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STRESS • Stress (ambiguous term): – The event: A threat (real or implied) to homeostasis (often called a stressor) – The response: the physiological response to the threat – The condition: the physiological state that results • Stressors – Physiological stress – Physical stress – Emotional stress

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Page 1: STRESS Stress (ambiguous term): –The event: A threat (real or implied) to homeostasis (often called a stressor) –The response: the physiological response

STRESS• Stress (ambiguous term):

– The event: A threat (real or implied) to homeostasis (often called a stressor)

– The response: the physiological response to the threat– The condition: the physiological state that results

• Stressors– Physiological stress– Physical stress– Emotional stress

Page 2: STRESS Stress (ambiguous term): –The event: A threat (real or implied) to homeostasis (often called a stressor) –The response: the physiological response

• Phases of the stress response– Time frame of hormonal response

• Modulation of the Stress Response

• Stress in Humans: How can we cope?

Page 3: STRESS Stress (ambiguous term): –The event: A threat (real or implied) to homeostasis (often called a stressor) –The response: the physiological response

Phases of the stress response

• Alarm Phase

• Resistance Phase

• Exhaustion Phase

Page 4: STRESS Stress (ambiguous term): –The event: A threat (real or implied) to homeostasis (often called a stressor) –The response: the physiological response

Alarm Phase:Catecholamines: epinephrine and norepineprhine

Adrenal Gland

Sympathetic Neuron

epinephrine

Releases norepineprhine onto

these tissues

Page 5: STRESS Stress (ambiguous term): –The event: A threat (real or implied) to homeostasis (often called a stressor) –The response: the physiological response

Epinephrine and Stress

Page 6: STRESS Stress (ambiguous term): –The event: A threat (real or implied) to homeostasis (often called a stressor) –The response: the physiological response

Catecholamines--what do they do?

– Metabolic:

– Cardiovascular:

– Respiratory:

Page 7: STRESS Stress (ambiguous term): –The event: A threat (real or implied) to homeostasis (often called a stressor) –The response: the physiological response

Phases of the stress response

• Alarm Phase

• Resistance Phase

• Exhaustion Phase

Page 8: STRESS Stress (ambiguous term): –The event: A threat (real or implied) to homeostasis (often called a stressor) –The response: the physiological response

hypothalamus

pituitary

adrenalGlucocorticoids

(cortisol, corticosterone

Page 9: STRESS Stress (ambiguous term): –The event: A threat (real or implied) to homeostasis (often called a stressor) –The response: the physiological response

Common DivingPetrel near the

SouthGeorgia Islands

Page 10: STRESS Stress (ambiguous term): –The event: A threat (real or implied) to homeostasis (often called a stressor) –The response: the physiological response

60504030201000

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90Pre-storm (n=3)Storm (n=8)

Calm (n=8)

Time after capture (min)

Cort

icoste

ron

e,

ng

/ml

Page 11: STRESS Stress (ambiguous term): –The event: A threat (real or implied) to homeostasis (often called a stressor) –The response: the physiological response

Kirschbaum et al., 1995Buske-Kirschbaum et al., 1997

Two Examples from Human Studies

KidsAdult men

Page 12: STRESS Stress (ambiguous term): –The event: A threat (real or implied) to homeostasis (often called a stressor) –The response: the physiological response

Effects of Glucocorticoids

• Increase circulating glucose• Suppress the immune system• Suppress reproductive behavior• Suppress growth• Multiple behavioral effects, dependent on

species…– e.g.

• Induce territory abandonment• Increase foraging• Reduce parental care

Emergency Life History Stage

Page 13: STRESS Stress (ambiguous term): –The event: A threat (real or implied) to homeostasis (often called a stressor) –The response: the physiological response

The stress responsealarm and resistance

• Maximizes glucose in the blood

• Maximizes glucose and oxygen delivery to critical tissues

• Shuts down non-critical activities (redirects physiology and behavior)– Digestion– Reproduction– Growth

Page 14: STRESS Stress (ambiguous term): –The event: A threat (real or implied) to homeostasis (often called a stressor) –The response: the physiological response

Phases of the stress response

• Alarm Phase

• Resistance Phase

• Exhaustion Phase

Page 15: STRESS Stress (ambiguous term): –The event: A threat (real or implied) to homeostasis (often called a stressor) –The response: the physiological response

