sturtevant - hittite h initial = ie bh

7/27/2019 Sturtevant - Hittite h Initial = IE Bh

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Linguistic Society of America

Hittite h Initial = Indo-European bhAuthor(s): Edgar H. SturtevantReviewed work(s):Source: Language, Vol. 3, No. 2 (Jun., 1927), pp. 109-122Published by: Linguistic Society of AmericaStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/408964 .

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HITTITE h INITIAL = INDO-EUROPEAN bhEDGAR H. STURTEVANT

YALE UNIVERSITYThe relationship of Hittite and Indo-European has been recognizedchiefly on the basis of certain correspondences in inflectional termina-tions, suffixes, and pronouns. Indo-European etymologies have, to besure, been suggested for a considerable number of Hittite words, but alarge proportion of these etymologies are clearly unsound and eventhose which are most plausible have never been worked into the sort ofconsistent system which could bring conviction to those who understandsound etymological method.Nevertheless our knowledge of the Hittite vocabulary has reached apoint where it ought to be possible to discover Indo-European etymolo-gies even if they are obscured by phonetic change. In this paper I

hope to connect several words with their Indo-European etymons, andto establish at least one phonetic law.The Hittite verb which appears sometimes with the stem huwa- andsometimes with the stem hui-1 shows a rather bewildering range ofmeaning. The first to be established2 was the meaning 'flee', as in thephrase in the law code,3 tak-ku IR-il hu-u-wa-i 'if a slave runs away'.The causative huinu- seems to carry the same force in the annals ofthe first ten years of the reign of Mursilis II = Keilschrifttexte ausBoghazk6i 3. 4. 2. 69 = Hrozn2, Boghazkii-Studien 3. 194. The text isincomplete at this point, but it seems fairly clear that when Dapala-zunawalis fled (kattan huwai?) from Puranda he 'caused his [infantry]and cavalry to flee before him' (piran huinut).

I The precise phonetic value of such forms as hu-u-i-ya-mi, hu-u-i-er, etc. mustfor the present be left undetermined, and so must their relationship to forms fromthe stem in a (hu-u-wa-a-is, etc.; cf. Friedrich, StaatsvertrdgedesHatti-ReichesinhethitischerSprache31', 914). The Hittite vowel system will probably cause moredffiiculty than the consonants; we do not know, for example, whether Hittiteseparated from the parent stock before or after the changes which gave rise toAblaut. In this paper I shall avoid discussing vocalism.2 See Hrozn?, Die SprachederHethiter30, CodeHittite 18.

3 In this paper Sumerian ideograms are printed in capitals, and all Assyrianwords or syllables in Italic capitals.109


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HITTITE h INITIAL = INDO-EUROPEAN bh 111for such a meaning. He had overlooked the vocabulary entry8 GJ.ME.[IR.ME.IR = H]A.NA.BU = hu-wa-li-ya-[war]. HANABU isdefined by Muss-Arnolt, Assyrisch-Englisch-Deutsches Handwdrter-buch325, as 'sprout, grow luxuriantly, abundantly'. The verb huwaliya-contains the same formative elements, for example, as irmaliya- 'be ill',which is a denominative in iya from irmala' 'ill', while the base ofirmalas appears in the adjective irma' 'ill'.9 The fact that irma' is anadjective does not make it necessary to assume an adjective *huwad'growing'; for there is no lack of derivatives in 1from verb-stems. Ex-amples are: arkammanallis 'tributary'lo from the verb implied byarkammanatar'payment of tribute';" ilhiul 'obligation, contract' fromilhiya- 'bind' ;2 taks'ul peace, peaceful'13rom taks- 'join'"; waitul 'harm,injury' from wait- 'do harm'.15 We may then confidently translatewelkuwa le huwai 'may plants not grow'. For the present we canscarcely decide whether welkuwa is a nominative singular neuter,equivalent to welkuwan, or whether it is a nominative plural with asingular verb, as in Greek.16Furthermore, the participle huwanza appears as final member ofcompounds in the sense of 'growing, becoming.' Friedrich'" has shownthat the Hittite word for old man is miyahuwanza. The prior memberof this compound is the stem miya-, which Friedrichl8 understands tomean 'wachsen, bliihen'. In all the passages cited the meaning 'beripe' would fit as well, and in several it is better. Particularly inKeilschrifturkundenaus Boghazk6i 8. 35,19the meaning 'be ripe' seemsnecessary. The text records the significance of birth in each of theseveral months, and each paragraph begins with a clause in the follow-

