stadium urbanism

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M.U.D Capstone 2014 - 2015

Matthew J. DureikoCommitteeAdil Sharag-Eldin, Ph.D. (Lead), Jeff Kruth

stadium u r b a n i s m

Matthew J. Dureiko

Urban Design Capstone ProjectKent State University CAED _ CUDC

CommitteeAdil Sharag-Eldin, Ph.D. (Lead), Jeff Kruth

Bloghttp://mdureiko.wordpress.com/

Stadia, Sport, and the Image of the American City

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“SPORT HAS THE POWER TO CHANGE THE WORLD. IT HAS THE

POWER TO INSPIRE. IT HAS THE POWER TO UNITE PEOPLE IN

A WAY THAT LITTLE ELSE DOES. SPORT CAN AWAKEN HOPE

WHERE THERE WAS PREVIOUSLY ONLY DESPAIR.”

NELSON MANDELA, 2006

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con-tents

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1 intro

2 narrative

3 thesis case studies

4 project case studies

5 methodology

6 site options

7 design options

8 poster session

9 semester reflection

10 schedule

11 blog

12 kent state poster symposium

13 midterm

14 final work

15 sources

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“Stadia have the ability to

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reshape a city. What once

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was a place built for viewing

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an event, is now the most

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important piece of civic

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infrastructure in the city.”

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Stadia, Sport, and the Image of the American City

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m Stadia have the ability to reshape a city.1 What once was a place built for viewing an event, is now

the most important piece of civic infrastructure.2 Historically, the stadium was built as a monument

to society. The Roman Colosseum and Soldier Field were built as political gifts to the city, which

symbolized the importance of recreation and entertainment in society. They were spaces for the

cities to meet as one, to share their views, and celebrate civic accomplishment.3 The modern stadium

is still a space for civic celebration, but why is it important for a city to have this space? What is the

role of the modern stadium today? This paper examines the role of stadia and sport in American

culture, and how it is used to help progress and strengthen a society. This progress is reflected by

the cities in which these stadia are located. The American city is a city of power, abundance, and

wealth. Stadia and sport help communicate this image to the world.

NARRATIVESport is a major aspect of the society in the American city. Previously, cities were viewed as centers for manufacturing, industry, retail, and service.4 The city center today turns to recreation and entertainment with sport being the central focus.5 Today’s American city is about experience. Mark Rosentraub explains that “cities have capitalized on the importance of experience and entertainment consumption by providing the space in which these unique opportunities can occur.”6

Indianapolis and Phoenix have both re-imagined their city centers for sporting events that bring national attention (i.e. NCAA Final Four, Super Bowl). Similarly, Sacramento, brought in an NBA team to show that it is not just a city for government.7 Washington D.C. is one of twelve cities in America to have four teams (Redskins, Nations, Wizards, and Capitals) from the major professional sports leagues (NFL, MLB, NBA, NHL). Washington D.C. is also home to the Major League Soccer team, D.C. United, making it one of eight cities in the nation to have five professional sports teams. What does this mean for cities today? Why does a city want to be viewed as a “Major League” city? The American city reflects an image of abundance and wealth. The root of this image comes from the sports culture in American society.

Superior Viaduct, 1912, Cleveland, OH

After the Gateway Project, Cleveland, OH

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“Stag at Sharkey’s”, George Bellows, 1909

Babe Ruth’s called shot, 1932 World Series, Wrigley Field

Jessie Owens, 100m Dash, 1936 Berlin Olympics

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SPORT IN AMERICAN SOCIETY

Sport is a democratic institution, or utopia, that judges “solely” on the basis of talent and skill.8 Sport is a theoretical environment in which social conflict does not exist since wealth or class does not equate to physical abilities or talent level. The utopian of equality in sport gives its participants hope for social change. Baseball, for example, is viewed as a force in which to passed along values such as hard work, social mobility, democracy, and teamwork.9

National elites had begun looking for a culture to better connect America, and better project its identity to the world.10 The strength of the American image was necessary for the country’s role in global markets.11 The elites turned to the popularity of amateur sports in order to bond the nation together. In between all of the other conflicts that plagued America, sport seemed to be the common factor that all citizens could relate to. Steven Pope describes, “the widespread popularity of institutionalized sport not only provided central reference points of daily conversation, but also helped popularize an interlocking set of cultural ideas about America and its relationship with the world”.12 Wealthy business men would soon begin to start organizing and fielding professional teams as another type of business venture. Before the media nationally broadcast sporting news and events, professional sport was able to create its own mythology that caught on in the American culture. The tale of Babe Ruth, and the “Called Shot” still is passed down from father to son. The stories and mythology of sport are stories patriotism.

Sport is a theme used by some of America’s great artists as and expression of American society. Ken Burns is quoted “I bleed red, white, and blue,” which is evident in many of his works, including a documentary titled “Baseball” and his future film, “Jackie Robinson”. The American painter, George Bellows, is famous for his boxing themed pieces that depict the social struggles and conflicts in his New York neighborhood. Sport now takes the place of religion as a way to communicate ideologies to the masses.

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SPORT AND THE CITY

The City is the object that initially helped the growth of professional sports. At first, stadiums and arenas were located in small, residential areas of the city (i.e. League Park in the Hough neighborhood of Cleveland). Stadiums first developed in these areas so that they would be most accessible to a majority of spectators, the white middle class that lived outside of the city’s center. With the invention of the car and other forms of mass transportation, business owners brought stadiums to the city center as a way to bring people downtown to help support business interests the owners were involved in. By bringing sport to the city center, teams began to identify with the culture of the people. Team names were changed to appeal to cultural interests. Pittsburgh’s football team was named after the industry that helped it flourish. New Orleans named its basketball team after the popular music genre that the city is identified with. Team names helped to bring social identity and social investment to an organization.

Social and emotional investment is necessary for modern professional sports. These investments into sports teams is what keeps people coming back for the product. It differentiates those who are spectators from those who are fans. The spectator is someone that watches the happenings of the game and understands the game. The spectator has no emotional investment into a team, game, or event. The fan is someone who is emotionally invested in all aspects of the game. The fan understands the impact that every play or event has on the greater whole and the outcome of the season. “Fandom” is equated to a personal investment in a team, and the professional teams picked up on it quickly. The more “fans” that a team has, the more powerful the organization. This is good for the city and for the business of sport.

Sport is one type of recreational activity in the city. It is a type of entertainment that competes for business in the city along with restaurants, clubs, and movie theaters. Most mid-

markets, like Cleveland and other Midwestern cities, are not large enough to support all these types of entertainment. In Cleveland, there is a negative correlation between the attendance of the Indians and the number of arts and recreation establishments in the city (see Table 1). When the Indians have winning seasons, and attract more fans, the money is spent at the game instead of at other recreational establishments. Attending a sporting event in a downtown region only redistributes dollars that would be spent there otherwise.13

Many stadiums are publicly owned in America. This should come as no surprise in a capitalistic society, where franchises can leverage their existence in a city in order to profit. Professional sports’ franchises are commodities, and cities and the pro-sports leagues understand that. Cities must compete with each other in order to host one of these franchises. The city needs the team more than the team needs the city. Certain teams have associated themselves with certain cities, but it has been proven before that teams are not bound to a city (i.e. Colts move from Baltimore to Indianapolis, the Browns from Cleveland to Baltimore). The identity of the team, however, is. When Art Modell moved the Browns to Baltimore, a civic outcry occurred. Modell moved the team, but the “Browns” never left the city of Cleveland. The team is not its own entity. It is a complex structure that includes the city and its fan base.

Boston Red Sox honor Boston bombing victims with 2013 World Series Trophy

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22

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The stadium has always been the most iconic building in the city. From the Colosseum in Rome, to Soldier Field in Chicago, the stadium is the urban space where cities gather to express their civic pride. Stadia are the icon of the community that surrounds them. Wrigleyville in Chicago would be nonexistent if it were not for Wrigley Field. No other building typology has the same effect that stadia have on a city. The stadium as a building typology can not be understood without understanding the society in which it resides. Stadiums are the icon of the city. They represent the culture and views of the society; the zeitgeist.14 It comes as no surprise that today’s American city wants to express the prominence of sport. The city receives instant credibility when it expresses its role in the zeitgeist. This idea is not new to modern times. For example, Santa Maria del Fiore, in Florence was built to shift the religious focus from Rome, and brought the first papal visit to Florence. The Duomo instantly gave Florence power and prominence in the Christian faith. The Florentines understood that building the greatest cathedral in the world would bring people to their city. Shortly after Santa Maria del Fiore, Rome began construction on New St. Peter’s in order to regain the Christian focus. This is very similar to sport stadia in America today. New stadiums are built to bring attention and cultural power to the city or team. Chicago has Soldier Field, home of the Chicago Bears, because they wanted to “out-do” Paris, and Paris’s new urban plan.15

The stadium is the urban center for the celebration of the ritual that is the event. It is the place where the people gather to rejoice as one when the team wins, and mourn when the team loses. The stadium is the most urban structure in the city today. But the stadium is more than a place for sport. It is a tool for revitalizing the city urbanistcally. It is a center of economic growth. In many new stadiums, transportation centers are also introduced alongside. This proves that the stadium grows the city center.

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STADIUM EVOLUTION

Stadium evolution has taken place ever since the Colosseum. Experts have identified five generations of stadium design, which illustrates this evolution. The first four generations of stadiums focused inward on the event. Stadiums in generations one through four constantly had to evolve in order to stay in competition with the TV (comfort of home) and amusement park (family entertainment). Stadiums in the 1990’s started to address a different type of problem. No longer were stadiums only built to view games. They were built as tools for urban regeneration. Public funding of stadiums became almost universal in American cities, and to sell the prospect of using public money to fund stadia, cities would promote these structures as “cultural icons”, “job creators”, and “tourist attractions”.

The outstanding question is, what is the modern stadium? The modern stadium is no longer a singular entity. It is a place where people gather, where people view spectacle. It is a place that symbolizes civic pride and ideals. The stadium is not a singular structure, it is an urban space that houses the spirit of the city.

Further more, the stadium is now used as a space that exhibits its city. Baseball stadiums are now designed having the backdrop be the skyline. When the camera views the entire field from behind home plate, it can help but to catch the buildings behind center field. This helps give the stadium a sense of place. It gives the stadium a connection to the city.

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SPORT, THE MEDIA, AND THE CITY

Semi-monopolies that are the MLB, NBA, and NFL control all aspects of professional sport. They determine which cities can host teams, where their major events take place, the quality of the stadium, and which games are televised in certain regions. These industries are the in the forefront of how cities and people view sport. The media has also greatly impacted the way people choose to take in sport. Stadiums now must compete with HDTV and the comforts of home to bring people the game. As a result, recently built stadiums now feature a wide range of ways to view the event. Some stadiums include restaurants that overlook the playing field, seats at field level to bring the fan into the game, and even spaces that people can view the team as the parade from the locker room to the field. But stadium communities begin with the type of fans that attend a game. Traditionalist fans prefer to view the game in its glory, and do not care for the distractions of in-game entertainment. Spectators view the game almost as background music as they mingle with one another. These types of communities choose different

seating options to fit their needs. Traditionalists tend to sit in the seats where they can view the entire field of play and like to sit together. The spaces around the stadium are home to each community of fan. From the luxury boxes to the bleachers, from the nose-bleeds to the center field bar, each section has its own spirit that is unique to each seating level. The impact of the media on sport has completely reinvented what the stadium is. Since the Colosseum, the stadium has been the theater in which sport takes place. Now, it is a piece of the stage set in the performance. Televised games use the stadium as a way to express to the viewer the importance of the game. A sold out stadium shows the viewer that the game is of utmost importance. People at the game are now performers in their own right. The cheering and towel waving communicates to the viewer the emotion in the stadium. Without people in the stadium, the game is equal to a television drama show. Communicating the emotion surrounding the spectacle elevates the game into something more than just a show. The emotion is what sells the game to the audience.

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Royals’ Fans react to game winning run.

CONCLUSION

Stadia are structures built around the complexities of society, sport, and economics. To

say that the stadium is a singular entity underestimates the spirit of the space. It is a space

for spectacle. It is a space for pride. The team that plays in the stadium is just as important

to the city as the structure itself. You can not tell the story of Rome and the Roman empire

without the Colosseum, or Boston without Fenway Park. These places house the identity of

the city, and are expressions of the trials and tribulations that its people have experienced.

Stadia shape both the city’s ideals and urban fabric. Urban infrastructure of this magnitude

is often overlooked when cities begin to plan for them. With budgets often surpassing

$500 million, the city must rethink what a stadium is, how its funded, and what it means

to the city. Modern stadiums often fail to successfully impact the city. Modern stadia need

to revert back to the past, and become better connected and sewn into the urban fabric.

Cities must use these large investments to first, and foremost, positively impact the city,

and second, to re-brand their image into a “major league” city.

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fall 2014ENDNOTES

1 Sheard, Rod., “The Stadium: Architecture for the New Global Culture,”

(Sydney: Pesaro Publishing, 2005) 8.

2 Flowers, Benjamin, Paraphrased from video “Win or Waste: Atlanta at

Odds over Stadium Proposal”.

3 see Ford, Liam T., “Soldier Field: A Stadium and its City,” (London: The

University of Chicago Press, Ltd, 2009).

4 Rosentraub, Mark S., “Sports Facilities, Redevelopment, and the

Centrality of Downtown Areas: Observations and Lessons From

Experiences in a Rustbelt and Sunbelt City,” Marquette Sports Law

Review, Vol. 10, Issue 2 (http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/

sportslaw/vol10/iss2/7/) 219.






6 see Wolf, Michael J., “The Entertainment Economy” (Times Books,

1999).






8 Reiss, Steven A., “Sport and the American Dream” Journal of Social

History, Vol. 14, No. 2 (Oxford University Press, 1980) 295.

9 Briley, Ronald, “Baseball and American Cultural Values” OAH

Magazine of History, Vol. 7, No. 1, History of Sport, Recreation, and

Leisure (Organization of American Historians, 1992) 61.

10 Pope, Seven W., “Negotiation the “Folk Highway” of the Nation: Sport,

Public Culture and American Identity, 1870-1940,” Journal of Social

History, Vol. 27, No. 2, (Oxford University Press, 1993) 328.

11 Pope, Seven W., “Negotiation the “Folk Highway” of the Nation: Sport,

Public Culture and American Identity, 1870-1940,” Journal of Social

History, Vol. 27, No. 2, (Oxford University Press, 1993) 334.

12 Pope, Seven W., “Negotiation the “Folk Highway” of the Nation:

Sport, Public Culture and American Identity, 1870-1940,” Journal of

Social History, Vol. 27, No. 2, (Oxford University Press, 1993) 334.

13 Delaney, Kevin J. and Rick Eckstein., “Urban Power Structures and

Publicly Financed Stadiums,” Sociological Forum, Vol. 22, No. 3 (Wiley,

2007) 332.

14 Sheard, Rod., “The Stadium: Architecture for the New Global Culture,”

(Sydney: Pesaro Publishing, 2005) 20.

15 Ford, Liam T., Soldier Field: A Stadium and its City (London: The

University of Chicago Press, Ltd, 2009) 1.

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Thesis Case Studies

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EXODUS, OR THE VOLUNTARY PRISONERS OF ARCHITECTURE

Rem Koolhaas’s thesis project discusses how people become beings of their surroundings. The architecture that surrounds them dictate how they act in a space. He begins to re-imagine how the constraints of architecture do not have to dictate the society that inhabits it, and how they can redefine their being in a space.

This type of narrative of a culture and society is how I will form my project. Through my process and further research, I will be able to tell my own narrative of a city, how it will grow, and how society will adapt to the city. The stadium becomes a microcosm of the city and is a direct reflection of how the city evolves over time as a result of cultural and sociological shifts.

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KOREAN DIASPORA

Carlos Zarco’s project discusses the trials and tribulations of Korean-Americans in the United States. His thesis uses historical context as a way to define the problem of having a space for Korean-Americans to socialize. The project looks at the city and defines a space for this culture to interact together outside of the structure of the typical American city.

Although Zarco’s project deals heavily with the city, his final product is an architectural piece for the city. He develops this microcosm of a society to explain the cultural inhabitance in the city, not unlike how the stadium reflects the American culture in the city. This project was used as a way to re-conceptualize what urban design can be, and how architecture directly relates to the city and society that surrounds it.

