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Long Sprint Abilities in Soccer: Ball vs Running Drills” by Castagna C, Francini L, Póvoas S CA, D’Ottavio S International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance © 2017 Human Kinetics, Inc. Note. This article will be published in a forthcoming issue of the International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. The article appears here in its accepted, peer-reviewed form, as it was provided by the submitting author. It has not been copyedited, proofread, or formatted by the publisher. Section: Original Investigation Article Title: Long Sprint Abilities in Soccer: Ball vs Running Drills Authors: Carlo Castagna 1,2 , Lorenzo Francini 1 , Susana Cristina Araújo Póvoas 3 and Stefano D’Ottavio 2, 4 Affiliations: 1 Fitness training and biomechanics laboratory, Italian Football Federation (FIGC), Technical Department, Coverciano (Florence), Italy. 2 University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy. 3 Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University Institute of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal. 4 Women’s National Team, Italian Football Federation (FIGC), Rome, Italy. Journal: International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance Acceptance Date: February 8, 2017 ©2017 Human Kinetics, Inc. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0565

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Page 1: Ssg or running

“Long Sprint Abilities in Soccer: Ball vs Running Drills” by Castagna C, Francini L, Póvoas S CA, D’Ottavio S

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

© 2017 Human Kinetics, Inc.

Note. This article will be published in a forthcoming issue of the

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. The

article appears here in its accepted, peer-reviewed form, as it was

provided by the submitting author. It has not been copyedited,

proofread, or formatted by the publisher.

Section: Original Investigation

Article Title: Long Sprint Abilities in Soccer: Ball vs Running Drills

Authors: Carlo Castagna1,2, Lorenzo Francini1, Susana Cristina Araújo Póvoas3 and Stefano

D’Ottavio2, 4

Affiliations: 1Fitness training and biomechanics laboratory, Italian Football Federation

(FIGC), Technical Department, Coverciano (Florence), Italy. 2University of Rome Tor

Vergata, Rome, Italy. 3Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human

Development, CIDESD, University Institute of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal. 4Women’s

National Team, Italian Football Federation (FIGC), Rome, Italy.

Journal: International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

Acceptance Date: February 8, 2017

©2017 Human Kinetics, Inc.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0565

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“Long Sprint Abilities in Soccer: Ball vs Running Drills” by Castagna C, Francini L, Póvoas S CA, D’Ottavio S

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

© 2017 Human Kinetics, Inc.

Title of the Article:

Long Sprint Abilities in Soccer: Ball vs Running Drills

Submission Type:

Original Investigation

Authors:

Carlo Castagna1,2, Lorenzo Francini1, Susana Cristina Araújo Póvoas3 and Stefano

D’Ottavio2, 4

Authors’ Affiliations:

1) Fitness training and biomechanics laboratory, Italian Football Federation (FIGC),

Technical Department, Coverciano (Florence), Italy;

2) University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy;

3) Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development,

CIDESD, University Institute of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal;

4) Women’s National Team, Italian Football Federation (FIGC), Rome, Italy.

Contact Details for the Corresponding Author:

Carlo Castagna PhD, via Sparapani 30, 60131, Ancona, Italy;

tel: +39 071-2866532, @mail: [email protected]

Preferred Running Head: Long Sprint Ability in Soccer

Abstract Word Count: 239 words

Text-Only Word Count: 3347 words

Number of Figures and Tables: 2 Tables

References number: 27 citations

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“Long Sprint Abilities in Soccer: Ball vs Running Drills” by Castagna C, Francini L, Póvoas S CA, D’Ottavio S

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

© 2017 Human Kinetics, Inc.

Abstract

Purpose: To examine the acute effects of generic (Running Drills, RD) and specific (Small-

Sided Games, SSG) Long Sprint Ability (LSA) drills on internal and external load of male

soccer-players. Methods: Fourteen academy-level soccer-players (mean±SD; age 17.6±0.61

years, height 1.81±0.63 m, body-mass 69.53±4.65 kg) performed four 30s LSA bouts for

maintenance (work:rest, 1:2) and production (1:5) with RD and SSG drills. Players’ external-

load was tracked with GPS technology (20Hz) and heart-rate (HR), blood-lactate

concentrations (BLc) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were used to characterize players’

internal-load. Individual peak BLc was assessed with a 30s all-out test on a non-motorized

treadmill (NMT). Results: Compared to SSGs the RDs had a greater effect on external-load

and BLc (large and small, respectively). During SSGs players covered more distance with

high-intensity decelerations (moderate-to-small). Muscular-RPE was higher (small-to-large)

in RD than in SSG. The production mode exerted a moderate effect on BLc while the

maintenance condition elicited higher cardiovascular effects (small-to-large). Conclusion:

The results of this study showed the superiority of generic over specific drills in inducing

LSA related physiological responses. In this regard production RD showed the higher post-

exercise BLc. Interestingly, individual peak blood-lactate responses were found after the

NMT 30s all-out test, suggesting this drill as a valid option to RD bouts. The practical

physiological diversity among the generic and specific LSA drills here considered, enable

fitness trainers to modulate prescription of RD and SSG drills for LSA according to training

schedule.

