structuralism and post- structuralism class of ganda upaya
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Structuralism and Post-Structuralism and Post-StructuralismStructuralism
Class of Ganda UpayaClass of Ganda Upaya
StructuralismStructuralism
Reaction to humanism Reaction to humanism (Existentialism Satre)(Existentialism Satre)
Individual subject to effect of Individual subject to effect of impersonal forcesimpersonal forces
StructureStructure based on based on languagelanguage Scientific view of Scientific view of social ordersocial order
based on based on languagelanguage
Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913)1913)
Instead of an existential world of Instead of an existential world of people shaping their surrounding---people shaping their surrounding---the social world are shaped by the social world are shaped by the the structure of languagestructure of language;;
The existence of The existence of languelangue makes makes paroleparole possible; possible;
Langue (Saussure)Langue (Saussure) Langue is the formal, grammatical system Langue is the formal, grammatical system
of language;of language;
Langue is Langue is a system of signs-a system of signs---a structure in --a structure in which the meaning of each sign is which the meaning of each sign is determined by its relationship with other determined by its relationship with other signs; signs;
The meaning of the word The meaning of the word hot hot comes not comes not from some intrinsic properties of the word, from some intrinsic properties of the word, but from the word’s relationship with the but from the word’s relationship with the word word coldcold;;
Parole (Saussure)Parole (Saussure)
ParoleParole is actual speech, the way speakers is actual speech, the way speakers use language to express themselves;use language to express themselves;
UnitsUnits: Cinderella, the stepmother, the : Cinderella, the stepmother, the prince;prince;
The stepmother persecutes Cinderella;The stepmother persecutes Cinderella; The Prince protects Cinderella;The Prince protects Cinderella; We do not speak language but We do not speak language but language language
speak us speak us --- A linguist must look at --- A linguist must look at languelangue, , the formal system of language, not at the the formal system of language, not at the subjective ways in which it is used by actors.subjective ways in which it is used by actors.
Semiotics (Roland Barthes)Semiotics (Roland Barthes) It refers to the structure of sign systems It refers to the structure of sign systems
including language;including language;
It encompasses not only language but also It encompasses not only language but also other sign and symbol systems such as other sign and symbol systems such as facial expressions, body language, literary facial expressions, body language, literary texts, indeed all forms of communication; texts, indeed all forms of communication;
““Not just language, but wrestling matches Not just language, but wrestling matches are also signifying practices, as are TV are also signifying practices, as are TV shows, fashions, cooking, and just about shows, fashions, cooking, and just about everything else in everyday life”.everything else in everyday life”.
Anthropological Anthropological StructuralismStructuralism
Claude Levi-StraussClaude Levi-Strauss
FirstFirst, terms used to describe kinship, like , terms used to describe kinship, like phonemes in language;phonemes in language;
All languages are composed of arbitrary groups of sounds called phonemes.
Phonemes are the minimal units of sound which a group of speakers consider distinct and which can create a difference in meaning
Phonemes themselves are meaningless It is only when they are combined into larger
units (morphemes, words, phrases etc) according to certain patterns (rules of syntax and grammar) that phonemes form meaningful units or speech;
Anthropological StructuralismAnthropological Structuralism
SecondSecond, neither the kinship terms nor the , neither the kinship terms nor the phonemes have meaning in themselves phonemes have meaning in themselves unless they are parts of a larger system;unless they are parts of a larger system;
ThirdThird, though there is empirical variation , though there is empirical variation from setting to setting in both phonemic from setting to setting in both phonemic and kinship systems---they follow certain and kinship systems---they follow certain laws;laws;
Both phonemic and kinship systems are Both phonemic and kinship systems are products of the unconscious, logical products of the unconscious, logical structure of the mind which operate structure of the mind which operate on the on the basis of general lawsbasis of general laws;;