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STAKEHOLDER PANEL ON DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS Working Group on Cinnamon Chair, Milda Embuscado lb Boca Raton Resort & Club, Boca Raton, FL September 5, 2014 Outline Background History Origin Uses Composition Analytical challenges Current analytical methods and techniques Fitness for purpose statement Questions for SPDS discussion

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  • STAKEHOLDER PANEL ON DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS

    Working Group on Cinnamon

    Chair, Milda Embuscadol bBoca Raton Resort & Club, Boca Raton, FL

    September 5, 2014

    Outline• Backgroundac g ou d

    – History– Origin– Uses– Composition

    • Analytical challengesy g• Current analytical methods and techniques• Fitness for purpose statement• Questions for SPDS discussion

  • Cinnamomum is derived from the Hebraic and A bi t i f t iArabic term amomon, meaning fragrant spice plant.

    History• Cinnamon has been consumed as early as 2000 BC

    – Egyptians use it as a perfuming agent in embalming– It was used throughout the ancient world– During medieval times, used by doctors to treat conditions such as coughing, arthritis and sore throats

    • Arab traders introduce it to Europe– Arabs kept the origins of cinnamon a secret

    • Columbus set out to find cinnamon and rhubarb butsamples he got were not cinnamon

    • Around 1518, Portuguese traders discovered cinnamon in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka)

  • History• Portuguese occupied Ceylon where they had the• Portuguese occupied Ceylon where they had the 

    monopoly on cinnamon trade until 1638 when they were overthrown by the Ceylon kingdom of Kandy with the help of the Dutch

    • Cinnamon monopoly was under the Dutch monopolyfor 150 years

    • Ceylon was taken over by the British in 1784 after th A l D t h Wthe Anglo‐Dutch War

    • By 1800, cinnamon was no longer an expensive andrare spice

    • Its cultivation in other parts of the world began• Cassia which has a similar flavor began to be used and 

    was becoming popular

    Background• Cinnamon species:C a o spec es:

    – Cinnamomum verum (Ceylon cinnamon) – most commonly used in the Western world

    – Cinnamomum aromaticum (Cassia cinnamon or Chinese cinnamon – originates from  southern Chinaand is typically less expensive than Ceylon cinnamon

    C. verum (left) and C. burmannii ( right)

  • Cinnamon ‐ Family LauraceaeCinnamomum Common name Properties

    l h l h ll bCinnamomum verumPresl (syn. C. zeylanicum Nees)

    True or Ceylon cinnamonMexican cinnamon

    Very thin, light yellow brown smooth bark, less dense, more crumbly texture, highly fragrant aroma, more aromatic in flavorLower levels of coumarin

    C. cassia Presl (C. aromaticaum)

    Cassia, Chinese cinnamon, “Cassia lignea”

    Cassia ‐Much stronger and harsher flavor than Ceylon cinnamon, medium to light reddish brown, hard and woody, thicker bark

    C. burmannii Blume Indonesian cassia, Korintjecinnamon, Pandang cinnamon

    C. loureirii Nees Vietnamese cassia, Saigon cinnamon, Vietnamese cinnamon

    C. tamala (Buch.‐Ham.) Nees & Eberm.

    Indian cassia

    Cinnamomum originsC. cassia

    C. zeylanium/ C. verum

    C. lourierii

    C burmanniiC. burmannii

  • 120000

    World production of cinnamon (2003‐2012), FAO Stat

    1 ‐ Indonesia

    20000

    40000

    60000

    80000

    100000

    Volume (ton

    nes) 2‐ China

    4 ‐ Sri Lanka3 ‐ Vietnam

    0

    20000

    Countries

    2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

    Uses• Culinary spice for flavor and aroma• Culinary spice for flavor and aroma• Effective against fungal, bacterial and viral infections• Have antispasmodic properties• Useful for diabetes, hypercholesterolemia and inflammatory conditions

    • Food preservativeood p ese a e• Antioxidant• Source of nutrients – manganese, iron, calcium, dietary fiber

  • Parts usedk ( ll )• Bark (quills)

