stroke cover/vs2(a5)

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National Committee on Neuroscience Ministry of Health Stroke and Transient Ischaemic Attacks !"#$%&'( Angin Ahmar dan Serangan Iskemia Sementara thjÍ kÒWÍ jÒfhõf ,uÁjXÂlÁjil ghjpÈÃ National Committee on Neuroscience

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Page 1: Stroke COVER/vs2(A5)

National Committeeon Neuroscience

Ministryof Health

Stroke andTransient Ischaemic Attacks

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Angin Ahmar danSerangan Iskemia Sementara

thjÍ kÒWÍ

jÒfhõf ,uÁjXÂlÁjil ghjpÈÃ

National Committeeon Neuroscience

Stroke OVER/vs2(A5) 3/8/04 12:03 PMPage 1 Adobe PageMaker 6 5 /PP

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Copyright © 2004 by Ministry of Health, Singapore

Available on the MOH website:

http://www.gov.sg/moh/pub/cpg/cpg.htm

This brochure is developed together with the Clinical Practice

Guidelines on Stroke and Transient Ischaemic Attacks (TIAs).

Clinical Practice Guidelines are recommendations to help doctors

and patients make appropriate choices about the patient’s illness,

based on the best scientific evidence currently available. These

guidelines do not replace the judgement of the attending doctor.

It is important to remember that each person is different, and the

Clinical Practice Guidelines may not always apply to everyone.

Stroke OVER/vs2(A5) 3/8/04 12:03 PMPage 2 Adobe PageMaker 6 5 /PP

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INTRODUCTION

This brochure has been written primarily for peoplewith stroke and TIA, but it may also be useful for theirfamily members and care givers. It is hoped thatpatients would be able to use this brochure as a basisto discuss with their physicians the treatment optionsavailable to them.

What is stroke? What is a transientischaemic attack (TIA)?

Stroke occurs when a part of the brain is damageddue to lack of blood supply to that part. Blood flow isinterrupted because a brain artery (blood vesselcarrying blood to the brain) becomes blocked orbursts.

A blocked artery causes an ischaemic stroke, orinfarction.

A burst artery causes a haemorrhagic stroke.Bursting usually occurs at a weakened part of theartery, leading to intraparenchymal haemorrhage(bleeding into the brain).

By definition, a stroke is said to have occurred if thesymptoms and signs last more than 24 hours; theevent can be a major life-threatening or disablingevent, or even lead to death. If the symptoms andsigns are transient, and last less than 24 hours, it iscalled a TIA. In fact, most TIAs only last 10 to 30minutes.

What are the symptoms of stroke or TIA?

As each part of the brain performs a different function,the symptoms of stroke or TIA depend on which partof the brain is affected.

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Common stroke symptoms include weakness ornumbness of the face, arm and leg on one side ofthe body, slurred or unclear speech, double vision,difficulty in swallowing, giddiness with these abovesymptoms, very severe headache, loss ofconsciousness and coma.

The symptoms may occur suddenly, or develop overa few minutes to hours. They may be noticed onawakening from sleep. In a stroke, the symptoms lastmore than 24 hours; in a TIA, the symptomsdisappear within 24 hours.

The symptoms of a second stroke or TIA mayresemble the first one, or be completely different.

What should I do if I suspect I havedeveloped a stroke or TIA?

Call for help and get to a doctor as soon as possible.If you are unable to walk, you or a family membershould call for an ambulance in order that you canget to a hospital as soon as possible.

What will happen to me when I go to thehospital for suspected stroke?

You will be assessed by one or more members ofthe stroke team. This is a multidisciplinary teamcomprising doctors, nurses, case managers,dieticians, medical social workers, patient educators,pharmacists and therapists. The team will helpconfirm the diagnosis and plan for investigations andtreatment.

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What investigations will I undergo?

One or more of the following investigations may benecessary:

1. Brain scan

A brain scan should be done as soon as possible,preferably wi th in 24 hours. Computedtomography (CT) is the most widely used scanand it can give excellent information regardingthe nature and site of the stroke. Magneticresonance imaging (MRI) may show strokesearlier than CT, as well as very small strokesthat may not be seen on CT.