Key word: Anaerobic-Capacity, Speed-Endurance, High-intensity, Association-Football,

Fitness Training

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“Long Sprint Abilities in Soccer: Ball vs Running Drills” by Castagna C, Francini L, Póvoas S CA, D’Ottavio S

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

© 2017 Human Kinetics, Inc.

Introduction

Performance in soccer was reported to be positively affected by anaerobic high-

intensity activities1. Indeed, in elite-soccer matches goal scoring and assisting players are

mainly involved in sprinting and high-intensity turnings with and without the ball,

respectively2. Interestingly the tactical use of sustained high-intensity actions like

counterattacks was related to team success in professional male soccer3. Advancement in

time-motion analysis methods promoted the use of acceleration in the determinism of high-

intensity actions considered in the sprinting domain4. This suggest that sprint bouts should be

considered longer than usually thought and questioning the use of solo speed notations in

developing sprint constructs in soccer5,6.

Speed-endurance (SE) training was proposed as an additional functional tool to

enhance performance in competitive soccer7,8. This form of maximal or near maximal

intensity anaerobic-training was arbitrary categorized as maintenance and production

depending on the recovery time allowed between sprint bouts performed (i.e work:rest, 1:2

and 1:5, respectively) for durations equal or longer than 30s7,8. Recently supposed soccer-

specific SE training paradigms were tested for acute physiological responses aiming at

developing optimal anaerobic training in competitive soccer9. Interestingly, small-sided

games (SSG) drills were reported to elicit lower acute responses than running drills (RD),

suggesting practical differences in physiological and activity demands between training

methods. Unfortunately, this study did not consider individual maximal anaerobic responses

to validate the proposed training drills9. Furthermore, the ball-drills proposed in the form of

SSG did not replicate the theoretical match players’ density (space to players ratio, 300m2)

limiting the supposed drills logical-validity. Indeed, for the SE production and maintenance

SSG drills, the cited authors used a density of 243 and 121 m2, respectively9. Additionally,

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“Long Sprint Abilities in Soccer: Ball vs Running Drills” by Castagna C, Francini L, Póvoas S CA, D’Ottavio S

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

© 2017 Human Kinetics, Inc.

the reported SE paradigms (i.e. running and ball drills) considered different exercise times

making comparisons difficult9.

The main aim of SE training is the development of the ability to sustain individual

maximal sprint for prolonged time10. Given its nature the term SE and the associated training-

aim construct, may result misleading in soccer9. In soccer, sprinting privileges intermittent

near-maximal accelerations and decelerations associated with sudden change of directions

together with straight line sprinting1,2,4. Given that, the term long sprint ability (LSA) may

result more appropriate in soccer than SE, providing to coaches clearer indications regarding

the training aims to be attained (i.e. intensity instead of speed emphasis) 1,2,4.

Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the acute physical and physiological

responses of LSA running and ball drills in well-trained soccer players, using the same time

paradigm (i.e. 30s) in maintenance and production protocols. This, normalizing field drills

demands with a laboratory all-out test for anaerobic-capacity and ensuring maximal players’

effort during ball-drills using low density SSG (i.e. 300m2 per player). A superior physical

and physiological acute response of running over ball drills was considered as work

hypothesis9.

Methods

Subjects

Fourteen amateur academy-level soccer players (mean ± SD; age 17.6 ± 0.61 years,

height 1.81 ± 0.63 m, body-mass 69.53 ± 4.65 kg) from the same soccer club participated in

this study. At the time of the study players trained 3 times per week with a competitive match

performed during the weekend. All the procedures involved in this study were carried-out

during the competitive season of players’ regional-level federal championship (Italian

Football Federation, FIGC). All participants were fully informed about study’s procedure

receiving both verbal and written instructions about risks and benefits deriving from the study

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“Long Sprint Abilities in Soccer: Ball vs Running Drills” by Castagna C, Francini L, Póvoas S CA, D’Ottavio S

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

© 2017 Human Kinetics, Inc.

design. Before the commencement of the study written informed consent was obtained from

each player and their parent/guardian. All players were aware that they could withdraw from

the study at any time without penalties. The study design received clearance from the

Institutional Research Board before the commencement of this study procedures.