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3.3Salvaged Stadium

Yaohau Wang of Harvard’s GSD developed a project that looked at the stadium, and how it can serve the community after it is no longer used for sporting events. Wang identified the existing program of the stadium, and how it could be reused and benefit the city. The in-depth programmatic research developed the stadium as a “miniature-city” and discusses how the infrastructure of the stadium becomes impactful for the city.

This programmatic identification is how I plan to explore the design of a stadium, however while it is in use instead of its afterlife. The program of the stadium should enhance the city, not hinder it. My project will continue to explore how the stadium, its design, and its program reflect, and assist the city.

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What makes a stadium a

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civic icon?

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How can a stadium reshape

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the city?

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Project Case Studies

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4.1Fenway Park, Boston, MA

STADIUM BUILT AROUND THE CITY

Fenway Park was developed in the Back Bay Fens of Boston. Over time, it has grown along with the neighborhood around it and has become arguably the most iconic baseball stadium in the country. The neighborhood is now defined by the stadium, but the stadium also relies on the urban fabric around it.

ANNUAL HOUSEHOLD INCOME

$50kPEOPLE PER SQ. MILE

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TRAFFIC FLOW AROUND STADIUM

STOP + GO

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Fenway Park is one of the most unique baseball stadiums in America. This stadium has truly grown with the city. Fenway is one of the only remaining stadiums that is a living entity. It was not built to completion. It has been renovated and reconstructed, not unlike how a city grows.

So what is it about this organism that makes it the perfect baseline case study? Here are three main reasons:

1.) Fenway fits into its context very well. It is not too large for the neighborhood that it is located in. Even the street sections are unique. Not many other stadiums are bound by 2-lane roads on all sides. The width of the street and the way people occupy the street have a relationship. Fenway’s streets are always packed and alive before, during, and after games.

2.) It is not located right downtown. Fenway is in the Back Bay neighborhood, which is mainly residential with many bars and restaurants too. The thing that this area lacks is parking, yet that does not seem to be a problem with any of the 35,000+ fans. With public transportation, you are able to come and go with little issues.

3.) It is a growing civic space. It is not overly designed so that any renovation must satisfy its aesthetic. It a space that the people of Boston can touch and leer into. Fenway is not an enclave like so many of the stadiums today. As long as Bostonians keep going to Red Sox games, Fenway will continue to evolve and be one of the most unique parks in baseball.

59 Lansdowne St.

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INTERVIEW w/ CAMERON KINGCam King is the strategic marking coordinator at Paul Lukez Architects. I had come across Mr. King and Mr. Lukez through their blog post “Baseball Urbanism” which focused on how the scale of Fenway Park relates to the city of Boston. Their contention is that Fenway has become the most important civic building in Boston due to its respectful design in its context. We had discussed how Fenway and the Back Bay Fens had grown together, how the stadium gives the Back Bay an identity, and how the program surrounding the stadium enhances the visitors’ experiences of attending a Red Sox game. After talking with Mr. King, the growth of Fenway Park has allowed the stadium to develop authentic idiosyncrasies that are not seen in other parks. Fenway’s unique design creates a special relationship between the people of Boston and the stadium. This bond is what makes Fenway arguably the most iconic American stadium.

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4.2AT&T Park was built in the China Basin district of San Francisco, and since, has begun to redevelop the area. This is an example of how the stadium attracts development to improve a once downtrodden space in the city. Since the district relies on the stadium, the two have a symbiotic relationship.

AT&T Park,San Francisco, CA CITY BUILT AROUND THE STADIUM


$151k

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SLOW

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AT&T Park follows the model of Oriole Park at Camden Yards; it was built to completion in order to rejuvenate the city. This model works in San Francisco’s China Basin district since the city was in need of expansion. The income of the area, along with the needs of the city allowed this model to be successful.

Why does the design of this project work in San Francisco? Here are three main reasons:

1.) AT&T Park fits nicely in the context. Although it is a much larger stadium than Fenway, the surrounding buildings allow for this scale to fit well. There are 4-lane streets surrounding the stadium, but are designed to the human scale.

2.) It is also located just outside of the city center, like Fenway Park. The surrounding neighborhood is a dense residential area, so the park serves as the district’s leisure space. Parking does not surround the park, yet there are multiple public transportation stops that are near the park.

3.) It has served as a catalyst for development. As San Francisco tries to expand, it uses the stadium as the centerpiece for development. Over its recent history, AT&T Park has brought many residential and commercial spaces to the China Basin, while more construction is foreseen across the bay as a direct result of its completion.

831 3rd St.

Waterfront

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4.3Marlins’ Park, Miami, FL

STADIUM IMPOSED ON CITY

Miami Marlins Park was to be located in downtown Miami. Once the site was moved to Little Havana, the hope was that the stadium would help to redevelop the area, similar to what AT&T Park has done for San Francisco. However, this stadium is located in a low income area of the city with little access to public transportation.


$32kPEOPLE PER SQ, MILE

1.3k


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1619 NW 3rd St.

1397 NW 4th St.

630 NW 16th St.

Miami Marlins Park has state of the art design and the most extravagant “experiences” located under its roof. However, this enormous structure seems to fail not only from an attendance standpoint, but also on the urban scale. Lets compare it to Fenway Park:

1.) It shows the lack of ability to grow. The stadium is a complete entity. There is little more that this stadium has to offer in terms of how it can better connect within the fabric around it. There is no street edge formed, no scale consideration, and is an extremely expensive investment in an area in Little Havana that is not wealthy.

2.) It is not an authentic space. Every experience and portion of its design was created from nothing; there were no constraints in the design. They even had to build 4 parking garages as a way to attempt to relate the scale of the stadium with its context.

3.) Most stadium projects take advantage and exploit the city in order to fund them. However, this project had done this in an extreme way. For the $630 million project, the city had borrowed $91 million from bonds, which will eventually cost the city $1.2 BILLION to pay back. This stadium just seems to deflate this area and the city, and does not show any ability to help grow the district.

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INTERVIEW w/ ROLANDO LLANESRolando Llanes is the principal of CIVICA, an architecture firm from Miami. His film, White Elephant: What is there to save?, documents the story of the Miami Baseball Stadium, which was an icon of Miami until its demolition. Llanes is also the architect of the four (4) parking garages that surround the new Miami Marlins Stadium. I had contacted Mr. Llanes to discuss the impact of Marlins Park. We had discussed the reasons as to why the site was selected, how the architecture of the stadium relates to the community of Little Havana, and how it will serve the area for years to come. His hope is that it will start to redevelop Little Havana, much like how AT&T Park helped to bring development to San Francisco’s China Basin. The most important concept we discussed was how the program of the stadium relates to the community. He stated that businesses such as restaurants and bars are not being established here because people going to the game would rather eat or drink inside the park instead of under a parking garage outside of the stadium. This relationship of the program between the city and the stadium will be a major focus of the development of this research project.

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Historical concepts integrate

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the stadium with the city.

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How can this inspire modern

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ideas of today’s stadiums?

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5“Qualitative research is multi-method in focus, involving an interpretive, naturalistic approach to its subject matter. This means that qualitative researchers study things in their natural settings, attempting to make sense of, or interpret phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them. Qualitative research involves the studied use and collection of a variety of empirical materials.1”

Stadiums are extremely experiential civic spaces which explains why they become some of the most

iconic places in the world. The method of research must accept this, and highlight the phenomena

of the stadium, and its place in the city. The qualitative research method allows for this type of study

of the experience. Newspaper articles, documentaries, journals, and other writings focused on the

response of the community concerning the stadium have been studied and documented. Moving

forward, information from this research sets up a framework as to how to imagine and visualize the

stadium through a different lens.

This research has led to help develop a generic program type for cities and stadiums. The program

is not of fixed spaces and quantities, however is based on experience, culture, and society. By

defining these broad categories of the program, I was able to compare the stadium to the city. What

is seen, is that the distillation of both the city and the stadium reveals similar types of programmatic

ingredients. This comparison helps strengthen the concept of the city-stadium, and how the two

integrate with each other.

1 L. Groat and D. Wang, Architectural Research Methods: Second Edition, (Hoboken, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013) 224.

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9 seating

10 stadium communities11 fan zones

12 team zones

14 history

13 stadium “crust”

15 future

16 culture

17 renovations

4 mlb

5 stadium management

6 event rules

7 circulation

8 public spaces

1 fans

2 spectators

3 media

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4 life/society

3 built fabric

2 governing body

1 people

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m Di

stille

d

4 life/society

3 built fabric

2 governing body

1 people

City P

rogr

am D

istille

d

10 neighborhoods

11 zoning

12 History

13 future

14 culture15 expansion

16 shrinkage

9 private development8 civic structures

4 city laws5 government branches

6 circulation

7 public spaces

1 social classes

2 visitors

3 residents

City P

rogr

am

stad

ium

urb

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64

NEIGHBORHOOD IS OCCUPIED 24/7

LITTLE TO NO OTHER ENTERTAINMENT OPTIONS IN NEIGHBORHOOD

ESTABLISHED OR UP-AND-COMING NEIGHBORHOOD

POP. DENSITY > 8,000 PEOPLE PER SQ. MILE

NEIGHBORHOOD NEEDS MORE/NEW CIVIC INFRASTRUCTURE

EXISTING HOLE IN THE URBAN FABRIC

< 5 MILES FROM CITY CENTER

ADEQUATE ACCESS TO PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION

ABILITY FOR NEIGHBORHOOD GROWTH

U.S. Cellular Field is home to the Chicago White Sox. Although this is a relatively new stadium, its site does not allow for it to become part of Chicago’s south side communities. It is bounded by train tracks and I-90, and is located in a sea of parking. With low attendance in recent years, this stadium is not living up to its potential. Site option 1 would be to find a new site in the South Side to move the White Sox stadium. This new stadium proposal will be a response to Wrigley Field, home of the Cubs. The multiple layers of social issues that revolve around this stadium can make for a very rich investigation. Further research will be done to determine an exact site for a proposed new stadium if this option is selected.

6.1White Sox, Chicago, Ill.

fall 2014

65








ADEQUATE ACCESS TO PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION


Tropicana Field is home to the Tampa Bay Rays. This stadium is also relatively new, however, looks quite dated compared to the majority of other MLB parks. With turmoil in the Rays organization, they are attempting to talk with the city in order to obtain a new stadium for the team, or be forced to relocate. Selecting this option would allow a proposal for relocation to another city, or to relocate the stadium in the city of Tampa or St. Petersburg. This option could allow for a more involved dialogue with both the team and the cities.

6.2Rays, Tampa Bay, FL.

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What can baseball fans expect their stadiums to look like in 20 years’ time? To find out, Sports Illustrated approached Populous—one of the world’s most prolific stadium designers and the architects behind roughly 20 MLB stadiums, including the two most recent venues in New York, Target Field in Minneapolis and Marlins Park in Miami—to look into the future and envision a realistic design for stadiums in the 2030s. After the Populous team brainstormed ideas and concepts, they created Living Park exclusively for SI readers, both the ones now and in 20 years.

The result: A park that doesn’t simply sink into the dense urban fabric of a city, but merges with it, creating a completely new vision of stadium facades, community and interaction. The fresh take on a baseball home, as designers Brian Mirakian and Greg Sherlock called it, creates a re-imagined communal living room with some flair, such as interactive data glass, public transit lines sweeping through the park and the city built right into the venue. This is, after all, the future.

Looking forward, there’s no need for the high-arching concrete and steel that separate today’s stadiums from the city around them. Mirakian anticipates “transformative stadiums that will really build a community.” The glass structures horseshoed around Living Park, for example, aren’t just premium seating, but also serve to combine the city and stadium. A street front on one side that hosts everything from offices and apartments to retail and restaurants turns into a stadium portal on the backside, offering stellar views onto the field. Instead of rising out of the city, the stadium sinks into it.

Trending data suggested increased urban densification, giving Mirakian the idea to create a linear park environment that allows the building to play as the central theme—a place activated during a game, but where the community can gather at any time, during either the season or offseason. In this case, the building itself is defined by the edges of the city, acting as a window into the building on game days. There’s no need for fanciful facades, as the stadium instead flows with the park and city.

You’ll still find a traditional seating bowl tucked below premium glass-enclosed spaces, but with the future of team revenue not as reliant on gate receipts, designers can offer

new types of space. A city park overlooks rightfield—a riff on Fenway Park’s famed Green Monster, but this time with a green roof—and an enlarged berm beyond leftfield gives the stadium community-inspired life and public accessibility 365 days a year.

“Fields tend to be protected domains,” Sherlock said. “There is an amazing feeling when you get close to the turf, so why not take advantage of that? Ultimately, that is what this is about, bringing on the positive pleasures of life and reducing the stress. These powerful sporting venues are amazing places for people to get lost in the daily life.”

Getting to urban sites often proves tricky, so Populous brought the public transit line straight through Living Park, giving transit users a free look at one of the most stunning views in the city. Mirakian called it a “pretty distinct” element of the design.

From the massive next-gen LED board in rightfield that allows the viewer within to see out, to Google Glass-styled windows in dugout suites behind home plate, Sherlock called Living Park an “integrated building,” not only merging with the city and community, but also interacting with the game. Why not have fans in premium seating peering through glass overlaid with real-time data? “Being able to physically embed data into architecture is a really powerful thing,” Mirakian said, “and something we’ll definitely see in the future.”

Offering high-tech experiences also enables the club to create new value in premium and enhances the traditional seats. “The biggest segmentation of fans, the experiential fans, they are not here to simply spectate in the event,” Mirakian said. “They are geared toward a participant experience and want freedom to move about, experience technology in different ways and fundamentally take in a MLB game in different ways. The social space is changing really dramatically.”

By giving fans an in-venue encounter that not only matches the home-viewing experience, but also exceeds it, Populous expects to draw a variety of types of spectators.

“Technology is keeping people in their homes,” Sherlock said. “We reversed that notion, and in this urban context, this

Introducing Populous’ Living Park, an exclusive baseball stadium for the future

fall 2014

67

park-like setting is the community living room where you go to get super technology at your fingertips.”

The 37,500-seat Living Park, which grows if the park is packed, retains traditional elements and enhances them as well. The seating berm gets magnified, and the away scoreboard is topped by a data-dripping LED board. The seating bowl rises for better views, and the suite experience creates places to socialize in a fan-flexible way. Populous suggests opening up the dugouts, in-park batting cages and other off-limit areas to allow intersection with athletes. Populous even modernized the mow pattern of the grass. Now that’s futuristic.

Article by Tim Newcomb of Sports Illustratedhttp://www.si.com/mlb/strike-zone/2014/03/13/populous-living-park-baseball-stadium-for-the-future

COMMENTS

This article demonstrates the concept of a stadium as an organism. Populous theorizes the modern stadium to grow as necessary, but in terms of attendance. The stadium also needs to grow along with the city. The relationship of the stadium and the city should be just as important as the relationship between the stadium and the event. My capstone project will take this concept of the “living stadium” and relate it to the city as well as to the event.

stad

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In option 1, the programmatic needs of the stadium are understood and scaled to proper proportions. Then a site is found that can support this program and the size of the stadium. The end result is a stadium that rests in the urban fabric and is scaled to the human instead of disregarding this relationship all together. This option will focus on the design of the stadium to programmatically connect it with the city.

a. Combine programmatic needs of the city and the stadium.

b. Find a site for the playing field.

c. Add program onto the site to develop a civic stadium.

7.1Consolidate the stadi-um using programmatic needs of the city.

Stad

ium Pr

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m

City P

rogr

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+a.

b.

c.

fall 2014

69

Stad

ium Pr

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City P

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am

+In option 2, the programmatic needs for new civic infrastructure are defined and compared to the programmatic needs for a new stadium. Program that overlaps is then determined essential. Once the program of the city and the stadium are developed, the stadium will become a tool in which to link all program both structurally and financially. This design option will focus on the way the stadium grows with the neighborhood around it, and will try to redefine the ways stadiums are designed in terms of the city.



c. Add program to the site and its context to develop a city-stadium.

7.2Explode the stadium

and program into the city to integrate into the

context.a.

b.

c.

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In option 2, the programmatic needs for new civic infrastructure are defined and compared to the programmatic needs for a new stadium. Program that overlaps is then determined essential. Once the program of the city and the stadium are developed, the stadium will become a tool in which to link all program both structurally and financially. This design option will focus on the way the stadium grows with the neighborhood around it, and will try to redefine the ways stadiums are designed in terms of the city.

WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO THE

CITY?

THE CITY’S PUBLIC SPACE

THE CITY’S USE

1. How does the city plan around the stadi-um?

2. Does it serve another purpose than host-ing games?

1. How does it respond to the population of the city?2. Static or dynamic population?3. Is this population sustainable?

1. Does it symbolize the community?2. Why is it reflective of the community?3. Does the community have a vested interest in it?

