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1 Why Classify Streams? • Communication Tool • Describe Existing Conditions & Trends • Describe Restoration Goals Stream Classification Describe Restoration Goals • Research Tool Morphologic Stream Classification Systems • Schumm (1977) – Alluvial channels – Meandering, straight, braided – Type related to channel stability & sediment transport • Montgomery & Buffington (1993) – Alluvial, colluvial, bedrock channels – Channel response related to sediment inputs – 6 classes of alluvial channels: cascade, step-pool, plane-bed, riffle-pool, regime, and braided • Rosgen (1994) www.wildlandhydrology.com Rosgen Classification of Natural Rivers • Based on physical characteristics (empirical) • Requires field measurements • Requires bankfull dimensions www.wildlandhydrology.com What factors affect stream morphology? • Width • Depth • Slope • Velocity • Discharge • Flow resistance • Sediment size • Sediment load Leopold et al (1964) Dimension (cross-section) Pattern (plan form) Rosgen Classification of Natural Rivers Profile (bed form) Bed material (substrate) Level 1 Rosgen Classification www.wildlandhydrology.com www.wildlandhydrology.com

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Page 1: Stream Classification Morphologic Stream Classification

1

Why Classify Streams?• Communication Tool• Describe Existing Conditions & Trends• Describe Restoration Goals

Stream Classification

Describe Restoration Goals• Research Tool

Morphologic Stream Classification Systems• Schumm (1977)

– Alluvial channels– Meandering, straight, braided– Type related to channel stability & sediment transport

• Montgomery & Buffington (1993)– Alluvial, colluvial, bedrock channels– Channel response related to sediment inputs– 6 classes of alluvial channels: cascade, step-pool,

plane-bed, riffle-pool, regime, and braided• Rosgen (1994)

www.wildlandhydrology.com

Rosgen Classification of Natural Rivers• Based on physical

characteristics (empirical)• Requires field

measurements• Requires bankfull

dimensions

www.wildlandhydrology.com

What factors affect stream morphology?

• Width• Depth• Slope • Velocityy• Discharge• Flow resistance• Sediment size• Sediment load

Leopold et al (1964)

Dimension (cross-section)

Pattern (plan form)

Rosgen Classification of Natural Rivers

Profile (bed form)

Bed material (substrate)

Level 1 Rosgen Classification

www.wildlandhydrology.comwww.wildlandhydrology.com

Page 2: Stream Classification Morphologic Stream Classification

2

Level 2 Rosgen Classification

www.wildlandhydrology.comwww.wildlandhydrology.com

Riffle Dimensions

Wbkf

Bankfull

Abkf

Measure Bankfull Width (Wbkf) and Bankfull Area (Abkf)

Mean Depth, dbkf = Abkf / Wbkf

Width to Depth Ratio, W/d = Wbkf / dbkf

dbkf

W/d = 9.3 / 1.5 = 6.2 Entrenchment RatioER = Wfpa / Wbkf

Wf

Wfpa = Width of Flood Prone Area measured at the elevation twice bankfull max depth above thalweg

Wbkf = Width of Bankfull Channel

Bankfull

2 x dmax

above thalweg

Wfpa

Wbkf

dmax

ER = Wfpa / Wbkf = 63 / 15 = 4.2 Bed Material (Substrate)

Silt/Clay: < 0.062 mmSand: 0.062 – 2 mmGravel: 2 – 64 mmCobble: 64 – 256 mmBoulder: 256 – 2048 mmBoulder: 256 2048 mm

Page 3: Stream Classification Morphologic Stream Classification

3

Substrate Characterization

Wolman Pebble Count

www.wildlandhydrology.com

Valley Types: (www.epa.gov/watertrain/stream_class)

Valley Type IIModerately steep, gentle sloping side slopes often in colluvial valleys

From EPA Watershed Academy: Fundamentals of the Rosgen Stream Classification System

Valley Types: (www.epa.gov/watertrain/stream_class)

Valley Type VIIIWide, gentle valley slope with well-developed floodplain adjacent to river terraces

From EPA Watershed Academy: Fundamentals of the Rosgen Stream Classification System

Stream Types in Landscape Positions

www.wildlandhydrology.com

A Streams

Incised, Narrow & Deep, Steep SlopeColluvial Valley

Page 4: Stream Classification Morphologic Stream Classification

4

www.wildlandhydrology.com

A Stream Channel

Bankfull

Wfpa

dbkf

Single Thread Channel

ER = Wfpa/Wbkf < 1.4

W/d = Wbkf/dbkf < 12

S > 0.04 ft/ft

dmax

Wbkf

A2 Western NC A2 Montana

A3 Western NC

Aa+ Streams

Very Steep(>0 1 ft/ft)(>0.1 ft/ft)