Design

In this descriptive repeated measurements design players were tested over different

soccer LSA drills with or without the ball (SSG and RD, respectively). In order to warrant

maximal anaerobic-capacity responses all the considered drills used bouts of 30s with

different recovery time according to the maintenance and production constructs (work to rest

ratio of 1:2 and 1:5, respectively)10. Ball-drills were organized in the form of super small-

sided games (S-SSG) considering 300m2 per player as exercise density11,12. This form of ball-

drill was devised to mimic the usual theoretical match density encountered by players during

regular-size pitch competitive and training matches (i.e. 11v11)13. The S-SSG in the form

used in this study (i.e. 1v1) was tested for activity-profile reliability before the

commencement of this study, providing for the same variables here considered, intra-class

correlation coefficients (ICC) ranging from very large to almost perfect (0.75, 0.92)14.

Individual maximal anaerobic-capacity was evaluated for all players in a 30s all-out

sprint test on a non-motorized treadmill (NMT30s, Woodway Force, Woodway INC,

Milwakee, USA). In the RD players were asked to shuttle-run between two soccer-pitch lines

set 75m apart to mimic match attack-counter-attack actions to warrant drill logical-

validity15. In order to test individual anaerobic-capacity responses, post-exercise blood-lactate

concentrations (BLc) were assessed after each considered drill protocol. Blood sampling was

performed 6-min post-exercise as preliminary studies performed in these authors’ laboratory

showed lactate concentrations peaking at this recovery time after multiple sampling (0, 3, 6, 9

and 12-min) for the same exercises used in this study. With the aim to provide equal volume

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“Long Sprint Abilities in Soccer: Ball vs Running Drills” by Castagna C, Francini L, Póvoas S CA, D’Ottavio S

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

© 2017 Human Kinetics, Inc.

exposure during the proposed drills, 4 bouts of 30s were performed in each of the

maintenance and production drills. Exercise internal-load was also assessed by monitoring

heart-rate (HR) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) using the CR10 Börg scale16. Pre-drill

individual rest status was checked using the total quality of recovery (i.e. TQR) procedure17.

The external load was assessed using Global Positioning Technology (K-GPS, Montelabbate,

Pesaro, Italy) with units sampling at 20 Hz. The GPS system was tested for validity and

reliability by the study authors before the commencement of the study, and it provided results

comparable to the GPS systems currently used for match analyses in soccer18.

Methodology

All the procedures were performed on separate days in a random order, under similar

weather conditions (18-22 C°, 70-75% humidity) and on the same artificial-grass soccer

pitch. During LSA protocols recovery was performed passively having players moving (i.e.

performing some steps to avoid complete standing) just to avoid post exercise leg blood-

pooling. Either the production and maintenance S-SSGs (i.e. S-SSGp and S-SSGm,

respectively) were performed as 1v1 over a 20x30m delimited section of the soccer pitch with

small goals (1.5x2m). With the aim to stress maximal effort during each S-SSG bout, the ball

was replaced as fast as possible and strong verbal encouragements were provided throughout

the drill11. In the production and maintenance RD (i.e. RDp and RDm, respectively) players

had to shuttle-running between two lines with distance (75m) marked with a cone every 1m

to promote subjective feedback to players. Before each bout of RD and S-SSG drills players

were told to cover as much distance as possible to enforce maximal effort. All the LSA drills

started and ended with a whistle (i.e. 0 and 30s respectively). Exercise external-load was

tracked using GPS technology with units set between shoulder-blades in purpose-built vests.

The external-load was monitored using arbitrary speed, acceleration and metabolic-power

categories as follows4,6:

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“Long Sprint Abilities in Soccer: Ball vs Running Drills” by Castagna C, Francini L, Póvoas S CA, D’Ottavio S

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

© 2017 Human Kinetics, Inc.

Total distance covered (TD);

High-Intensity running distance (speed≥16 km·h-1, HI-Speed);

High-Intensity Metabolic Power distance (≥20 watt·kg-1, HI-MP);

High-Intensity Acceleration distance (≥2 m·s-2, HI-Acc);

High-Intensity Deceleration distance (-2≤ m·s-2, HI-Dec).

Heart-rate was monitored with long-range telemetry (Polar T2, Polar Electro Oy,

Kempele, Finland) during each of the considered drills. The individual maximal HR (HRmax)

was determined using the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery test level 1, that was performed the

week before this study procedures in a dedicated testing session19. Subjective internal-load

(i.e. CR10 Börg scale) was evaluated immediately post-drill to rate muscular (RPEM),

cardiorespiratory (RPECR) and global (RPEGlobal) drill effort-perception20,21. Player pre-testing

freshness as TQR was assessed individually 30min before each testing session17. Players’

maximal anaerobic-capacity was assessed monitoring power, distance produced and post-

exercise BLc during NMT30s. In this study, BLc were determined from earlobe blood-

samples using an automated analyser (Lactate-Pro, Arkray, Kyoto, Japan)9. Testing

procedures took place at the same time of the day (3-5 p.m.) in order to avoid possible

circadian bias. Before each test-session the players performed a standardized warm-up

consisting of 10 min self-paced jogging (score 2 of CR10 Borg scale average intensity)

followed by 2-min of skipping and striding exercises over 10 and 30-m, respectively. After

the standardized warm-up players actively rested for two minutes before starting the testing

procedures. All players were familiarized with the considered procedures during the training

sessions performed before the commencement of the data collection.