1. What civic events take place in it?2. The place for the city to celebrate civic accomplishments.

The stadium has always been the most iconic structure in the city. Futher investigation into the symbolism of the stadium will continue to illustrate its importance to the city. Also, understand-ing how the city has evolved around the stadium is imparitive to this questionn.

1. Does it symbolize the architecture/urban environment of the city?

2. Is it imparitive to the city?CIVIC

ICON/SYMBOL

WHAT HAS IT DONE FOR THE

CITY?

CIVIC IMAGE

1. How has it redefined the image of the city and how it is portrayed to outsiders?

2. What type of social power does it demon-strate?


1. Has it brought wealth/prosperity to a lacking community?2. Does it restore hope to a community?

DOES IT RE-STORE THE

COMMUNITY?

THE STADIUM+

THE CITY

MASTER-PLANNING

IN THE URBAN FABRIC

IN THE SOCIAL FABRIC

SURROUNDING TYPOLOGIES

NEW DEVELOPMENT?

SCALE RELA-TIONSHIP

ADJACENT STREET TYPES

1. Amount of good and bad traffic2. Street width

3. How are the streets used before, during, and after games?

1. Does it sprun new development?2. What type of development occurs around it?3. What scale is the new development?

1. What type of district is the stadium located in?2. Does it compete with or help other establishments?

1. Does the stadium fit into the surrounding context?2. How does it relate to the human scale?

3. Does its occupancy reflect the population?

This project will understand the current relationship between the urban fabric and stadiums, and further question how they can

better relate to the city and the surronding context.

This project will understand how the stadium fits in the social fabric and how it can be designed to become the most important

civic structure in the city/community.

Cities use the stadium as a tool for urban planning and an object to plan around. Instead of planning around stadiums, how can

the stadium be planned around the city?

STADIUM URBANISM

THE STADIUM+

SOCIETY

Population$500m + Budget

NEW DEVELOPMENT?

SYMBOLOGYCIVIC EVENTS

CIVIC ACCOM-PLISHMENTS

1. What else can $500m or more do for the city other than keep a team from moving?

2. How does this budget effect the city?

1. Does it spurn new development in the city?2. What type of development occurs before and after it?

3. What type of people are attracted to the new development?

1. How often does the stadium hold civic events other than sporting events?

2. How does the city relate to the events taking place in it?

1. How often does the city celebrate accomplishments in or around this space?

2. What types of accomplishments have taken place in it?

WHY IS IT IMPORTANT

TO SOCIETY?

Stadia have the ability to reshape a city. What once was a place built for viewing an event, is now the most important piece of civic infrastructure in the city. Historically, the stadium was built as a monument to society. The Roman Colosseum was built as political gifts to the city, which symbolized the importance of recreation and entertainment for the society. It was a space for the city to meet as one, to share its views, and to celebrate civic accomplishments. The modern stadium is still a space for civic celebration, but why is it important for a city to have this space? What is the role of the modern stadium today? This project examines the role of stadia and sport in American culture, and how it is used to help progress and strengthen a society. This progress is reflected by the cities in which these stadia are located. The American city is a city of power, abundance, and wealth. Stadia and sport help communicate this image to the world.

Sport is a major aspect of the society in the American city. Previously, cities were viewed as centers for manufacturing, industry, retail, and service. The city center today turns to recreation

and entertainment with sport being the central focus. Today’s American city is about experience. Mark Rosentraub explains that “cities have capitalized on the importance of experience and entertainment consumption by providing the space in which these unique opportunities can occur.” Indianapolis and Phoenix have both reimagined their city centers for sporting events that bring national attention (i.e. NCAA Final Four, Super Bowl). Similarly, Sacramento, brought in an NBA team to show that it is not just a city for government. Washington D.C. is one of twelve cities in America to have four teams (Redskins, Nations, Wizards, and Capitals) from the major professional sports leagues (NFL, MLB, NBA, NHL). Washington D.C. is also home to the Major League Soccer team, D.C. United, making it one of eight cities in the nation to have five professional sports teams. What does this mean for cities today? Why does a city want to be viewed as a “Major League” city? The American city reflects an image of abundance and wealth. The root of this image comes from the sports culture in American society.

STADIUM URBANISMMATTHEW J. DUREIKOUrban Design Capstone Proposal _ Fall 2014Kent State University CAED _ CUDCCommitee: Adil Sharag-Eldin (Lead), Jeff Kruth, William Willoughby

TOPIC INTRODUCTION

MIND MAP

INVE

STM

ENT

LOCA

TION

FENWAY PARK

DESIGN OPTIONS

METHODOLOGY

1.

2.

MIAMI MARLINS PARK


AT&T Park was built in the China Basin district of San Francisco, and since, has begun to redevelop the area. This is an example of how the stadium attracts development to improve a once downtrodden space in the city. Since the district relies on the stadium, the two have a symbiotic relationship.


AT&T PARK

1. Find examples of stadiums that fit in urban fabric, and compare to stadiums that do not fit in urban fabric.

2. Understand how the successful stadiums fit into the city and what makes them iconic.

3. Determine programmatic needs of the city and the stadium and compare.

4. Redefine program, and blend it into the city.

AVERAGE STADIUM COST

$460m 81$5 Bill.PUBLIC $ SPENT ON

STADIUMS SINCE 2000DAYS USED PER YEAR43% OVER $460M

CONCLUSION + PRODUCTToday’s stadiums focus on the event and are objects concieved from capitalism. The city’s investment in the teams that play in these spaces goes beyond the multi-million dollar budget that they require. The social investment is just as important to consider in these massive civic infrastructure projects. The today’s stadium deisgn is focused on building the most advanced modern stadium. This project begins to explore how stadiums such as Fenway Park, and Wrigley Field have grown with the city, how they respond to the urban context, and relate to the society. These investments of $500m+ need to consider the city just as successfuly as they do the teams that play there. The product of this research will be a new way to idealize the modern stadium, and a design that allows the stadium to become a place for the city once again.

1909

Section Through Stadium

Section Through Stadium 3rd St. Section

NW 3rd St. Section

Yawkey Way Section

Willie Mays Pl. Section

NW 4th St. Section

Lansdowne St. Section

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1912 1928 1938

1938 2000 2005 2012

2002 2009 2010 2014

SITE CHOICE CHECKLISTPROGRAM

0 3 6 9 12 15

=[ [] ]< 1 mile

1.1 - 4.9 miles

> 5 miles

# of stadiums 12 acre site 5 city blocks

DISTANCE FROM CITY CENTER STADIUM SITE SIZE










PEOPLE PER SQ. MILE

PEOPLE PER SQ. MILE

PEOPLE PER SQ, MILE




$50k

$151k

$32k

12.7k

17.2k

1.3k

STOP + GO

SLOW

FREE-FLOW

STAD

IUM

BUI

LT A

ROUN

D CI

TYPR

OJEC

T SU

MM

ARY

CITY

BUI

LT A

ROUN

D ST

ADIU

MST

ADIU

M IM

POSE

D ON

CIT

Y







ADAQUATE ACCESS TO PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION



4 life/society

3 built fabric9 seating

10 stadium communites11 fan zones

12 team zones

14 history


15 future

16 culture

17 renovations

2 governing body

4 mlb


6 event rules

7 circulation

8 public spaces

1 people1 fans

2 spectators

3 media

Stad

ium

Pro

gram

Stad

ium

Pro

gram

Dis

tille

d

4 life/society

10 neighborhoods

11 zoning

12 History

13 future


16 shrinkage


3 built fabric

4 city laws5 government braches

6 circulation

7 public spaces

2 governing body

1 social classes

2 visitors

3 residents

1 people

City

Pro

gram

Dis

tille

d

City

Pro

gram St

adiu

m P

rogr

am

City

Pro

gram

+

Stad

ium

Pro

gram

City

Pro

gram

+

Ohio City (example site)

8

2014/15

71


In option 2, the programmatic needs for new civic infrastructure are defined and compared to the programmatic needs for a new stadium. Program that overlaps is then determined essential. Once the program of the city and the stadium are developed, the stadium will become a tool in which to link all program both structurally and financially. This design option will focus on the way the stadium grows with the neighborhood around it, and will try to redefine the ways stadiums are designed in terms of the city.

WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO THE

CITY?

THE CITY’S PUBLIC SPACE

THE CITY’S USE

1. How does the city plan around the stadi-um?

2. Does it serve another purpose than host-ing games?

1. How does it respond to the population of the city?2. Static or dynamic population?3. Is this population sustainable?

1. Does it symbolize the community?2. Why is it reflective of the community?3. Does the community have a vested interest in it?

1. What civic events take place in it?2. The place for the city to celebrate civic accomplishments.


1. Does it symbolize the architecture/urban environment of the city?

2. Is it imparitive to the city?CIVIC

ICON/SYMBOL

WHAT HAS IT DONE FOR THE

CITY?

CIVIC IMAGE

1. How has it redefined the image of the city and how it is portrayed to outsiders?

2. What type of social power does it demon-strate?


1. Has it brought wealth/prosperity to a lacking community?2. Does it restore hope to a community?

DOES IT RE-STORE THE

COMMUNITY?

THE STADIUM+

THE CITY

MASTER-PLANNING

IN THE URBAN FABRIC

IN THE SOCIAL FABRIC

SURROUNDING TYPOLOGIES

NEW DEVELOPMENT?

SCALE RELA-TIONSHIP

ADJACENT STREET TYPES

1. Amount of good and bad traffic2. Street width

3. How are the streets used before, during, and after games?

1. Does it sprun new development?2. What type of development occurs around it?3. What scale is the new development?

1. What type of district is the stadium located in?2. Does it compete with or help other establishments?

1. Does the stadium fit into the surrounding context?2. How does it relate to the human scale?

3. Does its occupancy reflect the population?

This project will understand the current relationship between the urban fabric and stadiums, and further question how they can

better relate to the city and the surronding context.

This project will understand how the stadium fits in the social fabric and how it can be designed to become the most important

civic structure in the city/community.

Cities use the stadium as a tool for urban planning and an object to plan around. Instead of planning around stadiums, how can

the stadium be planned around the city?

STADIUM URBANISM

THE STADIUM+

SOCIETY

Population$500m + Budget

NEW DEVELOPMENT?

SYMBOLOGYCIVIC EVENTS

CIVIC ACCOM-PLISHMENTS

1. What else can $500m or more do for the city other than keep a team from moving?

2. How does this budget effect the city?

1. Does it spurn new development in the city?2. What type of development occurs before and after it?

3. What type of people are attracted to the new development?

1. How often does the stadium hold civic events other than sporting events?

2. How does the city relate to the events taking place in it?

1. How often does the city celebrate accomplishments in or around this space?

2. What types of accomplishments have taken place in it?

WHY IS IT IMPORTANT

TO SOCIETY?

Stadia have the ability to reshape a city. What once was a place built for viewing an event, is now the most important piece of civic infrastructure in the city. Historically, the stadium was built as a monument to society. The Roman Colosseum was built as political gifts to the city, which symbolized the importance of recreation and entertainment for the society. It was a space for the city to meet as one, to share its views, and to celebrate civic accomplishments. The modern stadium is still a space for civic celebration, but why is it important for a city to have this space? What is the role of the modern stadium today? This project examines the role of stadia and sport in American culture, and how it is used to help progress and strengthen a society. This progress is reflected by the cities in which these stadia are located. The American city is a city of power, abundance, and wealth. Stadia and sport help communicate this image to the world.

Sport is a major aspect of the society in the American city. Previously, cities were viewed as centers for manufacturing, industry, retail, and service. The city center today turns to recreation

and entertainment with sport being the central focus. Today’s American city is about experience. Mark Rosentraub explains that “cities have capitalized on the importance of experience and entertainment consumption by providing the space in which these unique opportunities can occur.” Indianapolis and Phoenix have both reimagined their city centers for sporting events that bring national attention (i.e. NCAA Final Four, Super Bowl). Similarly, Sacramento, brought in an NBA team to show that it is not just a city for government. Washington D.C. is one of twelve cities in America to have four teams (Redskins, Nations, Wizards, and Capitals) from the major professional sports leagues (NFL, MLB, NBA, NHL). Washington D.C. is also home to the Major League Soccer team, D.C. United, making it one of eight cities in the nation to have five professional sports teams. What does this mean for cities today? Why does a city want to be viewed as a “Major League” city? The American city reflects an image of abundance and wealth. The root of this image comes from the sports culture in American society.

STADIUM URBANISMMATTHEW J. DUREIKOUrban Design Capstone Proposal _ Fall 2014Kent State University CAED _ CUDCCommitee: Adil Sharag-Eldin (Lead), Jeff Kruth, William Willoughby

TOPIC INTRODUCTION

MIND MAP

INVE

STM

ENT

LOCA

TION

FENWAY PARK

DESIGN OPTIONS

METHODOLOGY

1.

2.

MIAMI MARLINS PARK


AT&T Park was built in the China Basin district of San Francisco, and since, has begun to redevelop the area. This is an example of how the stadium attracts development to improve a once downtrodden space in the city. Since the district relies on the stadium, the two have a symbiotic relationship.


AT&T PARK

1. Find examples of stadiums that fit in urban fabric, and compare to stadiums that do not fit in urban fabric.

2. Understand how the successful stadiums fit into the city and what makes them iconic.

3. Determine programmatic needs of the city and the stadium and compare.

4. Redefine program, and blend it into the city.

AVERAGE STADIUM COST

$460m 81$5 Bill.PUBLIC $ SPENT ON

STADIUMS SINCE 2000DAYS USED PER YEAR43% OVER $460M

CONCLUSION + PRODUCTToday’s stadiums focus on the event and are objects concieved from capitalism. The city’s investment in the teams that play in these spaces goes beyond the multi-million dollar budget that they require. The social investment is just as important to consider in these massive civic infrastructure projects. The today’s stadium deisgn is focused on building the most advanced modern stadium. This project begins to explore how stadiums such as Fenway Park, and Wrigley Field have grown with the city, how they respond to the urban context, and relate to the society. These investments of $500m+ need to consider the city just as successfuly as they do the teams that play there. The product of this research will be a new way to idealize the modern stadium, and a design that allows the stadium to become a place for the city once again.

1909


Section Through Stadium 3rd St. Section

NW 3rd St. Section

Yawkey Way Section

Willie Mays Pl. Section

NW 4th St. Section

Lansdowne St. Section

HH In

com

eHH

Inco

me

HH In

com

ePo

pula

tion

Dens

ityPo

pula

tion

Dens

ityPo

pula

tion

Dens

ityTr

affic

Flo

ws

Traf

fic F

low

sTr

affic

Flo

ws


1912 1928 1938

1938 2000 2005 2012

2002 2009 2010 2014

SITE CHOICE CHECKLISTPROGRAM

0 3 6 9 12 15

=[ [] ]< 1 mile

1.1 - 4.9 miles

> 5 miles

# of stadiums 12 acre site 5 city blocks

DISTANCE FROM CITY CENTER STADIUM SITE SIZE










PEOPLE PER SQ. MILE

PEOPLE PER SQ. MILE

PEOPLE PER SQ, MILE




$50k

$151k

$32k

12.7k

17.2k

1.3k

STOP + GO

SLOW

FREE-FLOW

STAD

IUM

BUI

LT A

ROUN

D CI

TYPR

OJEC

T SU

MM

ARY

CITY

BUI

LT A

ROUN

D ST

ADIU

MST

ADIU

M IM

POSE

D ON

CIT

Y







ADAQUATE ACCESS TO PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION



4 life/society

3 built fabric9 seating

10 stadium communites11 fan zones

12 team zones

14 history


15 future

16 culture

17 renovations

2 governing body

4 mlb


6 event rules

7 circulation

8 public spaces

1 people1 fans

2 spectators

3 media

Stad

ium

Pro

gram

Stad

ium

Pro

gram

Dis

tille

d

4 life/society

10 neighborhoods

11 zoning

12 History

13 future


16 shrinkage


3 built fabric

4 city laws5 government braches

6 circulation

7 public spaces

2 governing body

1 social classes

2 visitors

3 residents

1 people

City

Pro

gram

Dis

tille

d

City

Pro

gram St

adiu

m P

rogr

am

City

Pro

gram

+

Stad

ium

Pro

gram

City

Pro

gram

+

Ohio City (example site)

stad

ium

urb

anis

m

72

POSTER SESSION COMMENTS _ 11/19/2014

“This is a civic proposal, not one based on finance.” Although this project is developed as a way to help the community, finance can not be excluded. This project will not be financially driven, however it will use simple numbers to strengthen the argument.