8 KBo. 1. 42. 3. 28. The restoration was made by Ernst Weidner, Studien zurHethitischen Sprachwissenschaft1. 67 (1917);and since no other ideogram begin-ning GU.ME. is known, it is virtually certain. In addition to Weidner'sreference,see Meissner, SelteneAssyrischeIdeogrammeNo. 10447.9See Hroznk, BoSt. 3. 1662.10See Forrer, Forsch. 1. 91.11See Friedrich, Staatsvertr. 34f.12See HroznkV,H. 55, BoSt. 3. 149. 14.13 See G6tze, Hattusilis, Der Berichtiiberseine ThronbesteigungebstdenParallel-texten86.14Sommer, BoSt. 7. 352.15See Sommerand Ehelolf BoSt. 10. 21, 46; Friedrich, Staatsvertr.158.16Cf. Friedrich, Staatsvertr. 1763and references.1' Ib. 94; cf. ib. 44f.18is A, NF. 2. 53f. (1925), 3. 200f. (1926).11Translated by Friedrich, Heth. Schriftt. 2. 29f.


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112 EDGAR H. STURTEVANTing form; i-na ITU IX.KAM DUMU-ds mi-ya-ri 'a child is born in theninth month'. As Friedrich correctly observes, the meaning 'be born'is the only one possible; but such a meaning can scarcely be derivedfrom 'grow'. The embryo grows before birth, and the child afterbirth; growth is actually checked for a time at birth. Clearly the wordmeans 'be ripe' and hence 'be ready for delivery'. Elsewhere theparticiple is used of a vineyard full of ripe fruit, and the iterative-inten-sive miyesk- means 'ripen'. The derivative miyatar means 'ripe fruit,crop'. The compound miyahuwanza, then, originally meant 'growingripe' and then 'aged'.Another compound in -huwanza is sarhuwanza 'womb, embryo'.20 Itsprior member is the adverb sar(a) 'up', so that the word properly de-notes 'that which grows big'. The final huwanza 'becoming, growing'in these two words may be a participle from the stem huwa-, in spiteof the fact that we have a different participle in the phrase piran huiy-anza 'helper'.21 We do not yet understand the relationship of the twostems huwa and hui- (cf. fn. 1).Furthermore our word, in the form hui-, means 'live', in the derivativenoun huitar 'the living things, the animals'. The suffix tar usuallyforms abstract nouns, and so it is probablethat the collective force comesfrom an earlier meaning 'life'.This derivative forms a connecting link between huwa-, hui- andthe stem huil- 'live'.22 The additional element in huilis the suffix (e) ,(i)', which appears to strengthen verb-stems in several cases withoutgreatly changing their meaning." Thus we find halzi(sD)-, halze`(`)-beside halza- call',24 and pessiandu beside pa-, pi- 'give'.25 From au-'see'26 we find forms in s in the third person singular: pres. au?zi, pret.augta, imperat. auldu, and also in the first person preterit middleaulhahat. From ki- 'lie, be placed' there is a derivative kis(a)- 'become,be'. The verb hatk- 'shut',27forms the causative hatkesvnu-. As weshall see presently (f. n. 31), this suffix (i)I is an element of theiterative-intensive suffix (i)sk.

20 Friedrich, ZA NF. 1. 185 (1924), Zimmern, Orientalistische Literaturzeitung25. 298 (1922).2 Hattusilis 2. 39, p. 18 Gstze.22See Friedrich, OLZ. 26. 46-9 (1923).23 See Sommer, BoSt. 7. 22.24See Hrozn-, BoSt. 3. 863;Sommer and Ehelolf, BoSt. 10. 58.25See Sommer, BoSt. 4. 151and especially 7. 22.26See Forrer, Zeitschrift der Deutschen MorgenldndischenGesellschaft,NF. 1.214 (1922); Friedrich, ZA, NF. 3. 1861,202 f. (1926).21See Sommer, BoSt. 7. lff.