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“Long Sprint Abilities in Soccer: Ball vs Running Drills” by Castagna C, Francini L, Póvoas S CA, D’Ottavio S

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

© 2017 Human Kinetics, Inc.

Statistical Analysis

Results are expressed as means ± standard deviations and 90% confidence intervals

(90% CI)14. Normality assumption was verified using the Shapiro-Wilk W-test. A one-way

repeated measurements analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post-hoc Bonferroni test was

used to compare drills categories (i.e. S-SSGs vs RDs and maintenance against production

drills). The Cohen’s d was used to evaluate the effect size, with values above 0.8, between

0.8 and 0.5, between 0.5 and 0.2 and lower than 0.2 considered as large, moderate, small, and

trivial, respectively22. A paired comparisons design was used for evaluating drills across

conditions according to Hopkins et al.14. Within drill variability was expressed as coefficient

of variation (%CV). Significance was set at 5% (p 0.05).

Results

Peak post-NTM30s BLc were 13.26±1.89 (12.56, 13.96) mmol·L-1. Players achieved

during RDm and RDp 68±13 (66, 69) and 81±13 % (79, 82) of the NTM30s BLc peak,

respectively (p<0.0001, large). After S-SSGm and S-SSGp, BLc of 57±15 (55, 59) and

73±24% (71, 76) of NTM30s peak were detected, respectively (p<0.0001, large). Post drills

players’ RPE was 76.74±21.64 (74.53, 78.94), 81.53±18.35 (79.51, 83.56), 66.24±20.92

(64.08, 68.41) and 64.13±28.77% (61.59, 66.67) of NTM30s post-test RPE for the RDM,

RDP, S-SSGM and S-SSGP conditions, respectively (p<0.001, large).

External and internal load variables’ values are reported in Table 1. A large effect of

RD mode on TD, HI-MP and HI-Speed was reported (Table 2). During the S-SSG players

covered more distance in HI-Dec with the production mode showing small-to-large effects.

Distances covered in the HI-Acc were longer (small effect) when using the production mode.

The maintenance drills elicited larger average cardiovascular-strain than the production

condition. The HRpeak was higher (small effect) in the maintenance mode in the RD

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“Long Sprint Abilities in Soccer: Ball vs Running Drills” by Castagna C, Francini L, Póvoas S CA, D’Ottavio S

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

© 2017 Human Kinetics, Inc.

condition. In the RDs mode players achieved higher (small effect) BLc with the production

condition providing higher values across the drill modes.

Effort perception as RPEGlobal resulted higher (small-to-large effect) in the RD mode

and more so when considering the production condition. Fractional RPE (i.e.

cardiorespiratory and muscular) were higher in the S-SSG mode with the production

condition resulting in higher values (small-to-moderate). Pre-test TQR differences were

trivial-to-small.

Discussion

The main result of this study was the larger acute effect of Running Drills on players’

external and internal load variables. This suggest the greater potential of generic exercises

when the aim is the development of Long Sprint Ability in soccer players. Interestingly, the

field drills resulted in lower anaerobic metabolic responses (i.e. BLc) compared NTM30s

assumed as gold standard. Finally, the anaerobic response was higher for the production

mode, promoting the importance of recovery duration in Long Sprint Ability drills in male

soccer10,15,23.

In this study ball-drills specificity was promoted considering the same surface

encountered during real competition over regular size soccer-pitches for each player (i.e.

300m2 density). The considered density and used procedures (i.e. 1v1, encouragements and

fast ball-replacements) enabled players to attain 91% of their individual HRmax during the S-

SSGM (see Table 1). Practically lower (large effect) mean HRs were reported for the

production condition despite trivial differences in HRpeak between S-SSGM and S-SSGp (see

Table 1). The HRmean in the S-SSGM are in the range of those reported to be effective for

inducing significant changes in aerobic-fitness in male soccer-players populations similar to

those considered in this study 24.

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International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

© 2017 Human Kinetics, Inc.

Post S-SSG BLc were similar to those reported by Ade et al.9 with associated small

(d=-0.26) and moderate (d=0.57) practical difference for the production and maintenance

condition. However, in this study the resulting BLc were obtained with only four 30s bouts

compared to the eight bouts performed in the Abe et al.9 study, corresponding to 50 and 25%

of the exposure time for the production and maintenance conditions, respectively.