“What is the trajectory of sport? And what does the next generation stadium look like?” Defining how sport will change in the future will help drive design decisions as to how to incorporate it in the city, and how the city will relate to the team and the stadium.

“What about combining multiple sports into one stadium? How is it programmed for not just one event?” Stadia in the past had used the idea to combine multiple sports into one stadium, however this led to sterile spectator environments. This project will develop a stadium for Major League Baseball as its focus, yet allow for other events to occur during off days.

“What’s the relationship between multiple stadiums in the city? Size, location, etc.?” The most important relationship between stadiums in the city are their size. A city should have a variation of stadium capacities to allow different size events.

“What’s the relationship between the lifespan of the stadium and when development around it occurs?” The average age of MLB stadiums is about 25 years old. When cities decide to build a new stadium in hopes of attracting development, they need to consider how long the stadium’s life-span will see the proposed development.

“Think of what the stadium could do for the city instead of just inserting a bunch of new program.” Each city will have its unique issues that a stadium can help. These social issues should be observed on a case by case basis. Defining what a city’s needs are first will help to develop a program for the city.

“Use your case studies as a way to reverse engineer them. This will help develop a design concept.” This project will use the concept of stadia such as Fenway or Wrigley; the stadium growing with the city. This concept will be developed to suit a modern design that will greatly impact the city.

“How does the name park evoke its being or type?” The idea of the baseball “park” leads to the concept of leisure. Baseball stadiums are places for people to relax with friends and other fans during the game, and allows people to take a break from everyday life.

“Are there other examples such as the one in Miami that do work in that type of neighborhood?” Although there are other successful examples of a stadium built in an area of the city to attract development (see AT&T Park), the main factor that does not bode well for Miami is that Marlins’ Park is located in a poor neighborhood, where development is unlikely to follow.

“Look into where parking is in location to the stadium.” The Gateway Project in Cleveland focused on this concept, and decided to offer very little parking. The idea was to make people park away from the stadium, and filter through the city. This same concept is seen at Fenway Park and Wrigley Field, where access to the stadium is focused public transportation.

In o

ptio

n 1,

the

pro

gram

mat

ic n

eeds

of

th

e st

adiu

m

are

unde

rsto

od

and

scal

ed

to

prop

er

prop

ortio

ns.

Then

a

site

is

foun

d th

at c

an s

uppo

rt th

is

prog

ram

and

the

siz

e of

the

sta

dium

. Th

e en

d re

sult

is a

sta

dium

tha

t re

sts

in t

he u

rban

fab

ric a

nd i

s sc

aled

to

the

hum

an in

stea

d of

dis

rega

rdin

g th

is

rela

tions

hip

all t

oget

her.

This

opt

ion

will

fo

cus

on t

he d

esig

n of

the

sta

dium

to

prog

ram

mat

ical

ly c

onne

ct i

t w

ith t

he

city

.

In o

ptio

n 2,

the

prog

ram

mat

ic n

eeds

for

new

civ

ic in

frast

ruct

ure

are

defin

ed a

nd

com

pare

d to

the

pro

gram

mat

ic n

eeds

fo

r a n

ew st

adiu

m. P

rogr

am th

at o

verla

ps

is t

hen

dete

rmin

ed e

ssen

tial.

Onc

e th

e pr

ogra

m o

f the

city

and

the

stad

ium

are

de

velo

ped,

the

sta

dium

will

bec

ome

a to

ol i

n w

hich

to

link

all

prog

ram

bot

h st

ruct

ural

ly a

nd fi

nanc

ially

. Thi

s de

sign

op

tion

will

focu

s on

the

way

the

stad

ium

gr

ows

with

the

neig

hbor

hood

aro

und

it,

and

will

try t

o re

defin

e th

e w

ays s

tadi

ums

are

desi

gned

in te

rms

of th

e ci

ty.

WHAT

DOE

S IT

MEAN

TO TH

E CI

TY?

THE C

ITY’S

PUBL

IC SP

ACE

THE C

ITY’S

USE

1. Ho

w do

es th

e city

plan

arou

nd th

e stad

i-um

?2.

Does

it se

rve a

nothe

r pur

pose

than

host-

ing ga

mes?

1. Ho

w do

es it

resp

ond t

o the

popu

lation

of

the ci

ty?2.

Stati

c or d

ynam

ic po

pulat

ion?

3. Is

this p

opula

tion s

ustai

nable

?

1. Do

es it

symb

olize

the c

ommu

nity?

2. Wh

y is i

t refl

ectiv

e of t

he co

mmun

ity?

3. Do

es th

e com

munit

y hav

e a ve

sted

int

eres

t in it?

1. Wh

at civ

ic ev

ents

take p

lace i

n it?

2. Th

e plac

e for

the c

ity to

celeb

rate

civic

acco

mplis

hmen

ts.

The s

tadium

has a

lway

s bee

n the

mos

t icon

ic str

uctur

e in t

he

city.

Futhe

r inv

estig

ation

into

the sy

mboli

sm of

the s

tadium

will

conti

nue t

o illu

strate

its im

porta

nce t

o the

city.

Also

, und

ersta

nd-

ing ho

w the

city

has e

volve

d aro

und t

he st

adium

is im

parit

ive to

thi

s que

stion

n.

1. Do

es it

symb

olize

the a

rchit

ectur

e/urb

an

envir

onme

nt of

the ci

ty?2.

Is it i

mpar

itive t

o the

city?

CIVI

C IC

ON/S

YMBO

L

WHAT

HAS

IT

DONE

FOR

THE

CITY

?

CIVI

C IM

AGE

1. Ho

w ha

s it r

edefi

ned t

he im

age o

f the

city

and h

ow it

is po

rtray

ed to

outsi

ders

?2.

What

type o

f soc

ial po

wer d

oes i

t dem

on-

strate

?

The s

tadium

has a

lway

s bee

n the

mos

t icon

ic str

uctur

e in t

he

city.

Futhe

r inv

estig

ation

into

the sy

mboli

sm of

the s

tadium

will

conti

nue t

o illu

strate

its im

porta

nce t

o the

city.

Also

, und

ersta

nd-

ing ho

w the

city

has e

volve

d aro

und t

he st

adium

is im

parit

ive to

thi

s que

stion

n.

1. Ha

s it b

roug

ht we

alth/

pros

perit

y to a

lac

king c

ommu

nity?

2. Do

es it

resto

re ho

pe to

a co

mmun

ity?

DOES

IT R

E-ST

ORE T

HE

COMM

UNITY

?

THE S

TADI

UM+

THE C

ITY

MAST

ER-

PLAN

NING

IN TH

E URB

AN

FABR

IC

IN TH

E SOC

IAL

FABR

IC

SURR

OUND

ING

TYPO

LOGI

ES

NEW

DEVE

LOPM

ENT?

SCAL

E REL

A-TIO

NSHI

P

ADJA

CENT

ST

REET

TYPE

S

1. Am

ount

of go

od an

d bad

traff

ic2.

Stre

et wi

dth3.

How

are t

he st

reets

used

befor

e, du

ring,

and a

fter g

ames

?

1. Do

es it

spru

n new

deve

lopme

nt?2.

What

type o

f dev

elopm

ent o

ccur

s aro

und i

t?3.

What

scale

is th

e new

deve

lopme

nt?

1. Wh

at typ

e of d

istric

t is th

e stad

ium lo

cated

in?

2. Do

es it

comp

ete w

ith or

help

other

estab

lishm

ents?

1. Do

es th

e stad

ium fi

t into

the su

rroun

ding c

ontex

t?2.

How

does

it re

late t

o the

huma

n sca

le?3.

Does

its oc

cupa

ncy r

eflec

t the

popu

lation

?

This

proje

ct wi

ll und

ersta

nd th

e cur

rent

relat

ionsh

ip be

twee

n the

ur

ban f

abric

and s

tadium

s, an

d fur

ther q

uesti

on ho

w the

y can

be

tter r

elate

to the

city

and t

he su

rrond

ing co

ntext.

This

proje

ct wi

ll und

ersta

nd ho

w the

stad

ium fi

ts in

the so

cial

fabric

and h

ow it

can b

e des

igned

to be

come

the m

ost im

porta

nt civ

ic str

uctur

e in t

he ci

ty/co

mmun

ity.

Cities

use t

he st

adium

as a

tool f

or ur

ban p

lannin

g and

an ob

ject

to pla

n aro

und.

Instea

d of p

lannin

g aro

und s

tadium

s, ho

w ca

n the

stad

ium be

plan

ned a

roun

d the

city?

STAD

IUM

URBA

NISM

THE S

TADI

UM+

SOCI

ETY

Popu

lation

$500

m +

Bu

dget

NEW

DEVE

LOPM

ENT?

SYMB

OLOG

YCI

VIC

EVEN

TS

CIVI

C ACC

OM-

PLIS

HMEN

TS

1. Wh

at els

e can

$500

m or

mor

e do f

or th

e city

othe

r tha

n kee

p a

team

from

movin

g?2.

How

does

this

budg

et eff

ect t

he ci

ty?

1. Do

es it

spur

n new

deve

lopme

nt in

the ci

ty?2.

What

type o

f dev

elopm

ent o

ccur

s befo

re an

d afte

r it?

3. Wh

at typ

e of p

eople

are a

ttrac

ted to

the n

ew de

velop

ment?

1. Ho

w oft

en do

es th

e stad

ium ho

ld civ

ic ev

ents

other

than

sp

ortin

g eve

nts?

2. Ho

w do

es th

e city

relat

e to t

he ev

ents

taking

plac

e in i

t?

1. Ho

w oft

en do

es th

e city

celeb

rate

acco

mplis

hmen

ts in

or

arou

nd th

is sp

ace?

2. Wh

at typ

es of

acco

mplis

hmen

ts ha

ve ta

ken p

lace i

n it?

WHY I

S IT

IMPO

RTAN

T TO

SOCI

ETY?

Stad

ia h

ave

the

abili

ty t

o re

shap

e a

city

. Wha

t on

ce w

as a

pla

ce b

uilt

for

view

ing

an e

vent

, is

now

the

mos

t im

porta

nt p

iece

of c

ivic

infra

stru

ctur

e in

the

city

. His

toric

ally,

the

stad

ium

was

bui

lt as

a m

onum

ent t

o so

ciet

y. Th

e Ro

man

Col

osse

um w

as b

uilt

as p

oliti

cal g

ifts

to th

e ci

ty, w

hich

sy

mbo

lized

the

impo

rtanc

e of

rec

reat

ion

and

ente

rtain

men

t fo

r th

e so

ciet

y. It

was

a s

pace

for

the

city

to m

eet a

s on

e, to

sha

re it

s vi

ews,

and

to c

eleb

rate

civ

ic a

ccom

plis

hmen

ts. T

he m

oder

n st

adiu

m is

stil

l a s

pace

for c

ivic

cel

ebra

tion,

but

why

is it

impo

rtant

for a

city

to h

ave

this

spa

ce?

Wha

t is

the

role

of t

he m

oder

n st

adiu

m to

day?

Thi

s pr

ojec

t exa

min

es th

e ro

le o

f sta

dia

and

spor

t in

Am

eric

an c

ultu

re, a

nd h

ow it

is u

sed

to h

elp

prog

ress

and

stre

ngth

en a

soc

iety

. Thi

s pr

ogre

ss

is re

flect

ed b

y th

e ci

ties

in w

hich

thes

e st

adia

are

loca

ted.

The

Am

eric

an c

ity is

a c

ity o

f pow

er,

abun

danc

e, a

nd w

ealth

. Sta

dia

and

spor

t hel

p co

mm

unic

ate

this

imag

e to

the

wor

ld.

Spor

t is

a m

ajor

asp

ect

of t

he s

ocie

ty in

the

Am

eric

an c

ity. P

revi

ousl

y, ci

ties

wer

e vi

ewed

as

cent

ers

for m

anuf

actu

ring,

indu

stry

, ret

ail,

and

serv

ice.

The

city

cen

ter t

oday

turn

s to

recr

eatio

n

and

ente

rtain

men

t with

spo

rt be

ing

the

cent

ral f

ocus

. Tod

ay’s

Am

eric

an c

ity is

abo

ut e

xper

ienc

e.

Mar

k Ro

sent

raub

exp

lain

s th

at “

citie

s ha

ve c

apita

lized

on

the

impo

rtanc

e of

exp

erie

nce

and

ente

rtain

men

t co

nsum

ptio

n by

pro

vidi

ng t

he s

pace

in w

hich

the

se u

niqu

e op

portu

nitie

s ca

n oc

cur.”

Ind

iana

polis

and

Pho

enix

hav

e bo

th r

eim

agin

ed t

heir

city

cen

ters

for

spo

rting

eve

nts

that

brin

g na

tiona

l atte

ntio

n (i.

e. N

CAA

Fin

al F

our,

Supe

r Bow

l). S

imila

rly, S

acra

men

to, b

roug

ht

in a

n N

BA t

eam

to

show

tha

t it

is n

ot ju

st a

city

for

gov

ernm

ent.

Was

hing

ton

D.C

. is

one

of

twel

ve c

ities

in A

mer

ica

to h

ave

four

team

s (R

edsk

ins,

Nat

ions

, Wiz

ards

, and

Cap

itals

) fro

m th

e m

ajor

pro

fess

iona

l spo

rts le

ague

s (N

FL, M

LB, N

BA, N

HL)

. Was

hing

ton

D.C

. is

also

hom

e to

the

Maj

or L

eagu

e So

ccer

team

, D.C

. Uni

ted,

mak

ing

it on

e of

eig

ht c

ities

in th

e na

tion

to h

ave

five

prof

essi

onal

spo

rts te

ams.

Wha

t doe

s th

is m

ean

for

citie

s to

day?

Why

doe

s a

city

wan

t to

be

view

ed a

s a

“Maj

or L

eagu

e” c

ity?

The

Amer

ican

city

refle

cts

an im

age

of a

bund

ance

and

wea

lth.

The

root

of t

his

imag

e co

mes

from

the

spor

ts c

ultu

re in

Am

eric

an s

ocie

ty.

STAD

IUM

UR

BANI

SMM

ATTH

EW J.

DUR

EIKO

Urba

n De

sign

Cap

ston

e Pr

opos

al _

Fal

l 201

4Ke

nt S

tate

Uni

vers

ity C

AED

_ CU

DCCo

mm

itee:

Adi

l Sha

rag-

Eldi

n (L

ead)

, Jef

f Kru

th, W

illia

m W

illou

ghby

TOPI

C IN

TROD

UCTI

ON

MIN

D M

AP

INVESTMENT

LOCATION

FENW

AY P

ARK

DESI

GN O

PTIO

NS

MET

HODO

LOGY

1. 2.

MIA

MI M

ARLI

NS P

ARK

Fenw

ay P

ark

was

dev

elop

ed i

n th

e Ba

ck B

ay F

ens

of B

osto

n. O

ver

time,

it

has

grow

n al

ong

with

the

nei

ghbo

rhoo

d ar

ound

it

and

has

beco

me

argu

ably

the

mos

t ico

nic

base

ball

stad

ium

in th

e co

untry

. The

ne

ighb

orho

od is

now

defi

ned

by th

e st

adiu

m, b

ut th

e st

adiu

m a

lso

relie

s on

the

urba

n fa

bric

aro

und

it.

AT&T

Par

k w

as b

uilt

in t

he C

hina

Bas

in d

istri

ct o

f San

Fra

ncis

co, a

nd

sinc

e, h

as b

egun

to re

deve

lop

the

area

. Thi

s is

an

exam

ple

of h

ow th

e st

adiu

m a

ttrac

ts d

evel

opm

ent t

o im

prov

e a

once

dow

ntro

dden

spa

ce in

th

e ci

ty. S

ince

the

dist

rict r

elie

s on

the

stad

ium

, the

two

have

a s

ymbi

otic

re

latio

nshi

p.

Mia

mi M

arlin

s Pa

rk w

as t

o be

loca

ted

in d

ownt

own

Mia

mi.

Onc

e th

e si

te w

as m

oved

to L

ittle

Hav

ana,

the

hope

was

that

the

stad

ium

wou

ld

help

to re

deve

lop

the

area

, sim

ilar t

o w

hat A

T&T

Park

has

don

e fo

r San

Fr

anci

sco.

How

ever

, thi

s st

adiu

m is

loca

ted

in a

low

inco

me

area

of t

he

city

with

littl

e ac

cess

to p

ublic

tran

spor

tatio

n.