2. Blood tests

These include full blood counts and levels ofelectrolytes, glucose (sugar) and l ipids(cholesterol and other fats) in the blood.Abnormalities in these may have caused thestroke.

3. Chest X-ray and electrocardiogram (ECG)

These can detect heart disease.

4. Other investigations

Some patients may need tests such as carotidultrasound (ultrasound studies of the neckarteries) and echocardiogram (ultrasound studiesof the heart). On rare occasions, additional andmore specialised blood tests may be needed forsome young stroke patients.

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What immediate treatment will help?

Suitable treatments depend on the type and causeof the stroke.

1. Cerebral infarct

a. early use of aspirin reduces the risk of asecond stroke

b. mildly and moderately elevated bloodpressure should not be routinely lowered asit may worsen outcome.

2. Intraparenchymal haemorrhage

a. bleeding tendencies should be correctedb. drugs that cause a bleeding tendency should

be stopped

3. Neurosurgery

a. removal of brain haemorrhage could beconsidered if it is pressing on a vital structureor if it is getting bigger with time.

b. patients with hydrocephalus (fluid retentionin the brain water channels called ventricles)may be considered for an operation to drainout the excess fluid.

4. Medical management

a. measures should be taken to reduce fever ifpresent. Antibiotics should be started if thereis an infection

b. for diabetic patients, reasonable blood sugarcontrol should be achieved

c. measures should be taken to preventcomplications such as infections, bed sores,deep venous thrombosis (clotting of bloodin the veins of the legs) and depression.

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How can a second stroke be prevented?

Appropriate measures can be taken only after thenature of the stroke has been defined by relevantinvestigations.

1. Ischaemic stroke

a. Anti-platelet medication

Antiplatelet drugs reduce the ability of bloodcells called platelets to stick together. Longterm use of antiplatelet medications reducethe risk of recurrent stroke among patientswith ischaemic stroke. These drugs includeaspir in, t ic lopidine, clopidogrel anddipyridamole.

b. Anticoagulant therapy

Anticoagulant drugs, like warfarin, reduce theability of the blood to clot. They are effectivein reducing stroke risk in patients who havehad a stroke due to blood clots originatingfrom the heart or artificial heart valves.

c. Carotid surgery

Carotid endarterectomy (surgery to removeplaques in the carotid arteries in the neck)by an experienced surgeon should beconsidered among patients with ischaemicstroke or TIA due to moderate or severenarrowing of the carotid artery in the neck.

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2. Blood pressure and cholesterol lowering

These measures should be instituted after theacute phase of stroke has passed.

3. Other risk factors

Diabetes mellitus should be controlled andcigarette smoking stopped.

What about rehabilitation?

All stroke patients should be assessed forrehabilitation potential. Rehabilitation should bestarted as soon as the patients’ condition permits.Rehabilitation may be performed in a strokerehabilitation unit or a generic rehabilitation ward.

Resources

For further resources on stroke, you may contact:

Singapore National Stroke Association26 Dunearn RoadSingapore 309423Tel: 63584138

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PENDAHULUAN

Risalah ini telah ditulis khusus untuk mereka yangmenghidapi angin ahmar dan TIA. Walaubagaimanapun ia juga mungkin berguna kepadaanggota keluarga dan penjaga mereka. Adalahmenjadi harapan kami supaya risalah ini dijadikanasas bagi perbincangan di antara pesakit dengandoktor mereka tentang pilihan-pilihan rawatan yangada.

Apakah angin ahmar? Apakahserangan iskemia sementara (TIA)?

Angin ahmar berlaku apabila sebahagian daripadaotak rosak akibat kekurangan bekalan darah kebahagian tersebut. Pengaliran darah terganggukerana arteri otak (pembuluh darah yang membawadarah ke otak) tersumbat atau pecah.

