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Strategy and ICT

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Page 1: Strategy and ICT. ICT acceptance ICT and Strategy Competition and strategy Competitive advantage Companies as drivers of change Transaction costs, value

Strategy and ICT

Page 2: Strategy and ICT. ICT acceptance ICT and Strategy Competition and strategy Competitive advantage Companies as drivers of change Transaction costs, value

ICTacceptance

ICT and Strategy

Competition and strategy

Competitive advantage

Companies as drivers of change

Transaction costs, value chain

The Information Society

The New Capitalism

Page 3: Strategy and ICT. ICT acceptance ICT and Strategy Competition and strategy Competitive advantage Companies as drivers of change Transaction costs, value

So far

• Developments in society

• Developments in economy

• Companies as drivers of change

• The existence/size/limits of companies:

- Transaction costs

- Value chain

Page 4: Strategy and ICT. ICT acceptance ICT and Strategy Competition and strategy Competitive advantage Companies as drivers of change Transaction costs, value

To do

• Explain the form of companies

• Explain the conduct of companies

Page 5: Strategy and ICT. ICT acceptance ICT and Strategy Competition and strategy Competitive advantage Companies as drivers of change Transaction costs, value

Company structure (Morgan and Mintzberg)

Page 6: Strategy and ICT. ICT acceptance ICT and Strategy Competition and strategy Competitive advantage Companies as drivers of change Transaction costs, value

Typology (Morgan)

• Machines• Organism• Brains• Culture• Political systems• Psychic prisons• Flux & transformation• Instruments of domination

Page 7: Strategy and ICT. ICT acceptance ICT and Strategy Competition and strategy Competitive advantage Companies as drivers of change Transaction costs, value

The machine

• Bureaucracy

• Functional specialisation• Scientific management (Taylor)

Page 8: Strategy and ICT. ICT acceptance ICT and Strategy Competition and strategy Competitive advantage Companies as drivers of change Transaction costs, value

The organism

• Adjust to environment

• Organisation as an open system

• Mintzberg

Page 9: Strategy and ICT. ICT acceptance ICT and Strategy Competition and strategy Competitive advantage Companies as drivers of change Transaction costs, value

Mintzberg’s typology

• Machine bureaucracy

• Division structure

• Professional bureaucracy

• Simple structure

• Adhocracy

Page 10: Strategy and ICT. ICT acceptance ICT and Strategy Competition and strategy Competitive advantage Companies as drivers of change Transaction costs, value

Henry Mintzberg

Page 11: Strategy and ICT. ICT acceptance ICT and Strategy Competition and strategy Competitive advantage Companies as drivers of change Transaction costs, value

Vijf basisdelen organisatie

Techno-structuur

Onder-

steunende

staf

Strategische top

Uitvoerende kern

Middenkader

Page 12: Strategy and ICT. ICT acceptance ICT and Strategy Competition and strategy Competitive advantage Companies as drivers of change Transaction costs, value

Vijf fundamentele coördinatiemethodes

• Onderlinge afstemming

• Direct toezicht

• Standaardisatie van werkzaamheden

• Standaardisatie van resultaten

• Standaardisatie van vaardigheden en kennis, vaardigheden

Page 13: Strategy and ICT. ICT acceptance ICT and Strategy Competition and strategy Competitive advantage Companies as drivers of change Transaction costs, value

fundamentele coördinatiemethodes

Onderlinge afstemming Direct toezicht

Page 14: Strategy and ICT. ICT acceptance ICT and Strategy Competition and strategy Competitive advantage Companies as drivers of change Transaction costs, value

fundamentele coördinatiemethodes

Standaardisatie van processen/werkzaamheden

Standaardisatie van resultaten

Standaardisatie vanvaardigheden kennis

Page 15: Strategy and ICT. ICT acceptance ICT and Strategy Competition and strategy Competitive advantage Companies as drivers of change Transaction costs, value

Vijf typen organisatiestructuren

• Ondernemersorganisatie• Bureaucratische organisatie• Professionele organisatie• Gediversifieerde organisatie (veel divisies)• Innovatieve organisatie (adhocratie)

Page 16: Strategy and ICT. ICT acceptance ICT and Strategy Competition and strategy Competitive advantage Companies as drivers of change Transaction costs, value

Ondernemersorganisatie (simple structure)

