©2008 Armstrong International, Inc.

Steam BasicsSteam Basics

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David M. Armstrong

®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R

Steam Basics - OverviewSteam Basics - Overview

• What is Steam?What is Steam?

• Why is Steam Used?Why is Steam Used?

• How Do We Create Steam?How Do We Create Steam?

• How Do We Identify Steam Properties?How Do We Identify Steam Properties?

2“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”

David M. Armstrong

®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R

3“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”

David M. Armstrong

®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R

This Is Not Steam!This Is Not Steam!

• Steam is a vapor form of water, and is colorless, tasteless, and odorless

What is Steam Used For?What is Steam Used For?

Steam is Used to Transfer Heat Steam is Used to Transfer Heat Energy From One Location to Energy From One Location to

AnotherAnother

Steam is Used to Transfer Heat Steam is Used to Transfer Heat Energy From One Location to Energy From One Location to

AnotherAnother

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David M. Armstrong

®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R

Why Use SteamWhy Use SteamWhy Use SteamWhy Use SteamSteam is an

efficient heat transfer medium

Steam is easily

controlled

We have a lot of knowledge concerning

steam

We have already developed the equipment and

expertise to design and install steam systems for many

different applications

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David M. Armstrong

®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R

How We Create SteamHow We Create Steam

• Steam is created by adding Heat Energy to water.

• Heat Energy is expressed in Btu’s.

• 1 Btu is the amount of Heat Energy required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water by 1F.

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David M. Armstrong

®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R

How We Create SteamHow We Create Steam

The Heat Energy required to create steam has two forms:

Sensible HeatSensible Heat

Latent HeatLatent Heat

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David M. Armstrong

®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R

Heat Energy – Sensible HeatHeat Energy – Sensible Heat

• Sensible Heat is the amount of Heat Energy required to raise the temperature of water from 32°F to the boiling point (saturated liquid) at a given pressure– Sensible Heat raises the temperature of the water and

can be sensed with a thermometer

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David M. Armstrong

®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R

O PSIG

212 F.

Heat Energy – Sensible HeatHeat Energy – Sensible Heat

1 lb. Water1 lb. Water

HEAT

1 Lb. of Saturated1 Lb. of Saturated WaterWater at at Atmospheric Pressure Contains Atmospheric Pressure Contains 180 Btu’s of Sensible Heat180 Btu’s of Sensible Heat

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David M. Armstrong

®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R

15 PSIG

HEAT

250 F.

1 Lb. of Saturated1 Lb. of Saturated WaterWater at at 15 PSIG Contains 15 PSIG Contains 218 Btu’s of Sensible Heat218 Btu’s of Sensible Heat

Adding Heat Energy – Sensible HeatAdding Heat Energy – Sensible Heat

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David M. Armstrong

®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R

Heat Energy – Sensible HeatHeat Energy – Sensible Heat

60 PSIG

HEAT

308 F.

1 Lb. of Saturated1 Lb. of Saturated WaterWater at at 60 PSIG Contains 60 PSIG Contains 277 Btu’s of Sensible Heat277 Btu’s of Sensible Heat

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David M. Armstrong

®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R

Heat Energy – Latent HeatHeat Energy – Latent Heat

• Latent Heat is the amount of Heat Energy required to transform water at the boiling point (saturated liquid) to steam– Adding Latent Heat does not raise the temperature –

saturated liquid and steam have the same temperature for a given pressure

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David M. Armstrong

®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R

O PSIG

212 F.

Adding Heat Energy – Latent HeatAdding Heat Energy – Latent Heat

1 lb. Steam1 lb. Steam

HEAT1 Lb. of Steam1 Lb. of Steam at Atmospheric at Atmospheric Pressure Contains Pressure Contains 970 Btu’s of Latent Heat970 Btu’s of Latent Heat

14“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”

David M. Armstrong

®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R

15 PSIG

HEAT

250 F.

Adding Heat Energy – Latent HeatAdding Heat Energy – Latent Heat

1 Lb. of Steam1 Lb. of Steam at 15 PSIGat 15 PSIGContains 945 Btu’s of Contains 945 Btu’s of Latent HeatLatent Heat

15“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”

David M. Armstrong

®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R

Adding Heat Energy – Latent HeatAdding Heat Energy – Latent Heat

60 PSIG

HEAT

308 F.

1 Lb. of Steam1 Lb. of Steam at 60 PSIG at 60 PSIG Contains 904 Btu’s of Contains 904 Btu’s of Latent HeatLatent Heat

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David M. Armstrong

®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R

What is the Effect of Pressure?What is the Effect of Pressure?