Interestingly, the S-SSGM showed to induce moderately higher anaerobic responses

compared to longer protocols (i.e. 8x1 min) performed with remarkably higher player’

density (121 vs 300m2)9. Previous studies using the 1v1 condition (6x1 min) using the

maintenance work-to-rest-ratio (i.e. 1:2) reported to induce BLc of 9.4±2.9 mmol·L-1 with

practically stable anaerobic responses after three bouts played with a 54m2 density25. Despite

the current lack of evidence for a dose-response interaction it could be speculated that 4x30s

all-out bouts of S-SSG may be reasonably considered as a minimum dose for inducing

physiological responses in the domain of LSA development23. Furthermore, the 30s time

paradigm seems more effective to enable players to achieve high BLc than the 60s bouts9.

The S-SSG showed to elicit BLc higher than those reported in SSG performed for

aerobic-fitness development12. Indeed, after SSG under coach encouragement Rampinini et

al.16 reported BLc of 6 to 6.5 mmol·L-1 using exposure time of 12 min (i.e. 3x4min bouts) for

the 3v3 condition (4090 m2 density). Nonetheless, the cited authors reported a HRmean

similar to this study (9091% HRmax) despite remarkably higher post-exercise RPE

(8.18.5)16. This comparison provides further evidence for the interest of S-SSG for the

development of LSA and potentially other soccer relevant fitness variables12,23. In light of the

reported evidence on physiological response of the considered S-SSG it could be concluded

that this form of ball-drills was specific in inducing demands in the range of those reported

for anaerobic-capacity development23. This warranting the logical and convergent validity of

this study design for S-SSG responses.

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International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

© 2017 Human Kinetics, Inc.

The S-SSG drills elicited an overall lower external-load than the RDs with

predominantly larger practically effects (see Table 2). Indeed, S-SSGs resulted in longer

coverage only when considering the distance performed at HI-Dec, particularly in the

production version. Analysis within drill categories showed that the production condition

induced a small practical effect over the maintenance mode when considering the external-

load. It could be speculated that the longer recovery time considered in the production

condition was possibly the reason for the higher effect on external load of this LSA mode23,26.

When performing RD, players achieved BLc practically higher (small-to-large effect)

than during the S-SSGs with the production condition showing overall moderate to larger

values compared to the maintenance drills. Interestingly, trivial differences in BLc between

S-SSGp and RDm were found. The NMT30s elicited BLc larger than those achieved by

players during the field LSA drills here considered. Indeed, during the field-drills players

achieved only the 6881% and 5773% of peak NMT30s BLc when considering the

maintenance and production mode of RD and S-SSG, respectively. Interestingly, individual

peak BLc were obtained with only one fourth of the exercise time (i.e. 30s) used for the

considered field-drills. This difference may be the result of the field drills characteristic

involving planned or casual acceleration and deceleration (i.e. RD and S-SSG, respectively)

possibly altering the fibre type recruitment and energetic cost of sprinting27. As a result the

use of NMT drills may result justified when the development of the physiological make-up of

LSA is the main aim of a soccer-training program7,8,15. From a practical point of view the

reported large relative differences in anaerobic internal-load (i.e. BLc) may arise the issue of

developing ecologically valid training drills under field condition, fully stressing players’

anaerobic capacity. Future descriptive studies aiming to maximize the acute response of field

LSA drills would surely benefit the acquired knowledge for LSA development in soccer.

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© 2017 Human Kinetics, Inc.

This study S-SSGP promoted a TD largely (d=1.28) lower than in Abe et al.9 study.

Lower TD was also performed in the S-SSGM mode (d=5.29), however in this case the

difference was due to drill longer-duration (60 vs 30s). Accounting for difference in bout

duration the S-SSGM produced higher distance rate than that reported in the cited paper9.

Accelerations and decelerations S-SSG resulted in line to what has been previously reported

for production and maintenance SSG9. Nevertheless, difference in measuring devices and

metrics arbitrary-categories make specific comparison difficult.

The RD considered in this study showed to elicit BLc lower than those reported by

Ade et al.9 and Mohr et al.26 in more aggressive (8 vs 4 bouts) SE protocols in soccer players

and active subject respectively. However, differently from this study design in the Mohr et

al.26 study line sprinting was considered and less changes of direction (i.e. 180° turns) were

achieved by the Ade et al.9 having players shuttle-running over longer distances (i.e. 105 vs

75m). It could be speculated that this specific difference in sprinting protocols may have

played a role in acute anaerobic responses since NTM30s, involving line sprinting, showed to

allow players to achieve larger anaerobic responses. This information may result useful to the

soccer strength and conditioning coach when prescribing LSA training sessions. Nonetheless,

the minimum dose useful to induce stable and practically important improvement in LSA is

still to be found. In this regard training-studies investigating the effectiveness of ecological

LSA protocols (i.e. maximal effect with minimum dosage) are warranted, given the practical

interest of this issue.