• 1 leider• Iedereen rechtstreeks verantwoording

afleggen aan de baas• Baas bepaalt bedrijfsstrategie• Vrijwel geen middenkader• Standaardisatie niet aanwezig• In feite dus een non-structuur• Vaak bij kleine/net beginnende bedrijven• Coördinatiemechanisme: Direct toezicht

Page 17: Strategy and ICT. ICT acceptance ICT and Strategy Competition and strategy Competitive advantage Companies as drivers of change Transaction costs, value

Ondernemersorganisatie (simple structure)

Strategische top

Uitvoerende kern

Middenkader

Page 18: Strategy and ICT. ICT acceptance ICT and Strategy Competition and strategy Competitive advantage Companies as drivers of change Transaction costs, value

Voorbeeld ondernemersorganisatie

Slager Tom

LidyaWinkelbediende

KlaasStagiaire

KlazienWinkelbediende

Organogram slagerij Tom Blijlevens

PieterWinkelbediende

Page 19: Strategy and ICT. ICT acceptance ICT and Strategy Competition and strategy Competitive advantage Companies as drivers of change Transaction costs, value

De bureaucratische-organisatie

• Bureaucratie: geen verrassingen• Uitvoerende taak routinematig• Middenkader rechtstreeks toezicht op

uitvoerders• Grote technostructuur (voor standaardisatie)• Topmanagement voor conflictoplossing• 1 obsessie: beheersing• Coördinatiemechanisme: Standaardisatie

van werkzaamheden/processen

Page 20: Strategy and ICT. ICT acceptance ICT and Strategy Competition and strategy Competitive advantage Companies as drivers of change Transaction costs, value

De bureaucratische-organisatie

Techno-structuur

Onder-

steunende

staf

Strategische top

Uitvoerende kern

Middenkader

Page 21: Strategy and ICT. ICT acceptance ICT and Strategy Competition and strategy Competitive advantage Companies as drivers of change Transaction costs, value

Voorbeeld bureaucratische-organisatie

Page 22: Strategy and ICT. ICT acceptance ICT and Strategy Competition and strategy Competitive advantage Companies as drivers of change Transaction costs, value

Divisie-organisatie

• Veel losse eenheden: divisies• Iedere divisie eigen taak/markt• Meerderheid Amerikaanse ondernemingen• Hoofdkantoor stelt prestatienormen vast• Divisies krijgen vaak bureaucratische structuur

om zekerheid te hebben over resultaten• Grote ondersteunende staf• Dus coördinatiemechanisme : standaardisatie

van resultaten

Page 23: Strategy and ICT. ICT acceptance ICT and Strategy Competition and strategy Competitive advantage Companies as drivers of change Transaction costs, value

Gediversifieerde organisatie

Page 24: Strategy and ICT. ICT acceptance ICT and Strategy Competition and strategy Competitive advantage Companies as drivers of change Transaction costs, value

Voorbeeld gediversifieerde organisatie

Page 25: Strategy and ICT. ICT acceptance ICT and Strategy Competition and strategy Competitive advantage Companies as drivers of change Transaction costs, value

Professionele organisatie

• Afhankelijk van kennis van uitvoerders• Opleiding bepalend hiervoor• Uitvoerders zeggenschap over eigen werk• Hoge kosten uitvoerders, daarvoor dus

veel ondersteunende staf• Kleine technostructuur en middenkader• Coördinatiemechanisme: Standaardisatie

van kennis en vaardigheden

Page 26: Strategy and ICT. ICT acceptance ICT and Strategy Competition and strategy Competitive advantage Companies as drivers of change Transaction costs, value

Professionele organisatie

Techno-structuur

Onder-

steunende

staf

Strategische top

Uitvoerende kern

Middenkader

Page 27: Strategy and ICT. ICT acceptance ICT and Strategy Competition and strategy Competitive advantage Companies as drivers of change Transaction costs, value

Voorbeeld professionele organisatie

Page 28: Strategy and ICT. ICT acceptance ICT and Strategy Competition and strategy Competitive advantage Companies as drivers of change Transaction costs, value

Innovatieve organisatie (adhocratie)

• Gemaakt om te innoveren: andere structuren kunnen dit niet

• Flexibele organisaties• Veel kleine projectgroepen (Projectorganisatie)• Ook vrij afhankelijk van deskundigheid van

uitvoerders• Echter: geen standaardisatie van kennis, dit gaat

innovatie tegen• Coördinatiemechanisme: Onderlinge

afstemming

Page 29: Strategy and ICT. ICT acceptance ICT and Strategy Competition and strategy Competitive advantage Companies as drivers of change Transaction costs, value