Increased Pressure:

– Decreases the amount of Latent Heat

– Increases the amount of Sensible Heat

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David M. Armstrong

®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R

What is the Effect of Pressure?What is the Effect of Pressure?

0100200300400500600700800900

1000

LatentHeat

BTU/lb

SensibleHeat

BTU/lb

0 psig

15 pig

50 psig

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David M. Armstrong

®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R

What Is The Effect Of Pressure?What Is The Effect Of Pressure?

• Increased Pressure:– Decreases the Specific Volume

26.8

13.8

5.8

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1

Specific Volume vs. Pressure (cu. ft / lb) (psig)

0 PSIG

15 PSIG

60PSIG

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David M. Armstrong

®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R

What Is The Effect Of Pressure?What Is The Effect Of Pressure?

• Increased Pressure:– Increases the Steam Temperature

212 250308

0

100

200

300

400

1

Steam Temperature vs. Pressure (Deg. F) (psig)

0 PSIG

15 PSIG

60PSIG

20“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”

David M. Armstrong

®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R

The Pressure / Temperature / Volume RelationshipThe Pressure / Temperature / Volume Relationship

La

ten

t H

ea

t

Se

ns

ible

He

at

Sp

ecif

ic V

olu

me

Ste

am P

res

su

re

Ste

am T

em

pe

ratu

re

21“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”

David M. Armstrong

®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R

Identifying Steam PropertiesIdentifying Steam Properties

Steam Tables

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David M. Armstrong

®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R

Steam tables allow us to identify all of the important properties of steam, given

either the steam temperature or the steam pressure

Example: Steam at 250oF is at 15 psig, with 945 Btu’s/lb of Latent Heat Steam at 5 psig is at 228oF, with 196 Btu’s/lb of Sensible Heat

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David M. Armstrong

®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R

Now That We’ve Made SteamNow That We’ve Made Steam

What Do We Do With ItWhat Do We Do With It

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David M. Armstrong

®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R

Since Steam is used to Transfer Heat Energy From One Location

to Another . . .

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David M. Armstrong

®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R

It only makes sense that we take It only makes sense that we take the heat energy back out and the heat energy back out and

use it to do work.use it to do work.

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David M. Armstrong

®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R

Removing Latent HeatRemoving Latent Heat

Atmospheric Pressure

Btu's

32

180212

9701150

212

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1 lb. of Steam at 212F, with a TOTAL HEAT content of 1150 Btu/lb. – 970 Btu’s of LATENT HEAT

= 1 lb. of boiling water (Saturated Liquid) at 212F with a heat content of 180 BTU’s/lb.

Remember:Remember:

The Latent Heat added at the boiler is what we have available to do work in our equipment

BUT . . .

When we remove Latent Heat we create Condensate

28“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”

David M. Armstrong

®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R

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David M. Armstrong

®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R

Latent Heat can be removed Latent Heat can be removed intentionally, in a piece of heat intentionally, in a piece of heat

exchange equipment, or exchange equipment, or unintentionally, from unintentionally, from radiationradiation

heat loss in pipingheat loss in piping

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David M. Armstrong

®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R

What does this Unintentional Heat Loss Mean to your Steam System?What does this Unintentional Heat Loss Mean to your Steam System?

100 psig 337.9F

50.3 psig 297.97F

PRV

Trap

TrapTrap

Trap

TrapTrap

Vent

Condensate Steam Vapor

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David M. Armstrong

®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R

It Means:It Means:

The Steam System is Constantly Being Filled With Water (Condensate)

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David M. Armstrong

®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R

It Means:It Means:

Your Steam System is Subject to Corrosion

Subcooled Condensate + CO2 Forms Carbonic Acid

( CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 )

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David M. Armstrong

®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R

It Means:It Means:

Your Steam System is Subject to Water Hammer

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David M. Armstrong

®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R

It Means:It Means:

Your Heat Exchange Equipment is Less Efficient

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David M. Armstrong

®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R

It Means:It Means:

Your System Must Be Properly Piped

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David M. Armstrong

®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R

It Means:It Means:

Your Equipment Must Be Properly TrappedYour Equipment Must Be Properly Trapped

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David M. Armstrong

®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R

Armstrong PromiseArmstrong Promise

We provide intelligent system solutions that improve utility performance, lower energy consumption, and reduce environmental emissions . . . while providing

an “enjoyable experience”!

Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R

37“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”

David M. Armstrong

®

38“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”

David M. Armstrong

®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R

©2008 Armstrong International, Inc.