spm biology design experiment paper 3 notes

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1.TO INVESTIGATE OF DIFFERENT TYPE OF CELL TO THE FIXED SHAPED OF THE CELLProblem statement

Does plant cell and animal cell have fixed shape?

Hypothesis

Plant cell has a fixed shape but not animal cell

Variables

MV : type of cell/plant cell and animal cell

RV : fixed shape of cell

CV : One drop of methylene blue solution and distilled water

Apparatus and materials

Glass slide,cover slips,forcep,knife,microscope,toothpick,white tile/cutting board,methylene blue solution,iodine solution,iodine solution,filter paper,distilled water,onion scale leaf,cheek cell

Procedure

A scale leaf from an onion bulb are obtained

By using a forcep .the inner surface of onion scale leaf is peeled off

One drop of distilled water was placed in the middle of glass slide

With a needle ,the cover slip is dropped slowly at 450 to the glass slide so that no air bubble being trapped

A drop of iodine solution was dropped at one side of the cover slip

A filter paper was placed at the opposite end of the opposite end of the cover slip to allow the spreading of solution absorbing excess solution

The slide is observed under a light microscope using a low power objective lens then high power objective lens

The plant structure is then drawn and recorded by using a microscope

This experiment is repeated using a cheek cell

The mouth is rinsed before starting with experiment

By using a toothpick, the inner mouth were scrapped to get some cheek cell

Then the cheek cell was placed onto a glass side

A drop of methylene blue solution was added

Slowly the cover slips was dropped, then the filter paper were placed at one end of the cover slip for irrigation

This slide is then observe and the structure was recorded by using a microscope

All the results are tabulated in a table

Presentation of Data

Type of cellStructure of cell seen under microscope

Magnification : 10 x 40

Plant cell/onion scale leaf

Animal cell/cheek cell

2.TO DETERMINE THE CONCENTRATION OF SUCROSE SOLUTION WHICH IS ISOTONIC TO THE CELL SAP OF POTATO STRIP

Problem statement

What is the concentration of the sucrose solution that will maintain the length of potato strip?

Hypothesis

As the sucrose solution reach certain concentration (isotonic to the cell sap),there is no changes in the length of potato strip

Variables

MV : the concentration of the sucrose solution

RV : change in length of potato strip

FV : initial length of potato strip

Apparatus & material

Cork borer, test tubes,stopwatch,ruler,potatoes,various concentration of sucrose solution,filter paper

Procedure:

Six test tube are labeled P,Q,R,S,T and U

Test tube P is filled with 10ml distilled water, test tube Q is filled with 10ml sucrose solution O.1M,test tube R is filled with 10ml sucrose solution 0.2M,test tube S is filled with 10ml sucrose solution 0.3M,test tube T is filled with 10ml sucrose solution 0.4M and test tubes U is filled with 10ml sucrose solution 0.5M

The cork borer is pushed into the potato and the potato strip is obtained by pushing it out of the cork borer using a glass rod

The potato strips are cut to the exact length of 5 cm.

One potato cylinder is placed in each labeled test tubes for 30 minutes.

After 30minutes,the potato strips are removed from the test tube and gently wiped with filter paper

The final length of the potato strips are measured and record using a ruler

The final length of the potato strips are recorded in a result table

A graph pf the concentration of sucrose solution against the change in the length is plotted

Presentation

Test tubeConcentration of sucrose solution(M)Length

Initial(cm)Final(cm)Change in length(cm)

P0.05

Q0.15

R0.25

S0.35

T0.45

U0.55

3.TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECTS OF ALBUMEN CONCETRATION ON THE ENZYME PEPSIN REACTIONProblem statement

What is the effect of different albumen concentration on the rate of enzyme reaction?

Hypothesis

The higher the albumen concentration,the higher the rate of enzyme reaction

Variables

MV : the concentration of albumen solution

RV : rate of enzyme reaction

CV : the volume of albumen solution

Apparatus and Materials

Albumen solution(1%,2%,3%,4%),1% pepsin solution, pipette/measuring cylinder,HCL,water bath,thermometer,stopwatch

Procedure

5ml of 1% albumen solution is poured into a test tube using a pipette.The test tube is labeled P.

1 ml of HCL acid is poured into the same test tube using another pipette

1 ml of 5% pepsin is poured into the same test tube using another pipette.The mixture is shaken well.

The test tube is placed in the beaker containing 300 ml of water at 37oC.A thermometer is placed in the beaker to check the temperature.

The stopwatch is started

The mixture is observed and the time taken for the solution to turn colourless is taken using a stopwatch and recorded in a table.

