study guide for content mastery - edl€¦ · chapter 25 study guide for content mastery alpha...

Cop

yrig

ht ©

Gle

ncoe

/McG

raw

-Hill

,a d

ivis

ion

of th

e M

cGra

w-H

ill C

ompa

nies

,Inc

.

Name Date Class

Study Guide for Content Mastery Chemistry: Matter and Change • Chapter 25 145

Nuclear ChemistryNuclear Chemistry

Section 25.1 Nuclear RadiationIn your textbook, read about the terms used to describe nuclear changes.

Use each of the terms below just once to complete the passage.

The discovery of the (1) in 1895 by Wilhelm Roentgen opened a

whole new field of research. Among those who worked in this new field were Pierre and

Marie Curie. The Curies discovered that some forms of matter give off

(2) , a combination of particles and energy. Marie Curie named this

process (3) . Another term used to describe the process by which one

element spontaneously changes into another element is (4) . Any

isotope that undergoes such changes is called a(n) (5) .

There are three common forms of radiation. One type is a form of energy known as

(6) . The other types of radiation consist of particles. The form of

radiation containing the heavier particle is made up of helium nuclei called

(7) . The form of radiation containing the lighter particle consists of

electrons called (8) .

In your textbook, read about the discovery of radioactivity.

Complete each statement.

9. Wilhelm Roentgen discovered the form of energy known as .

10. The form of nuclear radiation that has the greatest penetrating power is the .

11. When a radioactive nucleus gives off a gamma ray, its atomic number increases by .

12. The three types of radiation were first identified by .

13. Each alpha particle carries an electric charge of .

14. Each beta particle carries an electric charge of .

15. Each gamma ray carries an electric charge of .

STUDY GUIDE FOR CONTENT MASTERYCHAPTER 25

alpha particle radioactivity gamma ray radioisotope

beta particles radiation X ray radioactive decay

Cop

yrig

ht ©

Gle

ncoe

/McG

raw

-Hill

,a d

ivis

ion

of th

e M

cGra

w-H

ill C

ompa

nies

,Inc

.

Name Date Class

146 Chemistry: Matter and Change • Chapter 25 Study Guide for Content Mastery

Section 25.2 Radioactive DecayIn your textbook, read about the changes that take place in an atomic nucleus when it decays.

Circle the letter of the choice that best completes the statement.

1. The number of stable isotopes that exist compared to the number of unstable isotopes is

a. much less. b. much more. c. slightly more. d. about the same.

2. A lightweight isotope is likely to be stable if the ratio of protons to neutrons in itsnucleus is

a. 1:2. b. 1:1. c. 2:1. d. 5:1.

3. The only nucleon among the following is the

a. electron. b. positron. c. beta particle. d. neutron.

4. The isotope least likely to be found in the band of stability among the following is

a. 136 C. b. 17

8 O. c. 3213 Al. d. 29

14 Si.

5. The isotope formed by the beta decay of 4019K has an atomic number of

a. 18. b. 39. c. 20. d. 21.

6. The isotope formed by the alpha decay of 23892 U has a mass number of

a. 234. b. 236. c. 238. d. 240.

7. The positron produced during positron emission comes from a(n)

a. neutron. b. proton. c. electron. d. positron.

8. During electron capture, a proton in the nucleus of an atom is converted into a(n)

a. neutron. b. positron. c. electron. d. another proton.

9. When the isotope 23891 Pa decays by beta emission, the isotope formed is

a. 23489 Ac. b. 238

90 Th. c. 23792 U. d. 238

92 U.

10. The isotope formed by the alpha decay of 15466Dy is

a. 15066 Dy. b. 150

67 Ho. c. 15064 Gd. d. 154

67 Ho.

11. The neutron-to-proton ratio for the isotope sodium-23 is

a. 1 : 1.1. b. 1.1 : 1. c. 2.1 : 1. d. 1 : 2.1.

12. The decay of 16269 Tm yields 162

68Er and

a. 24 He. b. �1

0 e. c. �. d. �10 �.

13. Atoms located above the band of stability on a graph of numbers of neutrons versus number of protons are usually unstable because they contain too many

a. protons. b. neutrons. c. electrons. d. nucleons.


Cop

yrig

ht ©

Gle

ncoe

/McG

raw

-Hill

,a d

ivis

ion

of th

e M

cGra

w-H

ill C

ompa

nies

,Inc

.

Name Date Class


Section 25.3 TransmutationIn your textbook, read about the process of induced nuclear transmutation.

For each statement below, write true or false.

