of As, Sb. Bi and Hg in water samples by flow-injection inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with an in-situ nebulizerlhydride generator 1813

Biological materials Determination of metals in biofluids and tissues: sample preparation methods for atomic spectroscopic techniques 291 Investigation of a high-efhciency nebulizer and a thimble glass frit nebulizer for elemental analysis of biological materials by inductively coupled plasma- atomic emission spectrometry 27

Biological reference materials Sixth International Symposium on Biological and Environmental Reference Materials (BERM-6) Kona, Hawaii, 17-21 April 1994 189

Blood Routine clinical determination of lead. arsenic, cad- mium, and thallium in urine and whole blood by induc- tively coupled plasma mass spectrometry 13

Botanical samples Determination of chromium. manganese, lead and cadmium in biological samples including hair using direct electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry 665

BIG Effect of pH of aqueous ceramic suspensions on col- loidal stability and precision of analytical measure- ments using slurry nebulization inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry 353

Ca Mechanisms of the interference of calcium chloride on zinc in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectro- metry using a dual-cavity platform 1163

Ca number densities Studies into the interelement matrix effect in induc- tively coupled plasma spectrometry 1601

Calibration A theoretical adaptation of the classical isotope dilution technique for practical routine analytical determinations by means of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry 139 Extended calibration ranges for continuum source atomic absorption spectrometry with array detection 1055

Calibration curve Improved algorithm for linearization of calibration curves in Zeeman graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry 609 Maintenance of the slope of linearized calibration curves in Zeeman graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry 713

Calibration curve simulation Improved algorithm for linearization of calibration curves in Zeeman graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry 609

Calibration range Extended calibration ranges for continuum source atomic absorption spectrometry with array detection 1055

Campargue nozzle Fundamental aspects of ion extraction in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry 779

Capacitively coupled plasma (CCP) A capacitively coupled microwave plasma atomic emission spectrometer for the determination of trace metals in microsamples 55

Capillary gas chromatography Gas chromatography coupled with atomic absorption spectrometry ~ a sensitive instrumentation for mer- cury speciation 829

Capillary optics A micro-XRF spectrometer based on a rotating anode generator and capillary optics 1661

Carbides Experimental study on the reasons for low sensitivity and memory effects in the determination of lanthanum and samarium in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry I 147

Carbon dioxide The effect of two gases forming supercritical fluids (Xe and CO?) on the spectra1 characteristics and analytical capabilities of microwave induced plasmas 685

Catalysts Catalytic processes in graphite furnaces for electro- thermal atomic absorption spectrometry 1573

Cathode fall Spectroscopic investigations of a cathode fall region of the Grimm-type glow discharge 1707

CCD Digital imaging of formation and dissipation processes for atoms and molecules and condensed-phase species in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry: a review 973 Measurements on the Zeeman-splitting of analytical lines by means of a continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer with a linear charge coupled device array 1095 Two-dimensional imaging of excited analyte species in electrothermal vaporizers 999

Cd An improved impaction-graphite furnace system for the direct and near real-time determination of cad- mium, chromium, lead and manganese in aerosols and cigarette smoke by simultaneous multielement atomic absorption spectrometry 109 Flow injection sorbent extraction with dialkyldithio- phosphates as chelating agent for the determination of cadmium. copper and lead by flame atomic absorp- tion spectrometry 1917 Interatomic potentials and the van der Waals’ coef- ficient for the intercombination Cd 326.1 nm absorp- tion line broadened by cadmium pressure 633 Measurements on the Zeeman-splitting of analytical lines by means of a continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer with a linear charge coupled device array 1095 Routine clinical determination of lead, arsenic, cad- mium, and thallium in urine and whole blood by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry 13 Spatially and temporally resolved detection of ana- lytical signals in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry 1023

Ceramics Effect of pH of aqueous ceramic suspensions on col- loidal stability and precision of analytical measure- ments using slurry nebulization inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry 253

Charge transfer Classification of singly ionized iron emission lines in the 160-250 nm wavelength region from Grimm-type glow discharge plasma 349 Studies into the interelement matrix effect in induc- tively coupled plasma spectrometry 1601

Charging

Influence of sample charging on satellite spectra during particle induced X-ray emission analysis 343

Chelex- 100 Separation and preconcentration by flow injection coupled to tungsten coil electrothermal atomic absorp- tion spectrometry 1925

Chemical oxygen demand Flow injection method for the rapid determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand based on microwave digestion and chromium speciation in Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry 179 1

Chemical shifts X-ray chemical shift determination by energy disper- sive detection 1655

Cigarette smoke An improved impaction-graphite furnace system for the direct and near real-time determination of cadmium. chromium. lead and manganese in aerosols and cigarette smoke by simultaneous multielement atomic absorption spectrometry 109

Citric fruit juices Flow injection for the determination of Se(W) and Se(VI) by hydride generation atomic absorption spec- trometry with microwave oven on-line prereduction of Se(W) to Se(W) 1837

Cold vapour AAS A comparison of gas-liquid separators for the deter- mination of mercury by cold-vapour sequential injection atomic absorption spectrometry 1777 Determination of total mercury in environmental and biological samples by flow injection cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry 1867

Colloidal stability Effect of pH of aqueous ceramic suspensions on col- loidal stability and precision of analytical measure- ments using slurry nebulization inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry 253

Condensation Digital imaging of formation and dissipation processes for atoms and molecules and condensed-phase species in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry: a review 973 Spatial distributions of non-atomic species in graphite furnaces 96 I

Conductive sample Langmuir probe study of the charged particle charac- teristics in an analytical radio frequency-glow dis- charge. Roles of discharge conditions and sample conductivity 509

Continuous emission monitoring Continuous emission monitoring of metal aerosol con- centrations in atmospheric air I695

Continuous flow spectroscopy Peristaltic pumps-Fourier transforms: a coupling of interest in continuous flow flame atomic absorption spectrometry 1761

Continuum source AAS Extended calibration ranges for continuum source atomic absorption spectrometry with array detec- tion 1055

Convection Diffusion vapour transfer modelling for end-capped atomizers. Part 2. Atomizer with open injection port 1081

Corrosion A micro-XRF spectrometer based on a rotating anode generator and capillary optics 1661

CPG-8-HQ resin A comparison of preconcentration reagents for flow injection analysis flame atomic spectrometry 1909

Cr An improved impaction-graphite furnace system for the direct and near real-time determination of cadmium. chromium, lead and manganese in aerosols and cigarette smoke by simultaneous multielement atomic absorption spectrometry 109 Determination of Ni and Cr in soils by slurry graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry 221 Elemental speciation for chromium in chromium pico- linate products 180 1 X-ray chemical shift determination by energy disper- sive detection 1655

Cr speciation Flow injection method for the rapid determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand based on microwave digestion and chromium speciation in Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry 179 1

cu Effects of atomization surfaces and modifiers on the kinetics of copper atomization in electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry 1121 Extension of the dynamic range of flame atomic absorption spectrometry using flow injection analysis with variable-volume dilution chambers 1747

Flow injection sorbent extraction with dialkyldithio- phosphates as chelating agent for the determination of cadmium, copper and lead by flame atomic absorp- tion spectrometry 1917

Data acquisition Development of transient data acquisition system for hyphenated techniques coupled with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry 1753

Database Computer expert system for spectral line simulation and selection in inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry 889

Density-matrix DensMat: fully time-resolved simulation of two-step pulsed laser excitation of atoms in highly collisional media 413

Desolvation Effect of power and carrier gas flow rate on the tolerance to water loading in inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry 15 17 Use of a multi-tube Nafion ” membrane dryer for desolvation with thermospray sample introduction to inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry 1491

Detection limit A photon counting dynamic digital lock-in amplifier for background suppression in glow discharge atomic emission spectrometry 97 Application of an ETCICP system for the determin- ation of elements in human hair 261 Investigation of a high-efficiency nebulizer and a thimble glass frit nebulizer for elemental analysis of biological materials by inductively coupled plasma- atomic emission spectrometry 27 Simultaneous measurements of signal and background in inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectro- metry: effects on precision, limit of detection and limit of quantitation 75 Spectral interferences in the determination of traces of scandium, yttrium and rare earth elements in “pure” rare earth matrices by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry Part III. Europium 733

Detection system Spatially and temporally resolved detection of ana- lytical signals in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry 1023

Diagnostics Air entrainment in an inductively coupled plasma measured by Raman and Rayleigh scattering 1527 Statistical mechanics of Ar! in an inductively coupled plasma 1487

Dialkyldithiophosphates Flow injection sorbent extraction with dialkyldithio- phosphates as chelating agent for the determination of cadmium, copper and lead by flame atomic absorp- tion spectrometry 1917

Diffusion coefficients A kinetic study of diffusion in the electrothermal atomizer with a graphite filter by laser excited atomic fluorescence 1679