A1a+ Western NC

Page 5: Stream Classification Morphologic Stream Classification

5

A1a+ Western NC A1a+ Tennessee

B Streams

Moderately Incised, Wide & Shallow, Moderate Slope, Colluvial Valley

dbkf

B Stream Channel

Bankfulld

Wfpa

dbkf

Single Thread Channel

ER = Wfpa/Wbkf = 1.4 – 2.2

W/d = Wbkf/dbkf > 12

S = 0.02 – 0.04 ft/ft

dmax

Wbkf

Stream Types in Landscape Positions

www.wildlandhydrology.com www.wildlandhydrology.com

Page 6: Stream Classification Morphologic Stream Classification

6

B3 Western NC B3 Western NC

B3 Western NC B4 Tennessee

B3 Western NC B4 Western NC

Page 7: Stream Classification Morphologic Stream Classification

7

B4c Western NC

C Streams

Not Incised, Wide & Shallow, Low SlopeAlluvial Valley

dbkf

C Stream Channel

Bankfulld

Wfpa

dbkf

Single Thread Channel

ER = Wfpa/Wbkf > 2.2

W/d = Wbkf/dbkf > 12

S < 0.02 ft/ft

dmax

Wbkf

Stream Types in Landscape Positions

www.wildlandhydrology.com

www.wildlandhydrology.com C4 Western NC

Page 8: Stream Classification Morphologic Stream Classification

8

C4 Western NC C4 Washington

C4 New Zealand C4 Western NC

C5 Alabama C4 Utah

Page 9: Stream Classification Morphologic Stream Classification

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C4 Western NC

E Streams

Not Incised, Narrow & Deep, Low SlopeAlluvial Valley

E Stream Channel

Bankfull

Wfpa

dbkf

Single Thread Channel

ER = Wfpa/Wbkf > 2.2

W/d = Wbkf/dbkf < 12

S < 0.02 ft/ft

dmax

Wbkf

Stream Types in Landscape Positions

www.wildlandhydrology.com

www.wildlandhydrology.com E4 Western NC

Page 10: Stream Classification Morphologic Stream Classification

10

E4 Central NC E4 Central NC

E4 Western NC E4 Western NC

E4b Western NC E4 Western NC

Page 11: Stream Classification Morphologic Stream Classification

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E5 Central NC E4 Central NC

E4 Western NC E4 Western NC

E5 -> G5c AL

G Streams

IncisedNarrow & DeepModerate Slope

Page 12: Stream Classification Morphologic Stream Classification

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G Stream Channel

Bankfull

Wfpa

dbkf

Single Thread Channel

ER = Wfpa/Wbkf < 1.4

W/d = Wbkf/dbkf < 12

S = 0.02 – 0.04 ft/ft

dmax

Wbkf

Stream Types in Landscape Positions

www.wildlandhydrology.com

www.wildlandhydrology.com G4 Western NC

G4 Eastern NCG5 Headcut Georgia

Page 13: Stream Classification Morphologic Stream Classification

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G5 Headcut Georgia G4c Central NC

G4c Alabama G4c Alabama

G5c Eastern NC G5c Alabama

Page 14: Stream Classification Morphologic Stream Classification

14

G5c Florida G4

20002000 20012001

20032003 20032003

F Streams

Incised, Wide & Shallow, Low Slope

d

F Stream Channel

Bankfull

d

Wfpa

dbkf

Single Thread Channel

ER = Wfpa/Wbkf < 1.4

W/d = Wbkf/dbkf > 12

S < 0.02 ft/ft

dmax

Wbkf

Stream Types in Landscape Positions

www.wildlandhydrology.com

Page 15: Stream Classification Morphologic Stream Classification

15

www.wildlandhydrology.com F1 Asheville

F2 New Zealand F2 New Zealand

F3 New Zealand F4 Western NC

Page 16: Stream Classification Morphologic Stream Classification

16

F4 Texas F4 Texas

F4 Alabama F5 Georgia

F5 South Carolina Ugg Texas

Page 17: Stream Classification Morphologic Stream Classification

17

D & DA Streams

Multiple Channels, Wide & Shallow, Low Slope

D4 Virginia

d

D Stream Channel

Bankfull

d

Wfpa

dbkf

Multiple Thread Channel

ER = Wfpa/Wbkf > 2.2

W/d = Wbkf/dbkf > 40

dmax

Wbkf

Stream Types in Landscape Positions

www.wildlandhydrology.com www.wildlandhydrology.com

D4 Georgia D4 New Zealand

Page 18: Stream Classification Morphologic Stream Classification

18

D4 Oregon D4 Pennsylvania

C4 -> D4 Western NC C4 -> D4 Western NC

DA5 Florida www.wildlandhydrology.com

Page 19: Stream Classification Morphologic Stream Classification

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ER=11; W/d=16; S=0.004; D50=1 mm ER=1.3; W/d=7; S=0.007; D50=1.5 mm

ER=2.2; W/d=14; S=0.024; D50=75 mm ER=1.5; W/d=10; S=0.009; D50=2 mm

Page 20: Stream Classification Morphologic Stream Classification

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