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state constitutions23.13/25/2011 10:51 AMState and Local Government

Serving Localities24-23/25/2011 10:51 AMState and Local Government

Essential Question: Identify problems that metropolitan area face and potential solutions. 3/25/2011 10:51 AM

buildings, waste systems, roads, and airports are outdated; unsafe mass transit systems; clogged highways; air and water pollution.state and federal aid to repair roads, bridges, tunnels, airports, waste systems; new, safe, and attractive mass transit systems to reduce pollution

Essential Question: Explain the importance and functions of state constitutions. 3/25/2011 10:51 AMinitiativemethod by which citizens propose a constitutional amendment or a law

Referenduma special election

1.2.3.4.List below the four reasons that individual state constitutions are also important:creates the structure of state governments, provides for separation of powersestablish the different types of local governments within the states along with their powers and dutiesregulate the ways state and local governments can raise and spend moneyestablish independent state agencies boards, and commissionsEssential Question: Explain the importance and functions of state constitutions. 3/25/2011 10:51 AMpage 637

Essential Question: Explain the importance and functions of state constitutions. 3/25/2011 10:51 AMAll have a bill of rights. All are lengthy documents All go into great detail.include varied protections not mentioned in the U.S. Constitution. vary in length. Specific details in state constitutions differ, such as declarations of state holidays.vary in ways of proposing and ratifying amendments.

The Three Branches of State Government23.23/25/2011 10:51 AMState and Local Government

Answer using the graphic3/25/2011 10:51 AM69

1. the voters 2. Voters elect state attorneys general; the president of the United States appoints the U.S. Attorney General. 3. Decisions may be made to please the governor rather than the entire electorate.8Essential Question: Discuss the organization and functions of the three branches of state governments. 3/25/2011 10:51 AMcivil caseone usually involving a dispute between two or more private individuals or organizationsbicameraltwo-house legislative body

Essential Question: Discuss the organization and functions of the three branches of state governments. 3/25/2011 10:51 AMcriminal caseone in which the state brings charges against a citizen for violating the lawitem vetothe power to turn down a particular item in a bill without vetoing the entire bill

Essential Question: Discuss the organization and functions of the three branches of state governments. 3/25/2011 10:51 AMpluralitythe largest number of votes in an electionlieutenant governorpresiding officer of the upper house in some state legislatures

Essential Question: Discuss the organization and functions of the three branches of state governments. 3/25/2011 10:51 AMLegislativeElectionsSessionsQualificationsOrganizationTermsLegislationdistricts based on roughly equal population sized areasone person one vote ruledefined by state constitutionsSenator 25, Rep 21resident of districtmost are attorneysSenate 4 yearsHouse 2 yearsannual sessionsone-two monthsmost like the US Congressnumber of members vary by state Speaker of the House leads HouseLieutenant Governor leads Senatemany states - originates in legislaturesome states originates with Governorpage 641Essential Question: Discuss the organization and functions of the three branches of state governments. 3/25/2011 10:51 AMExecutiveElectionsPowersQualificationsLegislationTermJudicialRolesOther Officersparty nominationplurality or majorityat least 30American Citizenstate resident for at least 5 yearsmost 4 yearsVT and NH 2 yearsproposing/signing legislationvisiting foreign countries

carry out the lawsupervise the executive branchpropose legislationguide public opinionappointmentspardons, shorten sentences, waive fines, release prisoners on parolelieutenant governors, attorney generals, secretary of state, state treasurerEssential Question: Discuss the organization and functions of the three branches of state governments. 3/25/2011 10:51 AMJudicialImportanceSelectionState Court SystemRemovalinterpret and apply state and local laws, deal with civil and criminal casesminor courts (justice court, small claims, traffic court)general trial courts (county, circuit, superior and district courts)appeals courts (supreme, appellate courts)popular electionelection by legislatureappointmentMissouri Plan

impeachmentdisciplinary boardsrecallstate government policy23-33/25/2011 10:51 AMState and Local GovernmentAnswer using the graphic3/25/2011 10:51 AM70