AT&T

PAR

K

1. Fi

nd e

xam

ples

of s

tadi

ums

that

fit i

n ur

ban

fabr

ic, a

nd c

ompa

re to

sta

dium

s th

at d

o no

t fit i

n ur

ban

fabr

ic.

2. U

nder

stan

d ho

w th

e su

cces

sful

sta

dium

s fit

into

the

city

and

wha

t mak

es th

em ic

onic

.

3. D

eter

min

e pr

ogra

mm

atic

need

s of

the

city

and

the

stad

ium

and

com

pare

.

4. R

edefi

ne p

rogr

am, a

nd b

lend

it in

to th

e ci

ty.

AVER

AGE

STAD

IUM

CO

ST

$460

m81

$5 Bi

ll.PU

BLIC

$ S

PENT

ON

STAD

IUM

S SI

NCE

2000

DAYS

USE

D PE

R YE

AR43

% O

VER

$460

M

CONC

LUSI

ON +

PRO

DUCT

Toda

y’s

stad

ium

s fo

cus

on th

e ev

ent a

nd a

re o

bjec

ts c

onci

eved

from

cap

italis

m. T

he c

ity’s

inve

stm

ent

in th

e te

ams

that

pla

y in

thes

e sp

aces

goe

s be

yond

the

mul

ti-m

illio

n do

llar b

udge

t tha

t the

y re

quire

. Th

e so

cial

inve

stm

ent i

s ju

st a

s im

porta

nt to

con

side

r in

thes

e m

assi

ve c

ivic

infra

stru

ctur

e pr

ojec

ts.

The

toda

y’s

stad

ium

dei

sgn

is fo

cuse

d on

bui

ldin

g th

e m

ost a

dvan

ced

mod

ern

stad

ium

. Thi

s pr

ojec

t be

gins

to e

xplo

re h

ow s

tadi

ums

such

as

Fenw

ay P

ark,

and

Wrig

ley

Fiel

d ha

ve g

row

n w

ith th

e ci

ty,

how

they

resp

ond

to th

e ur

ban

cont

ext,

and

rela

te to

the

soci

ety.

Thes

e in

vest

men

ts o

f $50

0m+

need

to

con

side

r th

e ci

ty ju

st a

s su

cces

sful

y as

the

y do

the

tea

ms

that

pla

y th

ere.

The

pro

duct

of t

his

rese

arch

will

be

a ne

w w

ay to

idea

lize

the

mod

ern

stad

ium

, and

a d

esig

n th

at a

llow

s th

e st

adiu

m to

be

com

e a

plac

e fo

r the

city

onc

e ag

ain.

1909

Sect

ion

Thro

ugh

Stad

ium

Sect

ion

Thro

ugh

Stad

ium

3rd

St. S

ectio

n

NW 3

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9 W E L L B E I N G + THE C I T Y

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The theme of this semester has been WELL BEING AND THE CITY.

What does it mean for the city to “be well”, and further, what is the “city”? Our

course has tried to discover this theme from week one, and this is my personal

interpretation as to what BEING WELL in the city means:

BEING WELL is a positive emotion. It is an emotion and a feeling that

allows the individual to connect with the physical city. It allows the individual

to feel as others around them feel. BEING WELL in the city is when

you give to the city and it gives back to you. It is a special relationship that

is defined, rather ever-changing. It is not a universal feeling. It can not be

quantified, rather only expressed.

This semester has demonstrated that BEING WELL in the city is an

individual emotion. The broad range of projects that this class has produced

expresses just that. Observing my classmates’ work has allowed me to see

the many different layers that make up the city; the same layers that make

the city so rich. It has shown me that the “city” is whatever you define it as:

it’s not just the buildings, or the people, or the location of the place. This

semester has helped me understand that the city is the relationship between

the people, the communities, and the environment. The relationships are what

define the city.

My personal relationship with sports has allowed me to exploit my views of

the city through the medium of professional sport. “Stadium Urbanism” is not

about the stadium itself. It is about the realtionship between the place and the

people, and how sport socially connects the entire city. Social connections

allow the city to BE WELL.

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“developing a base / the master plan”

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final product = re-coceptulize the baseball stadi-um typology to better integrate into the urban fabric expressed through drawings, models, and writing.

* denotes scheduled meeting with advisor(s), with other meetings set as needed.

semester starts 1/12 and ends 5/1

5

first

revie

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10

sec

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revie

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15

fin

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view

“expanding an idea”

“expressing the concept”

spring 2015 semester = 15 weeks

wk 1 wk 2 wk 3* wk 4* wk 5 wk 6 wk 7* wk 8* wk 9* wk 10 wk 11* wk 12* wk 13 wk 14* wk 15

10 spring semester schedule

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“developing a base / the master plan”

1 +

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final product = re-coceptulize the baseball stadi-um typology to better integrate into the urban fabric expressed through drawings, models, and writing.

* denotes scheduled meeting with advisor(s), with other meetings set as needed.

semester starts 1/12 and ends 5/1

5

first

revie

w

10

sec

ond

revie

w

15

fin

al re

view

“expanding an idea”

“expressing the concept”

spring 2015 semester = 15 weeks

wk 1 wk 2 wk 3* wk 4* wk 5 wk 6 wk 7* wk 8* wk 9* wk 10 wk 11* wk 12* wk 13 wk 14* wk 15

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Blog: Stadium Urbanism

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During my first three semesters of graduate school studying architecture and urban design

at the CUDC, community has been a major theme. We have discussed different types of

communities, and what their needs are. The main difference I have observed is that urban

design requires design flexibility for multiple communities while architecture is design for

a specific community in mind. So how does this relate to stadium design? The modern

stadium is built to service one type of event. However, the best stadiums are designed

to relate to the many different types of people that come to the game. For example,

Progressive Field in Cleveland serves as the home to the Cleveland Indians. Here, you

have of course, the loge and club seats for the season ticket holders. There’s the “Subway

Fan Zone” who want to be in a designed community, the “Budweiser Patio” for a party

atmosphere, the “Kids Zone” for families with small children, the “Social Media Suite”

for young professionals that can’t get off of their cell phones, the bleachers for a casual

fan, and a bar in center field for another type of party. These sections directly express the

different way fans choose to watch a baseball game. No longer are stadiums designed like

Fenway or Wrigley where there is the same type of seating that revolves around the playing

field. So if stadiums are designed for these many unique communities, should we consider

them as a type of urban design? I think the answer is yes.

11.1 Is stadium design architecture or urban design?

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The popularity of soccer in Britain has lead to a new identity for public theater. “The Playing

Field”, by Assemble, is a temporary outdoor theater designed like a stadium, in hopes that

it would attract a different culture to see theatrical performances. Since the stage is not

raised from the existing square, while there are no performances occurring, the structure

can be used by the public.

11.2 Sport and public theater.

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I had come across these maps the other day and found them to be extremely representative

of today’s culture and society. Now, in a global society, state boarders really have little

meaning other than for jurisdiction purposes. Team pride now trumps civic or state pride

in today’s mainstream culture. Remapping the United States by most popular NFL and MLB

team really shows how we associate ourselves with our territory. It is especially interesting

for me looking at the favorite NFL teams map. In the coming years, the Cleveland Browns

are considering moving their training camp to Columbus in hopes of expanding their fan

base in the state. It is very similar to when a nation may push their boundaries in order to

gain more power, although power in the NFL’s case is fan support, which in turn equals

dollars.

11.3 Mapping America by favorite professional sports teams.

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In reading Understanding Sports Culture, by Tony Schirato, he identifies that there are two

communities that watch sport. There is the spectator. The spectator enjoys to find out what

happens in the game. They read the internet, turn on ESPN, or flip on the game to see the

outcome of their favorite team. There is also the fan. The fan is someone that is emotionally

invested to a team, athlete, event, ect. This person feels the pain of losing and the high of

winning. The fan is not satisfied with only the outcome, but want to understand the story

and process behind it. They need the full narrative instead of just a summary or the final

score. Schirato argues that fandom is learned, and for parts of the early 20th century, it was

the media that had taught society to be “fans”. Sport was an event for spectators. Most

people did not know when or where events took place. They did not even know who was on

a team. It was not until the newspapers started to advertise for games that people became

more interested in sport. When events started to attract large amounts of fans, newspapers

responded by giving more credence to covering sport. When the media realized that money

could be made off of sport, they began to create an “insatiable thirst for sports news”

(Understanding Sports Culture, P. 84). Newspapers no longer only printed the final scores

of contests. They came up with the “box score” which gave a detailed summary of the

stanzas of the game. They began to write more about what happened during the game and

the time leading up to the game. The media understood that they would be able to make

more money if they were able to get their readers emotionally invested in a commodity. The

media taught us to be fans.

11.4 The media and the creation of “fans”.

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I was watching a lecture given by Simon Sinek today and he asked the question what is a

“culture”? It as a social bond of people with a common sense of values and beliefs. He talks

about the relationships in a culture and how they make you feel wanted and appreciated.

They make you feel safe. It is this feeling of appreciation and being part of a collective

whole that makes sport an identity of the American culture. Too often we walk into work or

school and do not feel appreciated. We feel anxious about getting our work done or finding

the correct solution to a problem. Sport gives society an escape from the anxiousness of

our daily lives and routines. Sport gives people a way to bond together for one reason: to

support a team, to support the collective whole. And when the team wins, we feel like ALL

win. Sport is extremely important to a fragmented American society.

11.5 Why is sport important to peo-ple and society?

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Sport is a utopian institution in which one is theoretically judged based only on physical

talent and skill. I had come across this piece titled “A Meaning of Sports” (Nanda). The

first thing that came to mind when looking at this piece was that it so closely resembled

the structure of “The Ideal City” by Piero della Francesca. ” The architecture in both works

represent the structure and formality of governing bodies (rules and laws), and the use

of perspective gives each work a foundation. However, the most glaring, and obvious

difference between the two is that “A Meaning of Sports” is filled with people in the

foreground while the “Ideal City” lacks any human figures. In the “Ideal City”, people are

left out as a way to symbolize that no human is perfect. Yet in “A Meaning of Sports”, people

(all women) fill the image. Is the artist suggesting that sport is a place where imperfection

(the people) seek idealism? I find the image very interesting and hope you will have your

own interpretations of it.

Sport as utopia.11.6

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How does a city project their image to the rest of the nation? For cities in the midwest

like Cleveland, or Kansas City, this image is best represented and communicated by

professional sports. For Cleveland, it has been the return of LeBron James that has made

the city “cool” and the place to be. For Kansas City, it is the World Series that is projecting

its image to the country. In cities such as these, the fan base is so invested in their teams,

that these teams represent and reflect the city. John Shreve of the sports architecture firm,

Populous (based in Kansas City), discusses how the Royals first trip to the postseason

after 29 years is helping to tell the story of their city to the nation on one of the brightest

and biggest stages.

Repost: “October in Kansas City: using sports to tell a com-munity’s story”.11.7

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You can think of Wrigley Field extending “outside” of the stadium itself. Seats to watch

the game are found on town-homes across the street from the stadium. These seats are

a unique way to view the games, since they offer amenities such as indoor bars and full

service dining. What if stadium seats located outside of the confines could be used to

better connect the city with the stadium?

Wrigley rooftops.11.8

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There was much discussion in 2012 about the Atlanta Falcons proposed stadium. Dr.

Benjamin Flowers, of Georgia Tech, speaks to the public about what they should expect

from a hundred million dollar project. He suggests that asking the design to accommodate

other civic functions would help the new stadium integrate better with the community. To

see Dr. Flowers speak, skip to 52:30.

Atlanta Falcons stadium dis-cussion.11.9

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While reading Mark Rosentraub’s article about sports’ facilities and the city center, he

discussed that sport is the identity of our culture. He made a point in that Sacramento,

the capital of California, brought in an NBA team in order to redefine the city as not only

a place for governance. It is similar to Washington D.C. and the fact that they are home

to 5 professional sports teams (NFL, NBA, MLB, NHL, and MLS). It is very significant for

these capital cities to understand that their people enjoy sport. It showcases the citizens

interests so that visitors can better understand the people of the state and the country. It

reminds me of my time in Europe and learning that cities built great cathedrals to express

the power of religion.

Sport and the identity of the city.11.10

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I came across a blog post by Paul Lukez and Cameron King, of Paul Lukez Architecture in

Boston, that talked about how the city and Fenway Park are integrated. Much of what they

talk about is Fenway’s integration into the urban fabric, its scale, and its history. The issue

with today’s modern stadia is that they are poorly designed in terms of their relationship

with the human, the street, and the rest of the urban fabric. Miami Marlins Park is a prime

example of a new stadium overtaking a neighborhood community. My observation is that

these new mega-stadiums are built to benefit the team and its business interests. The

historic stadiums like Fenway and Wrigley Field better connect with their communities, and

are the icons of the city. An investment by the city and through public dollars should better

consider the city and its people, and not only the teams.

Repost: “Baseball ur-banism”.11.11

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Today’s stadium planning always seems to include possible development. This image of

a proposed stadium for the Buffalo Bills is a good example of a city idealizing the how the

stadium will generate new development in an industrial area of the city. This idea works

when a city does not have room for a new stadium and must find another site. However,

in the case of Buffalo, new development outside of the downtown could be detrimental

to its current situation. The city should focus more on what is existing, and use its new

investment into a stadium to assist in filling in its downtown. Their minor league baseball

stadium seems to do this well. In order for Buffalo to develop all of the proposed plan will

take years and a lot of money to develop, and in many cases, plans like this are not followed

through. For example, Cleveland imagined that by building the Browns’ stadium on the

lake would bring waterfront development. After about 15 years, there has not been any of

the proposed development that the city envisioned. So why do cities look at stadiums as a

way to develop other areas while their city centers remain incomplete?

New Buffalo Bills’ stadium.11.12

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I found it interesting while reading “The Stadium”, by Rod Sheard, that stadium design can

theoretically be broken down into five generations:

1. The first stadiums were basically just a field that people would crowd around. Teams

would build stands out of wood to accommodate the spectators, but the quality of facilities

were not a priority, and people often would watch from places of higher elevation such as

hills or rooftops. (1. Villa Park in Birmingham England)

2. The next generation of stadia had to respond to television. Now, fans could watch the

games in their own homes and did not have to feel crowded at the event. Stadia began

to include better accommodations for fans so that the in stadium experience was more

enjoyable than at home. (2. Houston Astrodome)

3. Theme parks became a new form of competition beginning with the opening of Disney

World in the 1970’s. Stadiums had to become places for family entertainment. Stadiums

started to focus on how to make spaces for the entire family, as well as to make the structure

safer. (3. Angels Stadium in Anaheim)

4. As television exploded and started generating more money for the sports teams, the

stadium was re-imagined again. This time, it was viewed as a revenue generating machine.

Teams were no longer worried about packing in as many fans as possible. They wanted the

stadium to make as much money as possible for them, both in its physical presence as well

as its digital presence on TV. It had to attract people to the games from their TV’s at home,

The “five generations” the-ory11.13

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but it also had to make a statement to

people watching away from the game. The

Cowboy’s stadium in Dallas (4.) was built

to host football games, as well as many

other types of events, from basketball

games to concerts and more.

5. Finally, the stadium has now become a

tool for urban regeneration. Stadia are now

seen as ways to help start development

and grow cities. With the costs of a new

stadium exceeding $500 million, a city

needs to understand how that investment

can work for them as well as for the team.

Many of the stadiums in the 1990’s planned

well and have seen their stadium(s) work

for them (ie. Baltimore, Cleveland, Denver,

Minneapolis, and Pittsburgh). (5. Oriole

Park at Camden Yards).

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

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What happens to stadiums once their live is over? The History Channel’s special “Life After

People: America’s Pastime” considers this idea. The problem already exists as cities shut

down old stadiums and do not have a plan for how they can be used after they become

obsolete for sporting events. Should cities, architects, and urban designers take more

interest in how these stadiums grow and deteriorate? The stadium is a living structure, no

different from the city itself. With more study on the life and death of stadiums, cities and

planners can use these spaces to strengthen the city. An example that comes to mind is

Piazza Navona in Rome. It is one of the most important public spaces in the city, but was

once a stadium for athletics. Can this be a model for the after life of stadiums?