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HITTITEh INITIAL = INDO-EUROPEANh 113The stem huis- shows a further extension in u in huiusC alive, raw',28hui"wanza 'alive', and huigwatar 'life'. With reduplication and a

further suffix we get huihuissuwali~29 mature, old enough to be king'.Friedrich compares the suffix with that of tarsvawalas'ta-ra-dc-sd-wa-la),which is used of a lawsuit and means 'entscheidbar' or the like. Iwould connect the prior element of the latter word with dar- 'declare,announce',30 through an extension in S%nalogous to halzi"(g)- besidehalza-, huis- beside huwa-, etc. That the extended form of dar- hadthe suffix s instead of is",eg is shown by the iterative stem targk- (e.g.,tar-?i-ki-mi,Forrer, Boghazkeii-Texten Umschrift2. 23. A 2. 15).31 Theword originally meant 'spruchreif, capable of being decided'. Assum-ing that the suffix walig had the same force as walas'in tarsawala?,wecan hardly come nearer the ordinary meaning of huii(u)- in defininghuihuissuwalig than if we translate 'old enough to beget, capable ofbegetting', and so 'mature'. Apparently then huwa-, hui-, huis- meansnot only 'grow, become, live', but also 'beget'.Now this is precisely the range of meaning of Indo-European *bhewd-,*bheu-,*bhf-; and I propose to connect them on the basis of a phoneticlaw: Hittite h initial corresponds with Indo-European bh. Whetherhuwa- is an independent development from the pre-Indo-Europeanbase* *bhewd-,or whether we should trace the Hittite forms to somesort of contamination of the several grades can scarcely be determinedat present. See above fn. 1. The etymology is strengthened on theformal side by a number of Sanskrit words which, like Hittite huis-,contain an element (i)s, namely bhavisnus 'becoming' bhisati 'is busy',bhfsayati 'adorns', etc.A pragmatic argument in favor of the connection is the fact that itenables us to establish another etymology at once. A well recognizedderivative of Indo-European *bhewd- s Sanskrit bhiimi, Old Persianbimi 'earth'. This word comes very close to meaning 'everything,

28Sommer and Ehelolf, BoSt. 10. 20.29 See Gotze, Hatt. 119, and especially Friedrich, Staatsvertr.89.30See Gotze, ZA 34. 184 (1922).3, That the sko-suffix in Indo-European was a conglomerate (s ? o) is wellknown (see Brugmann, Grundriss 22. 3. 350f.). The Hittite iterative suffix 8kwas similarly formed, as is shown by such series of stems as au-'see' :au'- :uk-;halza- 'call' : halze?(?)-, halzig(g)- :halzigk-;hanna- 'decide a law-suit, litigate' :

hannes'ar 'justice, lawsuit' : hanne'k-; iitamas- 'hear' : iitamaik-; maud5- fall' :mausk-;pa-, pi- 'give' : pelliya 'give, throw', pippe55ar'gift' :pe"k-;parh- 'drivehard, speed' : parheg5ar'haste' : parheik-; punul(6)- 'ask' : punudk-; uppa-,uppi- 'send' : upperlar 'Zusendung' : uppilk-.