1. New Jersey, New York, Connecticut 2. Answers will vary, but students may consider factors such as climate, the availability of facilities and supplies, population density, and distances students or teachers may need to travel. 3. Possible answers may include geographical location, urban centers, and population density.16Essential Question: Analyze ways in which state governments write and enforce public policy.3/25/2011 10:51 AMcorporate chartera document that gives a corporation legal statusconservationthe care and protection of natural resources including the land, lakes, rivers, and forests; gold, natural gas, and other energy sources; and wildlife

Essential Question: Analyze ways in which state governments write and enforce public policy.3/25/2011 10:51 AMhouse arrestsentence which requires an offender to stay at home except for certain functions the court permitsextraditionthe legal procedure through which a person accused of a crime who has fled to another state is returned to the state where the crime took place

Essential Question: Analyze ways in which state governments write and enforce public policy.3/25/2011 10:51 AMparolemeans by which a prisoner is allowed to serve the rest of a sentence in the community under the supervision of a parole officermandatory sentencingsystem of fixed, required terms of imprisonment for certain types of crimes

Essential Question: Analyze ways in which state governments write and enforce public policy.3/25/2011 10:51 AMpublic utilityan organization that supplies such necessities as electricity, gas, or telephone service

Essential Question: Analyze ways in which state governments write and enforce public policy.3/25/2011 10:51 AMshock incarcerationprison program involving shorter sentences in a highly structured environment where offenders participate in work, community service, education, and counseling

Essential Question: Analyze ways in which state governments write and enforce public policy.3/25/2011 10:51 AMshock probationprogram designed to show young offenders how terrible prison life is through brief incarceration followed by supervised release

unemployment compensationpayments to workers who lose their jobs

Essential Question: Analyze ways in which state governments write and enforce public policy.3/25/2011 10:51 AMvictim compensationa program in many states whereby the state government provides financial aid to victims of certain crimes

workers compensationpayments for people unable to work as a result of job-related injury or ill health

Essential Question: Analyze ways in which state governments write and enforce public policy.3/25/2011 10:51 AMRegulation of BusinessTypesProtecting WorkersProtecting ConsumersBusiness Developmentinterest rates, insurance rates, licensing exams, consumer protectionsfrom unfair and deceptive trade practices ( false advertising)landlord-tenant relationshipshealth care industriesconsumer sales and serviceconsumer education in schoolssafety and sanitary conditions of factorieschild labor rulesworkers compensationunemployment compensationright to work lawsattracting new businessgovernor promoting in foreign countriesadvertisingindustrial development bondspage 648Essential Question: Analyze ways in which state governments write and enforce public policy.3/25/2011 10:51 AMEnvironmentConcernsPollution ControlCostsConservationair and water pollutionfederal regulationsClean Air Act (1963), water control Act (1965), Air Quality Control Act (1967) National Environmental Policy Act (1969)environmental impact statements, permitsfederally sponsored programsgrantsstate and local government fundsstate lawspreservesEssential Question: Analyze ways in which state governments write and enforce public policy.3/25/2011 10:51 AMProtectionCriminal LawsProblems with DecentralizationState PoliceCorrectionseach state has own set of laws and punishmentsmandatory sentencing for some crimesvictim compensationfragmentedsome crimes are specific to certain areas creating a need for tougher laws and punishmentsmost are highway patrol unitsmay not possess broad police capabilitieshandled by state courtsprobation, paroleintensive supervised probationEssential Question: Analyze ways in which state governments write and enforce public policy.3/25/2011 10:51 AMEducation/Health/WelfareEducationHealthPublic WelfareState Welfarestates contribute approximately 45% of financingvast differences between states (funding, spending per pupil, student performancestate and local districtsstate licenses doctors, pharmacies, dentiststate supported clinics, hospitals and institutionspersonal health, health resources, environmental health, labs, aid to local health departmentshuman servicesAid to families with dependent children, add to the blind, old age assistanceMedicaidadminister and finance general assistance programsuse federal fundsFinancing State Government23-43/25/2011 10:51 AMState and Local Government