Dilution method Hyperbolic model of the additiondilution method in quantitative X-ray fluorescence analysis 569

Diode laser Comparison of active and passive spectroscopic methods to investigate atmospheric inductively coupled plasmas 137 I

Direct solids analysis Influence of sample matrix components on the selection of calibration strategies in electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry 159 1

Discharge tube Performance of a microwave induced plasma (MIP) operated in a liquid-cooled discharge tube for atomic emission spectrometry I 17 Spectroscopic investigations of a cathode fall region of the Grimm-type glow discharge 1707

Dissolution On-line precipitation/dissolution system for the pre- concentration and determination of manganese traces by atomic absorption spectrometry 1935

Dithiocarbamate resin Gas chromatography coupled with atomic absorption spectrometry -- a sensitive instrumentation for mer- cury speciation 829

Drinking water Simple method of determination of copper, mercury and lead in potable water with preliminary pre- concentration by total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry 769

Drop size distribution Behaviour of the thermospray nebuhzer as a system for the introduction of organic solutions in flame atomic absorption spectrometry I535

Dry ashing Sample preparation steps for analysis by atomic spectroscopy methods: present status 1297

Dynamic range Expanding the working concentration range in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry: study of non-resonance lines of tin 697 Peristaltic pumpssFourier transforms: a coupling of interest in continuous flow flame atomic absorption spectrometry 176 1

Electron density Fundamental aspects of ion extraction in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry 779 Langmuir probe study of the charged particle charac- teristics in an analytical radio frequency-glow dis- charge. Roles of discharge conditions and sample conductivity 509

Preliminary spectroscopic experiments with helium microwave induced plasma produced in air by use of a new structure: the axial injection torch 467

Electron temperature Fundamental aspects of ion extraction in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry 779 On the electron temperatures and densities in plasmas produced by the “torche a injection axiale” 1385

Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) A new soliddliquid extraction sampling technique for direct determination of trace elements in biological materials by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry 2 11 A radiotracer study on effectiveness of platinum metals as chemical modifiers in electrothermal atomic absorp- tion spectrometry: behaviour of selenium in a graphite furnace 1253 An alternative to the popular atomization concept for electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry 1291 Catalytic processes in graphite furnaces for electro- thermal atomic absorption spectrometry 1573 Design, operation and analytical characteristics of the filter furnace. a new atomizer for electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry 1169 Determination of chromium. manganese. lead and cadmium in biological samples including hair using direct electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry 665 Determination of Ni and Cr in soils by slurry graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry 221 Determination of trace metals (As. Cd, Hg, Pb and Sn) in marine sediment slurry samples by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry using palladium as a chemical modifier 1235 Diffusion vapour transfer modelling for end-capped atomizers. Part 2. Atomizer with open injection port 1081 Effects of atomization surfaces and modifiers on the kinetics of copper atomization in electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry 1171 Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometric deter- mination of lead in high-purity reagents with Row- injection on-line microcolumn preconcentration and separation using a macrocycle immobilized silica gel sorbent 1875 Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry using an improved solid sampling system for the analysis of high purity tantalum powders 1223 Expanding the working concentration range in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry: study of non-resonance lines of tin 697 Experimental study on the reasons for low sensitivity

and memory effects in the determination of lanthanum and samarium in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry 1147 Impact of source and free atom density spatial non- uniformities in electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry 1045 Improved algorithm for linearization of calibration curves in Zeeman graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry 609 Interference of salts on the determination of lead by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Ion chromatographic study 619 Investigation of on-line coupling electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry with flow injection sorption preconcentration using a knotted reactor for totally automatic determination of lead in water samples 1891 Low-temperature migration of lead. thallium, and selenium onto a palladium modifier during the analysis of solutions and slurries by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry 1505 Maintenance of the slope of linearized calibration curves in Zeeman graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry 7 13 Mechanisms of magnesium chloride interferences on zinc in electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry using a dual cavity platform I8 I Mechanisms of the interference of calcium chloride on zinc in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectro- metry using a dual-cavity platform II63 Noble metals as permanent modifiers for the deter- mination of mercury by electrothermal atomic absorp- tion spectrometry 1263 Role of oxygen in the determination of oxide forming elements by electrothermal atomic absorption spectro- metry Part 3. Effect of oxygen on the reactions of tin in uncoated, pyrolytically coated and zirconium carbide coated graphite tube atomizers 1133 Separation and preconcentration by flow injection coupled to tungsten coil electrothermal atomic absorp- tion spectrometry 1925 Slurry sampling electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry for the analysis of graphite powders 1211 Solution and slurry sampling electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry for the analysis of high purity quartz II97 Stabilization of the oxide formmg elements. lead. thallium and tin. in graphite tubes for graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry by inter- calation I I39 The possibility of standardless analysis in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry: determin- ation of gold in geological samples 65

The use of sputtering as a solid sampling technique in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry 1191 Uncertainty in analytical results from solid materials with electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry: a comparison of methods 229 Vaporization and atomization of neodymium in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry 87 Wall-to-platform migration in electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry Part 1. Investigation of the mechanism of chloride interference on thallium 1155

Electrothermal atomization Application of an ETCICP system for the determin- ation of elements in human hair 261 Development of transient data acquisition system for hyphenated techniques coupled with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry 1753 Direct determination of Se and As in solid certified reference materials using electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry 271 Electrothermal vaporization for the determination of halogens by reduced pressure inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry 1345 Influence of sample matrix components on the selection of calibration strategies in electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry 1591 Observation of pre-atomization events on electro- thermal atomizer surfaces 941 Peak shape effects in tungsten electrothermal atomizer atomic absorption spectrometry 1271 Signal enhancement effect of halogen matrix in electrothermal vaporization-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry 155 1 The role of modifiers in electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ETV- ICP-MS) for the determination of B, La and U 817 Use of laser-excited atomic fluorescence spectrometry with a novel diffusive graphite tube electrothermal atomizer for the direct determination of silver in sea water and in solid reference materials 1355 Vaporization and atomization of neodymium in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry 87

Element enrichment The formation of trace element-enriched particulates during laser ablation of refractory materials 145 1

End-capped atomizers Diffusion vapour transfer modelling for end-capped atomizers. Part 2. Atomizer with open injection port 1081

Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry X-ray chemical shift determination by energy disper- sive detection 1655

Environmental samples Determination of trace elements in bee honey, pollen and tissue by total reflection and radioisotope X-ray fluorescence spectrometry 499

Error Sources of error in direct solid sampling Zeeman atomic absorption spectrometry analyses of biological samples with high water content 201

Eu Spectral interferences in the determination of traces of scandium, yttrium and rare earth elements in “pure” rare earth matrices by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry Part III. Europium 733

Expert system Computer expert system for spectral line simulation and selection in inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry 889 Prediction of spectral interference in inductively coupled plasmaaatomic emission spectrometry by primary computer expert system 877

FAPES Two-dimensional imaging of excited analyte species in electrothermal vaporizers 999

Fe Classification of singly ionized iron emission lines in the 160-250 nm wavelength region from Grimm-type glow discharge plasma 349 Optimization of electrothermal vaporization, induct- ively coupled plasma mass spectrometry conditions for the determination of iron, copper, nickel and zinc in semiconductor grade acids 1393

Figures of merit Analysis of glass by UV laser ablation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Part 2. Analytical figures of merit 333

Flame atomic absorption spectrometry A comparison of preconcentration reagents for flow injection analysis flame atomic spectrometry 1909 Behaviour of the thermospray nebulizer as a system for the introduction of organic solutions in flame atomic absorption spectrometry 1535 Extension of the dynamic range of flame atomic absorption spectrometry using flow injection analysis with variable-volume dilution chambers 1747 Flow injection method for the rapid determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand based on microwave digestion and chromium speciation in Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry 1791 Flow injection sorbent extraction with dialkyldithio- phosphates as chelating agent for the determination

Subject Index ix

of cadmium, copper and lead by flame atomic absorp- tion spectrometry 1917

Flow injection A comparison of preconcentration reagents for flow injection analysis flame atomic spectrometry 1909 Design and application of a new phase separator for flow injection liquiddliquid extraction 1769 Determination of arsenic in gold by flow injection inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with matrix removal by reductive precipitation 1823 Determination of As, Sb. Bi and Hg in water samples by flow-injection inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with an in-situ nebulizer/hydride generator 1813 Determination of tin in steels by non-dispersive atomic fluorescence spectrometry coupled with flow- injection hydride generation in the presence of L- cysteine 1829 Determination of total mercury in environmental and biological samples by flow injection cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry 1867 Development of transient data acquisition system for hyphenated techniques coupled with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry 1753 Dispersion of discrete sample signals within aerosol spray chambers: preliminary investigations 1733 Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometric determination of lead in high-purity reagents with flow-injection on-line microcolumn preconcentration and separation using a macrocycle immobilized silica gel sorbent 1875 Extension of the dynamic range of flame atomic absorption spectrometry using flow injection analysis with variable-volume dilution chambers 1747 Flow injection sorbent extraction with dialkyldithio- phosphates as chelating agent for the determination of cadmium. copper and lead by flame atomic absorp- tion spectrometry 19 17 Investigation of on-line coupling electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry with flow injection sorption preconcentration using a knotted reactor for totally automatic determination of lead in water samples 189 1 On-line precipitationdissolution system for the preconcentration and determination of manganese traces by atomic absorption spectrometry 1935 Separation and preconcentration by flow injection coupled to tungsten coil electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry 1925 Use of a surfactant in the determination of arsenic by flow injection hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry 1859