Stadiums after people.11.14

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Incredible amounts of money go into the design of today’s stadiums. With cities and teams

spending nearly $1 billion on new facilities, we would expect them to be around for a long

time, but that is not the case in today’s society. So my question is what makes a stadium

so iconic that it should not be torn down. Is it because the stadium is an engineering first,

such as the Cowboys’ stadium and its arches? Is it because a team that had played there

won a championship and it should be considered hallowed grounds? I think it is something

else entirely. Wrigley field is one of the most iconic stadiums in all of the U.S. It is perhaps

one of the stadiums with the least amenities for fans and players. Sure it has the famous ivy

outfield walls, but ivy on walls can’t make a stadium iconic. It is the relationship between

the residents and the stadium that make Wrigley Field Iconic. It is the identity of their

community, Wrigleyville. It is what brings people to the shops and restaurants in the area.

It is so iconic that baseball fans will take a pilgrimage just to see Wrigley. Without Wrigley

Field, Wrigleyville would not be Wrigleyville. The stadium is much more than a structure. It

is the symbol of its community.

What makes a stadium iconic?11.15

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Design Process + Presentation

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12Our first review of our design concept took place at Kent State’s Graduate Research

Symposium, which included research from all colleges in the university. 10 minute

presentations were given to selected judges, not necessarily from each presenters

background.

To present my research using a more scientific approach, I seperated my data into

catagories such as historical analysis, site observations, relevance of the topic, and design

proposal. It was my goal to present this design based project in a rational manner, that

used the scientific method to outline my project. This was quite difficult, seeing as design

is a subjective field, while science is completely objective. The biggest issue that I had

during this poster session was just that; to present a subjective project in an objective way.

I think that my use of breaking down my theory into these catagories helped the judges

understand that I am not just giving a design idea for the site, rather, I was attempting to

quantify a problem, and give an experimental solution as to how to solve it.

This process was extremely helpful for me, in that it requried me to go back, and focus

my concept and theory in a way that is a-typical in the design field. We usually present

beautiful drawings, and give our best guesses as to how a design might work or function.

Presenting the work that leads up to the final design allowed me to subjectively present

this project.

2014/15

113

Site

Sel

ectio

n Cr

iteria

12

3

4

7

8

5

6

Residential

Park

Rail

Rail

Rail

Rail

Vehicular

University

University

Residential

Vehicular

Vehicular

BLDG

100

ft.

50 ft

.

03

69

1215

< 1

mile

1.1

- 4.9

mile

s

> 5

mile

s

# of

sta

dium

s12

acr

e si

te5

city b

lock

s

The

mod

ern

stad

ium

has

bec

ome

a pl

ace

sole

ly fo

r pr

ofit

max

imiza

tion.

It h

as b

ecom

e a

ster

ile s

pace

for

spor

t and

civi

c ev

ents

to h

appe

n. W

ith m

any

failu

res

in re

cent

sta

dium

des

ign

to a

ddre

ss th

e su

rrou

ndin

g co

mm

uniti

es a

nd n

eigh

borh

oods

, it i

s tim

e to

re-th

ink

how

sta

dium

s ar

e de

sign

ed. T

he A

mer

ican

base

ball

stad

ium

is th

e pe

rfect

typo

logy

for t

his

new

con

cept

of s

tadi

um to

hap

pen.

Bas

ebal

l is

the

mos

t urb

an s

port

this

cou

ntry

has

. It i

s pl

ayed

in u

niqu

e sp

aces

suc

h as

bac

kyar

ds, p

arks

, or o

ther

pub

lic s

pace

s. T

he g

ame

itsel

f is

leis

urel

y. It

is a

n es

cape

from

the

hust

le a

nd b

ustle

of e

very

day

life.

Whe

n yo

u go

to a

bas

ebal

l ga

me,

you

may

cho

ose

to w

atch

it p

itch

by p

itch,

inni

ng b

y in

ning

. In

toda

y’s c

ultu

re, t

he g

ame

has

beco

me

a ba

ckdr

op fo

r soc

ial e

vent

s. Yo

u no

w g

o to

a g

ame

to m

eet f

riend

s, h

ave

a be

er, a

nd ju

st e

njoy

bei

ng in

the

city.

This

is p

ortra

yed

best

in F

enw

ay P

ark.

Fen

way

was

bui

lt to

fit i

nto

the

site

, and

into

the

city.

Its g

ates

ar

e lo

cate

d in

the

stre

ets,

the

team

shop

is lo

cate

d ac

ross

the

stre

et fr

om th

e st

adiu

m, a

nd a

cces

s to

the

stad

ium

bar

s is

from

the

side

wal

ks. I

t has

a h

umbl

e m

assi

ng in

rela

tion

to th

e co

mm

unity

it is

loca

ted.

But

th

e m

ost i

mpo

rtant

con

cept

that

link

s Fe

nway

Par

k to

Bos

ton

is it

s gr

owth

alo

ng w

ith th

e cit

y. Th

is p

roje

ct

will

conc

eptu

alize

the

mod

ern

stad

ium

in th

e w

ay th

at F

enw

ay P

ark

was

bui

lt ov

er ti

me,

colla

ging

itse

lf w

ith

the

city.

Atla

nta’s

new

stad

ium

pro

posa

l tak

es th

e Br

aves

30 m

iles o

utsi

de o

f dow

ntow

n At

lant

a. Th

ey a

re p

ropo

sing

to

crea

te a

new

life

styl

e co

mm

unity

to s

urro

und

the

stad

ium

to ca

ptur

e m

ore

reve

nue.

Thi

s “in

stan

t urb

anis

m”

does

not

cre

ate

a ho

listic

, sus

tain

able

com

mun

ity, a

nd p

oses

oth

er im

plica

tions

to th

e re

gion

, suc

h as

traf

fic

cong

estio

n. A

lthou

gh th

e co

ncep

t of i

nteg

ratin

g th

e st

adiu

m w

ith a

n ad

jace

nt c

omm

unity

was

atte

mpt

ed, i

t do

es n

ot a

ddre

ss a

ny re

al s

ocia

l or u

rban

pro

blem

s.

In F

ebru

ary,

Pres

iden

t Bar

ack

Obam

a’s 2

016

budg

et w

as p

rese

nted

to C

ongr

ess.

It c

alls

for

barr

ing

tax-

exem

pt b

onds

to h

elp

finan

ce p

ro-s

ports

facil

ities

. Dur

ing

the

last

30

year

s, th

ese

bond

s ha

ve g

iven

$17

billi

on -

tax

free

- to

team

s to

ass

ist t

hem

in c

onst

ruct

ing

new

sta

dia,

whi

ch a

re in

tend

ed fo

r inf

rast

ruct

ure

such

as

road

s, h

ighw

ays

or s

ewer

s. W

ith P

resi

dent

Oba

ma’s

new

pro

posa

l, fin

ancin

g fo

r sta

dium

s, a

s w

ell

as th

eir d

esig

n, w

ill h

ave

to b

e re

-imag

ined

. (So

urce

: Wal

l Stre

et J

ourn

al)

Investment

Aver

age

Stad

ium

Co

st

$460

m$5

Bill.

Publ

ic $

spen

t on

stad

ium

s si

nce

2000

81Da

ys u

sed

per y

ear

43%

of s

tadi

a >$

460m

[]

=St

adiu

m S

ite S

ize

Abst

ract

Site

Det

ails

Mat

thew

J. D

urei

ko

Co

mm

ittee

: Adi

l Sha

rag-

Eldi

n, P

h.D.

, Jef

f Kru

th, W

illia

m W

illou

ghby

Obse

rvat

ions

Daily

Use

Desi

gn P

ropo

sal

Dist

. to

City

Cen

ter

Rele

vanc

e

1

typi

cal s

ite u

sage

23

45

67

89

1011

1213

1415

1617

1819

2021

2223

24

light

use

mediu

m us

e

heav

y use

Fenw

ay P

ark

was

dev

elop

ed in

the

Back

Bay

Fen

s of

Bos

ton.

Ove

r tim

e, it

has

gro

wn

alon

g w

ith th

e ne

ighb

orho

od a

roun

d it

and

has

beco

me

argu

ably

the

mos

t ico

nic

base

ball

stad

ium

in th

e co

untry

. Th

e ne

ighb

orho

od is

now

def

ined

by

the

stad

ium

, but

the

stad

ium

als

o re

lies

on th

e ur

ban

fabr

ic ar

ound

it.

1928

1909

1938

1912

2005

1938

2012

2000

2010

2002

2014

2009

AT&T

Par

k w

as b

uilt

in th

e Ch

ina

Basi

n di

stric

t of S

an F

ranc

isco

, and

sin

ce, h

as b

egun

to re

deve

lop

the a

rea.

This

is an

exam

ple o

f how

the s

tadi

um at

tract

s dev

elop

men

t to i

mpr

ove a

once

dow

ntro

dden

sp

ace

in th

e cit

y. Si

nce

the

dist

rict r

elie

s on

the

stad

ium

, the

two

have

a s

ymbi

otic

rela

tions

hip.

Mia

mi M

arlin

s Pa

rk w

as to

be

loca

ted

in d

ownt

own

Mia

mi.

Once

the

site

was

mov

ed to

Litt

le H

avan

a,

the

hope

was

that

the

stad

ium

wou

ld h

elp

to re

deve

lop

the

area

, sim

ilar t

o w

hat A

T&T

Park

has

don

e fo

r San

Fra

ncis

co. H

owev

er, t

his

stad

ium

is lo

cate

d in

a lo

w in

com

e ar

ea o

f the

city

with

littl

e ac

cess

to

pub

lic tr

ansp

orta

tion.

stadium built around city stadium imposed on citycity built around stadium3 Ci

ty-S

tadi

um R

elat

ions

hip

Type

s:Th

e or

thog

onal

grid

sys

tem

of C

hica

go li

mits

the

cros

s po

llina

tion

betw

een

prog

ram

. The

ver

tical

ba

nds

of u

niqu

e pr

ogra

m c

reat

es a

dis

conn

ect

betw

een

regi

ons.

The

lon

e el

emen

t th

at c

uts

thro

ugh

each

of t

hese

ban

ds is

und

er u

tilize

d an

d do

es n

ot o

ffer t

he li

nkag

e th

at th

e si

te n

eeds

. The

st

adiu

m w

ill b

ecom

e a

tool

to a

llow

for t

he c

ross

po

llina

tion

of p

rogr

am.

KEY

1 US

Cel

lula

r Fie

ld

2 Ar

mou

r Squ

are

Park

3 w.

35t

h St

.

4 Re

d Li

ne

5 Cr

own

Hall

6 M

cCor

mick

Trib

une

Cam

pus

Cent

er

7 Pr

ogre

ssive

Bap

tist C

hurc

h

8 W

entw

orth

Gar

den

Apar

tmen

ts

stad

ium

u

rba

nis

m- 8

8 to

tal a

cres

- Sta

dium

is o

n 14

acr

es- A

rmou

r Squ

are

Park

is 9

.5 a

cres

- On-

site

pub

lic tr

ansp

orta

tion

stop

s

- 1 m

etro

- 8

bus

- Adj

acen

t pub

lic tr

ansp

orta

tion

stop

s

- 1 m

etro

- 8

bus

-Hig

hway

acc

ess

ever

y 1/2

mile

s -N

o de

sign

ated

bik

e la

nes

< 5

mile

s fro

m ci

ty ce

nter

esta

blis

hed

neig

hbor

hood

adeq

uate

acc

ess

to p

ublic

tran

spor

tatio

nac

cess

to h

ighw

ayex

istin

g civ

ic/so

cial i

nfra

stru

ctur

edi

stric

t is

in n

eed

of m

ore

civic

infra

stru

ctur

e8

- 12

acre

par

cel

stre

et a

cces

s on

all

side

s of

site

1 or

mor

e m

ajor

road

adj

acen

t to

site

exis

ting

hole

in th

e ur

ban

fabr

icne

ighb

orho

od o

ccup

ied

24/7

dist

rict l

acks

a la

ndm

ark

popu

latio

n de

nsity

> 8

,000

ppl

./per

sq.

mile

hous

ehol

d in

com

e >

$50,

000

dist

rict l

acki

ng e

nter

tain

men

t opt

ions

need

for t

he ci

ty to

exp

and

othe

r dev

elop

men

t occ

urrin

gab

ility

for u

rban

/eco

nom

ic/po

pula

tion/

ect.

grow

th

Expl

oded

Pro

gram

The p

rogr

am is

expl

oded

from

the s

tadi

um co

nfin

es, a

nd

plac

ed in

to th

e su

rrou

ndin

gs. I

nste

ad o

f hav

ing

all o

f the

st

ands

, tick

et b

ooth

s, a

dver

tisem

ents

, and

am

eniti

es in

th

e fa

cility

, the

y ar

e di

strib

uted

into

the

cont

ext t

o al

low

th

e ne

ighb

orho

od to

ben

efit

from

the

stad

ium

, whi

le th

e st

adiu

m b

enef

its fr

om th

e ne

ighb

orho

od.

Build

ing

Topo

grap

hyAs

you

app

roac

h th

e ex

istin

g st

adiu

m, i

t fee

ls m

assi

ve,

and

out o

f pla

ce. S

eein

g th

e mas

sive

stru

ctur

e all

at on

ce

lead

s to

the

over

whe

lmin

g fe

elin

g at

the

site

. Slo

ping

the

build

s up

tow

ard

the

stad

ium

will

hel

p to

conn

ect i

ts

size

with

the

neig

hbor

hood

aro

und

it. T

his

will

lim

it th

e

view

s of

the

stad

ium

, allo

win

g it

to s

eam

less

ly fi

t int

o

the

neig

hbor

hood

.

Parc

els

The

exis

ting

88 a

cre

site

is p

arce

lled

equa

lly, a

nd g

iven

back

to th

e co

mm

unity

. By

cont

rolli

ng th

e si

ze o

f the

parc

els,

it

ensu

res

that

one

ent

ity c

an n

ot g

row

too

larg

e, a

nd ta

ke o

ver t

he n

eigh

borh

ood.

Thi

s als

o cr

eate

s

a ne

ed fo

r neg

otia

tion

betw

een

the

city

and

the

team

to

crea

te th

e st

adiu

m.

The

City

- St

adiu

mTh

e cit

y -

stad

ium

is a

res

pons

e to

the

pres

ent t

heor

y

of s

tadi

um d

esig

n. It

is a

con

cept

see

n fir

st in

the

early

1900

’s, w

hen

base

ball

had

first

bec

ome

popu

lar,

and

team

s w

ould

bui

ld s

tadi

a. F

enw

ay P

ark,

and

Wrig

ley

Fiel

d ar

e th

e tw

o m

ost i

coni

c st

adia

in A

mer

ica d

ue to

the

fact

that

they

rely

so h

eavil

y on

the

city:

Bost

on sh

uts

dow

n Ya

wke

y W

ay d

urin

g ga

me

days

, and

ope

ns it

on

off d

ays;

Wrig

ley

Roof

tops

are

ble

ache

rs lo

cate

d on

the

roof

s of

v a

cros

s th

e st

reet

from

the

stad

ium

, and

offe

r

a di

ffere

nt w

ay to

view

a C

ubs’

gam

e. B

oth

stad

ia e

xten

d

them

selv

es in

to th

e cit

y.

AT&T

Sta

dium

: San

Fra

ncis

co, C

A

Mar

lins’

Par

k: M

iam

i, FL

Fenw

ay P

ark:

Bos

ton,

MA

w. 3

5th

st.

s. w

ells

st.

s. s

hiel

ds a

ve.

w. p

ersh

ing

rd.

stad

ium

urb

anis

m

114

130 3 6 9 12 15

$460m

=12 acre site 5 city blocks

Stadium Site Size

Inve

stm

ent

Distance to City Center

Less than 1

mile

1.1 - 4.9 miles

More than 5

miles

# of stadiums

Average Stadium Cost

$5 Bill.Public $ spent on

stadiums since 2000

81Days used per year

43% Over $460m[ ]

The modern stadium has become a place solely

for profit maximization. It has become a sterile

space for sport and civic events to happen.

With many failures in recent stadium design

to address the surrounding communities and

neighborhoods, it is time to re-think how

stadiums are designed. The American baseball

stadium is the perfect typology for this new

concept of stadium to happen. Baseball is

the most urban sport this country has. It is

played in unique spaces such as backyards,

parks, or other public spaces. The game itself

is leisurely. It is an escape from the hustle

and bustle of everyday life. When you go to

a baseball game, you may choose to watch

it pitch by pitch, inning by inning. In today’s

culture, the game has become a backdrop for

social events. You now go to a game to meet

friends, have a beer, and just enjoy being in

the city. This is portrayed best in Fenway Park.