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1. Intergovernmental and insurance trusts/other revenue 2. Public welfare and intergovernmental 3. Answers will vary, but may include sales taxes, individual and corporate taxes, taxes on motor fuels, and taxes on utilities.29Essential Question: Identify and evaluate various sources of state revenue. 3/25/2011 10:51 AMblock grantgrant of money to a state or local government for a general purpose

bonda contractual promise by a borrower to repay a certain sum plus interest by a specified date

23.4Essential Question: Identify and evaluate various sources of state revenue. 3/25/2011 10:51 AMexcise taxtax on the manufacture, transportation, sale, or consumption of certain items such as gasoline, liquor, or cigarettes

federal granta sum of money given to a state for a specific purpose

Essential Question: Identify and evaluate various sources of state revenue. 3/25/2011 10:51 AMintergovernmental revenuerevenue distributed by one level of government to another

mandate a formal order given by a higher authority

Essential Question: Identify and evaluate various sources of state revenue. 3/25/2011 10:51 AMproportional taxtax that is assessed at the same rate for everyoneprogressive taxtax based on a taxpayer's ability to pay

Essential Question: Identify and evaluate various sources of state revenue. 3/25/2011 10:51 AMregressive taxtax in which people with lower incomes pay a larger portion of their income

Essential Question: Identify and evaluate various sources of state revenue. 3/25/2011 10:51 AMTAX REVENUEOTHER SOURCES OF REVENUELimited by US Constitution cant tax goods from out of state or country, tax federal property, use taxing to deprive people of equal protection of the lawstate constitutions may limit taxing property for educational, charitable or religious purpose; sales tax or income taxsales tax - general is imposed on broad range of items, selective is imposed on certain items like gas, cigarettes (also called excise tax)state income tax progressive or proportional, based on wages earned

license fees, motor vehicle registration, severance taxes, state property tax, estate taxes

borrowing for long term expenditures, sell bonds

lotteries - like the Georgia Lottery for education

intergovernmental revenue federal grants, may stipulate how funds are to be used, categorical formula grants, block grantsfederal mandates Structure of Local Government24-13/25/2011 10:51 AMState and Local Government

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1. Special District with 35,052 units. 2. No; only 48 states have counties, 20 states have townships, and 46 states have local school districts. 3. small physical size and relatively small population373/25/2011 10:51 AMEssential Question: Describe and compare various forms of local government. county boardthe governing board of most countiescountythe largest political subdivision of a state

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Essential Question: Describe and compare various forms of local government. 3/25/2011 10:51 AMincorporationa process of setting up a legal community under state lawmunicipalityan urban unit of government chartered by a state

39Essential Question: Describe and compare various forms of local government. 3/25/2011 10:51 AMreferenduma special electionspecial districta unit of local government that deals with a specific function, such as education, water supply, or transportation

Essential Question: Describe and compare various forms of local government. 3/25/2011 10:51 AMtownshipa unit of local government found in some states, usually a subdivision of a county

Essential Question: Describe and compare various forms of local government. 3/25/2011 10:51 AMpage 663Created by the StateLocal governments are created by each state; have no independence are entirely dependent on state governments; powers enumerated in state constitutionsEssential Question: Describe and compare various forms of local government. 3/25/2011 10:51 AMpage 663Types of Local GovernmentCountyStructure of County GovernmentsFound in every state except CT and RI, In LA and MI called parishes; Alaska boroughsCounty boards (may have other names) decide on budget, taxes and zoning codes; may have executive and legislative powersEssential Question: Describe and compare various forms of local government. 3/25/2011 10:51 AMpage 663Types of Local GovernmentTownshipNew England TownFound in fewer than half the states; mostly in New England; functions vary; may provide services like road buildingStrong communities; became models of citizen participation; town meeting is centerpiece of town governmentEssential Question: Describe and compare various forms of local government. 3/25/2011 10:51 AMpage 663Types of Local GovernmentMunicipalitySpecial DistrictMay be called a town, borough, city or urban district, granted by state charters giving them specific powers; incorporation is required which takes a referendumMost common type of local government; deal with a wide variety of servicesEssential Question: Describe and compare various forms of local government. 3/25/2011 10:51 AM