Flow-injection hybride generation First-order speciation of As using flow injection hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry with in-situ trappng of the arsine in a graphite furnace 178 1 Study on stable coatings for determination of lead by flow-injection hydride generation and in situ concentration in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry 1425

Flow rate effects Effect of power and carrier gas flow rate on the tolerance to water loading in inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry 1517

Fourier transform spectrometry Investigations of self-absorption in a radio-frequency glow discharge device 839 Peristaltic pumps-Fourier transforms: a coupling of interest in con&nuous flow flame atomic absorption spectrometry 1761

Fractionation The formation of trace element-enriched particulates during laser ablation of refractory materials 1451

Furnace model Impact of source and free atom density spatial non- uniformities in electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry 1045

Fuzzy clustering IDAS: a Windows based software package for cluster analysis 441

Gas-liquid separators A comparison of gas-liquid separators for the determination of mercury by cold-vapour sequential injection atomic absorption spectrometry 1777

Gaseous-carbide theory Gaseous carbide theory. Has it been buried prema- turely 533

Geological sample The possibility of standardless analysis in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry: determin- ation of gold in geological samples 65

Geothermal waters Flow injection for the determination of Se(IV) and Se(VI) by hydride generation atomic absorption spec- trometry with microwave oven on-line prereduction of Se(V1) to Se(IV) 1837

Glass A micro-XRF spectrometer based on a rotating anode generator and capillary optics 166 1 Analysis of glass by UV laser ablation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Part 1.

Effects of the laser parameters on the amount of ablated material and the temporal behaviour of the signal for different types of laser 321 Analysis of glass by UV laser ablation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Part 2. Analytical figures of merit 333

Glow discharge Analysis of graphitized cast irons by optical emisson spectroscopy: matrix effects in the glow discharge and the spark excitation 863 A novel approach to resonance ionization mass spectrometry employing a glow discharge atom source 1463 A photon counting dynamic digital lock-in amplifier for background suppression in glow discharge atomic emission spectrometry 97

Gold/rhodium modifier Noble metals as permanent modifiers for the deter- mination of mercury by electrothermal atomic absorp- tion spectrometry 1263

Graphite furnace A kinetic study of diffusion in the electrothermal atomizer with a graphite filter by laser excited atomic fluorescence 1679 An alternative to the popular atomization concept for electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry 1291 Atomic spectrometric detection of hydride forming elements following in situ trapping within a graphite furnace 377 Catalytic processes in graphite furnaces for electro- thermal atomic absorption spectrometry 1573 Design, operation and analytical characteristics of the filter furnace, a new atomizer for electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry 1169 Digital imaging of formation and dissipation processes for atoms and molecules and condensed-phase species in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry: a review 973 Electrothermal atomization-laser induced fluores- cence determination of iridium, rhodium, palladium. platinum and gold at the rig/l level in pure water 543 Evaluation of electrochemical hydride generation for the determination of arsenic and selenium in sea water by graphite furnace atomic absorption with in situ concentration 1325 Extension of working range in Zeeman graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry by nonlinear calibration with prior correction for stray light 1309 First-order speciation of As using flow injection hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry with in-situ trappng of the arsine in a graphite furnace 178 I

Imaging of analyte distribution in a graphite tube atomizer by laser induced fluorescence 1007 Monte Carlo simulation of electrothermal atomization on a desktop personal computer 1279 On-line atomization of selenium hydride in graphite furnaces: estimate of atomic absorption coefficient and spectroscopic temperature 1107 Optimization of electrothermal vaporization, induct- ively coupled plasma mass spectrometry conditions for the determination of iron, copper, nickel and zinc in semiconductor grade acids 1393 Spatial distributions of non-atomic species in graphite furnaces 96 1 Study on stable coatings for determination of lead by flow-injection hydride generation and in situ concentration in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry 1425 Temporal and spatial temperature distributions in transversely heated graphite tube atomizers and their analytical characteristics for atomic absorption specto- metry 897 The importance of the rollover absorbance and the Zeeman sensitivity ratio related coefficient for the accuracy in linearization of calibration curves in electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry with Zeeman effect background correction 429

Graphite matrix Slurry sampling electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry for the analysis of graphite powders 1211

Graphite probe furnace Determination of the temperature of the graphite probe surface in graphite probe furnace atomic absorption spectrometry 1335 Development of a new method for direct deter- mination of selenium associated with atmospheric particulate matter using chemical modifiers and graphite probe furnace atomic absorption spectro- metry 155 Temporal and spatial temperature distributions in transversely heated graphite tube atomizers and their analytical characteristics for atomic absorption spectrometry 897

Graphite surface Observation of pre-atomization events on electro- thermal atomizer surfaces 94 I Role of oxygen in the determination of oxide forming elements by electrothermal atomic absorption spectro- metry Part 3. Effect of oxygen on the reactions of tin in uncoated. pyrolytically coated and zirconium carbide coated graphite tube atomizers 1133

Graphitized cast iron Analysis of graphitized cast irons by optical emisson

spectroscopy: matrix effects in the glow discharge and the spark excitation 863

Grimm glow discharge Classification of singly ionized iron emission lines in the 160-250 nm wavelength region from Grimm-type glow discharge plasma 349 Spectroscopic investigations of a cathode fall region of the Grimm-type glow discharge 1707

Hair Application of an ETC-ICP system for the determin- ation of elements in human hair 261 Determination of chromium, manganese, lead and cadmium in biological samples including hair using direct electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry 665 Study of a microwave induced argon plasma sustained in a TEioi cavity as spectrochemical emission source coupled with graphite furnace evaporation 55 I

Halogen Electrothermal vaporization for the determination of halogens by reduced pressure inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry 1345 Signal enhancement effect of halogen matrix in electrothermal vaporization-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry 155 1

He microwave plasma Preliminary spectroscopic experiments with helium microwave induced plasma produced in air by use of a new structure: the axial injection torch 467

Heating characteristics Temporal and spatial temperature distributions in transversely heated graphite tube atomizers and their analytical characteristics for atomic absorption spectrometry 897

Hf Isotope selective suppression of contaminant signals in Paul trap laser spectroscopic studies 707

HfH + formation Isotope selective suppression of contaminant signals in Paul trap laser spectroscopic studies 707

Hg A comparison of gas-liquid separators for the deter- mination of mercury by cold-vapour sequential injection atomic absorption spectrometry 1777 Determination of As, Sb, Bi and Hg in water samples by flow-injection inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with an in-situ nebuhzer:hydride generator 18 13 Determination of total mercury in environmental and biological samples by flow injection cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry 1867

Noble metals as permanent modifiers for the deter- mination of mercury by electrothermal atomic absorp- tion spectrometry 1263

Hierarchical clustering IDAS: a Windows based software package for cluster analysis 44 1

History A personal view of the development of solid sampling emission spectrochemical analysis 245

HPLCICPPAES Development of transient data acquisition system for hyphenated techniques coupled with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry 1753

Hydride generation Atomic spectrometric detection of hydride forming elements following in situ trapping within a graphite furnace 377 Determination+ of arsenic in gold by flow injection inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with matrix removal by reductive precipitation 1823 Determination of As, Sb. Bi and Hg in water samples by flow-injection inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with an in-situ nebulizer/hydride generator 1813 Determination of tin in steels by non-dispersive atomic fluorescence spectrometry coupled with flow-injection hydride generation in the presence of L-cysteine 1829 Evaluation of electrochemical hydride generation for the determination of arsenic and selenium in sea water by graphite furnace atomic absorption with in situ concentration 1325 Flow injection for the determination of Se(IV) and Se(VI) by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry with microwave oven on-line prereduc- tion of Se(VI) to Se(IV) 1837 Interferences in hydride atomization studied by atomic absorption and atomic fluorescence spectrometry 48 I On-line focused microwave digestionhydride gener- ation of inorganic and organic selenium Total deter- mination and inorganic selenium speciation by atomic absorption spectrometry 1849 Use of a surfactant in the determination of arsenic by flow injection hydride generation atomic absorp- tion spectrometry 1859

Hydrogen Molecular hydrogen emission in the vacuum ultravio- let from an inductively coupled plasma 3

