Striving for Independence: India, Africa, and Latin America, 1900-49Striving for Independence: India, Africa, and Latin America, 1900-49

The Indian Independence movement, 1905-1947The Indian Independence movement, 1905-1947The Land and the PeopleClasses and Languages – growth created pressures, less landPeasants (majority) – over taxed, Maharajahs (ruling princes) – protectedEnglish = common language of western educatedReligion – Hindu center with Muslim sidesBritish Rule and Indian NationalismViceroy & Indian Civil ServiceIndian National Congress – founded in 18851905 – British divide Bengal Province in two, putting Hindu at disadvantage in east1906 – All-India Muslim League – Muhammad Ali Jinnah1911 – Brits moved capital – Calcutta to Delhi (Mughal capital) = wake-up callIndian Steel Industry – symbolic hope for independenceWWI left promises of self-rule, upon return, outbreaks of violence1919 – Rowlatt Act = denial of habeas corpus, no public protests allowed1919 – Amritsar Massacre – Brits open fire on peaceful protestors killing 1,200

The Indian Independence movement, 1905-1947The Indian Independence movement, 1905-1947…continuedMahatma Gandhi and Militant NonviolenceMahatma = Great Soul, western educated lawyer, cut his teeth in South AfricaAhimsa (nonviolence) + Satyagraha (search for the truth) = nonviolent civil disobedienceWore homespun, brought independence ideas to the peasant (majority)Salt March to protest British tax on saltWhen jailed = protested via fasting. Every arrest made him more popular.India moves toward independenceJawaharlal Nehru – Indian National Congress, working toward creating industrial IndiaViceroy of India declares war (WWII) without consulting IndiansWWII a dividing time amongst Indians, who to support, who to protestPartition and Independence (post WWII)Muhammad Ali Jinnah – demands separate state of Pakistan (E&W) for Muslims1947 – two states established, mass relocation causes riots and deathsKashmir – Hindu maharajah, Muslim people – still a hotspot today

Sub-Saharan Africa, 1900-45Sub-Saharan Africa, 1900-45Colonial Africa: Economic and Social ChangesAfrican Farmers – few profit from high price cocoa & palm oilAfrican Health – modern technology brought, migrant workers spread diseaseReligious and Political changesChristianity & Islam schools – Christian (West & South), Islam (East & South)Islam fit more with traditional African polygamySenegal – Blaise Diagne elected to French National Assembly – advocate for African rightsAfrican National Congress – founded by western educated Africans to defend interestsAfrica in WWII – Haile Selassie (Ethiopia) takes on Italians, Like India, Africans return from WWII changed, looking for independence

Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil, 1900-49Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil, 1900-49Background to Revolution: Mexico in 19101% owned 85% of land (haciendas), US & Brits owned rails & industryIndians (non-Spanish speaking), Mestizos worked the haciendasPorfirio Diaz = “Liberty (for rich), Order (corrupt political machine), Progress (Foreign)”Mexico City great, everywhere else, badRevolution and civil war in MexicoFrancisco Madero – minor uprisings cause government to collapse, Diaz goneGeneral Huerta overthrows Madero, Prez Wilson sends US troops to VeracruzCarranza (landowner) and Obregon (teacher) overthrow HuertaZapata – Indian farmer raids haciendas in southPancho Villa – Raids haciendas in northConstitution of 1917 – lofty ideas

o Universal suffrage, one term president, o Restrictions on foreign land ownershipo Minimum wage and maximum hourso Public education (free from catholic church)

Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil, 1900-49…Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil, 1900-49…continuedPresident Obregon succeeded by Calles who founded National Revolutionary Party (PNR)PNR – collection point for working out ideas of revolutionPresident Cardenas – redistributed land, removed generals from government positions, nationalized oil industryArt flourishes – murals and painting: Clemente Orozco, Diego Rivera, and Frida KahloTransformation of ArgentinaMost of Argentina pampas = flat fertile landOligarquia – ruled by small group of wealthy land owners that lived in Buenos AiresBritish allowed to run domestic industries, US & Britain supply manufactured goodsBrazil & Argentina to 1929Before WWI = coffee, cacao, and rubberRio de Janeiro the city of choiceCollapse of rubber (lost to SE Asia) and WWI, middle class elect Hipolito IrigoyenUS replaces Europeans as supplier of manufactured goodsPost WWI – Trade with Europe resumes, middle class push for reforms, take over industrySouth America still lags behind US & European technologically

Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil, 1900-49…Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil, 1900-49…continuedThe Depression and the Vargas Regime in BrazilArgentina & Brazil go towards authoritarian regimes to solve economic problemsGetulio Vargas (a bad loser) – coup, puts Brazil on industrial pathThe environment – Favelas (slums) occupy hillsidesVargas’s legacy – when failing to win reelection, another coup = CaudilloArgentina after 1930Gen Uriburu overthrows Irigoyen (1930), Col Peron overthrows Uriburu (1943)Eva Peron champions the descamisados (“shirtless ones” – urban workers)Spends heavily on social programs, when wife dies (1952), loses election.