    • Bark powder • Bark essential oil• Leaf essential oil• Oleoresin

    Korintje cinnamon tree Hand harvesting of cinnamon bark

  • Cassia drying yard

    Forms• Powder• Powder• Cinnamon powder in capsules• Cinnamon extract in soft gels• Cinnamon bark essential oil• Water extracted cinnamon in capsule• Water extracted cinnamon in capsule• Cinnamon bark, supercritical CO2 extract, EtOH extract, cinnamaldehyde in capsule

    • Cinnamon extract

  • Composition and antioxidant values of ground cinnamon

    Volatile oil content of cinnamonSpecies Source % volatile oil Remarks

    C. burmannii Indonesia 1 ‐ 3.5% High amount of coumarinWith mucilage

    C. cassia ChinaTung Hing

    SikiangHigh V.O

    Sweetest

    C. cassia Northern Vietnam 3 – 4%C. lourieroi Central Vietnam 4 – 6% Also called 

    Vietnamese  cinnamon, Saigon cinnamon

  • Essential oil componentsSpecies Linalool ‐ ‐Terpineol Dihydrocinna Cinnamic Eugenol

    Caryophyllene maldehyde acetate

    C. aromaticum*

  • Research Findings

    Condensed tannin is the main component responsible for the medicinal effect of cinnamon bark

    • Hydrolysable tannins – esters of polyphenolic acids (gallic and hexahydroxydiphenic acid)

    • Condensed tannins – condensates of flavan units [e.g., (+)-cathechin, (-)-epicatechin]; procyanidins

    • Tannins and related compounds have been isolated (e g flavone• Tannins and related compounds have been isolated (e.g., flavone-3-ol glucosides, oligomeric procyanidins or cinnamtannins designated as A2, A3 and A4 = tetrameric, pentameric and hexameric, respectively• Consist of (-)-epicatechin units linked linearly through C(4 )-

    C(8) bonds.

    Tannins and related compounds from cinnamon bark

  • Procyanidins from cassia bark

    Structure of active component in cinnamon based on Anderson et al. (2004) JAFC, 52, 65‐70

    T - u n i t

    O H

    OOH

    O H

    O HO H

    O

    OOH

    O H

    2

    8

    4

    4

    7

    M - u n i t

    R

    OOH

    OH

    O H

    OH

    OH

    8 B - u n i t

    R

    R

    R = O H = ( + ) c a t e c h i n

    R = O H = ( - ) e p i c a t e c h i n

  • Analytical challenges

    • Raw material variability and differences between species/variety of cinnamon

    • Different forms and matrices• Possible contamination from harvesting, drying and handlingdrying and handling

    • Possible lack of reference standards• Availability of cost effective methods

    Existing methods ‐ General• Sample extraction

    – Apparatus (Soxhlet, Clevenger’s apparatus, etc.)– Solvent– Time and temperature of extraction

    • Purification and concentration• Methods

    – Gas chromatography (GC)– Gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS)– High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)– Flow injection mass spectrometry (FIMS) fingerprinting method for 

    species identification– UPLC (for analysis of coumarin, cinnamyl alcohol, cinnamaldehyde, 

    cinnamic acid, eugenol, and cinnamyl acetate)

  • Details of various analytical methods  will be distributed prior to the meeting

    • Industry Needs Tests for Identity Purity Assay– Tests for Identity, Purity, Assay• Methods to verify the identity and origin of the material

    • Methods to quantify the amount of selected bioactive components

    – Extraction method– Determine what component/s is/are important for assay development

    • Methods to demonstrate that material does not contain economic adulterants

  • Fitness For Purpose Statement “Identification/Quantification Method”Identification/Quantification MethodThe method must be able to identify known and unknown active component/s in various dietary supplement matrices. Ideally, the method should combine targeted and non‐targeted approaches with the ability totargeted approaches, with the ability to quantitate active component/s based on the availability of reference standards.

    Questions for SPDS discussion

    d f f h (• Identification of the source (cinnamon vs cassia)?

    • What component to isolate and quantify?• What standards to use?T t f d lt t ?• Tests for adulterants?

    • Cost of the analysis

  • QUESTIONS??

    Milda E. Embuscado, Ph. D., CFSSenior Principal ScientistMaterials and Processing TechnologyApplied Research, Technical Innovation CenterMcCormick & Company IncMcCormick & Company, Inc.