Hyperfine structure Hyperfine structure studies of “3Nb by three-step resonance ionization spectroscopy I75

xii Shjecl lndev

Hyphenated methods Study of a microwave induced argon plasma sustained in a TElol cavity as spectrochemical emission source coupled with graphite furnace evaporation 551

ICP interelement effects Studies into the interelement matrix effect in induc- tively coupled plasma spectrometry 160 1

IDA resin A comparison of preconcentration reagents for flow injection analysis flame atomic spectrometry 1909

Imaging Two-dimensional imaging of excited analyte species in electrothermal vaporizers 999

Immobilized macrocycle Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometric deter- mination of lead in high-purity reagents with flow- injection on-line microcolumn preconcentration and separation using a macrocycle immobilized silica gel sorbent 1875

Impaction-graphite furnace system An improved impaction-graphite furnace system for the direct and near real-time determination of cadmium, chromium, lead and manganese in aerosols and cigarette smoke by simultaneous multielement atomic absorption spectrometry 109

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) A theoretical adaptation of the classical isotope dilution technique for practical routine analytical determinations by means of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry I39 Determination of arsenic in gold by flow injection inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with matrix removal by reductive precipitation 1823 Determination of As, Sb, Bi and Hg in water samples by flow-injection inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with an in-situ nebulizerlhydride generator 1813 Electrothermal vaporization for the determination of halogens by reduced pressure inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry 1345 Fundamental aspects of ion extraction in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry 779 Optimization of electrothermal vaporization, induct- ively coupled plasma mass spectrometry conditions for the determination of iron, copper. nickel and zinc in semiconductor grade acids 1393 Precision-based optimization of multicomponent analysis in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry 591 Real-time internal standardization with an axially-

viewed inductively coupled plasma for optical emission spectrometry 1443 Routine clinical determination of lead, arsenic, cad- mium, and thallium in urine and whole blood by induc- tively coupled plasma mass spectrometry 13 Spatially resolved measurements of ion density behind the skimmer of an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer 41 The role of modifiers in electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ETV- ICP-MS) for the determination of B, La and U 817 Vaporization and atomization of neodymium in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectro- metry 87

Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrome- try (ICP-AES) Air entrainment in an inductively coupled plasma measured by Raman and Rayleigh scattering 1527 Analysis of glass by UV laser ablation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Part 1. Effects of the laser parameters on the amount of ablated material and the temporal behaviour of the signal for different types of laser 321 Analysis of glass by UV laser ablation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Part 2. Analytical figures of merit 333 Comparison of active and passive spectroscopic methods to investigate atmospheric inductively coupled plasmas 1371 Computer expert system for spectral line simulation and selection in inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry 889 Design and application of a new phase separator for flow injection liquiddliquid extraction 1769 Determination of elements in polymers by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry: effect of the laser beam wavelength, energy and masking on the ablation threshold and efficiency 579 Effect of pH of aqueous ceramic suspensions on colloidal stability and precision of analytical measure- ments using slurry nebulization inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry 253 Effect of power and carrier gas flow rate on the tolerance to water loading in inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry 1.517 Elemental speciation for chromium in chromium pico- linate products 1801 Investigation of a high-efficiency nebulizer and a thimble glass frit nebulizer for elemental analysis of biological materials by inductively coupled plasma- atomic emission spectrometry 27

Laser ablation solid sampling: vertical spatial emission intensity profiles in inductively coupled plasma 1473 Molecular hydrogen emission in the vacuum ultra- violet from an inductively coupled plasma 3 On-line-sorption preconcentration and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry deter- mination of rare earth elements 1417 Prediction of spectral interference in inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry by primary computer expert system 877 Real-time internal standardization with an axially- viewed inductively coupled plasma for optical emission spectrometry 1443 Simultaneous measurements of signal and background in inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectro- metry: effects on precision. limit of detection and limit of quantitation 75 Spectral interferences in the determination of traces of scandium, yttrium and rare earth elements in “pure” rare earth matrices by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry Part III. Europium 733 Studies into the interelement matrix effect in induc- tively coupled plasma spectrometry 1601 Use of a multi-tube Nafion”membrane dryer for desolvation with thermospray sample introduction to inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry 1491

In situ trapping Atomic spectrometric detection of hydride forming elements following in situ trapping within a graphite furnace 377 Evaluation of electrochemical hydride generation for the determination of arsenic and selenium in sea water by graphite furnace atomic absorption with in situ concentration 1325 First-order speciation of As using flow injection hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry with in-situ trappng of the arsine in a graphite furnace 178 1 On-line atomization of selenium hydride in graphite furnaces: estimate of atomic absorption coefficient and spectroscopic temperature 1107 Study on stable coatings for determination of lead by flow-injection hydride generation and in situ concentration in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry 1425

Integrated absorbance Peak shape effects in tungsten electrothermal atomizer atomic absorption spectrometry 1271

Intercalation Experimental study on the reasons for low sensitivity

and memory effects in the determination of lanthanum and samarium in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry 1147 Observation of pre-atomization events on electro- thermal atomizer surfaces 941 Stabilization of the oxide forming elements, lead, thallium and tin. in graphite tubes for graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry by inter- calation 1139

Interference Interferences in hydride atomization studied by atomic absorption and atomic fluorescence spectrome- try 481 Interference of salts on the determination of lead by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Ion chromatographic study 619 Mechanisms of the interference of calcium chloride on zinc in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectro- metry using a dual-cavity platform 1163 Precision-based optimization of multicomponent analysis in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry 591 Wall-to-platform migration in electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry Part 1. Investigation of the mechanism of chloride interference on thallium 1155

Internal standard Real-time internal standardization with an axially- viewed inductively coupled plasma for optical emission spectrometry 1443

Intrinsic mass Extended calibration ranges for continuum source atomic absorption spectrometry with array detection 1055

Ion chromatography Interference of salts on the determination of lead by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Ion chromatographic study 619

Ion density Spatially resolved measurements of ion density behind the skimmer of an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer 41

Ion deposition Fundamental aspects of ion extraction in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry 779

Ion exchange Elemental speciation for chromium in chromium pico- linate products 180 1 Pretreatment of special samples from w!aste inciner- ation for analysis by total reflection X-ray fluores- cence 1647

Ion extraction from plasmas Fundamental aspects of ion extraction in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry 779

Ion lens Fundamental aspects of ion extraction in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry 779

Ion trap mass spectrometry Selective laser ablationionization for ion trap mass spectrometry: resonant laser ablation 851

Ionization Hyperfine structure studies of y3Nb by three-step resonance ionization spectroscopy 175 Selective laser ablation/ionization for ion trap mass spectrometry: resonant laser ablation 851 Signal enhancement effect of halogen matrix in electrothermal vaporization-inductively coupled plasmaamass spectrometry 155 1

Isotope dilution A theoretical adaptation of the classical isotope dilution technique for practical routine analytical determinations by means of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry 139

Kinetics Effects of atomization surfaces and modifiers on the kinetics of copper atomization in electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry 1121

Knotted reactor Investigation of on-line coupling electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry with flow injection sorption preconcentration using a knotted reactor for totally automatic determination of lead in water samples 189 I

L-Cysteine Determination of tin in steels by non-dispersive atomic fluorescence spectrometry coupled with flow-injection hydride generation in the presence of L-cysteine I829

La The role of modifiers in electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ETV- ICP-MS) for the determination of B, La and U 8 I7

Langmuir probe Fundamental aspects of ion extraction in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry 779 Langmuir-probe measurements of a pulsed and steady- state rf glow-discharge source and of an rf planar- magnetron source 1629 Langmuir probe study of the charged particle charac- teristics in an analytical radio frequency-glow dis- charge. Roles of discharge conditions and sample conductivity 509

Lanthanide Vaporization and atomization of neodymium in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry 87

Laser ablation Analysis of glass by UV laser ablation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Part 1. Analysis of glass by UV laser ablation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Part 2. Analytical figures of merit 333 Determination ofelements in polymers by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrome- try: effect of the laser beam wavelength, energy and masking on the ablation threshold and efficiency 579 Effects of the laser parameters on the amount of ablated material and the temporal behaviour of the signal for different types of laser 321 Evaluation of laser ablation optical emission spectro- metry for microanalysis in aluminium samples 1403 Laser ablation solid sampling: vertical spatial emission intensity profiles in inductively coupled plasma 1473 Selective laser ablation/ionization for ion trap mass spectrometry: resonant laser ablation 851 The formation of trace element-enriched particulates during laser ablation of refractory materials 1451

Laser enhanced ionization (LEI) DensMat: fully time-resolved simulation of two-step pulsed laser excitation of atoms in highly collisional media 413 Single photo-electron and photon detection in a mer- cury resonance ionization photon detector (RID) 563

Laser excited atomic fluorescence (LEAF) A kinetic study of diffusion in the electrothermal atomizer with a graphite filter by laser excited atomic fluorescence I679

