status quo & potential small...

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Status quo small hydro – December 2013 – Wim Jonker Klunne

Status quo & potential small hydropower

► Wim Jonker Klunne► CSIR / Pretoria / South Africa


Hydropower definition

• No internationally agreed definition of small hydropower

• World Commission on Dams: less than 10 MW• CDM: < 15 MW• SA: < 10 MW

• Within small hydro, subdivision:– Mini hydro < 1 MW– Micro hydro < 100 / 300 kW– Pico hydro < 10 / 20 kW

• Micro & pico stand alone and able to use local materials and labour

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Example Kenya


Example Kenya

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Example Kenya


Example Kenya

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African hydro potential

Potential small scale hydro is unclear, but:• China: 100,000 installations microhydro

(ESHA)• Africa: a few hundred in Africa in total (GTZ-

HERA)

large potential for small hydro


African hydro potential

+ UNIDO Small Hydro Power Status Report

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►Small scale hydro power can play a pivotal role in electrifying rural areas in Africa

►Large potential but limited uptake►Proven, mature technology►Non-technical barriers still persist

Background


►the absence of clear policies on renewable energy,

► limited budgets to create an enabling environment for mobilising resources and encouraging private sector investment,

►the absence of long-term implementation models

General barriers

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►Policy and regulatory framework: unclear or non existence of policies and regulations that govern the development of (small) hydropower.

► Financing: hydropower developments are faced, even more than other sources of renewable energy, with high up-front costs and low O&Mcosts, something most available financing models do not favour. Nearly all of the new village hydro developments on the continent are relying in one form or the other on donor financing.

Hydro specific barriers


► Lack of familiarity with technology amongst policymakers – no best practise information available although success stories exist.

► Capacity to plan, build and operate hydropower plants: national and regional knowledge and awareness on the potential of small hydro in rural electrification is missing or very minimal.

► Data on hydro resources: linked to the limited knowledge about the technology is the lack of proper resource data on water availability and flow on which hydro developments can be based.

Hydro specific barriers

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Southern Africa


Current status: Lesotho

Potential: • Large scale 450 MW• Small scale 20 MW

Current small hydro stations:• Mantsonyane (2 MW)• Katse (570 kW)• Tsoelike (400 kW)• Tlokoeng (670 kW)• Semonkong (180 kW).

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Current status: Lesotho


Current status: Mozambique

Potential of 190 MW small hydro:• < 2 MW : 6 MW• 2 < < 6 MW : 18 MW• 8 < < 15 MW : 166 MW

• Policy for RE / Masterplan Off-Grid electrification: 60 potential sites / 1000 MW

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Current status: Mozambique

• Practical Action / Kwaedza SumukaiManica: village electrification projects (private generation / community distribution)

• GIZ: initiated small hydro training and knowledge centre in Chimoio


Current status: Swaziland

• Available potential small & micro 8 MW• Currently 5 stations in operation• SEC: Ezulwini (20 MW), Edwaleni (15 MW),

Maguduza (5.6 MW) and Maguga (19.5 MW)• Swaziland Plantations: 800 kW• SEC Mbabane 500 kW mothballed

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Current status: Swaziland


South Africa: current status

Eskom Gariep 360Eskom Vanderkloof 240Eskom Colleywobbles 42Eskom First Falls 6Eskom Second Falls 1Eskom Ncora 2Municipalities Lydenburg 2Municipalities Ceres 1Municipalities Piet Retief 1Private Friedenheim 3Private Bethlehem 4+3

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South Africa: current status


South Africa: current status Free State

Installed capacity: 7 MW

Under development: 12.8 MW• Boston (4.1 MW)• Brandkop (0.096 MW)• Lower Kruisvallei (2.1 MW)• Middle Kruisvallei (2.1 MW)• Stortemelk (4.47 MW)

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South Africa: current status KZN

Installed capacity: ~ 1 MW

Under development: 6.6 MW• Newlands 2 (2* 1 kW)• Jackson Falls (3.6 MW)• Wyebank (3 MW)


History - Pilgrims Rest

►1892: gold mines at Pilgrims’ Rest two 6 kW hydro turbines

►1894: complemented by a 45 kW turbine to power the first electrical railway.