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114 EDGARH. STURTEVANTtotality' when Darius calls himself xxayaOiya ahydyd bfmiyd 'king ofthis earth'. In Sanskrit there is a neuter n-stem bhfimanwhich alsomeans 'earth', and whose plural comes to mean 'the aggregate of exist-ing things'. With the latter stem I would connect the Hittite nt-stemhumanza 'all, whole'. The n-stems have practically disappeared inHittite; no doubt the r/n-stems have taken their place as far as theyhad substantive value and neuter gender. I cannot cite other Hittiteexamples of n-stems giving way to nt-stems; but in view of theextensive spread of the latter declension32 hat is the most natural fateof an n-stem which had or had gained a personal or an adjectival force..We may then regard the connection of huwa-, hui-, huis- with Indo-European *bhewa-as fairly certain if we can find other Hittite wordswith initial h corresponding to Indo-European bh.First of all we must consider huwa-, hui- in the meaning 'flee' and inthe phrase piran huwa- 'go before, lead to victory'. These meanings ofthe word are so far removed from the others, and also from the forceof Indo-European *bhew~-, hat we are justified in looking for anotheretymology. The meaning 'flee' leads us at once to Greek p-ycoy,Latinfugio 'flee', Sanskrit bhujdti 'bend, force aside', Lithuanian b gstu,bitgti 'be frightened', Gothic biugan 'bend', Anglo-Saxon bagan 'bebent, flee', etc.33 Since the Germanic words compel us to posit notonly Indo-European *bheug-but also *bheugh-or *bheuq-, here is nodifficulty in assuming as the base of Hittite huwa- 'flee' a form withouta root-determinative.As noted above it is as easy to derive the meaning 'run' from themeaning 'flee' as the reverse; and this seems to have been the actualdirection of development. Several Indo-European languages preservethe meanings 'bend' and 'be bent', which can scarcely be derived from'flee', and still less from 'run'. Here we seem to have the originalforce of the word, out of which developed the meaning 'flee' before theseparation of Hittite from the parent stock.One of the commonest words in the Hittite documents is the wordfor 'king'; but it is usually denoted by an ideogram. Very often wehave the ideogram LUGAL, either alone or with phonetic complements(LUGAL-ug, LUGAL-un), which show that the word ended in us inthe nominative and in un in the accusative. There is also a verbmeaning 'become, be king', and this also is usually written by the

32See especially Friedrich, Staatsvertr.85 f.33For other cognates and references to the literature see Walde-Pokorny,VergleichendesWirterbucherIndogermanischenprachen . 144 f.


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HITTITE h INITIAL = INDO-EUROPEAN bh 115ideogram; but occasionally we read hassuwet instead of LUGAL-uwet'he became king'. It follows that the word for 'king' was *hagulS.The reigning Hittite king is regularly designated not by the ideogramLUGAL, but by the sign-group DUD. SI, i.e., the determinative whichregularly stands before the name of a god + the ideogram for 'sun' +an Assyrian phonetic complement which includes -I the pronominalsuffix of the first person singular. A full translation would be 'mysun-god'. This is treated somewhat like a personal name; it is com-parable to English 'his Majesty', except that it is used by the king inspeaking of himself. Mursilis II begins the annals of his first tenyears:35 'Thus speaks my sun-god Mursilis, the great king, the kingof Hatti, etc.' After an introduction of two lines he devotes 16 linesto the early period of his life during the reign of his father and his elderbrother. In this passage the title under consideration does not occur.In line 19 he continues: 'When, however, my sun-god seated myself onthe throne of my father, . . . ' Hittite treaties were written out intwo versions which have the form of letters, one from each of the twocontracting kings to the other. Mursilis addresses Duppi-Tesup ofAmurru as follows:36 'And as my sun-god protect you, so willI protect your son also.'This curious use of the ideogram of the sun-god for the Hittite kingfinds certain partial analogies in the cuneiform writing. The Baby-lonians tended from the earliest times to write royal names by ideo-grams, and, since a personal name usually contained the name of a god,divine names, duly equipped with the god-determinative, were ex-tremely common in the names of kings. The Hittite kings could notfind the names of Babylonian gods in their own personal names, butthey did the best they could. For example, the name Mutallis iswritten NIR.GAL-is because NIR.GAL may stand for Assyrian1 UTALLU 'heroism',37and Mursilis is written Mu-ur-si-DINGIR.LIM, where the ideogram and Assyrian phonetic complement are tobe read as Assyrian ILI 'god'.38

34Hrozny, BoSt. 3. 9915, Sommer, BoSt. 7. 92, Weidner, BoSt. 8. 502, Archiv firKeilschriftforschung1.11;Freidrich ZA, NF. 2. 276.35KBo. 3. 4. See Hrozny, BoSt. 3. 164ff. for a transliterated text and a (par-tially incorrect) translation.36Cf. Friedrich, Staatsvertr. 13.26.37See Gotze, Hatt. 56.38See Sommer, OLZ27.27 (1924); Friedrich, Staatsvertr.151. DINGIR occursin the Amarna letters with the phonetic value il, but it is not there equippedwith a phonetic complement besides.