Fenway was built to fit into the site, and into

the city. Its gates are located in the streets,

the teamshop is located across the street from

the stadium, and access to the stadium bars is

from the sidewalks. It has a humble massing

in relation to the community it is located. But

the most important concept that links Fenway

Park to Boston is its growth along with the city.

This project will conceptualize the modern

stadium in the way that Fenway Park was built

over time, collaging itself with the city.

New stadium projects are discussed almost

everyday, even though the average age of a

MLB stadium is 25 years old. Teams want

to play in the most modern, technologically

advanced facility they can. This leaves the city

with a difficult decision: either renovate or

build a new stadium, or allow the team to find

another venue else where.

In Atlanta, the Braves are beginning work on

Sun Trust Park, a new mixed use neighborhood

with the stadium as its anchor. Although the

team and the architects are thinking along

the lines of community integration, the design

results in a restrictive neighborhood. All of

the shops, restaurants, and apartments are

Braves themed, creating a space like Disney

World. This instant urbanism is not beneficial

to the surrounding neighborhood, or the new

development. The project removes itself from

the city of Atlanta completely, so that it does

not have to deal with the city’s existing urban

issues. And when it comes down to the new

“urban stadium”, Sun Trust Park is of the

same model that has been built for the last 25

years; a standard seating bowl and concourse,

constructed with false idiosyncrasies to

replicated the stadia of old.

But this problem is not only seen in the new

proposal in Atlanta. Many cities decide that

they plan to develop the community around a

new stadium. The question is will the stadium

attract development? And can the stadium

sustain it. Cleveland, for example, has done

a great job with the Gateway Complex.

Progressive Field and Quicken Loans Arena

were sited well, and the programming allowed

for development to follow. Now the city’s

entertainment districts rely on the stadiums

and their location. However, when Cleveland

proposed to build First Energy Field on the

shores of Lake Eire, the city sold it to the

community by telling them that it would bring

development with it. It has been 16 years since

this project was completed, and the proposed

development has not followed. Understanding

that stadia today have a life of about 25 to 30

years, cities must ask themselves if future

development can occur during that timespan.

And if development has followed a stadium,

can it sustain itself after the stadium is gone?

Abstract

symbiotic s t a d i u mMatthew J. DureikoUrban Design Capstone Project _ Spring 2015M.U.D. Final Capstone Review

Why is This Relevant? Relevant Examples

Baseball in the City

sun

trus

t par

k -

atla

nta

othe

r ex

ampl

es

Patriot Place Buffalo Bills new stadium

Site prep. + construction

LA City of Champions

New plan

Cleveland Lakefront Redevelopment

Insular Stadium Neighborhood Typical stadium design

Fenway Park - Boston, MA

Fenway Park was developed in the Back Bay Fens of Boston. Over time, it has grown along with the

neighborhood around it and has become arguably the most iconic baseball stadium in the country. The

neighborhood is now defined by the stadium, but the stadium also relies on the urban fabric around it.

League Park Shibe ParkBaseball in the Street Forbes Field

stad

ium

bui

lt ar

ound

city

Stadium Typologies

AT&T Park - San Francisco, CA

AT&T Park was built in the China Basin district of San Francisco, and since, has begun to redevelop the

area. This is an example of how the stadium attracts development to improve a once downtrodden space

in the city. Since the district relies on the stadium, the two have a symbiotic relationship.

city b

uilt

arou

nd s

tadi

um

Miami Marlins Park - Miami, FL

stad

ium

impo

sed

on ci

ty

Miami Marlins Park was to be located in downtown Miami. Once the site was moved to Little Havana, the

hope was that the stadium would help to redevelop the area, similar to what AT&T Park has done for San

Francisco. However, this stadium is located in a low income area of the city with little access to public

transportation.

1909

1909

1909

1928

1928

1928

1912

1912

1912

1938

1938

1938

A Prototype For a City - Stadium Relationship

2D Spatial Analysis

S. Wells St. + W. 35th St.

S. Shields Ave. + W. 35th St.

S. Princeton Ave. + W. 33rd St.

Site Photos

1. What role does the stadium have in the community?

2. How is it accepted within the city/community?

3. What are its constraints?

4. What does it attract?

Observation Questions

Site Assessment Site Historyless than 5 miles from city center

established neighborhood

adequate access to public transportation

access to highway

existing civic/social infrastructure

district is in need of more civic infrastructure

8 - 12 acre parcel

street access on all sides of site

1 or more major road adjacent to site

existing hole in the urban fabric

neighborhood occupied 24/7

district lacks a landmark

population density more than 8,000 ppl./per sq. mile

household income more than $50,000

district lacking entertainment options

need for the city to expand

other development occurring

ability for urban/economic/population/ect. growth

The grid in downtown Chicago is dense, and

compressed. This allows for maximum density in the

Loop. Here, the buildings grow taller, to compensate

with the smaller blocks.

On the north side, main diagonal roads cut through

the rectilinear grid. The residential blocks begin to

reshape, and acknowledge the diagonals that bisect

them. They begin to warp between the diagonal and

the vertical streets.

In Wrigleyville, Wrigley Field is the center of the block

formation. The residential blocks surrounding the

field begin to break up, as morph between block types.

Illinois Institute of Technology uses blocks that are

quite large. These begin to pull the traffic away from

campus buildings, with pedestrian paths inside these

blocks.

Loop

1

typical site usage

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1213 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

light use

medium use

heavy use

Daily Usage

1

2

3

4

7

8

5

6

Residential ParkRail

Rai

l

Rai

l

Rai

l

Vehi

cula

rUniversity University Residential

Vehi

cula

r

Vehi

cula

r

Program Stratification

North Side Wrigleyville IIT Campus

Warping the Grid Grid Hierarchy Resultant Grid Form Street Usage

The original grid relates to the context

around the site. It is pulled into the site

to set up a foundation for the rest of the

design.

The large grid, 1300 ft x 1300 ft represents

the mega-block of Chicago. This grid will

see the heaviest amount of vehicular

traffic through the site. It separates the

car away from the neighborhood blocks.

The stadium acts as a gravitational force,

and the grid warps around it accordingly.

Community blocks are regulated by a

200 ft x 600 ft block size.

When there is no game, the stadium is bounded by the adjacent streets. As people on the site use

the streets, they see into the stadium, forming a visual relationship.

The streets are a vital space surrounding the stadium. They shape the stadium, and are filled

with activity before and after a game. The stadium and the streets are not seen as two separate

things, but are to be used in conjunction with each other; they have symbiotic relationship.

On game day, the stadium expands into the streets. They close down to vehicular traffic, and are

used for access into the stadium. This allows for the stadium to have a more appropriate scale

within its context.

The stadium is located on the site of the

existing US Cellular Field.The warped grid slows through traffic,

and forms the pocket for the stadium.

The warped grid is trimmed at the site

boundary, and then reverts to its original

self outside of the site. This defines the

district that the stadium resides in.

The pedestrian grid is rotated toward

the view of downtown Chicago and is

perpendicular to the stadium. A view of

either always occurs.

Site Selection

Old Comiskey Park composed of multiple structures

Old Comiskey Park filled in as a singular structureHistoric Figure Ground

n

3D Spatial AnalysisPlan Diagram

Stadium Program

The Plumbers Union Local 130 UA shower is an

actual working shower, which was carried over

from Old Comiskey. So if you worked up a sweat

cheering on the team, you can take a shower in

front of 40,000 fans before you head home.

Fundamentals is a kid zone for children where they

are able to play a game or two with others. At least

its not video games...

White Sox legend’s are honored in statues that are

distributed around the ballpark. So for only the cost

of a ticket, and parking, and gas, and a hot dog, and

beer, you can worship your favorite baseball hero.

The Fan Deck overlooks center field at US Cellular,

and is built on a concession stand. So for those that

can’t get enough of that fried food smell, this is the

spot for you.

The #SoxSocial Lounge is a place for fans to charge

phones, use the internet, or watch the game on tv.

Is there a better way to be social than by sitting on

Twitter while in a room with 20 other people?

The X-Finity zone was developed in the left field

section of the stadium, where fans can order

food, watch sports on a HDTVs, and demo some

of X-Finity’s products. What could be better than

watching a game on a big screen at the ballpark?

The parking lots are used before the game for

tailgating and playing games with friends. Who

needs a baseball game, when you can

The Chicago Sports Depot is a retail and restaurant

space that also includes vertical circulation for

fans to the upper deck; all of your conveniences

packed into 300 feet!

The flat surface is grided to define the space for

the program to sit.

The surface then extrudes along the grid to form

space for the program.

The program is then pushed and pulled along the

grid to reconfigure the space on the site.

The pocket for the stadium to rest in is formed.

Surface Formation

MassingThe forms flow through the site and connect

with the context that surrounds the site. As they

move from north to south, they interact with each,

moving closer and farther to create unique spaces,

as well as a place for the stadium. The stadium is

what formed the city, and now the city forms the

stadium. This unique approach is what develops

the symbiotic relationship between the city and the

stadium. It is much like the relationship that Fenway

Park has with the Back Bay, and the relationship

that Wrigley Field has with Wrigleyville.

2014/15

115

0 3 6 9 12 15

$460m

=12 acre site 5 city blocks

Stadium Site Size

Inve

stm

ent

Distance to City Center

Less than 1

mile

1.1 - 4.9 miles

More than 5

miles

# of stadiums

Average Stadium Cost

$5 Bill.Public $ spent on

stadiums since 2000

81Days used per year

43% Over $460m[ ]

The modern stadium has become a place solely

for profit maximization. It has become a sterile

space for sport and civic events to happen.

With many failures in recent stadium design

to address the surrounding communities and

neighborhoods, it is time to re-think how

stadiums are designed. The American baseball

stadium is the perfect typology for this new

concept of stadium to happen. Baseball is

the most urban sport this country has. It is

played in unique spaces such as backyards,

parks, or other public spaces. The game itself

is leisurely. It is an escape from the hustle

and bustle of everyday life. When you go to

a baseball game, you may choose to watch

it pitch by pitch, inning by inning. In today’s

culture, the game has become a backdrop for

social events. You now go to a game to meet

friends, have a beer, and just enjoy being in

the city. This is portrayed best in Fenway Park.

Fenway was built to fit into the site, and into

the city. Its gates are located in the streets,

the teamshop is located across the street from

the stadium, and access to the stadium bars is

from the sidewalks. It has a humble massing

in relation to the community it is located. But

the most important concept that links Fenway

Park to Boston is its growth along with the city.

This project will conceptualize the modern

stadium in the way that Fenway Park was built

over time, collaging itself with the city.

New stadium projects are discussed almost

everyday, even though the average age of a

MLB stadium is 25 years old. Teams want

to play in the most modern, technologically

advanced facility they can. This leaves the city

with a difficult decision: either renovate or

build a new stadium, or allow the team to find

another venue else where.

In Atlanta, the Braves are beginning work on

Sun Trust Park, a new mixed use neighborhood

with the stadium as its anchor. Although the

team and the architects are thinking along

the lines of community integration, the design

results in a restrictive neighborhood. All of

the shops, restaurants, and apartments are

Braves themed, creating a space like Disney

World. This instant urbanism is not beneficial

to the surrounding neighborhood, or the new

development. The project removes itself from

the city of Atlanta completely, so that it does

not have to deal with the city’s existing urban

issues. And when it comes down to the new

“urban stadium”, Sun Trust Park is of the

same model that has been built for the last 25

years; a standard seating bowl and concourse,

constructed with false idiosyncrasies to

replicated the stadia of old.

But this problem is not only seen in the new

proposal in Atlanta. Many cities decide that

they plan to develop the community around a

new stadium. The question is will the stadium

attract development? And can the stadium

sustain it. Cleveland, for example, has done

a great job with the Gateway Complex.

Progressive Field and Quicken Loans Arena

were sited well, and the programming allowed

for development to follow. Now the city’s

entertainment districts rely on the stadiums

and their location. However, when Cleveland

proposed to build First Energy Field on the

shores of Lake Eire, the city sold it to the

community by telling them that it would bring

development with it. It has been 16 years since

this project was completed, and the proposed

development has not followed. Understanding

that stadia today have a life of about 25 to 30

years, cities must ask themselves if future

development can occur during that timespan.

And if development has followed a stadium,

can it sustain itself after the stadium is gone?

Abstract


Why is This Relevant? Relevant Examples


sun

trus

t par

k -

atla

nta

othe

r ex

ampl

es




New plan

Cleveland Lakefront Redevelopment

Insular Stadium Neighborhood Typical stadium design

Fenway Park - Boston, MA

Fenway Park was developed in the Back Bay Fens of Boston. Over time, it has grown along with the

neighborhood around it and has become arguably the most iconic baseball stadium in the country. The

neighborhood is now defined by the stadium, but the stadium also relies on the urban fabric around it.

League Park Shibe ParkBaseball in the Street Forbes Field

stad

ium

bui

lt ar

ound

city

Stadium Typologies

AT&T Park - San Francisco, CA

AT&T Park was built in the China Basin district of San Francisco, and since, has begun to redevelop the

area. This is an example of how the stadium attracts development to improve a once downtrodden space

in the city. Since the district relies on the stadium, the two have a symbiotic relationship.

city b

uilt

arou

nd s

tadi

um

Miami Marlins Park - Miami, FL

stad

ium

impo

sed

on ci

ty

Miami Marlins Park was to be located in downtown Miami. Once the site was moved to Little Havana, the

hope was that the stadium would help to redevelop the area, similar to what AT&T Park has done for San

Francisco. However, this stadium is located in a low income area of the city with little access to public

transportation.

1909

1909

1909

1928

1928

1928

1912

1912

1912

1938

1938

1938

A Prototype For a City - Stadium Relationship

2D Spatial Analysis

S. Wells St. + W. 35th St.

S. Shields Ave. + W. 35th St.

S. Princeton Ave. + W. 33rd St.

Site Photos

1. What role does the stadium have in the community?

2. How is it accepted within the city/community?

3. What are its constraints?

4. What does it attract?

Observation Questions

Site Assessment Site Historyless than 5 miles from city center



access to highway



8 - 12 acre parcel



























blocks.

Loop

1

typical site usage

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1213 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

light use

medium use

heavy use

Daily Usage

1

2

3

4

7

8

5

6

Residential ParkRail

Rai

l

Rai

l

Rai

l

Vehi

cula

rUniversity University Residential

Vehi

cula

r

Vehi

cula

r


North Side Wrigleyville IIT Campus

Warping the Grid Grid Hierarchy Resultant Grid Form Street Usage

The original grid relates to the context

around the site. It is pulled into the site

to set up a foundation for the rest of the

design.

The large grid, 1300 ft x 1300 ft represents

the mega-block of Chicago. This grid will

see the heaviest amount of vehicular

traffic through the site. It separates the


The stadium acts as a gravitational force,

and the grid warps around it accordingly.

Community blocks are regulated by a

200 ft x 600 ft block size.

When there is no game, the stadium is bounded by the adjacent streets. As people on the site use

the streets, they see into the stadium, forming a visual relationship.

The streets are a vital space surrounding the stadium. They shape the stadium, and are filled

with activity before and after a game. The stadium and the streets are not seen as two separate

things, but are to be used in conjunction with each other; they have symbiotic relationship.

On game day, the stadium expands into the streets. They close down to vehicular traffic, and are

used for access into the stadium. This allows for the stadium to have a more appropriate scale

within its context.

The stadium is located on the site of the

existing US Cellular Field.The warped grid slows through traffic,

and forms the pocket for the stadium.

The warped grid is trimmed at the site

boundary, and then reverts to its original

self outside of the site. This defines the

district that the stadium resides in.

The pedestrian grid is rotated toward

the view of downtown Chicago and is

perpendicular to the stadium. A view of

either always occurs.

Site Selection

Old Comiskey Park composed of multiple structures

Old Comiskey Park filled in as a singular structureHistoric Figure Ground

n

3D Spatial AnalysisPlan Diagram

Stadium Program

The Plumbers Union Local 130 UA shower is an

actual working shower, which was carried over

from Old Comiskey. So if you worked up a sweat

cheering on the team, you can take a shower in

front of 40,000 fans before you head home.

Fundamentals is a kid zone for children where they

are able to play a game or two with others. At least

its not video games...

White Sox legend’s are honored in statues that are

distributed around the ballpark. So for only the cost

of a ticket, and parking, and gas, and a hot dog, and

beer, you can worship your favorite baseball hero.

The Fan Deck overlooks center field at US Cellular,

and is built on a concession stand. So for those that

can’t get enough of that fried food smell, this is the

spot for you.