Laser fluorescence Isotope selective suppression of contaminant signals in Paul trap laser spectroscopic studies 707

Laser induced fluorescence DensMat: fully time-resolved simulation of two-step pulsed laser excitation of atoms in highly collisional media 413 Electrothermal atomization-laser induced fluores- cence determination of iridium, rhodium. palladium, platinum and gold at the ng/ I level in pure water 543 Imaging of analyte distribution in a graphite tube atomizer by laser induced fluorescence 3007 Use of laser-excited atomic fluorescence spectrometry with a novel diffusive graphite tube electrothermal atomizer for the direct determination of silver in sea water and in solid reference materials 1355

Laser induced spectroscopy Evaluation of laser ablation optical emission spectro- metry for microanalysis in aluminium samples 1403 Isotope selective suppression of contaminant signals in Paul trap laser spectroscopic studies 707

Production control of metal alloys by laser spec- troscopy of the molten metals. Part I. Preliminary investigations 279

Laser ionization A novel approach to resonance ionization mass spectrometry employing a glow discharge atom source 1463 Selective laser ablation/ionization for ion trap mass spectrometry: resonant laser ablation 851

Laser microanalysis Evaluation of laser ablation optical emission spectro- metry for microanalysis in aluminium samples 1403

Laser spectroscopy DensMat: fully time-resolved simulation of two-step pulsed laser excitation of atoms in highly collisional media 413

Light scattering Digital imaging of formation and dissipation processes for atoms and molecules and condensed-phase species in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry: a review 973 Spatial distributions of non-atomic species in graphite furnaces 96 I

Line broadening Interatomic potentials and the van der Waals’ coef- ficient for the intercombination Cd 326.1 nm absorp- tion line broadened by cadmium pressure 633

Line selection Spectral interferences in the determination of traces of scandium, yttrium and rare earth elements in “pure” rare earth matrices by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry Part III. Europium 733

Local thermal equilibrium (LTE) Computer expert system for spectral line simulation and selection in inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry 889 Prediction of spectral interference in inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry by primary computer expert system 877 Statistical mechanics of Arl in an inductively coupled plasma 1487

Magnesium chloride Mechanisms of magnesium chloride interferences on zinc in electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry using a dual cavity platform 181

Marine sediment Determination of trace metals (As. Cd, Hg. Pb and Sn) in marine sediment slurry samples by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry using palladium as a chemical modifier 1235

Mass spectrometry A novel approach to resonance ionization mass spectrometry employing a glow discharge atom source 1463 Observation of pre-atomization events on electro- thermal atomizer surfaces 941

Matrix effect Analysis of graphitized cast irons by optical emisson spectroscopy: matrix effects in the glow discharge and the spark excitation 863 Imaging of analyte distribution in a graphite tube atomizer by laser induced fluorescence 1007

Matrix modifier Noble metals as permanent modifiers for the deter- mination of mercury by electrothermal atomic absorp- tion spectrometry 1263 The role of modifiers in electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ETV-ICP-MS) for the determination of B, La and U 817

Matrix removal Determination of arsenic in gold by flow injection inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with matrix removal by reductive precipitation 1823

Membrane Use of a multi-tube NafionKmembrane dryer for desolvation with thermospray sample introduction to inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry 1491

Memory Experimental study on the reasons for low sensitivity and memory effects in the determination of lanthanum and samarium in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry I 147

Metals A personal view of the development of solid sampling emission spectrochemical analysis 245 Continuous emission monitoring of metal aerosol con- centrations in atmospheric air 1695 Determination of metals in biofluids and tissues: sample preparation methods for atomic spectroscopic techniques 29 1 Production control of metal alloys by laser spec- troscopy of the molten metals, Part 1. Preliminary investigations 279

Methylmercury Gas chromatography coupled with atomic absorption spectrometry - a sensitive instrumentation for mer- cury speciation 829

Mg Application of an ETC- ICP system for the determin- ation of elements in human hair 261

xvi Suhjecf Inder

Micro-X-ray fluorescence spectrometer A micro-XRF spectrometer based on a rotating anode generator and capillary optics 1661

Microanalysis A micro-XRF spectrometer based on a rotating anode generator and capillary optics 1661 Evaluation of laser ablation optical emission spectro- metry for microanalysis in aluminium samples 1403

Microsample A capacitively coupled microwave plasma atomic emission spectrometer for the determination of trace metals in microsamples 55

Microwave digestion Determination of total mercury in environmental and biological samples by flow injection cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry 1867 Flow injection method for the rapid determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand based on microwave digestion and chromium speciation in Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry 179 1

Microwave heating First-order speciation of As using flow injection hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry with in-situ trappng of the arsine in a graphite furnace 178 1

Microwave induced plasma (MlP) On the atomic state densities of plasma produced by the “torche a injection axiale” 457 Performance of a microwave induced plasma (MIP) operated in a liquid-cooled discharge tube for atomic emission spectrometry 117 Study of a microwave induced argon plasma sustained in a TElol cavity as spectrochemical emission source coupled with graphite furnace evaporation 551 The effect of two gases forming supercritical fluids (Xe and CO?) on the spectral characteristics and analytical capabilities of microwave induced plasmas 685

Microwave induced plasma-mass spectrometry (MIP-MS) A new solid-liquid extraction sampling technique for direct determination of trace elements in biological materials by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry 2 1 I

Miniature flame atomizer Interferences in hydride atomization studied by atomic absorption and atomic fluorescence spectrometry 48 1

Mn An improved impaction-graphite furnace system for the direct and near real-time determination of cad- mium, chromium, lead and manganese in aerosols and cigarette smoke by simultaneous multielement atomic absorption spectrometry 109

Application of an ETC-ICP system for the determin- ation of elements in human hair 261 On-line precipitation/dissolution system for the pre- concentration and determination of manganese traces by atomic absorption spectrometry 1935 X-ray chemical shift determination by energy disper- sive detection 1655

Modeling Hyperbolic mode1 of the addition-dilution method in quantitative X-ray fluorescence analysis 569 Monte Carlo simulation of electrothermal atomization on a desktop personal computer 1279 Spectroscopic applications of the plasma dispersion function 16.5

Modifier A radiotracer study on effectiveness of platinum metals as chemical modifiers in electrothermal atomic absorp- tion spectrometry: behaviour of selenium in a graphite furnace 1253 Catalytic processes in graphite furnaces for electro- thermal atomic absorption spectrometry 1573

Molecular absorption Spatial distributions of non-atomic species in graphite furnaces 96 1

Molecular emission Molecular hydrogen emission in the vacuum ultravio- let from an inductively coupled plasma 3 Two-dimensional imaging of excited analyte species in electrothermal vaporizers 999

Monte Carlo simulation Monte Carlo simulation of electrothermal atomization on a desktop personal computer 1279

Multi element determination Development of transient data acquisition system for hyphenated techniques coupled with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry 1753

Multicomponent analysis Precision-based optimization of multicomponent analysis in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry 591

Multielement atomic absorption spectrometry An improved impaction-graphite furnace system for the direct and near real-time determination of cadmium, chromium. lead and manganese in aerosols and cigarette smoke by simultaneous multielement atomic absorption spectrometry 109

NaCl vaporization Spatially and temporally resolved detection of ana- lytical signals in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry 1023

Subject 1nde.x xvii

Nafion R gas dryer On-line flow injection Use of a multi-tube Nafion ‘membrane dryer for desolvation with thermospray sample introduction to inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry 1491

Nb

Flow injection for the determination of Se(W) and Se(W) by hydride generation atomic absorption spec- trometry with microwave oven on-line prereduction of Se(W) to Se(IV) 1837

Hyperfine structure studies of “Nb by three-step resonance ionization spectroscopy 175

Nd Vaporization and atomization of neodymium in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry 87

Nebulizer Investigation of a high-efficiency nebulizer and a thimble glass frit nebulizer for elemental analysis of biological materials by inductively coupled plasma- atomic emission spectrometry 27

Newton method of successive approximation Maintenance of the slope of linearized calibration curves in Zeeman graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry 7 13

Ni

On-line microwave digestion On-line focused microwave digestion-hydride gener- ation of inorganic and organic selenium Total deter- mination and inorganic selenium speciation by atomic absorption spectrometry 1849

On-line preconcentration Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometric deter- mination of lead in high-purity reagents with flow- injection on-line microcolumn preconcentration and separation using a macrocycle immobilized silica gel sorbent 1875

Organic solvents

Determination of Ni and Cr in soils by slurry graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry 221

Noble gases

Behaviour of the thermospray nebulizer as a system for the introduction of organic solutions in flame atomic absorption spectrometry 1535

Over-equilibrium concentration Gaseous carbide theory. Has it been buried prema- turely 533

Oxidative photolysis Laser ablation solid sampling: vertical spatial emission intensity profiles in inductively coupled plasma 1473

Noble metals Electrothermal atomization-laser induced fluores- cence determination of iridium, rhodium, palladium, platinum and gold at the rig/l level in pure water 543