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History - Table Mountain

►Molteno: first hydro station 300 kW on slopes of Table Mountain

►Waterwheel and PAT at Green Point Park


History - Sabie hydro plant

►at Sabie River Gorge, 14 kms downstream from Sabie

► installed capacity of 1.350 kW, made up of three 450 kW 600 kVA 750 rpm Francis turbines

►64 m head►provisionally started for testing in March 1927►commercial operation started on 1 April 1928►closure 5 November 1964

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Current status


Rehab – Hartebeespoort dam

37 kW 8 MW

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Rehab - Teebus

600 kW 7 MW


But many, Krige farm (63 kW)

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many,Badplaats (172 kW)

Van der Lindenskraal (315 kW)


many more.

MurludiTulbagh (44 kW)

HarlestoneMooi Rivier (315 kW)

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Potential


Potential

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Support for small hydro?

►Renewable Energy White Paper►DME: Manual for hydropower development►REFIT►REBID►EEP►REEEP►ESKOM/SOP►Green Fund►WfE


REFIT

►Renewable Energy Feed In Tariff►Based on the successful German model►Small hydro (between 1 – 10 MW)►2009: ZAR 0.94/kWh ►2011: ZAR 0.671/kWh ►Based on LCOE including “reasonable” return

on investment►No PPAs signed due to unclarity with whom to

sign

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REFIT

YEAR:

TECHNOLOGY:

2009 2011 2012 2013 % change 2011/2009

R/kWh R/kWh R/kWh R/kWh Wind ≥ 1 MW 1.25 0.938 0.945 0.952 -24.9% Landfill Gas ≥ 1 MW 0.65 0.539 0.550 0.562 -17.1% Small Hydro ≥ 1 MW 0.94 0.671 0.675 0.680 -28.6% CSP trough ≥ 1 MW w/o storage 2.09 1.938 1.953 1.967 -7.3% CSP trough ≥ 1 MW with TES 6 hrs 3.14 1.836 1.845 1.854 -41.5% CSP central receiver (tower) ≥ 1 MW with TES 6 hrs

2.31 1.399 1.408 1.417 -39.4%

Photovoltaic ≥ 1 MW ground mounted 3.94 2.311 2.325 2.338 -41.3% Biomass solid ≥ 1 MW (direct combustion)

1.18 1.060 1.084 1.108 -10.1%

Biogas ≥ 1 MW 0.96 0.837 0.862 0.887 -12.9%


REIPPP

►Renewable Energy Independent Power Producers Programme ~ REBID

► IRP2010 (17.8 GW renewables by 2030 of which 5.2 GW import hydro and part of 125 MW local small hydro)

►RE IPP Programme (75 MW hydro): second round 4.3 MW Stortemelk & 10 MW Neusberghydro projects

►Small projects window (<5 MW): hydro in- or excluded?

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ESKOM-SOP

►ESKOM standard offer programme►Payment of R 1.20 / kWh during daytime on

weekdays between 06:00 and 22:00►3-year performance based contract►Currently on hold pending replenishment of

the funds

►Used for Murludi hydro (Tulbagh) and Harlestone Hydro (Mooi Rivier)


Way forward

►Attention / visibility for the technology (link to Kathmandu declaration)

►Focus on small scale applications►Piloting off grid electrification►Feed in / net metering►Contracting issues with Government►Wheeling over ESKOM grid

Establishment of sector association

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Thank you

Wim Jonker [email protected]

► Microhydro web portal: http://microhydropower.net► Hydropower in Africa: http://hydro4africa.net► Hydropower database: http://hydro4africa.net/HP_database


Thank you

Wim Jonker [email protected]

► Microhydro web portal: http://microhydropower.net► Hydropower in Africa: http://hydro4africa.net► Hydropower database: http://hydro4africa.net/HP_database

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