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116 EDGARH. STURTEVANTA closer parallel is to be found in the use of DSAMSI 'my sun-god'as a title of the Egyptian king in the Amarna letters.39 This, however,

is only one of several complimentary titles used by the king's vassals;they did not use it constantly, and, as far as we know, the king ofEgypt never used it of himself when writing in Assyrian. Further-more it is SARRU 'king' or BELI 'my lord' that takes the place of apersonal pronoun in the Amarna letters.Since, then, the use of the sign-group DUD. SI as a sort of personalname for the Hittite king cannot be fully understood from the historyof cuneiform writing, it must find its explanation in the Hittite lan-guage. This conclusion becomes certain when we observe that in theone extant Hittite letter from an Egyptian king he uses the same curiousexpression of himself, with a significant variation in the method ofwriting. In the letter to Tarhundaraba, king of Arzawa, occurs thephrase:"4 DUMU.SAL-ti DUD-mi ku-in DAM-an-ni -i-wa-da-an-zi,'to your daughter whom they will bring for marriage to my sun-god'.But instead of DUD- SI we read DUD-mi; instead of an Assyrian pho-netic complement including the pronominal suffix-I, we have the corre-sponding Hittite pronominal suffix in the dative case (-mi 'meo'). Itfollows that the sign-group DUD. SI in Hittite documents was read notas Assyrian (SAM SI) but as a Hittite noun with appended -mis'. InKBo. 5. 3. 4. 29 we find an accusative DUD. SI-in, which Hrozn' (SH 84)interpreted as an i-stem form of the substantive. Of course theHittite phonetic complement belongs to -min, the accusative of thepronominal suffix.The Hittite word for the noun 'sun' is also written by the ideogramDUD, and phonetic complements show that its nominative ended in-us and its accusative in -un. Like the word for 'king', it was a u-stem.

We find, then, that in Hittite, but not in Babylonian, it is customaryto use the phrase 'my sun-god' as the standing designation of thereigning monarch. In Hittite both the word for 'king' and the wordfor 'sun' are u-stems. It is a natural inference that the two words areidentical throughout. We must certainly read LUGAL-us'as *hasul;I suggest that we read DUD-us'as *haSSus,and DUD. SI as,*has'u-mit.In Greek we must assume beside pCs rom p~FoS sun', an equivalentstem *pwswith original w, on account of Homeric po6wscontaminationof c?os and *(pws),he derivatives PWaCKEL,tafpbToKw,war'Tp, nd Attic

39For references, see J. A. Knudtzon, Die El-Amarna-Tafeln 1511s. v. 8amsu.40See J. A. Knudtzon, Die Zwei Arzawa-Briefe 36. 12-13.