The #SoxSocial Lounge is a place for fans to charge

phones, use the internet, or watch the game on tv.

Is there a better way to be social than by sitting on

Twitter while in a room with 20 other people?

The X-Finity zone was developed in the left field

section of the stadium, where fans can order

food, watch sports on a HDTVs, and demo some

of X-Finity’s products. What could be better than

watching a game on a big screen at the ballpark?

The parking lots are used before the game for

tailgating and playing games with friends. Who

needs a baseball game, when you can

The Chicago Sports Depot is a retail and restaurant

space that also includes vertical circulation for

fans to the upper deck; all of your conveniences

packed into 300 feet!

The flat surface is grided to define the space for

the program to sit.

The surface then extrudes along the grid to form

space for the program.

The program is then pushed and pulled along the

grid to reconfigure the space on the site.


Surface Formation

MassingThe forms flow through the site and connect

with the context that surrounds the site. As they

move from north to south, they interact with each,

moving closer and farther to create unique spaces,

as well as a place for the stadium. The stadium is

what formed the city, and now the city forms the

stadium. This unique approach is what develops

the symbiotic relationship between the city and the

stadium. It is much like the relationship that Fenway

Park has with the Back Bay, and the relationship

that Wrigley Field has with Wrigleyville.

stad

ium

urb

anis

m

116

2005

2012

2002

1928

1938

Fenway Park AT&T Park Miami Marlins Park

Historical Analysis

1909

1912 2009

2010

2014

1938

2000

The original grid relates to the context around the

site. It is pulled into the site to set up a foundation for

the rest of the design.

The stadium acts as a gravitational force, and the grid

warps around it accordingly.

The stadium is located on the site of the existing US

Cellular Field.

The warped grid is trimmed at the site boundary, and

then reverts to its original self outside of the site. This

defines the district that the stadium resides in.

The flat surface is grided to define the space for the program

to sit.

The surface then extrudes along the grid to form space for the

program.

The program is then pushed and pulled along the grid to

reconfigure the space on the site.


Previous WorkWarped Grid 3D Grids

The large grid, 1300 ft x 1300 ft represents the mega-

block of Chicago. This grid will see the heaviest amount

of vehicular traffic through the site. It separates the


Community blocks are regulated by a 200 ft x 600 ft

block size.

The warped grid slows through traffic, and forms the

pocket for the stadium.

The pedestrian grid is rotated toward the view of

downtown Chicago and is perpendicular to the

stadium. A view of either always occurs.

Layered Grids

The modern stadium has become a place solely for profit maximization. It has become a sterile space for sport and civic events to happen. With many failures in recent stadium design to address the surrounding communities and neighborhoods, it is time to re-think how stadiums are designed. The American baseball stadium is the perfect typology for this new concept of stadium to happen. Baseball is the most urban sport this country has. It is played in unique spaces such as backyards, parks, or other public spaces. The game itself is leisurely. It is an escape from the hustle and bustle of everyday life. When you go to a baseball game, you may choose to watch it pitch by pitch, inning by inning. In today’s culture, the game has become a backdrop for social events. You now go to a game to meet friends, have a beer, and just enjoy being in the city. This is portrayed best in Fenway Park. Fenway was built to fit into the site, and into

the city. Its gates are located in the streets, the teamshop is located across the street from the stadium, and access to the stadium bars is from the sidewalks. It has a humble massing in relation to the community it is located. But the most important concept that links Fenway Park to Boston is its growth along with the city. This project will conceptualize the modern stadium in the way that Fenway Park was built over time, collaging itself with the city.

New stadium projects are discussed almost everyday, even though the average age of a MLB stadium is 25 years old. Teams want to play in the most modern, technologically advanced facility they can. This leaves the city with a difficult decision: either renovate or build a new stadium, or allow the team to find another venue else where.

In Atlanta, the Braves are beginning work on Sun Trust Park, a new mixed use neighborhood with the stadium as its anchor. Although the team and the architects are thinking along the lines of community integration, the design results in a restrictive neighborhood. All of the shops, restaurants, and apartments are Braves themed, creating a space like Disney World. This instant urbanism is not beneficial to the surrounding neighborhood, or the new development. The project removes itself from the city of Atlanta completely, so that it does not have to deal with the city’s existing urban issues. And when it comes down to the new “urban stadium”, Sun Trust

Park is of the same model that has been built for the last 25 years; a standard seating bowl and concourse, constructed with false idiosyncrasies to replicated the stadia of old.

But this problem is not only seen in the new proposal in Atlanta. Many cities decide that they plan to develop the community around a new stadium. The question is will the stadium attract development? And can the stadium sustain it. Cleveland, for example, has done a great job with the Gateway Complex. Progressive Field and Quicken Loans Arena were sited well, and the programming allowed for development to follow. Now the city’s entertainment districts rely on the stadiums and their location. However, when Cleveland proposed to build First Energy Field on the shores of Lake Eire, the city sold it to the community by telling them that it would bring development with it. It has been 16 years since this project was completed, and the proposed development has not followed. Understanding that stadia

today have a life of about 25 to 30 years, cities must ask themselves if future development can occur during that timespan. And if development has followed a stadium, can it sustain itself after the stadium is gone?

Abstract


Why is This Relevant?





New plan Insular Stadium Neighborhood

League Park Shibe ParkBaseball at the factory

A Stadium Composed of the City





Loop New Development






North Side




Wrigleyville




blocks.

IIT Campus

ParkingResidential Park Service RetailCity of Chicago White Sox HotelEntertainment

ParkingResidential Park Service RetailCity of Chicago White Sox HotelEntertainment

Stakeholders

Chicago Grid Analysis

Retail

City of Chicago

Entertainment

White Sox

Hotel

Residential

Parking

Park Service

1

typical site usage

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1213 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

light use

medium use

heavy use

S. W

ells

St.

+ W

. 35t

h St

.S.

Shi

elds

Ave

. + W

. 35t

h St

.S.

Pri

ncet

on A

ve. +

W. 3

3rd

St.

Site PhotosSite Selection

n

Site Assessmentless than 5 miles from city center



access to highway



8 - 12 acre parcel












Daily Usage

1

2

3

4

7

8

5

6


14

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Left Out Hotel

City sells parcels to retail developer to build neighborhood shops.

Residential developer sells bottom 2 floors to parking service to lift apartments up to view in the stadium.

Retail developer sells roof and air rights to residential

developer to build apartments.

Residential developer sells rooftop to team to build sky deck and lights.

City sells parcels to retail developer to build neighborhood shops.

Residential developer sells rooftop to team to add seats and advertisements.

Retail developer sells rooftop and air rights to residential developer to

build apartments.

City sells parcels to entertainment group to build establishments.

Entertainment group sells rooftop and air rights to hotel company to build

hotel.

Hotel sells rooftop to team to build stands, lights, and advertisements.

“The Tilted Sock”

NegotiationProgram Combo

“The Residence in Right Field”

NegotiationProgram Combo

“Left Out Hotel”

NegotiationProgram ComboStadium + Residential + Retail Stadium + Residential + Retail

+ EntertainmentStadium + Retail + Entertainment

Program Ratios Typical Dist.

Proposed Dist. Program Combos

Civic, Retail, Entertainment

Park, Civic, Retail, Entertainment

Stadium, Park, Residential

Retail, Entertainment

Stadium, Civic, Retail, Entertainment

Park, Retail, Entertainment

Proposed Stadium Program Distribution Program Combo Types Proposed Stadium Program Mix

Typical Stadium Program DistributionTypical Stadium Program Mix

Program Mix

Residential: 55%Retail: 10%Entertainment: 10%Public Space: 15%Civic: 10%

Program Mix


Program Mix


Program Mix










Program Mix


Program Mix


Program Mix


Program Mix










Program Mix


Program Mix


Program Mix


Program Mix










Program Mix


Program Mix


Program Mix


Program Mix


StadiumSite

Stadium Site

Program Zoning

Phase 1

Civic +Retail + Entertainment

Retail + Entertainment

Stadium + Civic + Retail + Entertainment

Park + Retail + Entertainment

Park + Civic + Retail + Entertainment

Stadium + Park + Residential

Phase 2 Phase 3

stad

ium

urb

anis

m

118

The final iteration of this project develops the stadium typology through the collaging of

the urban context. The stadium itself is the the visual and the spacial negotiation that

occurs over time between the city, the team, and other stakeholders. By using the concept

of negotiation, the stadium begins to blend itself with the city, creating a relationship

between the stadium and the city that is necessary for eaches well being. This begins to

conteract the modern stadium model of building the stadium all at once, only to adjust it

2014/15

119

over time, costing both the city and the team more money. What is further expressed, is

the concept of democracy, in which all parties involved are allowed input to the growth of

the stadium, the district, and the city. It is this idea that bringing many parties to the table

at the beginning will allow for solutions that are rooted in the community. The following

work describes the neogtiation of space in the urban sense, and how a city and stadium

can grow over time to work with each other.

stad

ium

urb

anis

m

120









Program Mix


Program Mix


Program Mix


Program Mix










Program Mix


Program Mix


Program Mix


Program Mix










Program Mix


Program Mix


Program Mix


Program Mix


Typical Program Mix Typical Program Distribution

Proposed Distribution Programmatic Combinations

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Typically, the mix surrounding baseball stadiums includes residential, retail, entertainment,

public parks, and civic spaces. These program types are distributed economically;

entertainment and retail rings around the stadium, residentail out further, and parks and

civic spaces are pushed to the outskirts. This lacks the overlap and mixing of program,

and creates a stratified neighborhood. Instead, each program type should be distributed

evenly throughout the district, so that each has an equal opportunity to use the stadium to

their advantage. By using a simple formula to distribute the program, that is exactly what

happens. As well, program starts to overlap, and unique programmatic combinations are

revealed. It is where these combonations happen that the negotiations take place, and

begin to form the city.

Program

stad

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122

The site is then zoned according to the program distribution. In doing so, this gives the

site a framework in which to grow from. The parceling of the site is equally important, so

that one entitiy can not take over control of the entire site, much like what is happening

today. What makes a neighborhood a community is the many people and stakeholders

involved that each have a say in what happens to their space. It is important to retain this

concept.

Zoning

2014/15

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StadiumSite

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urb

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m

124

2014/15

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ium

urb

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m

126

p.1

p.2

p.3

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The modern stadium, as mentioned before, is built all at once. This leaves very little

room for neighborhood growth, and does not allow the city to absorb the stadium.

The neighborhood is just as important as the stadium, and each should be planned to

maximize eaches maximum potential. The phasing diagrams show that it is important to

bring in as much development first to the site (phase 1 = 50% parcels developed; phase

2 = 95% parcels developed). Once most of the parecels are developed, stakeholders

can begin to sell their land or negotiate with other stakeholders in order to maximize their

assets (phase 3 = stakeholder negotiation and combination of parcels). This will allow for

an explosion of new buildings and space to be introduced to the site, so that over time,

development does not come to a hault.

Phasing

stad

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1. City sells parcels to retail developer to build neighborhood shops.

3. Residential developer sells rooftop to team to add seats and advertisements.

2. Retail developer sells rooftop and air rights to residential developer to build apartments.

1

2

3

Negotiation

stad

ium

urb

anis

m

132

“The Tilted Sock”

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1. City sells parcels to retail developer to build neighborhood shops.

3. Residential developer sells bottom 2 floors to parking service to lift apartments up to view in the stadium.

2. Retail developer sells roof and air rights to residential developer to build apartments.

4. Residential developer sells rooftop to team to build sky deck and lights.

1

2

3

4

Negotiation

stad

ium

urb

anis

m

134


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135

1. City sells parcels to entertainment group to build establishments.

3. Hotel sells rooftop to team to build stands, lights, and advertisements.

2. Entertainment group sells rooftop and air rights to hotel company to build hotel.

Negotiation

1

2

3

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BOOKS

D. Baim, The Sports Stadium as a Municipal Investment (Westport, Greenwood Press, 1994).

A. Betsky, Considering Rem Koolhaas and the Office for Metropolitan Architecture: What is OMA (Rotterndam, NAi Publishers, 2003)

S. Frank and S. Streets, Stadium Worlds: Football, space, and the built environment (New York, Routledge, 2010)

L. Ford, Soldier Field: A stadium and its city (London, University of Chicago Press, 2009).

A.B. Giamatti, A Great and Glorious Game (Chapel Hill, Algonquin Books, 1998).

A.B. Giamatti, Take Time for Paradise: Americans and their games (New York, Summit Books, 1989).

L. Groat, Architectural Research Methods: Second edition (Hoboken, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013).

R. Koolhaas, S, M, L, XL (The Monacelli Press, 1995).

M. Kubo, Seattle Public Library, OMA/LMN (Actar, 2005).

P. Richmond, Ballpark: Camden Yards and the building of an American dream (New York, Simon & Schuster, 1993).

A. Rossi, The Architecture of the City (Cambridge, The MIT Press, 1982).

R. Sheard, Sports Architecture (London, Spon Press, 2001).

R. Sheard, Stadia: The Populous design and development guide (Taylor & Francis, 2013).

R. Sheard, The Stadium: Architecture for the new global culture (Singapore, Periplus Editions, 2005).

C. Spirou, It’s Hardly Sportin’: Stadiums, neighborhoods, and the new Chicago (DeKalb, Northern Illinois University Press, 2003).

K. Welch, The Roman Amphitheatre: From its origins to the Colosseum (New York, Cambridge University Press, 2007).

SCHOLARLY JOURNALS

I. Abraham, Primitive Accumulation and Urban Renewal, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 41, No. 15 (Economic and Political Weekly, 2006).

R. Baade, The Impact of Stadiums and Professional Sports on Metropolitan Area Development, Growth and Change, (1990).

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S.A. Riess, Sport and the American Dream, Journal of Social History, Vol. 14, No. 2 (Oxford University Press, 1980).SCHOLARLY JOURNALS (cont.)

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WEB - ARTILCES

W. Brinson, NFL requirements for Super Bowl’s host city leaked (http://www.cbssports.com/nfl/eye-on-football/24584008/nfl-super-bowl-host-city-bid-specifications-and-requirements-leaked).

C. Brown, Kauffman Stadium turns 40 (http://www.royalsreview.com/2013/4/10/4207434/today-in-royals-history-royals-stadium-opens).

T. Elfrink, Six lies about the Marlins stadium (http://www.miaminewtimes.com/2011-05-05/news/six-lies-about-the-marlins-stadium/).

J. Glancey, What happens to abandoned stadiums? (http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20140731-eerie-abandoned-stadiums?ocid=socialflow_facebook).

D. Hanks, How a $91 million loan on the Marlins ballpark will cost Miami-Dade $1.2 billion (http://www.

miamiherald.com/news/business/economic-time-machine/article1946635.html).

M. Kimmelman, A Ballpark That May Be Louder Than the Fans: Marlins Park in Miami, Baseball’s Newest Stadium (http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/28/arts/design/marlins-park-in-miami-baseballs-newest-stadium.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1&).

C. King, Baseball Urbanism (http://www.lukez.com/2014/06/the-urban-fabric-of-fenway-park/).

S. McCaughan, Film Explores that Bygone “White Elephant”, The Miami Stadium (http://miami.curbed.com/archives/2014/09/15/white-elephant-the-story-of-the-miami-baseball-stadium.php#more).

Populous, The Changing Nature of Arenas (http://populous.com/posts/the-changing-nature-of-arenas/).

E. Roston, This Could Be the Priciest Baseball Park in the Whole Atlantic Ocean (http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-03-25/this-could-be-the-priciest-baseball-park-in-the-whole-atlantic-ocean.html).

T. Schalter, Why NFL Stadiums are the Modern Day Cathedral (http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1159057-why-nfl-stadiums-are-the-modern-day-cathedral).

A. Sherman, Marlins owner Jeffrey Loria says tourists — not taxpayers — paid most of public cost for stadium (http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2013/mar/05/jeffrey-loria/marlins-owner-jeff-loria-says-tourists-not-taxpaye/).

R. Showley, Ballpark district development: The numbers (http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2014/may/09/petco-park-tenth-anniversary-tenth-district-number/).

Sir John Soane’s Museum, Stadia: Sport and Vision in Architecture (http://www.soane.org/exhibitions/stadia_sport_and_vision_in_architecture).

W. Thurm, Did the Marlins Kill Publicly-Financed Ballparks?

(http://www.fangraphs.com/blogs/did-the-marlins-kill-publicly-financed-ballparks/).

B. Williams, Target Field: A hit with the fans, but has it been an economic success? (http://www.mprnews.org/story/2011/04/07/target-field-second-year).

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