Noise

First-order speciation of As using flow injection hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry with in-situ trappng of the arsine in a graphite furnace 178 1

Oxygen ashing

Real-time internal standardization with an axially- viewed inductively coupled plasma for optical emission spectrometry 1443

Influence of sample matrix components on the selection of calibration strategies in electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry 159 1

Oxygen effect Non-resonance transitions

Expanding the working concentration range in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry: study of non-resonance lines of tin 697

Numerical simulation DensMat: fully time-resolved simulation of two-step pulsed laser excitation of atoms in highly collisional media 413

Role of oxygen in the determination of oxide forming elements by electrothermal atomic absorption spectro- metry Part 3. Effect of oxygen on the reactions of tin in uncoated, pyrolytically coated and zirconium carbide coated graphite tube atomizers 1133 Stabilization of the oxide forming elements, lead, thallium and tin, in graphite tubes for graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry by inter- calation 1139

On-line coupling Investigation of on-line coupling electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry with flow injection sorption preconcentration using a knotted reactor for totally automatic determination of lead in water samples 1891

On-line dilution

Palladium modifier

Extension of the dynamic range of flame atomic absorption spectrometry using flow injection analysis with variable-volume dilution chambers 1747

Low-temperature migration of lead, thallium, and selenium onto a palladium modifier during the analysis of solutions and slurries by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry 1505 Noble metals as permanent modifiers for the deter- mination of mercury by electrothermal atomic absorp- tion spectrometry 1263

Determination of trace metals (As. Cd. Hg, Pb and Sn) in marine sediment slurry samples by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry using palladium as a chemical modifier 1235

Paul trap Isotope selective suppression of contaminant signals in Paul trap laser spectroscopic studies 707

Pb An improved impaction-graphite furnace system for the direct and near real-time determination of cadmium, chromium, lead and manganese in aerosols and cigarette smoke by simultaneous multielement atomic absorption spectrometry 109 Determination of lead in seawater by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry with transversely heated furnace by using oxalic acid or PdiMg as modifiers 1245 Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometric deter- mination of lead in high-purity reagents with flow- injection on-line microcolumn preconcentration and separation using a macrocycle immobilized silica gel sorbent 1875 Flow injection sorbent extraction with dialkyldithio- phosphates as chelating agent for the determination of cadmium, copper and lead by flame atomic absorp- tion spectrometry 19 17 Interference of salts on the determination of lead by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Ion chromatographic study 619 Investigation of on-line coupling electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry with flow injection sorption preconcentration using a knotted reactor for totally automatic determination of lead in water samples 189 1 Routine clinical determination of lead, arsenic. cadmium, and thallium in urine and whole blood by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry 13 Separation and preconcentration by flow injection coupled to tungsten coil electrothermal atomic absorp- tion spectrometry 1925 Stabilization of the oxide forming elements, lead, thallium and tin, in graphite tubes for graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry by inter- calation I 139 Study on stable coatings for determination of lead by flow-injection hydride generation and in situ concentration in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry 1425

Pb-2 10 radiotracer Study on stable coatings for determination of lead by flow-injection hydride generation and in situ

concentration in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry 1425

Pd The possibility of standardless analysis in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry: determin- ation of gold in geological samples 65

Pd + Mg modifier Development of a new method for direct deter- mination of selenium associated with atmospheric particulate matter using chemical modifiers and graphite probe furnace atomic absorption spectro- metry 155 Interference of salts on the determination of lead by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Ion chromatographic study 619

Peak dispersion Dispersion of discrete sample signals within aerosol spray chambers: preliminary investigations 1733

Peristaltic pumps Peristaltic pumps+Fourier transforms: a coupling of interest in continuous flow flame atomic absorption spectrometry 176 1

Phase separator Design and application of a new phase separator for flow injection liquid-liquid extraction 1769

Photodiode array Spatially and temporally resolved detection of ana- lytical signals in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry 1023

Photon counting A photon counting dynamic digital lock-in amplifier for background suppression in glow discharge atomic emission spectrometry 97

PIXE Influence of sample charging on satellite spectra during particle induced X-ray emission analysis 343

Planar magnetron glow discharge source A miniature planar magnetron glow discharge source for analysis of submicroliter volume aqueous samples using atomic emission spectroscopy 399 Langmuir-probe measurements of a pulsed and steady- state rf glow-discharge source and of an rf planar- magnetron source 1629

Plasma diagnostics Comparison of active and passive spectroscopic methods to investigate atmospheric inductively coupled plasmas 137 1 Fundamental aspects of ion extraction in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry 779 On the electron temperatures and densities in plasmas produced by the “torche a injection axiale” 1385 Preliminary spectroscopic experiments with helium

microwave induced plasma produced in air by use of a new structure: the axial injection torch 467

Plasma dispersion Spectroscopic applications of the plasma dispersion function 165

Plasma maps Studies into the interelement matrix effect in induc- tively coupled plasma spectrometry 1601

Plasma temperature Performance of a microwave induced plasma (MIP) operated in a liquid-cooled discharge tube for atomic emission spectrometry 117 Preliminary spectroscopic experiments with helium microwave induced plasma produced in air by use of a new structure: the axial injection torch 467

Platform An alternative to the popular atomization concept for electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry 1291 Mechanisms of magnesium chloride interferences on zinc in electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry using a dual cavity platform 18 I Mechanisms of the interference of calcium chloride on zinc in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectro- metry using a dual-cavity platform 1163 Temporal and spatial temperature distributions in transversely heated graphite tube atomizers and their analytical characteristics for atomic absorption spectrometry 897 The use of sputtering as a solid sampling technique in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrome- try 1191 Wall-to-platform migration in electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry Part I. Investigation of the mechanism of chloride interference on thallium 1155

Polymer Determination of elements in polymers by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry: effect of the laser beam wavelength, energy and masking on the ablation threshold and efficiency 579

Porcelain A micro-XRF spectrometer based on a rotating anode generator and capillary optics 1661

Precipitation Determination of arsenic in gold by flow injection inductiv?ely coupled plasma mass spectrometry with matrix removal by reductive precipitation 1823 On-line precipitationdissolution system for the pre- concentration and determination of manganese traces by atomic absorption spectrometry 1935

Precision Precision-based optimization of multicomponent analysis in inductively coupled plasma mass

spectrometry 591 Simultaneous measurements of signal and background in inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectro- metry: effects on precision, limit of detection and limit of quantitation 75

Preconcentration A comparison of preconcentration reagents for flow injection analysis flame atomic spectrometry 1909 Investigation of on-line coupling electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry with flow injection sorption preconcentration using a knotted reactor for totally automatic determination of lead in water samples I 89 1 On-line-sorption preconcentration and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry deter- mination of rare earth elements 1417 Separation and preconcentration by flow injection coupled to tungsten coil electrothermal atomic absorp- tion spectrometry 1925 Simple method of determination of copper. mercury and lead in potable water with preliminary pre- concentration by total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry 769

Pt A radiotracer study on effectiveness of platinum metals as chemical modifiers in electrothermal atomic absorp- tion spectrometry: behaviour of selenium in a graphite furnace 1253

Pulsed plasmas Comparison of active and passive spectroscopic methods to investigate atmospheric inductively coupled plasmas 137 I

Quality control Uncertainty in analytical results from solid materials with electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry: a comparison of methods 229

Quantitation Simultaneous measurements of signal and background in inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectro- metry: effects on precision. limit of detection and limit of quantitation 75

Quartz Influence of sample charging on satellite spectra during particle induced X-ray emission analysis 343 Solution and slurry sampling electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry for the analysis of high purity quartz 1197

xx Subject Index

Quartz tube Use of a surfactant in the determination of arsenic by flow injection hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry 1859

Radio frequency glow discharge Investigations of self-absorption in a radio-frequency glow discharge device 839 Langmuir-probe measurements of a pulsed and steady- state rf glow-discharge source and of an rf planar-mag- netron source 1629 Langmuir probe study of the charged particle charac- teristics in an analytical radio frequency-glow dis- charge. Roles of discharge conditions and sample conductivity 509

Radioactivity A novel approach to resonance ionization mass spectro- metry employing a glow discharge atom source 1463

Radioisotope XRF Determination of trace elements in bee honey, pollen and tissue by total reflection and radioisotope X-ray fluorescence spectrometry 499

Radiotracers A radiotracer study on effectiveness of platinum metals as chemical modifiers in electrothermal atomic absorp- tion spectrometry: behaviour of selenium in a graphite furnace 1253

Raman scattering Air entrainment in an inductively coupled plasma measured by Raman and Rayleigh scattering 1527

Rare earths On-line-sorption preconcentration and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry deter- mination of rare earth elements 1417 Spectral interferences in the determination of traces of scandium, yttrium and rare earth elements in “pure” rare earth matrices by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry Part III. Europium 733