During the field-drills, players reported RPEG practically lower (large effect) than

after the single NMT30s bout, with S-SSG and RD ranging from 76-81% and from 66-64%

of treadmill maximal effort, respectively. This may question the actual motivation of players

in performing the proposed LSA drills. Nevertheless, all players were verbally strongly

encouraged to provide their maximal possible-effort throughout the field drills, considering

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each bout all-out criteria. Furthermore, all the players were thoroughly familiarized with the

LSA drills and the associated criteria during the weeks preceding this descriptive study in

dedicated training sessions. Given that it could be suggested that in order to achieve acute

response, in the domain of LSA in either the production and maintenance mode, RPEGlobal in

the range of 67 (very hard) and 56 (strong) should be attained for the RD and S-SSG

respectively. The lower RPEG (large effect) scored after the S-SSG may denote the difficulty

of players to fully achieve their maximal anaerobic response even during a specific and

potentially highly motivating drill. Recently, the interest of using differential RPE has been

promoted with the aim to account for potential effort-perception difference according to the

physiological nature of the proposed exercise20. In this study, the use of differential RPE

showed that players reported higher RPEM and RPECR for the production mode and also in the

RD compared with the S-SSG condition. Interestingly, RPEM resulted lower in the S-SSG

despite the reported higher (moderate-to-large) coverage in high acceleration and deceleration

categories. It could be speculated that TD more than high-intensity activities is the variable

affecting the differential RPE score in male soccer player in LSA drills.

Practical Applications

The 4x30s all-outs bouts of RD and S-SSG here considered showed to induce

anaerobic demands in the range of those usually accepted as effective in inducing

physiological adaptations for the most investigated SE domain9,10,15,23. This study results

suggest a differential use of the training drills privileging NMT or RD training when the aim

is to induce high BLc and S-SSG in case specificity and players’ motivation is the training

issue. In this regard, the production mode should be preferred as it seem to induce practically

higher acute physiological responses whatever the exercise mode used9,10,15,23. The

maintenance drills may be proposed in the initial phases of the LSA training due to their

lower anaerobic demands and lower RPE responses.

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Conclusions

Ball-drills in the form of S-SSG may be considered when players’ motivation is of

interest. Indeed, S-SSG are perceived as less demanding, compared to RD or NMT drills,

despite their higher load on the deceleration domain. Longer recovery time seem to enable

more pronounced responses in players’ internal and external loads suggesting the preference

of the production over the maintenance mode for LSA development7-10,15. Further studies

investigating over the dose response of RD and S-SSG and the effect on soccer performance

of production and maintenance training mode are warranted.

Acknowledgments

No financial support was provided for the completion of this study. The authors declare no

conflict of interest with the finding reported in this study.

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Table 1. Descriptive values (average of four bouts) of the Running and Small-Sided Games

drills considered in this study.

Running Drills S-SSG

Variable

Maintenance

Production

Maintenance

Production

TD (m)

Mean

162.96±7.57

163.14±8.72

79.05±7.64

77.81±7.59

90%CI (160.48167.15) (159.50167.56) (75.4482.67) (74.2281.40)

%CV 4.64 5.34 9.66 9.76

HI-MP

(Watt· kg-1)

Mean

136.01±12.24

139.72±12.71

30.78±6.54

30.11±6.39

90%CI (130.22141.80) (133.71145.71) (27.6933.87) (27.0933.13)

%CV 9.00 9.10 21.26 21.23

HI-Speed

(m)

Mean

146.77±11.27

146.46±11.51

18.28±6.31

19.14±6.54

90%CI (141.44152.10) (141.02151.90) (15.3021.26) (16.0522.23)

%CV 7.68 7.86 34.55 34.17

HI-Acc (m)

Mean

8.99±1.16

9.40±1.62

9.02±2.01

9.72±1.24

90%CI (8.499.50) (8.8010.00) (8.359.68) (9.2010.25)

%CV 12.86 17.19 22.26 12.76

HI-Dec (m)

Mean

6.85±1.06

7.56±1.54

7.73±1.87

8.95±1.86

90%CI (6.367.34) (6.978.15) (7.088.37) (8.309.59)

%CV 15.41 20.39 24.22 20.80

Lactate (mmol·L-1)

Mean

9.08±2.09

10.73±1.76

7.94±2.12

9.52±2.61

90%CI (8.0910.07) (9.9011.56) (6.948.95) (8.2910.75)

%CV 22.98 16.37 26.74 27.46

HRmean (beats·min-1)

Mean

174.57±8.22

160.14±8.67

172.64±9.84

160.00±11.22

90%CI (170.68178.46) (156.04164.24) (167.99177.29) (154.69165.31)

%CV 4.71 5.42 5.70 7.01

HRpeak (beats·min-1)

Mean

188.14±7.61

186.71±7.22

186.86±9.19

186.64±8.03

90%CI (184.54191.74) (183.29190.13) (182.51191.21) (182.84190.44)

%CV 4.05 3.86 4.92 4.30

%HRmax (mean)

Mean

92.0±0.0

84.0±0.0

91.0±0.4

84.0±0.1

90%CI (9093) (8385) (8992) (8286)

