stimulants silong y

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STIMULANTS STIMULANTS the drugs that get you going the drugs that get you going Ben Weissman Alex Casler Silong Yang

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Page 1: Stimulants Silong Y

STIMULANTSSTIMULANTSthe drugs that get you going the drugs that get you going

Ben WeissmanAlex CaslerSilong Yang

Page 2: Stimulants Silong Y

WHAT ARE STIMULANTS?• Similar to

monoamine neurotransmitters– Similar chemical

structure to• Dopamine• Norepinephrine• Serotonin

SEROTONIN

Page 3: Stimulants Silong Y

MONOAMINES• Monoamine

neurotransmitters are neurotransmitters and neuromodulators that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by a two-carbon chain

Page 4: Stimulants Silong Y

CHEMICAL STRUCTURE

Norepinephrine

Page 5: Stimulants Silong Y

SOME STIMULANTS• Amphetamine• Methamphetamine• Cocaine• Ephedra• Ibogaine• Nicotine• Caffeine

Page 6: Stimulants Silong Y

http://www.canpages.ca/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/image-of-cocaine.jpg

http://www.clivir.com/pictures/smoking/cigarettes1.jpg

COCAINE

CIGARRETES (NICOTINE)

Page 7: Stimulants Silong Y

HISTORY OF STIMULANTS• Chinese physicians used the ephedra plant

(Ephedra vulgaris) over 5000 years ago– Ephedrine isolated in 1880s

• South Americans chewed leaves of Coca plant (Erythroxylon coca) 2000 years– Cocaine isolated in 1800s

• Leaves of the Khat shrub (Catha edulis) have been chewed in East Africa and Middle East– Cathinone isolated in 1970s

Page 8: Stimulants Silong Y

HISTORY OF STIMULANTS • Native North and South Americans have been

chewing and smoking tobacco for at least 500 years– Nicotine isolated in 1828

• Amphetamine synthesized in Germany in 1887– Starting in the 1920s, it was used to treat various

diseases and conditions• epilepsy, schizophrenia, alcoholism, opiate

addiction, migraine, head injuries, irradiation sickness, ADHD, narcolepsy

• Used heavily by US soldiers in Vietnam War

• Crystal Methamphetamine synthesized in Japan in 1919

Page 9: Stimulants Silong Y

BANNING STIMULANTS

• Cocaine outlawed by USA (without prescription) in 1914

• All amphetamines (including meth) followed in 1965

Page 10: Stimulants Silong Y

CLINICAL USES - COCAINE• Sigmund Freud

suggested it was a “miracle drug” in 1880s– Anasthesia, depression,

indigestion, asthma, neurosis, syphilis, drug addiction, alcohol addiction

• Used in Coca-Cola– Now the leaves are

used with the cocaine removed beforehand

• Only approved use now is as local anasthetic

Page 11: Stimulants Silong Y

CLINICAL USES - AMPHETAMINES• First used to treat narcolepsy

– Not curative but quelled symptoms

• Since then, has been used widely– Treatment of Parkinson’s disease,

depression, epilepsy, psychopathic states, ADHD, obesity

• Used by soldiers to increase both long- and short-term wakefullness

Page 12: Stimulants Silong Y

HOW STIMULANTS WORK• Increase synaptic activity of

monoamine neurotransmitters– Dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin

• Stimulants are indirect agonists– Increase ability ability of

neurotransmitters to act without directly affecting the receptors

• Each drug in this group works differently, but has the same final outcome

Page 13: Stimulants Silong Y

HOW COCAINE WORKS• Blocks destruction

of monoamines in brain– This increases

time that the monoamines can bind to receptors

Page 14: Stimulants Silong Y

HOW AMPHETAMINES WORK• Stimulate release of

dopamine and norepinephrine from terminals

• Inhibits reuptake, increasing ability to activate receptors

• Inhibits monoamine oxidase, which destroys monoamines

• Can directly activate catecholamine receptors, increasing monoamine activity

Page 15: Stimulants Silong Y

Benefits of Cocaine• Increases

wakefulness/alertness• Elevates mood• Euphoria• Increased athletic

performance• Decreased fatigue• Clearer thinking• Increased concentration• Increased energy