• High pulse rate, elevated blood pressure

• Breakdown of protein for gluconeogenesis

• Hyperglycemia, insulin suppression

• Decrease reproduction

• Shut-down digestion

• Inhibit immune system

• Artherosclerotic plaques, heart disease, embolisms, strokes

• Muscle wasting

• Insulin insensitivity (NIDDM)

• Infertility, shut-down of reproductive axis

• Ulcers, irritable bowel syndrome

• Degeneration of immune tissues

• Neural degeneration

ACUTE RESPONSES TO STRESS CHRONIC STIMULATION

Page 16: STRESS Stress (ambiguous term): –The event: A threat (real or implied) to homeostasis (often called a stressor) –The response: the physiological response

Binding GlobulinsDo corticosteroid binding globulins change in response to stress?

Social Stress (CBG)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

control winner loser

CB

G (

nM

)

*

Page 17: STRESS Stress (ambiguous term): –The event: A threat (real or implied) to homeostasis (often called a stressor) –The response: the physiological response

Phases of the stress response

• Alarm Phase– Activated in seconds

• Resistance Phase– Activated in minutes

• Exhaustion Phase– Chronic stimulation of Catecholamines

and Glucocorticoids

Page 18: STRESS Stress (ambiguous term): –The event: A threat (real or implied) to homeostasis (often called a stressor) –The response: the physiological response

• Phases of the stress response– Time frame of hormonal response

• Modulation of the Stress Response

• Stress in Humans: How can we cope?

Page 19: STRESS Stress (ambiguous term): –The event: A threat (real or implied) to homeostasis (often called a stressor) –The response: the physiological response

Modulation of the adrenocortical responseto stress

Is it always adaptive to respond hormonally to stress?

Effect of Breeding Environment

Effect of Parental Responsibility

Effect of Body Condition

Page 20: STRESS Stress (ambiguous term): –The event: A threat (real or implied) to homeostasis (often called a stressor) –The response: the physiological response

Modulation of the adrenocortical responseto stress

Is it always adaptive to respond hormonally to stress?

Effect of Breeding Environment

Effect of Parental Responsibility

Effect of Body Condition

Page 21: STRESS Stress (ambiguous term): –The event: A threat (real or implied) to homeostasis (often called a stressor) –The response: the physiological response

Corticosterone and Body Condition

fence lizard

Page 22: STRESS Stress (ambiguous term): –The event: A threat (real or implied) to homeostasis (often called a stressor) –The response: the physiological response

Modulation of the adrenocortical responseto stress

Is it always adaptive to respond hormonally to stress?

Effect of Breeding Environment

Effect of Parental Responsibility

Effect of Body Condition

Page 23: STRESS Stress (ambiguous term): –The event: A threat (real or implied) to homeostasis (often called a stressor) –The response: the physiological response

PESA SESA WESA REPH0

20

40

60

80

MalesFemales

Mag

nit

ude

ofC

orti

cost

eron

e In

crea

se, n

g/m

l

PectoralSandpiper

SemipalmatedSandpiper

RedPhalarope

9 8 11 13 8 5

F M + F MParental care? :

Page 24: STRESS Stress (ambiguous term): –The event: A threat (real or implied) to homeostasis (often called a stressor) –The response: the physiological response

Modulation of the adrenocortical responseto stress

Is it always adaptive to respond hormonally to stress?

Effect of Breeding Environment

Effect of Parental Responsibility

Effect of Body Condition

Page 25: STRESS Stress (ambiguous term): –The event: A threat (real or implied) to homeostasis (often called a stressor) –The response: the physiological response

Breeding Environment

Page 26: STRESS Stress (ambiguous term): –The event: A threat (real or implied) to homeostasis (often called a stressor) –The response: the physiological response

1 5 10 30 600

10

20

30

40

50 Abert's Towhee

1 5 10 30 600

10

20

30

40

summerwinter

Inca Dove

Time after capture (mintues)

CO

RT

(ng

/ml)

1 5 10 30 600

10

20

30

40

50

summerwinter

Cactus Wren

1 5 10 30 60

winter

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

summer

Black-throated sparrow

BENIGNBREEDINGENVIRONMENT

HARSHBREEDINGENVIRONMENT

Page 27: STRESS Stress (ambiguous term): –The event: A threat (real or implied) to homeostasis (often called a stressor) –The response: the physiological response

Modulation of the adrenocortical responseto stress

Is it always adaptive to respond hormonally to stress?

Effect of Breeding Environment

Effect of Parental Responsibility

Effect of Body Condition


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