%CV 3.1 3.3 4.0 5.4

%HRmax (peak)

Mean

98.0±0.2

98.0±0.2

98.0±0.3

98.0±0.3

90%CI (9093) (9799) (97100) (9799)

%CV 2.4 1.7 3.3 2.9

RPEGlobal

Mean

6.36±1.55

7.04±1.38

5.21±1.75

5.79±2.28

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Running Drills S-SSG

Variable

Maintenance

Production

Maintenance

Production

90%CI (5.637.09) (6.397.69) (4.386.04) (4.706.87)

%CV 24.37 19.60 33.58 39.49

RPECR

Mean

6.54±1.47

7.24±1.28

5.43±2.21

5.82±2.45

90%CI (5.847.23) (6.637.84) (4.386.47) (4.666.98)

%CV 22.55 17.65 40.69 42.16

RPEM

Mean

5.75±1.70

6.79±1.76

3.86±1.36

5.32±2.22

90%CI (4.956.55) (5.957.62) (3.214.50) (4.276.37)

%CV 29.49 25.97 35.38 41.63

S-SSG= Super Small-Sided Games; RD= Running Drill; M=maintenance; P= Production; TD= Total Distance;

HI-MP=High-Intensity Metabolic Power; Hi-Speed= High-Intensity Speed; HI-ACC= High-Intensity

Acceleration; HI-Dec= High-Intensity Deceleration; Lactate= Blood Lactate Concentration; HR= Heart Rate;

%HRmax (mean)= Mean HR in percentage of HR max; %HRmax (peak)= Peak HR in percentage of HR max;

RPEGlobal = Global Rate of Perceived Exertion; RPECR= Cardio Respiratory RPE; RPEM=Muscular RPE; TQR=

Total Quality of Recovery.

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Table 2. Between Drills Comparisons (average of four bouts).

Drill Conditions

Variable

S-SSGM vs RDM

S-SSGP vs RDP

S-SSGM vs S-SSGP

RDP vsRDM

S-SSGM vs RDP

S-SSGP Vs RDM

TD (m)

d

Difference

7.12 (large)

-83.9±11.8

7.74 (large)

-85.3±11.1

0.12 (trivial)

1.2±10.7

0.02 (trivial)

0.2±8.1

8.20 (large)

-84.1±10.3

7.77(large)

-85.2±11.1

90%CI (-89.5,-78.3) (-80.1,-90.6) (-3.8, 6.3) (-3.6, 4.0) (-89.0,-79.2) (-90.3,-80.0)

Diff% 106.14***

109.66*** 1.59 0.11 106.36*** 109.43***

HI-MP

(Watt· kg-1)

d

Difference

7.55 (large)

-105.2±14.50

9.23 (large)

-109,6±12.90

0.07 (trivial)

0.70±9.0

0.36 (small)

3.7±10.20

9.12 (large)

-108.9±12.90

8.41 (large)

-105.9±13.30

90%CI (-112.1,-98.40) (-115.70,-103.50) (-3.60,4.90) (-1.10, 8.5) (-115.0, 102.8) (-112.2, -99.6)

Diff% 341.86*** 363.96*** 2.22 2.73 353.90*** 351.66***

HI-Speed

(m)

d

Difference

9.47(large)

-128.5±13.9

11.17(large)

-127.3± 12.0

0.09 (trivial)

-0.9± 9.6

0.03 (trivial)

-0.3± 11.1

12.77(large)

-128.2± 10.9

11.79(large)

-127.6± 11.5

90%CI (-135.1, -121.9) (-133.0, -121.6) (-5.4,3.7) (-5.6, 4.9) (-133.4, -123.0) (-133.1, -122.2)

Diff% 703.07*** 665.31*** 4.71 0.21 701.37*** 666.93***

HI-Acc (m)

d

Difference

0.01(trivial)

0.0±2.4

0.15 (trivial)

0.3±2.1

0.29 (small)

-0.7±2.5

0.23(small)

0.4±1.8

0.23(small)

-0.4±1.7

0.39(small)

0.7±1.9

90%CI (-1.10, 1.10) (-0.70, 1.30) (-1.9, 0.5) (-0.5, 1.3) (-1.2, 0.4) (-0.2, 1.6)

Diff% 0.27 3.43 7.82 4.53 4.25 8.11

HI-Dec (m)

d

Difference

0.39 (small)

0.9±2.3

0.55 (moderate)

1.4±2.5

0.47 (small)

-1.2±2.6

0.41(small)

0.7±1.80

0.47(small)

-1.2±2.6

1.05 (large)

2.1±2.1

90%CI (-0.2,1.8) (0.20,2.30) (-2.2,0.0) (-0.1,1.4) (-2.2, 0.0) (1.0, 2.7)