Elected mayor has executive powers; elected council has legislative powers, most are unicameral; Executive and legislative powers are combined in an elected commission; each commissioner heads a specific department; mayor carries out ceremonial functions. Legislative and executive powers are separated. Council sets policies and appoints a manager, who acts as the executive and is usually a trained public administrator.Mayor-council:

Commission:

Council-manager:Answer using the graphic3/25/2011 10:51 AM74

1. Jacksonville has the third smallest city population, but the fifth highest property-tax rate. 2. Chicago, it has fewer residents, but they live in an area less than half the size of Los Angeles, meaning there are more people per square mile. 3. Answers will vary but should show an understanding that larger cities have a greater pool of revenue streams from which to draw.48Essential Question: Explain how local governments provide a range of services to residents of the community. 3/25/2011 10:51 AMmarket valuethe amount of money an owner may expect to receive if property is soldassessmentthe complicated process involved in calculating the value of property to be taxed

Essential Question: Explain how local governments provide a range of services to residents of the community. 3/25/2011 10:51 AMmetropolitan areaa large city and its surrounding suburbsmass transitsystems such as subways that are used to transport a large number of people

Essential Question: Explain how local governments provide a range of services to residents of the community. 3/25/2011 10:51 AMzoningthe means a local government uses to regulate the way land and buildings may be used in order to shape community developmentsuburbsdensely settled territory adjacent to a central city

Local Government Service Essential Question: Explain how local governments provide a range of services to residents of the community. 3/25/2011 10:51 AMeducation usually the largest part of budgetzoning regulates the way land and building are usedfire and police expensive, large part of budgetsewer and sanitation also expensive, cause difficult political decisionswater- local governments make the vital decisions (like water restrictions)transportation road maintenance, public transitsocial services- homeless, medical, unemployment, and welfare servicesrecreation and cultural activities sports, parks, zoos, libraries, theatre, convention centerspage 669Essential Question: Explain how local governments provide a range of services to residents of the community. 3/25/2011 10:51 AMMetropolitan CommunitiesFinancing Local GovernmentCities densely populated areas with commercial, residential and industrial sectionstowns smaller mostly residential areas with some commerceSuburbs one or more central cities with densely settled residential areasspecial districts water commissions, port authorities, school, regional arrangementsproperty taxes collected on real and personal property (car tags, real estate taxes)other local revenue income taxes, sales taxes, fines and fees, government owned businessesintergovernmental revenue federal and state grantsChallenges of Urban Growth24-33/25/2011 10:51 AMState and Local Government

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1. single men 2. New York City has a disproportionately large number of homeless people. 3. Answers will vary, but students should demonstrate understanding of why the estimates differ.55Essential Question: Identify problems that metropolitan area face and potential solutions. 3/25/2011 10:51 AMgentrificationthe phenomenon of new people moving into a neighborhood, forcing out those who live there, and changing the area's essential character

Essential Question: Identify problems that metropolitan area face and potential solutions. 3/25/2011 10:51 AMinfrastructurethe basic facilities of a city, such as paved streets and sidewalks, water pipes, sewers, bridges, and public buildings

Essential Question: Identify problems that metropolitan area face and potential solutions. 3/25/2011 10:51 AMmetropolitan governmenttype of government that serves several different communities in the same region

Essential Question: Identify problems that metropolitan area face and potential solutions. 3/25/2011 10:51 AMurban renewalprograms under which cities apply for federal aid to clear slum areas and rebuildrevitalizationinvestments in new facilities in an effort to promote economic growth

Essential Question: Identify problems that metropolitan area face and potential solutions. 3/25/2011 10:51 AM

Abandoned factories, closed stores, lack of jobs, lack of incentive to open new businesses, housing discrimination, blighted urban neighborhoods.revitalization of old industrial and business areas; tax incentives to attract new business to cities; renovation of old neighborhoods; low interest federal loans to help build public housing

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Essential Question: Identify problems that metropolitan area face and potential solutions. 3/25/2011 10:51 AM

joblessness, substance abuse and addiction, crime, homelessness.treatment, enforcement, drug education, andrehabilitation programs; federal and private homeless relief services