Steps 1 to 6 are repeated twice to get an average result

Steps 1 to 7 are repeated,replacing the 1% albumen solution with 2%,3% and 4% albumen solution respectively.

All data are recorded in a table and a graph of the rate of enzme reaction against the albumen concentrated is plotted

Presentation of data

Concentration of albumen solution(%)Time taken for the mixture to turn colourless(min)The rate of enzyme reaction (min-1)

123average

1

2

3

4

4.TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF PH VALUES ON THE RATE OF PEPSIN ENZYMEProblem statement

What is the effect of pH values on the rate of of Pepsin Reaction?

Hypothesis

The lower the pH, the higher the rate of pepsin reaction

Variables

MV : pH values

RV : rate of pepsin reaction

CV : concentration of pepsin


Pepsin solution,albumen suspension,distilled water,Hydrochloric acid,sodium Hydroxide solution,stopwatch,water bath,tripod stand and wire gauze,thermometer,test tube,measuring cylinders/syringe,pH paper,wire gauze,Bunsen burner and tripod stand,test tube rack

Procedure

200ml of egg white is mixed with 500ml of distilled water to prepare an albumen suspension

The albumen suspension were boiled,stirred and leave to cool

Three test tubes were labeled as P,Q and R

5ml of albumen suspension were placed into each test tube using a syringe

Then the following solutions were added into each test tubes as follows:

Test tubepHMixture of solution

P2 = acidic1ml of 0.1M HCL + 1ml of 1% pepsin solution

Q7 = neutral1ml of distilled water + 1ml of 1%pepsin solution

R9 = alkaline1ml of 0.1M NaOH + 1ml of 1% pepsin solution

pH paper were dip into each test tube and the pH values were recorded

All the test tubes were immersed in a water bath with a temperature of 37% for 20minutes.

Observe and recorded the time taken for the cloudiness of mixture turns clear by using a stopwatch

Results of the experiment were recorded in a table


Test tubepH valuesTime taken for the hydrolysis of albumen suspension (minutes)

P2

Q7

R9

5.THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE RATE OF SALIVARY AMYLASEProblem statement

What are effects of different temperature on the rate of salivary amylase reaction?

Hypothesis

As the temperature increase,the rate of amylase reaction increases until it reaches the optimum temperature

Variables

MV : temperature of the medium

RV : the rate of reaction catalysed by salivary amylase

CV : volume of saliva

Apparatus and Materials

Beakers,test tube,thermometer,syringe,droppers,glass rods,white tiles woth grooves,water bath,stopwatch,1% of starch suspension,saliva suspension iodine solution ,ice cubes and distilled water

Procedure:

Mouth is rinsed with warm water and saliva is collected.Saliva with equal volume of distilled water is diluted

5ml of 1% starch suspension is out into each of the test tubes labeled A1,B1,C1,D1, and E1 respectively using a syringe

2 ml of saliva is added into each of another set of the test tubes labeled A2,B2,C2,D2 and E2 using a second syringe

Test tubes A1 and A2,B1 and B2,C1 and C2,D1 and D2,E1 and E2 is immersed respectively into 5 different water baths with temperature kept constant at OOC,28oC,37OC,45OC and 60oC.

The test tubes are left for five minutes

Meanwhile, a dry piece white tile with grooves is prepared and a drop of iodine solution is placed into each groove

After five minutes of immersion ,the starch suspension in test tube A1 is poured into the saliva in test tube A2.The mixture is stirred using a glass rod. The stopwatch is started immediately.

A drop of mixture is removed from test tube A2,using a dropper and is placed in into the iodine solution in the first groove on the tile.The first groove is considered as zero minute

The iodine test is repeated every minute for ten minute.The dropper in a beaker of water is rinsed after each sampling.The time taen for the completion of the hydrolysis of starch is recorded (that is when the mixture gives a negative iodine test) using a stopwatch.

The test tube with the mixture in their respective water bath is kept throughout the experiment .steps 7 to 10 for test tubes B1,C1,D1 and E1 is repeated.

Thermometer is used to ensure that the temperature remain constant throughout the experiment

The result is recorded and a graph showing the rate of reaction against temperature is plotted

The activities of amylase reaction Is optimum at 37oC

Presentation of dataTest tubeTemp

(oC)Time taken for the hydrolysis of starch to be completed (minutes)Rate reaction (min-1)

6.TO DETERMINE THE ENERGY CONTENT IN THE SAMPLE OF FOODProblem statement

Does the final water temperature reading for cashew nut is higher than peanut and white bread?