Diff% 12.80 18.34 15.81 10.39 15.81 30.64*

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Drill Conditions

Variable

S-SSGM vs RDM

S-SSGP vs RDP

S-SSGM vs S-SSGP

RDP vsRDM

S-SSGM vs RDP

S-SSGP Vs RDM

Lactate (mmol·L-1)

d

Difference

0.37 (small)

-1.1±3.1

0.38 (small)

-1.2± 3.2

0.51 (moderate)

-1.6± 3.1

0.74 (moderate)

1.7± 2.2

1.04 (large)

-2.8± 2.7

0.13 (trivial)

0.4± 3.3

90%CI (-2.6, 0.3) (-2.7, 0.3) (-3.1, -0.1) (0.6, 2.7) (-4.1, -1.5) (-1.1, 2.0)

Diff% 14.30 12.71 19.89 18.23 35.14* 4.89

HRmean (beats·min-1)

d

Difference

0.46 (small)

-1.9±4.4

0.02 (trivial)

-0.1±7.8

1.78 (large)

12.6±7.2

2.74 (large)

-14.4±5.3

1.82 (large)

12.5±7.0

2.90 (large)

-14.6±5.8

90%CI (-4.0, 0.2) (-3.8, 3.5) (9.2, 16.1) (-16.9, -11.9) (9.2, 15.8) (-17.3, -11.8)

Diff% 1.12 0.09 7.90*** 9.01*** 7.81*** 9.11***

HRpeak (beats·min-1)

d

Difference

0.31 (small)

-1.3±4.4

0.02 (trivial)

-0.1±4.5

0.05 (trivial)

0.2±4.2

0.30 (small)

-1.4±4.7

0.02 (trivial)

0.1±6.2

0.35 (small)

-1.5±4.3

90%CI (-3.4, 0.8) (-2.2, 2.1) (-1.8, 2.2) (-3.7, 0.8) (-2.8, 3.1) (-3.5, 0.5)

Diff% 0.69 0.04 0.11 0.77 0.08 0.80

RPEGlobal d

Difference

0.53 (moderate)

-1.1±2.2

0.49 (small)

-1.0±2.0

0.33 (small)

-0.9±2.6

0.36 (small)

0.7±1.9

1.23 (large)

-1.8±1.5

0.15 (trivial)

-0.3±1.9

90%CI (-2.2, -0.1) (-1.9, 0.0) (-2.1, 0.4) (-0.2, 1.6) (-2.5, -1.1) (-1.2, 0.6)

Diff% 21.92 15.88 16.44 10.67 34.93** 4.71

RPECR d

Difference

0.44 (small)

0.9±2.3

0.55 (moderate)

1.4±2.5

0.20 (small)

-1.2±2.6

0.40 (small)

0.7±1.8

1.02 (large)

0.2±2.4

0.25 (small)

2.1±2.1

90%CI (-2.2, -0.1) (-1.9, 0.0) (-2.1, 0.4) (-0.2, 1,6) (-2.5, -1.1) (-1.2, 0.6)

Diff% 20.39 18.48 12.50 10.71 33.29 7.02

RPEM d

Difference

0.94 (large)

0.9±2.3

0.46 (small)

1.4±2.5

0.70 (moderate)

-1.2±2.6

0.53 (moderate)

0.7±1.8

1.61 (large)

0.2±2.4

0.07 (trivial)

2.1±2.1

90%CI (-2.9, -0.9) (-2.4, 0.0) (-2.9, -0.6) (0.1, 2.0) (-3.8,-2.1) (-1.2, 0.9)

Diff% 49.07* 21.02 45.37 18.01 75.93*** 2.55

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Drill Conditions

Variable

S-SSGM vs RDM

S-SSGP vs RDP

S-SSGM vs S-SSGP

RDP vsRDM

S-SSGM vs RDP

S-SSGP Vs RDM

TQR d

Difference

0.47 (small)

-0.6±1.9

0.22 (small)

0.5±2.3

0.27 (small)

-0.6±2.4

0.37 (small)

-0.6±1.7

0.03 (trivial)

-0.1±2.1

0.05 (trivial)

-0.1±1.3

90%CI (-1.5, 0.2) (-0.6, 1.6) (-1.7, 0.6) (-1.4, 0.2) (-1.1, 0.9) (-0.7, 0.6)

Diff% 3.45 2.67 3.07 3.05 0.38 0.37

S-SSG= Super Small-Sided Games; RD= Running Drill; M=maintenance; P= Production; TD= Total Distance; HI-MP=High Intensity Metabolic Power; Hi-Speed= High

Intensity Speed; HI-ACC= High-Intensity Acceleration; HI-Dec= High-Intensity Deceleration; Lactate= Blood Lactate Concentration; HR= Heart Rate; RPEGlobal = Global

Rate of Perceived Exertion; RPECR= Cardio Respiratory RPE; RPEM=Muscular RPE; TQR= Total Quality of Recovery. *= P<0.05; **=P<0.01; ***=P<0.0001.

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