1. Transmutation is the conversion of an atom of one element to an atom ofanother element.

2. All nuclear reactions involve some type of nuclear transmutation.

3. Scientists induce transmutations by bombarding stable nuclei with high-energy alpha, beta, or gamma radiation.

4. The first induced nuclear transmutation was carried out by Marie andPierre Curie in 1897.

5. Most induced transmutation reactions are produced in high-energy particle accelerators.

6. Neptunium and plutonium were the first transuranium elementsdiscovered.

7. The nuclear formula for a neutron is n.

8. The half-life of a radioisotope is the time it takes for that isotope to decay.

9. A radioisotope that decays very rapidly has a short half-life.

10. Radioisotopes with very long half-lives are seldom found in Earth’s crust.

11. Temperature is the only factor that affects the half-life of a radioisotope.

12. Carbon dating is not used to measure the age of rocks because the half-lifeof carbon-14 is too short.

13. After an organism dies, its ratio of carbon-14 to carbon-12 and carbon-13increases.

14. Scientists currently believe that all of the possible transuranium elementshave been discovered.

15. When an atom of 12552Te is bombarded with protons, the products are 125

53Iand neutrons.

16. Mass number and atomic number are conserved in all nuclear reactions.

17. The mass of a 25.0 g piece of 23896 Cm (half-life: 2.4 hr) will be reduced to

3.1 g after 7.2 hr.


Cop

yrig

ht ©

Gle

ncoe

/McG

raw

-Hill

,a d

ivis

ion

of th

e M

cGra

w-H

ill C

ompa

nies

,Inc

.

Name Date Class


Section 25.4 Fission and Fusion of Atomic NucleiIn your textbook, read about the process of by which electrical energy is produced in anuclear power plant.

Use the following diagram to complete the passage.

In a nuclear power plant, energy is produced in the reactor core by fission reactions

that occur in uranium-containing bars called (1) . The uranium is

found at location (2) in the diagram. The rate at which the nuclear

reaction takes place is controlled by other bars called (3) . These bars

of metal are found at location (4) . One of the important safety factors

in the power plant is a strong dome-shaped structure surrounding the reactor. The structure is

labeled (5) in this diagram and called (6) .

E

G

H

A

B

C

D

F


Cop

yrig

ht ©

Gle

ncoe

/McG

raw

-Hill

,a d

ivis

ion

of th

e M

cGra

w-H

ill C

ompa

nies

,Inc

.

Name Date Class


Heat produced by nuclear fission is carried away by (7) , which

enters the core at point (8) in the diagram. It then leaves the core at

point (9) .

Heat from the reactor core is used to boil water in the (10) ,

shown at (11) in the diagram. Steam produced here is used to

generate electricity at point (12) in the diagram. The steam is then

cooled at location (13) by water from an outside source.

For each statement, write true or false.

14. A nuclear reactor produces energy from fuel rods containing uranium-238.

15. The amount of energy produced for each kilogram of uranium is about thesame as the amount of energy from a kilogram of coal.

16. The only elements that can be used as fuel in a nuclear power plant arethose in which a chain reaction can occur.

17. If more than a critical mass is present in a sample, that sample is said tohave supercritical mass.

18. Water is the most common coolant used in a nuclear reactor.

19. Nuclear power plants usually produce electricity.

20. The purpose of the control rods in a nuclear reactor is to reflect neutronsback into the core.

21. The production of energy in a nuclear reactor can be stopped by pullingout all control rods.

22. A breeder reactor produces more fuel than it uses.

23. The fission products produced in nuclear power plants are not radioactive.

24. An uncontrolled chain reaction led to the nuclear accident in Chernobyl,Ukraine.

Section 25.4 continued


Cop

yrig

ht ©

Gle

ncoe

/McG

raw

-Hill

,a d

ivis

ion

of th

e M

cGra

w-H

ill C

ompa

nies

,Inc

.

Name Date Class


Section 25.5 Applications and Effects of Nuclear ReactionsIn your textbook, read about the methods used to detect and measure radiation.

For each item in Column A, write the letter of the matching item in Column B.

Column A Column B

1. Worn by workers to monitor radiation exposure

2. Contains phosphors that detect radiation

3. Radiation energetic enough to break apart atoms

4. Uses a gas-filled metal tube to detect and measureradiation

5. A material that gives off light when struck byradiation

6. A method used to detect very small amounts of anelement in a sample

7. A radioisotope used to indicate the presence of anelement in a sample

8. Used to detect disorders of the thyroid gland

9. A procedure that uses positrons to detect manydifferent medical disorders

10. This type of radiation easily penetrates human tissue.

11. Damage caused by radiation that affects a person, butnot their offspring

12. Radiation damage that can affect chromosomes andoffspring

13. A unit used to measure the amount of radiationabsorbed by a body

14. A unit used to measure the amount of damage doneto a body

15. The annual amount of radiation to which a person isnormally exposed


a. PET

b. Geiger counter

c. 100–300 mrem

d. ionizing radiation

e. rad

f. iodine-131

g. rem

h. genetic damage

i. neutron activation analysis

j. scintillation counter

k. radiotracer

l. gamma ray

m. somatic damage

n. phosphor

o. film badge

study guide for content mastery - edl€¦ · chapter 25 study guide for content mastery alpha...

Documents