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HITTITE h INITIAL = INDO-EUROPEAN bh 117pos (p&osfrom (paFos would not contract).4 In Greek we also findpWs sed of princes. It has, to be sure, a different stem when it is thusbrought down to earth, and it has not hitherto been clear whetherpws, P0wr6had always been a t-stem or whether it was originally ans-stem like *?ps 'sun'. In view of the apparent confusion of the twomeanings in Hittite one may now incline to adopt the second alternative.Some further support for this opinion may be derived from the fact thata Sanskrit lexicographer cites bhas,the cognate of *P?s'sun', as meaning'might, majesty'. I am inclined to think that the practice of identifyingthe reigning monarch with the sun was inherited by the Hittites fromthe days before their fathers had separated from the Indo-Europeanparent stock.I can offer no explanation of the difference in stem-form betweenHittite *hassus and IE *bh3s. If we assume that Hittite is the innovatorhere, it is worth noting that the language has but scant remnants ofother consonant stems than those in r/n and nt.Hittite has two verbs with the stem hark-. One of them loses thefinal k before endings beginning with a consonant (e.g., pres. 3rd sing.harzi) and means 'have';42the other retains k in all positions (e.g.,harkzi, written har-ak-zi) and means 'go to ruin, perish,be destroyed'.43As Gatze, Hatt. 72, has pointed out, the stem harnik- 'devastate, destroy',is a causative with nasal infix from the stem of the latter verb. Thereis also a causative with the usual suffix nu, namely harganu-,whosemeaning is identical with that of harnik-. No doubt harnik- is aninherited stem and harganu- a relatively recent analogical formation.I would connect harnik- with Latin frango 'break' and hark- withGothic brikan, Anglo-Saxon brecan 'break', Latin frqgi 'I broke', fragor'crash', etc. In the Indo-European languages forms from the rootwithout nasal infix often have the causative (i.e. transitive) force; butHittite preserves the probably original distinction. The final consonantof the root is written in Hittite either as g or as k; this is one of the verynumerous words which suggest that Hittite had lost the distinctionbetween voiced and voiceless stops.Hittite har(k)- 'have' I would connect with Latin farcio 'stuff, cram',Albanian bark'bundle', Middle Irish barc'profusion', etc.44 The mean-

41See Brugmann, Grundriss 2.2 536, 5781; Brugmann-Thumb, GriechischeGrammatik475; Walde-Pokorny, VWIS 2.122.42 See Sommer, BoSt. 7. 72.

"' See Gotze, Hatt. 81; and references.44 ee Walde-Pokorny, VWIS 2.134, 272.


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118 EDGAR H. STURTEVANTing was evidently in the first place 'cram, press together', then 'packup, load, carry', and finally 'have'. If the loss of the final k beforeconsonantal endings was due to a regular phonetic change, we canexplain its retention in harkzi 'he is destroyed', etc., on the assumptionthat an original g (Lat. frango, fragf) was retained in this position whenoriginal k was lost.It seems probable that harandan (not harankal), which is explainedin a glossary by Assyrian BIRTU and HALSU45 'stronghold' is aHittite word; and if so it is accusative from a nominative *haranza.This form would seem to be a participial stem from har(k)-, so that theoriginal meaning was 'held, possessed'. I am therefore inclined tothink that the distribution of stem-forms in the verb-har- beforeconsonants and hark- before vowels-is not original, but that there hasbeen a contamination of two different stems, one with and one withouta final k. Possibly the stem har-is to be traced to IE *bher--'carry' cpOpw,fero, etc.) Probably another derivative of the root *bher is to berecognized in harnaus 'birth-stool',46which, in that case, contains thecausative suffixnu, and properly means 'causing to bring forth'. Walde-Pokorny, VWIS 2. 153 (following Persson), show that the root meant'bring forth' in Indo-European as well as in Germanic. Sommer andEhelolf think that the many variant forms of harnaus indicate a loan-word. If they are right the source is probably Luwian, and that wouldnot interfere with our etymology.An important group of Hittite words consists of handa- 'fix, deter-mine, construct', handas' 'true', para handatar 'the power by whichgods determine the fate of men, numen', para handanda- 'rule by divinepower', and para handandatar = para handatar.47 With the stemhand- we may compare IE *bhendh bind', Sanskrit bandhati,Avestanbandaiti,Gothic and Anglo-Saxon bindan, Greek rEO~ep6sfather-in-law',Latin offendimentum band by which the apex was held in place'. As tothe final consonant of the root, we should expect IE dh to appear inHittite as the sound which is written indifferently as d or t. For thatis the correspondence already known in dai-, tiya-, te- 'place', whichis certainly cognate with IE *dhe- 'place'.48 See below p. 121.Another word with initial h corresponding to IE bhis hanna- 'litigate,decide a law-suit', whose derivative hannegIar means 'justice, court of

5See Sayce, ZA. 4. 386 (1889).46 For the meaning and forms, see Sommer and Ehelolf, BoSt. 10. 3f., See Sommer and Ehelolf, BoSt. 10. 30f.; GStze, Hatt. 53f., 60, 91ff.48 So Friedrich, ZDMG, NF. 1. 159 (1922).