Innovatieve organisatie (adhocratie)

Onder-

steunende

staf

Strategische top

Uitvoerende kern

Middenkader

Page 30: Strategy and ICT. ICT acceptance ICT and Strategy Competition and strategy Competitive advantage Companies as drivers of change Transaction costs, value

Machine bureaucracy

• Simpel werk

• Simpele omgeving

• Weinig verandering

• Gecentraliseerde besluitvorming

• Productie/efficiency gericht

• Weinig ruimte voor inititatief

Page 31: Strategy and ICT. ICT acceptance ICT and Strategy Competition and strategy Competitive advantage Companies as drivers of change Transaction costs, value

Professional bureaucracy

• Grotere autonomie

• Stabiele omgeving

• Gecompliceerde taken

• Door training standaardisatie en integratie

Page 32: Strategy and ICT. ICT acceptance ICT and Strategy Competition and strategy Competitive advantage Companies as drivers of change Transaction costs, value

Simple structure

• Ceo/founder centraal

• Informeel

• Flexibel

• Sterk gecentraliseerd

• Snel aanpassen

Page 33: Strategy and ICT. ICT acceptance ICT and Strategy Competition and strategy Competitive advantage Companies as drivers of change Transaction costs, value

Adhocracy

• Tijdelijk van aard

• Netwerk organisatie

• Meestal projectorganisatie

Page 34: Strategy and ICT. ICT acceptance ICT and Strategy Competition and strategy Competitive advantage Companies as drivers of change Transaction costs, value

Back to Morgan: Brains

• Self learning system

• Cybernetics

• Negative feed back

Page 35: Strategy and ICT. ICT acceptance ICT and Strategy Competition and strategy Competitive advantage Companies as drivers of change Transaction costs, value

Culture

• Shared values and norms

• Institutionalisation

Page 36: Strategy and ICT. ICT acceptance ICT and Strategy Competition and strategy Competitive advantage Companies as drivers of change Transaction costs, value

Political systems

• Interest groups

• Power/influence

Page 37: Strategy and ICT. ICT acceptance ICT and Strategy Competition and strategy Competitive advantage Companies as drivers of change Transaction costs, value

Instruments of domination

• The multinational

Page 38: Strategy and ICT. ICT acceptance ICT and Strategy Competition and strategy Competitive advantage Companies as drivers of change Transaction costs, value

Behavior of companies

• Strategic management

Page 39: Strategy and ICT. ICT acceptance ICT and Strategy Competition and strategy Competitive advantage Companies as drivers of change Transaction costs, value

2007 © Wolters-NoordhoffOrganisation and Management

Page 40: Strategy and ICT. ICT acceptance ICT and Strategy Competition and strategy Competitive advantage Companies as drivers of change Transaction costs, value

• SWOT

• Structure Conduct Performance

• Resource Based View

Page 41: Strategy and ICT. ICT acceptance ICT and Strategy Competition and strategy Competitive advantage Companies as drivers of change Transaction costs, value

The strategy perspective

• Structure-Conduct-Performance model (Porter, 1980, 1985)

Page 42: Strategy and ICT. ICT acceptance ICT and Strategy Competition and strategy Competitive advantage Companies as drivers of change Transaction costs, value

Porter’s five forces model

2007 © Wolters-Noordhoff• Organisation and Management

Page 43: Strategy and ICT. ICT acceptance ICT and Strategy Competition and strategy Competitive advantage Companies as drivers of change Transaction costs, value

Question

• Are there industry characteristics (based on the five forces model) which explain the use of the Internet as a channel?

Page 44: Strategy and ICT. ICT acceptance ICT and Strategy Competition and strategy Competitive advantage Companies as drivers of change Transaction costs, value

Disappearance of barriers of entry

• Economies of scale

• Product differentiation

• Switching costs

• Access to distribution channels

(Shin, 2001; Lucas, 2002)

Page 45: Strategy and ICT. ICT acceptance ICT and Strategy Competition and strategy Competitive advantage Companies as drivers of change Transaction costs, value

Existing rivalry

• Winner takes all

• First mover advantage

(Source: Coltman, 2001)

Page 46: Strategy and ICT. ICT acceptance ICT and Strategy Competition and strategy Competitive advantage Companies as drivers of change Transaction costs, value

Strategies to realize competitive advantage (Porter, Treacy and Wiersema)

• Cost leadership/operational excellence• Differentiation/product leadership• Focus/customer intimacy

Page 47: Strategy and ICT. ICT acceptance ICT and Strategy Competition and strategy Competitive advantage Companies as drivers of change Transaction costs, value

Strategies

? + +

- 0 +

- - ?