Rayleigh scattering Air entrainment in an inductively coupled plasma measured by Raman and Rayleigh scattering 1527

Reagents Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometric deter- mination of lead in high-purity reagents with flow- injection on-line microcolumn preconcentration and separation using a macrocycle immobilized silica gel sorbent 1875

Reference material Direct determination of Se and As in solid certified reference materials using electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry 271

Evaluation of electrochemical hydride generation for the determination of arsenic and selenium in sea water by graphite furnace atomic absorption with in situ concentration 1325 Geochemical reference materials: update 1996 1435 Uncertainty in analytical results from solid materials with electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry: a comparison of methods 229

Repeatability Simultaneous measurements of signal and background in inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectro- metry: effects on precision. limit of detection and limit of quantitation 75

Resonance ionization A novel approach to resonance ionization mass spectrometry employing a glow discharge atom source 1463 Hyperfine structure studies of 93Nb by three-step resonance ionization spectroscopy 175 Single photo-electron and photon detection in a mercury resonance ionization photon detector (RID) 563

Reversed-phase chromatography Elemental speciation for chromium in chromium pico- linate products 1801

Review Determination of metals in biofluids and tissues: sample preparation methods for atomic spectroscopic techniques 291

rf power effects Effect of power and carrier gas flow rate on the tolerance to water loading in inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry 15 17

SahaaBoltzmann equilibrium On the atomic state densities of plasma produced by the “torche a injection axiale” 457

Sample preparation Determination of metals in biofluids and tissues: sample preparation methods for atomic spectroscopic techniques 29 1 Sample preparation steps for analysis by atomic spectroscopy methods: present status 1297

Satellite spectra Influence of sample charging on satellite spectra during particle induced X-ray emission analysis 343

Sb Determination of As, Sb, Bi and Hg in water samples by flow-injection inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with an in-situ nebulizer/hydride generator 18 13

Suhjecr Indes xxi

Se A radiotracer study on effectiveness of platinum metals as chemical modifiers in electrothermal atomic absorp- tion spectrometry: behaviour of selenium in a graphite furnace 1253 Development of a new method for direct determin- ation of selenium associated with atmospheric particu- late matter using chemical modifiers and graphite probe furnace atomic absorption spectrometry 155 Direct determination of Se and As in solid certified reference materials using electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry 271 Evaluation of electrochemical hydride generation for the determination of arsenic and selenium in sea water by graphite furnace atomic absorption with in situ concentration 1325 Flow injection for the determination of Se(W) and Se(W) by hydride generation atomic absorption spec- trometry with microwave oven on-line prereduction of Se(VI) to Se(IV) 1837 On-line atomization of selenium hydride in graphite furnaces: estimate of atomic absorption coefficient and spectroscopic temperature 1107 On-line focused microwave digestion-hydride gener- ation of inorganic and organic selenium Total deter- mination and inorganic selenium speciation by atomic absorption spectrometry 1849

Sea water Determination of lead in seawater by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry with transversely heated furnace by using oxalic acid or Pd/Mg as modifiers 1245 Use of laser-excited atomic fluorescence spectrometry with a novel diffusive graphite tube electrothermal atomizer for the direct determination of silver in sea water and in solid reference materials 1355

Selectivity Flow injection sorbent extraction with dialkyldithio- phosphates as chelating agent for the determination of cadmium, copper and lead by flame atomic absorption spectrometry 1917

Self-absorption Investigations of self-absorption in a radio-frequency glow discharge device 839

Semiconductor grade acids Optimization of electrothermal vaporization, induct- ively coupled plasma mass spectrometry conditions for the determination of iron, copper, nickel and zinc in semiconductor grade acids 1393

Sic Effect of pH of aqueous ceramic suspensions on col- loidal stability and precision of analytical measure-

ments using slurry nebulization inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry 2.53

Signal enhancement Signal enhancement effect of halogen matrix in electrothermal vaporization-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry 155 1

Signal spikes The formation of trace element-enriched particulates during laser ablation of refractory materials 1451

Signal-to-background ratio Simultaneous measurements of signal and background in inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectro- metry: effects on precision, limit of detection and limit of quantitation 75

Simulation Computer expert system for spectral line simulation and selection in inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry 889

Single photo-electron detection Single photo-electron and photon detection in a mer- cury resonance ionization photon detector (RID) 563

Single photon detection Single photo-electron and photon detection in a mercury resonance ionization photon detector (RID) 563

S13N4

Effect of pH of aqueous ceramic suspensions on col- loidal stability and precision of analytical measure- ments using slurry nebulization inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry 253

Skimmer Fundamental aspects of ion extraction in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry 779 Spatially resolved measurements of ion density behind the skimmer of an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer 41

Slurry Determination of chromium, manganese, lead and cadmium in biological samples including hair using direct electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry 665 Determination of Ni and Cr in soils by slurry graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry 221 Determination of trace metals (As, Cd, Hg, Pb and Sn) in marine sediment slurry samples by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry using palladium as a chemical modifier 1235 Effect of pH of aqueous ceramic suspensions on colloidal stability and precision of analytical measurements using slurry nebulization induc- tively coupled plasma atomic emission spectro- metry 253

xxii Suhiecr 1nde.r

Low-temperature migration of lead, thallium, and selenium onto a palladium modifier during the analysis of solutions and slurries by electrother- mal atomic absorption spectrometry 1505 Slurry sampling electrothermal atomic absorption spec- trometry for the analysis of graphite powders 1211 Solution and slurry sampling electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry for the analysis of high purity quartz 1197

Sn Determination of tin in steels by non-dispersive atomic fluorescence spectrometry coupled with flow-injection hydride generation in the presence of L-cysteine 1829 Expanding the working concentration range in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry: study of non-resonance lines of tin 697 Role of oxygen in the determination of oxide forming elements by electrothermal atomic absorption spec- trometry Part 3. Effect of oxygen on the reactions of tin in uncoated, pyrolytically coated and zirconium carbide coated graphite tube atomizers 1133 Stabilization of the oxide forming elements, lead. thallium and tin, in graphite tubes for graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry by inter- calation 1139

Soil Determination of Ni and Cr in soils by slurry graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry 22 I

Solid sampling A personal view of the development of solid sampling emission spectrochemical analysis 245 Determination of chromium. manganese. lead and cadmium in biological samples including hair using direct electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry 665 Direct determination of Se and As in solid certified reference materials using electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry 27 1 Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry using an improved solid sampling system for the analysis of high purity tantalum powders 1223 Laser ablation solid sampling: vertical spatial emission intensity profiles in inductively coupled plasma 1473 Sample preparation steps for analysis by atomic spectroscopy methods: present status 1297 Sources of error in direct solid sampling Zeeman atomic absorption spectrometry analyses of biological samples with high water content 201 The use of sputtering as a solid sampling technique in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry 1191

Soliddliquid extraction A new soliddliquid extraction sampling technique for direct determination of trace elements in biological materials by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry 2 I 1

Solvent extraction Flow injection sorbent extraction with dialkyldithio- phosphates as chelating agent for the determination of cadmium, copper and lead by flame atomic absorp- tion spectrometry I9 17 On-line-sorption preconcentration and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry deter- mination of rare earth elements 1417 Simple method of determination of copper, mercury and lead in potable water with preliminary pre- concentration by total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry 769

Solvent transport rate Behaviour of the thermospray nebulizer as a system for the introduction of organic solutions in flame atomic absorption spectrometry 1535

Space charge Fundamental aspects of ion extraction in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry 779 Spatially resolved measurements of ion density behind the skimmer of an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer 41

Spark excitation Analysis of graphitized cast irons by optical emisson spectroscopy: matrix effects in the glow discharge and the spark excitation 863

Spatial distribution Laser ablation solid sampling: vertical spatial emission intensity profiles in inductively coupled plasma 1473 Impact of source and free atom density spatial non- uniformities in electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry 1045 Spatial distributions of non-atomic species in graphite furnaces 961 Spatially and temporally resolved detection of ana- lytical signals in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry 1023

Speciation Elemental speciation for chromium in chromium pico- linate products 180 I Gas chromatography coupled with atomic absorption spectrometry ~ a sensitiv*e instrumentation for mer- cury speciation 829 Pretreatment of special samples from waste inciner- ation for analysis by total reflection X-ray fluores- cence 1647

Spectral interference Measurements on the Zeeman-splitting of analytical lines by means of a continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer with a linear charge coupled device array 1095 Prediction of spectral interference in inductively coupled plasmaaatomic emission spectrometry by primary computer expert system 877 Spectral interferences in the determination of traces of scandium, yttrium and rare earth elements in “pure” rare earth matrices by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry Part III. Europium 733

Spectroscopic temperature On-line atomization of selenium hydride in graphite furnaces: estimate of atomic absorption coefficient and spectroscopic temperature 1107