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HITTITE h INITIAL = INDO-EUROPEAN bh 119

justice'.49 This is Greek palivw'show', Albanian be,j, ben (


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120 EDGAR H. STURTEVANTthe meaning 'shut' (a door, a temple, etc.), and showed that anothermeaning such as 'drficken, bedriingen' must be assumed. Sommerconnected the two meanings by citing an Accadian parallel, and sug-gesting that the latter language influenced the Hittite verb. To mesuch foreign influence upon the meaning of a native word seems ratherimprobable, and besides there is reason for making the second meaningof hatk-somewhat more drastic. The words hatugail 'frightful', hatuga-tar 'terror', and haduki'zi 'atrocities are committed' (in a hostile coun-try)57can scarcely be separated from our verb; and accordingly I wouldtranslate anda hatkesnumi 'I cause atrocities to be inflicted in (a hos-tile land)'. The primary meaning was probably 'strike, smite'. Forthe development of the meaning 'close' (a door), compare Germanzuschlagen. Without the suffix (u)k we have the iterative-intensivehazzik- (i.e. hat-sk-) 'strike, play' (a musical instrument).5" If Sommer(BoSt. 7. 57) is right in interpreting hazziya- as 'strike, engrave', thatverb also belongs here. The Hittite root hat-(uk)- is probably to beconnected with the IE root *bhat-,which is assumed by Walde-Pokorny,VWIS. 2. 125 f. for Lat. fatuus (*'mit Dummheit geschlagen') 'foolish',Gallic-Latin battuo 'strike', Russian batil 'oaken stick', etc. Note theextension in u in Latin and Gallic as well as in Hittite. It is possibleinstead to think of a connection with Skt. bddh- (from *bhddh-)'harass,distress', which in that case must have undergone a developmentparallel with that of the Hittite verb.Hittite hars'an head', whence hars'analli 'wreath'," may be connectedwith Skt. bhyrtis 'point', Lat. fastigium 'peak, summit', from IE*bhares- 'point, tip'.60With some hesitation I suggest a connection between has 'soap',whose original meaning was probably 'ashes',6'and Skt. bhdsman ashes'.The latter word is connected with bhas- 'crush, chew', etc., and so thesuggested etymology carries with it the assumption that Hittite hasoriginally meant 'that which has been reduced to dust'. There canbe no doubt that hasal 'hearth'62 s connected in some way with has,;did it originally mean simply 'ashes'?Since IE bh appears so frequently in Hittite as h, one might perhaps

'7See Friedrich. ZA, NF. 3. 189 f.58 See Gbtze, Hatt. 101 and fn. 1."*See Gotze, Hatt. 953; Friedrich, ZA, NF. 2. 275.60See Walde-Pokorny, VWIS 2. 131.61See Friedrich, ZA., NF. 3. 191 and fn. 4.82 See Sommerand Ehelolf, BoSt. 10. 243.