Arteri yang tersumbat menyebabkan angin ahmariskemia, atau infarksi.

Arteri yang pecah menyebabkan angin ahmarberdarah. Pecahan biasanya berlaku pada bahagianarteri yang lemah, menyebabkan pendarahanintraparenkima (pendarahan di dalam otak).

Mengikut definisi, angin ahmar dikatakan telahberlaku apabila gejala-gejala dan tanda-tandanyawujud lebih dari 24 jam; kejadian yang mengancamnyawa atau kejadian yang menyebabkan kecacatan,atau membawa maut. Jika gejala-gejala dan tanda-tandanya berbentuk sementara, dan wujud kurangdari 24 jam, ia dikenali sebagai TIA. Malah,kebanyakan TIA hanya wujud di antara 10 hingga 30minit.

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Apakah gejala-gejala angin ahmaratau TIA?

Oleh kerana setiap bahagian otak menjalankanfungsi yang berbeza, gejala angin ahmar atau TIAbergantung kepada bahagian otak yang terjejas.

Gejala angin ahmar yang lazim termasuk muka,lengan dan kaki di sebahagian tubuh merasa lemahdan kebas, pertuturan atau sebutan menjadi kurangjelas, penglihatan berganda, menghadapi kesukaranuntuk menelan, merasa pitam dengan gejala-gejaladi atas, pening yang amat sangat, tidak sedarkandiri dan koma.

Gejala-gejala mungkin akan muncul secara tiba-tiba,atau wujud dalam masa beberapa minit hinggabeberapa jam. Ia mungkin dapat dilihat sewaktubangun dari tidur. Untuk angin ahmar, gejala-gejalanya wujud lebih dari 24 jam; manakala untukTIA pula, gejala-gejalanya akan hilang dalam masa24 jam.

Gejala angin ahmar kedua atau TIA mungkinmenyerupai yang pertama, atau berbeza samasekali.

Apakah yang perlu saya lakukan jikasaya mengesyaki bahawa saya telahmengalami angin ahmar atau TIA?

Dapatkan bantuan dan pergi ke doktor dengansegera. Jika anda tidak boleh berjalan, anda atauahli keluarga anda perlu menghubungi ambulanssupaya anda boleh pergi ke hospital dengan segera.

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Apakah yang akan berlaku apabilasaya pergi ke hospital kerana disyakimenghidapi angin ahmar?

Anda akan diperiksa oleh seorang atau lebihdaripada seorang ahli pasukan angin ahmar. Iamerupakan sebuah pasukan berbilang disiplin yangterdiri daripada doktor, jururawat, pengurus kes,pakar pemakanan, pekerja sosial perubatan, pendidikpesakit, ahli farmasi dan ahli terapi. Pasukan tersebutakan membantu mengesahkan diagnosis danrancangan bagi penyelidikan dan rawatan.

Penyelidikan apakah yang akandilalui oleh saya?

Salah satu daripada penyelidikan berikut atau lebihmungkin diperlukan:

1. Imbasan otak

Imbasan otak harus dilakukan secepat mungkin,jika boleh dalam masa 24 jam. “Computedtomography (CT)” adalah yang paling lazimdigunakan dan ia boleh memberi maklumat yangtepat mengenai bentuk dan tempat angin ahmartersebut. “Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)”boleh menunjukkan angin ahmar lebih awaldaripada CT, serta angin ahmar yang sangatkecil, yang mungkin tidak boleh dilihat oleh CT.

2. Ujian darah

Ini termasuk kiraan darah penuh dan paraselektrolit, glukosa (gula) dan lipid (kolestrol danlemak lain) di dalam darah. Keganjilannyamungkin telah menyebabkan angin ahmar.

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3. X-ray dada dan elektrokardiogram (ECG)

Ia boleh mengesan penyakit jantung.

4. Penyelidikan lain

Sesetengah pesakit mungkin memerlukan ujian-ujian seperti ultrabunyi karotid (kajian ultrabunyike atas arteri-arteri leher) dan ekokardiogram(kajian ultrabunyi ke atas jantung). Sekali-sekala,ujian darah tambahan dan yang lebih khususmungkin diperlukan bagi sesetengah pesakitangin ahmar yang masih muda.