Page 16: Stimulants Silong Y

Negatives of Cocaine• Irritability • Insomnia• Restlessness• Confused/disorganized

behavior• Fear• Paranoia• Hallucinations• Antisocial• Agressive

Page 17: Stimulants Silong Y

Dangers of Cocaine• Increased blood

pressure/heart rate• Increased body

temperature and sweating

• Faster breathing rate• Decreased sleep/appetite• Seizures• Strokes• Heart attacks• Death

Page 18: Stimulants Silong Y

Benefits of Meth

• Increased energy/alertness\

• Decreased need for sleep

• Increased sexuality

• euphoria

Page 19: Stimulants Silong Y

Negatives of Meth

• Weight loss• Sweating• Grinding teeth• Anorexia• Decreased labido• Itching• Delusions of

grandeur

Page 20: Stimulants Silong Y

Dangers of Meth• Hallucinations• Nausea/vomiting• Diarrhea• Hyperactivity• Shortness of breath• Moodiness• Anxiety/nervousness• Panic/paranoia

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Dangers of Meth Cont.• Uncontrollable

movements and twitching• Violent behavior• Severe depression/ suicide• Fatal kidney and lung

diseases• Brain damage• Psychological problems• Weakened immune

system• Liver damage

Page 22: Stimulants Silong Y

Benefits of Amphetamines

• Increased alertness

• Increased motivation

• Increased talkativeness

• Sense of well-being

Page 23: Stimulants Silong Y

Negatives of Amphetamines• Anorexia• Flushing• Loss of

coordination• Restlessness• Headache• Insomnia • Numbness• Itchy skin

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Dangers of Amphetamines• Agressiveness• Increased

heartbeat• Irregular heartbeat• Increased

breathing rate• Increased blood

pressure• Fever• Diarrhea

Page 25: Stimulants Silong Y

Dangers of Amphetamines Cont.• Blurred vision• Impaired speech• Dizziness• Uncontrollable

movements• Impotence• Convulsions• Acne/sores• Psychotic episodes

Page 26: Stimulants Silong Y

Benefits of Nicotine

• Relaxation • Sharpness• Calmness• Alertness• Reduced appetite

resulting in weight loss

Page 27: Stimulants Silong Y

Dangers of Nicotine

• Increased blood pressure/heart rate

• Heart attack• stroke• Respiratory

illnesses• Extremely

addictive

Page 28: Stimulants Silong Y

CaffeinePositives• Alertness• Reduces boredom• Increased

physical staminaNegatives• Anxiety• Nervousness• insomnia

Page 29: Stimulants Silong Y

Benefits of Ephedrine

• Induces perspiration

• Warms body• Relieves

wheezing• Moves fluids

Page 30: Stimulants Silong Y

Negatives of Ephedrine• Overuse causes

amphetamine-like effects

• Elevated blood pressure

• Insomnia• Dry mouth • Heart palpitations • Nervousness• Muscle disturbances • Heart failure

Page 31: Stimulants Silong Y

Withdrawal Effects from Stimulants

• Craving• Exhaustion• Depression• Mental confusion• Restlessness and

insomnia• Deep or disturbed

sleep• Extreme hunger• Psychotic reaction• Anxiety

Page 32: Stimulants Silong Y

Social Effects of Stimulants

• Isolation• Devastating

financial strain• Dysfunctional

relationships• Destruction of

families• Job loss

Page 33: Stimulants Silong Y

Economic Effects of Stimulants• Users become broke• Users steal money;

tax dollars pay for addicts

• Money for education and public services wasted

• Prevent otherwise able people from contributing to society/economy