Relative resource-produced value

Lower Parity Higher

Relativeresourcecosts

Lower

Parity

Higher

Page 48: Strategy and ICT. ICT acceptance ICT and Strategy Competition and strategy Competitive advantage Companies as drivers of change Transaction costs, value

Question

• Mention examples of companies that use the Internet to create a competitive advantage

Page 49: Strategy and ICT. ICT acceptance ICT and Strategy Competition and strategy Competitive advantage Companies as drivers of change Transaction costs, value

Growth according to Ansoff (1965)

PRODUCT

Existing New

MARKET

Existing

New

Penetration

Market development

Product development

Diversification

Page 50: Strategy and ICT. ICT acceptance ICT and Strategy Competition and strategy Competitive advantage Companies as drivers of change Transaction costs, value

Strategy (2)

• Horizontal integration

• Forward vertical integration

• Backward vertical integration

Page 51: Strategy and ICT. ICT acceptance ICT and Strategy Competition and strategy Competitive advantage Companies as drivers of change Transaction costs, value

Four dominant alignment perspectives

• 1. Strategy execution

• 2. Technology transformation

• 3. Competitive potential

• 4. Service level

Page 52: Strategy and ICT. ICT acceptance ICT and Strategy Competition and strategy Competitive advantage Companies as drivers of change Transaction costs, value

The resource based view (strenghts and weaknesses)

Page 53: Strategy and ICT. ICT acceptance ICT and Strategy Competition and strategy Competitive advantage Companies as drivers of change Transaction costs, value

Resource based view (Penrose, 1959, Barney, 1991)

• The firm as a bundle of resources

• Competitive advantage when resources are:

- Valuable

- Rare

- Costly to imitate

- Organized

Page 54: Strategy and ICT. ICT acceptance ICT and Strategy Competition and strategy Competitive advantage Companies as drivers of change Transaction costs, value

Results

• e-Technology as a resource• IT-knowledge as resource• Back-end integration as resource• Direct channel experience (economy of scope)• Advantage of scale and scope disappear• Switching costs by multi channel strategy• Focus on brand(s)

Page 55: Strategy and ICT. ICT acceptance ICT and Strategy Competition and strategy Competitive advantage Companies as drivers of change Transaction costs, value

Resources

• Catalog sellers

• Channel conflicts

• Disruption in retailing (Christensen and Tedlow, 2000)

Page 56: Strategy and ICT. ICT acceptance ICT and Strategy Competition and strategy Competitive advantage Companies as drivers of change Transaction costs, value

Boston Consultancy Group Portfolio Matrix

2007 © Wolters-Noordhoff• Organisation and Management

Page 57: Strategy and ICT. ICT acceptance ICT and Strategy Competition and strategy Competitive advantage Companies as drivers of change Transaction costs, value

2007 © Wolters-NoordhoffOrganisation and Management

Page 58: Strategy and ICT. ICT acceptance ICT and Strategy Competition and strategy Competitive advantage Companies as drivers of change Transaction costs, value

2007 © Wolters-NoordhoffOrganisation and Management

Page 59: Strategy and ICT. ICT acceptance ICT and Strategy Competition and strategy Competitive advantage Companies as drivers of change Transaction costs, value

The role of ICT in companies

Page 60: Strategy and ICT. ICT acceptance ICT and Strategy Competition and strategy Competitive advantage Companies as drivers of change Transaction costs, value

Business Strategy

Organizational infrastructure

Infrastructure andprocesses

ICT Strategy

Alignment

Impact

Business ICT

Strategic Alignment Model

Alignmentmodel Venkatraman & HendersonStrategic Alignment: levering Information Technology for Transforming Organisations

IBM Systems journal, 32 (1) 1993, p 4-16

Page 61: Strategy and ICT. ICT acceptance ICT and Strategy Competition and strategy Competitive advantage Companies as drivers of change Transaction costs, value

Strategic Alignment Model