Rawatan segera apakah yang dapatmembantu?

Rawatan yang sesuai bergantung kepada jenis dansebab angin ahmar.

1. Infark serebrum

a. penggunaan awal aspirin mengurangkanrisiko angin ahmar kedua.

b. tekanan darah yang meningkat secarasedik i t dan sederhana t idak harusdikurangkan secara rutin kerana ia bolehmemburukkan lagi keadaan.

2. Pendarahan intraparenkima

a. kecenderungan berdarah harus dipulihkan.b. u b a t - u b a t a n ya n g m e n ye b a b k a n

kecenderungan berdarah harus dihentikan.

3. Pembedahan neuro

a. penghapusan pendarahan di dalam otakboleh dipertimbangkan jika ia menekanstruktur utama atau ia mula membesardengan perjalanan masa.

b. pesakit yang menghidapi hidrosefalus

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(penampungan cecair di dalam saluran airotak yang dikenali sebagai ventrikel) bolehdipertimbangkan untuk pembedahan bagimengeluarkan lebihan cecair.

4. Pengurusan perubatan

a. langkah-langkah harus diambil bagimengurangkan demam jika ia wujud.Antibiotik harus dimulakan jika terdapatjangkitan.

b. untuk pesakit kencing manis, kawalan guladalam darah yang munasabah harus dicapai.

c. langkah-langkah harus diambil bagimengelakkan komplikasi seperti jangkitan,kudis akibat tidur di atas katil, trombosis venadalam (darah beku di urat kaki) dankemurungan.

Bagaimanakah angin ahmar keduadapat dielak?

Langkah-langkah yang sesuai hanya boleh diambilselepas jenis angin ahmar telah didefinisikan olehpenyelidikan yang berkaitan.

1. Angin ahmar iskemia

a. Ubat anti-platlet

Ubat anti-platlet mengurangkan keupayaansel-sel darah yang dikenali sebagai platletuntuk berganding. Penggunaan ubat anti-platlet untuk jangka panjang mengurangkanrisiko angin ahmar daripada berulang dikalangan pesakit yang menghidapi anginahmar iskemia. Ubat-ubat ini termasukaspir in, t ic lopidine, clopidogrel dandipyridamole.

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b. Terapi anti-koagulan

Ubat anti-koagulan, seper ti warfarin,mengurangkan keupayaan darah untukmembeku. Ia ber kesan d i da lammengurangkan risiko angin ahmar padapesakit yang menghidapi angin ahmardisebabkan oleh darah beku yang berasaldari jantung atau injap jantung tiruan.

c. Pembedahan karotid

Endarterektomi karotid (pembedahan untukmembuang plak di dalam arteri karotid dil e h e r ) o l e h p a k a r b e d a h y a n gberpengalaman harus dipertimbangkan dikalangan pesakit yang menghidapi anginahmar iskemia atau TIA disebabkan olehpenyempitan arteri karotid yang sederhanaatau teruk di leher.

2. Penurunan tekanan darah dan kolestrol

Langkah-langkah ini harus diperkenalkanselepas fasa genting angin ahmar telah berlalu.

3. Faktor-faktor risiko lain

Harus mengawal penyakit kencing manis danberhenti daripada menghisap rokok.

Bagaimana pula dengan pemulihan?

Semua pesakit angin ahmar harus diperiksa untukpotensi pemulihan. Pemulihan harus dimulakansebaik saja keadaan pesakit membenarkannya.Pemulihan boleh dijalankan di dalam unit pemulihanangin ahmar atau wad pemulihan generik.

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Sumber

Untuk sumber lanjut mengenai angin ahmar, andaboleh hubungi:

Singapore National Stroke Association(Persatuan Angin Ahmar Kebangsaan Singapura)26 Dunearn RoadSingapura 309423Tel: 63584138

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