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HITTITE h INITIAL = INDO-EUROPEAN bh 121expect to find this the regular development of all the IE voiced aspirates;but this proves not to be the case. I have already mentioned twowords in which IE dh appears in Hittite as the sound which is writteneither d or t; namely, dai-, tiya-, te- 'place' = IE *dhi,and handa- 'fix,de-termine' = IE *bhendh-. A similar development has to be assumed forthe labio-velar voiced aspirate on account of Hittite kuen-, kun- 'strike,kill' beside Gk. oelvw,Skt. han-, etc.63 The pure velar aspirate appearsas g in dalugasti 'length', which is the same word as Church Slavonicdlilgosti,64while its adjectival base is equivalent to Gk. OX~x6s,kt.dirghas, etc. I would connect kesr 'hand' (ki-es-s'ar, dat.-loc. ki-il-ri, ki-is-sd-ri, etc.)65 with Gk. Xelp,and thus explain the troublesomeforms with XEtp-(Xp-,Xepp-) on the basis of earlier xeap-. The stem-form Xep-may have arisen in primitive Greek before consonants (xEpyVL)and by dissimilation before suffixal a (-xepnsfrom -XE4pfls). If wethus separate Xelp rom IE *`her-, it may contain either velar or palatal.Apparently IE bhalso appears in Hittite as p in the interior of a word;for it is impossible to separate nepis 'sky'66 rom IE *nebhos cloud'. Itfollows that in several words discussed above the medial h was due tothe analogy of an initial h in related forms. Thus miyahuwanza'grow-ing old' was influenced by the verb huwa- 'grow', and the reduplicatedhuihuilluwalis' got its medial h from the verb huis-.There are, however, many words with medial h that cannot beexplained by such an analogy. There must be some other source orsources of the sound. Without attempting a complete investigationof the various possibilities that will occur to anyone, I want to suggestthat in several cases Hittite medial h represents an original soundwhich has been lost in Indo-European. The Hittite word for 'fire'is pahhur, which appears also in a more primitive form pahhuwar,genitive pahhuenas67 It is therefore an r/n-stem, and it must beconnected with the IE r/n-stem which is seen in Gk. irip, Umbrian pir,Anglo-Saxon fgr, beside Goth. fan, Old Norse funi, Old Prussian panno,etc. Here as elsewhere I am not yet certain about vocalism; but if wemay tentatively use the vowel e (somewhat in the manner of the Egyp-tologists) the Proto-Indo-European word may be given as *pehewer/n.

63See Friedrich, ZDMG NF. 1. 159 (1922).64See Hrozn?, SH 23.65See Sommer andEhelolf, BoSt. 10.34and references;Ehelolf, IndogermanischeForschungen3. 317.66 See Hrozn?, BoSt. 3. 721.*8See Friedrich, ZA, NF. 1. 188, ZDMG, NF. 1. 159.


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122 EDGAR H. STURTEVANTA similar treatment is suggested for the stem seen in lahuwa- 'pour'and lahhul 'basin < into which water is poured inwashing the hands> '."8

If we remove the medial h we have left the consonants of the IE baseof Lat. lavo, Gk. Xobi, etc.Medial h appears in several personal endings of the second or hi-conjugation and of the medio-passive voice. If these endings wereinherited, Indo-European must have lost the h here also; but a finaldecision seems impossible until we know more about the Hittite vowelsystem.Postscript: With huwa-, hui-, huis- 'live, grow, beget' we must certainlyconnect huwasi 'statue,' whose ideographic representation is zAZI.KIN(Sommer and Ehelolf, BoSt. 10. 11). There has been some hesitationabout the meaning of the word (Hroznf BoSt. 3.85; Friedrich AO 23,Heft 2, Nachtraige 5*); but it seems to be fixed by a comparison ofKBo. 4.10.1.20-21 with Hatt. 4.72. The former passage (on which of.Forrer, Forschungen 1. 7) runs: UR Kur-sd-wa-an-sd-dg-ma-kdn 21)EGIR MUH UR.KU GAL ZAhu-u-wa-si ZAG.ad, 'Next, however,back, above Kursawansas the big-dog-statue is the boundary.' Therewould be no difficulty in translating by 'relief' or the like here, althoughthe Hittites are known to have set up huge statues of animals at variousplaces; but when Hattusilis records the houses and estates which he hasgiven to Ishtar and adds: hu-u-ma-an-ti-ya-mit EGIR-an zAZI.KINti-it-ta-nu-us`-kdn-zi,we must translate 'In all of them willagain set up the statue.' The word therefore means primarily'representation of a living being,' a meaning which is equally appropriatefor the ideogram.

68See Weidner,Archiv iir Keilschriftforschung1.12 (1923);Sommerand Ehelolf,BoSt. 10. 74; Friedrich, ZA, NF. 1. 11.

sturtevant - hittite h initial = ie bh

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