Spike formation Gaseous carbide theory. Has it been buried prema- turely 533

Sputtering Analysis of graphitized cast irons by optical emisson spectroscopy: matrix effects in the glow discharge and the spark excitation 863 The use of sputtering as a solid sampling technique in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry I 19 1

Stabilized temperature platform furnace (STPF) Design, operation and analytical characteristics of the filter furnace, a new atomizer for electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry 1169

Stable trapping reagents Study on stable coatings for determination of lead by flow-injection hydride generation and in situ concentration in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry 1425

Standardless analysis The possibility of standardless analysis in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry: determin- ation of gold in geological samples 65

Stark spectroscopy Spectroscopic investigations of a cathode fall region of the Grimm-type glow discharge 1707

Statistical mechanics Statistical mechanics of Ar; in an inductively coupled plasma 1487

Steel Diagnostic and analytical study of post ablation ionization of neutral atoms of major and minor con- stituents from a low alloy steel 127

Stray light Extension of working range in Zeeman graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry by nonlinear calibration with prior correction for stray light 1309

Maintenance of the slope of linearized calibration curves in Zeeman graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry 7 13

Structural effect Analysis of graphitized cast irons by optical emisson spectroscopy: matrix effects in the glow discharge and the spark excitation 863

Supercritical fluids The effect of two gases forming supercritical fluids (Xe and CO?) on the spectral characteristics and analytical capabilities of microwave induced plasmas 685

Supersonic beam Fundamental aspects of ion extraction in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry 779

Supersonic jet Fundamental aspects of ion extraction in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry 779

Surface Observation of pre-atomization events on electro- thermal atomizer surfaces 94 I

Surfactant Use of a surfactant in the determination of arsenic by flow injection hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry 1859

Tantalum powders Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry using an improved solid sampling system for the analysis of high purity tantalum powders 1223

Temperature determination Determination of the temperature of the graphite probe surface in graphite probe furnace atomic absorption spectrometry 1335 Temporal and spatial temperature distributions in trans- versely heated graphite tube atomizers and their analyti- cal characteristics for atomic absorption spectrometry 897

TE,,, cavrty Study of a microwave induced argon plasma sustained in a TEtoI cavity as spectrochemical emission source coupled with graphite furnace evaporation 551

Thermal vaporization A capacitively coupled microwave plasma atomic emission spectrometer for the determination of trace metals in microsamples 55

Thermogravimetry Observation of pre-atomization events on electro- thermal atomizer surfaces 941

Thermospray nebulization Behaviour of the thermospray nebulizer as a system for the introduction of organic solutions in flame atomic absorption spectrometry 1535

xxiv Subject Inde.u

Use of a multi-tube Nafion ‘membrane dryer for desolvation with thermospray sample introduction to inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry 149 1

Thimble frit nebulizer Investigation of a high-efficiency nebulizer and a thimble glass frit nebulizer for elemental analysis of biological materials by inductively coupled plasma- atomic emission spectrometry 27

Thomson Scattering Comparison of active and passive spectroscopic methods to investigate atmospheric inductively coupled plasmas 137 1 On the electron temperatures and densities in plasmas produced by the “torche i injection axiale” 1385

Tl Stabilization of the oxide forming elements, lead, thallium and tin. in graphite tubes for graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry by inter- calation 1139 Wall-to-platform migration in electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry Part 1. Investigation of the mechanism of chloride interference on thallium 1155

Total addition method Hyperbolic model of the addition-dilution method in quantitative X-ray fluorescence analysis 569

Total reflection Simple method of determination of copper, mercury and lead in potable water with preliminary pre- concentration by total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry 769

Total X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) Determination of trace elements in bee honey, pollen and tissue by total reflection and radioisotope X-ray fluorescence spectrometry 499 Pretreatment of special samples from waste inciner- ation for analysis by total reflection X-ray fluores- cence 1647

Trace analysis A capacitively coupled microwave plasma atomic emission spectrometer for the determination of trace metals in microsamples 55 A micro-XRF spectrometer based on a rotating anode generator and capillary optics I661 A new soliddliquid extraction sampling technique for direct determination of trace elements in biological materials by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry 211 Determination of lead in seawater by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry with transversely heated furnace by using oxalic acid or Pd/Mg as modifiers 1245

Determination of trace elements in bee honey, pollen and tissue by total reflection and radioisotope X-ray fluorescence spectrometry 499 Slurry samplingelectrothermal atomicabsorption spec- trometry for the analysis of graphite powders 1211

Transverse heated graphite atomizer (THGA) Determination of lead in seawater by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry with transversely heated furnace by using oxalic acid or Pd/Mg as modifiers 1245 Diffusion vapour transfer modelling for end-capped atomizers. Part 2. Atomizer with open injection port 1081

Trapping Atomic spectrometric detection of hydride forming elements following in situ trapping within a graphite furnace 377

Tungsten filament atomizer Electrothermal vaporization for the determination of halogens by reduced pressure inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry 1345 Separation and preconcentration by flow injection coupled to tungsten coil electrothermal atomic absorp- tion spectrometry 1925

U The role of modifiers in electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ETV- ICP-MS) for the determination of B, La and U 817

Ultrasonic slurry sampling Influence of sample matrix components on the selection of calibration strategies in electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry 1591

Ultratrace determination Electrothermal atomization-laser induced fluores- cence determination of iridium, rhodium. palladium, platinum and gold at the ng/ 1 level in pure water 543

Uncertainty interval Uncertainty in analytical results from solid materials with electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry: a comparison of methods 229

Upstream axial channel Molecular hydrogen emission in the vacuum ultravio- let from an inductively coupled plasma 3

Urine Routine clinical determination of lead. arsenic, cad- mium, and thallium in urine and whole blood by induc- tively coupled plasma mass spectrometry 13

UV-spectrophotometry Design and application of a new phase separator for flow injection liquiddliquid extraction 1769

Suhlecr Indr.u xxv

Vacuum ultraviolet Molecular hydrogen emission in the vacuum ultravio- let from an inductively coupled plasma 3

van der Waals’ coefficient Interatomic potentials and the van der Waals’ co- efficient for the intercombination Cd 326.1 nm absorption line broadened by cadmium pres- sure 633

Vaporization temperature Optimization of electrothermal vaporization, induct- ively coupled plasma mass spectrometry conditions for the determination of iron. copper, nickel and zinc in semiconductor grade acids 1393

Voigt profile Spectroscopic applications of the plasma dispersion function 165

Waste incineration Pretreatment of special samples from waste inciner- ation for analysis by total reflection X-ray fluores- cence 1647

Water Determination of As, Sb. Bi and Hg in water samples by flow-injection inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with an in-situ nebulizer/hydride generator 1813 Investigation of on-line coupling electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry with flow injection sorption preconcentration using a knotted reactor for totally automatic determination of lead in water samples 189 1

Water loading Effect of power and carrier gas flow rate on the tolerance to water loading in inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry 1517

Wavelength tables Classification of singly ionized iron emission lines in the 160-250 nm wavelength region from Grimm-type glow discharge plasma 349

Wet digestion Sample preparation steps for analysis by atomic spectroscopy methods: present status 1297

Whole blood Routine clinical determination of lead. arsenic, cad- mium, and thallium in urine and whole blood by induc- tively coupled plasma mass spectrometry 13

X-ray Influence of sample charging on satellite spectra during particle induced X-ray emission analysis 343

X-ray fluorescence (XRF) A micro-XRF spectrometer based on a rotating anode generator and capillary optics 1661 Hyperbolic model of the addition-dilution method in quantitative X-ray fluorescence analysis 569

X-ray spectroscopy Determination of metals in biofluids and tissues: sample preparation methods for atomic spectroscopic techniques 291

Xenon The effect of two gases forming supercritical fluids (Xe and CO*) on the spectral characteristics and analytical capabilities of microwave induced plasmas 685

Zeeman background correction Maintenance of the slope of linearized calibration curves in Zeeman graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry 7 13 Sources of error in direct solid sampling Zeeman atomic absorption spectrometry analyses of biological samples with high water content 201 The importance of the rollover absorbance and the Zeeman sensitivity ratio related coefficient for the accuracy in linearization of calibration curves in electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry with Zeeman effect background correction 429

Zeeman splitting Measurements on the Zeeman-splitting of analytical lines by means of a continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer with a linear charge coupled device array 1095

Zn Application of an ETCICP system for the determin- ation of elements in human hair 261 Mechanisms of magnesium chloride interferences on zinc in electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry using a dual cavity platform 181 Mechanisms of the interference of calcium chloride on zinc in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectro- metry using a dual-cavity platform 1163

Zone refinement The formation of trace element-enriched particulates during laser ablation of refractory materials 145 1

Zr-carbide coated graphite Role of oxygen in the determination of oxide forming elements by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry Part 3. Effect of oxygen on the reactions of tin in uncoated, pyrolytically coated and zirconium carbide coated graphite tube atomizers 1133