Hypothesis

The final temperature reading/energy value for cashew is higher than peanut and white bread

Variables

MV : type of food

RV : the energy content

CV : volume of distilled water

Materials and apparatus

Cashew nut,peanut,white bread,distilled water,boiling tubes,plasticine,pin,thermometer,bunsen burner and wire gauze,stopwatch,retort stand and clamp

Procedure

Weigh the white bread and record its weight

Fill a boiling tube with 20ml distilled water

Clamp the boiling tube to the retort stand

Record the initial temperature of the water in the boiling tube

Spike the white bread firmly at the end of the pin which is mounted on some plasticine

Ignite the white bread by holding it in the flame of a bunsen burner.then,immediately place it beneath the boiling tube to heat the water

Stir the water gently with the thermometer

Record the initial temperature,that is the highest temperature reached as soon as the peanut has stopped burning using thermometer.

Calculate the energy value of the peanut using the formula below [show energy value formula]

Tabulate the results in table below

Steps 1 to 9 are repeated by using different food sample such as peanut and cashew nut


Food sampleTemperature 0CEnergy value

InitialFinalIncrease in temperature

White bread

Peanut

Cashew nut

7.TO DETERMINE THE CONCENTRATION OF VITAMIN C CONTENT IN THE SAMPLE OF FRUIT JUICESProblem statement

What is the sample of fruit juices that contains a higher concentration of vitamin C?

Hypothesis

Guava juice contains a higher concentration of vitamin C compared to orange Juice and pineapple juice

Variables

MV : type of fruit juice

RV : concentration of vitamin C

CV : volume of DCPIP solution


Boiling tube,a syringe,a syringe with needles ,beaker,gauze cloth and a knife ,DCPIP solution,0.1% ascorbic acid solution .freshly prepared guava juice,pineapple juice and orange juice

Procedure

Label four boiling tube as A,B,C, and D

Place 1ml of DCPIP solution in each boiling tube

Fill a syringe with 5ml of ascorbic acid solution

Immerse the needle of the syringe in the DCPIP solution drop-by-drop

Do not shake the tube vigorously

Record the volume of ascorbic acid solution used to turn the DCPIP solution colourless using a syringe

Repeat steps 22 to 7 using Lime Juice,pineapple juice and papaya juice

Calculate the percentage and concentration of vitamin C in these three types of fruit juice using the formula below [ shows percentage of vitamin C and Concentration of vitamin C formula]


SolutionVolume of fruit juice needed to decolourize 1ml of DCPIP solution (ml)Percentage of vitamin C In fruit juice (%)Vitamin C concentration in fruit juice (mg/cm)

8.TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF LIGHT INTENSITY ON THE RATE OF PHOTOSYNTHESISProblem statement

What is the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis?

Hypothesis

The higher the light intensity ,the higher the rate of photosynthesis until it reaches limiting value

Variables

MV : light intensity

RV : rate of photosynthesis

CV : The temperature


Hydrilla Sp.,0.3% sodium hydrogen carbonate solution,beaker,thermometer,test tube,stopwatch,60W electric bulb , measuring cylinder , retort stand,paper clip,metre ruler

Procedure

A 5cm sprig is cut from a hydrilla sp. Plant using a sharp scalpel

The plant is placed with the cut end facing upwards

A paper clip is used to weight down the other end of the hydrilla sp. Sprig

10ml of 0.3% sodium hydrogen carbonate solution is poured in a boiling tube

The boiling tube with plant is placed in a water bath with the temperature maintained at 280C

A 60watt bulb is placed at a distance of 50cm from the plant

When the rate of bubbles given out is constant ,the number of bubbles released for 5 minutes is recorded using a stopwatch

The steps are repeated by placing the apparatus at distance 40cm,30cm,20cm and 10cm from the light source.

The results are recorded and the rate of photosynthesis is calculated by using a formula:[rate of photosynthesis formula]


Distance of light source (cm)Number of bubbles released in 5 minutesRate of photosynthesis (number of bubble /minute)

50

40

30

20

10

9.TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE ON THE RATE OF PHOTOSYNTHESISProblem statement

What is the effect of concentration of carbon dioxide on the rate of photosynthesis?

Hypothesis

The higher the concentration of carbon dioxide the higher the rate of photosynthesis

Variables

MV : concentration of Carbon dioxide

RV : rate of photosynthesis

CV : temperature


Hydrilla Sp., sodium hydrogen carbonate solution,beaker,thermometer,test tube,retort sand,stopwatch,lamp , measuring cylinder , retort stand,ruler and paper clip

Procedure

A 5cm sprig is cut from a hydrilla sp. Plant using a sharp scalpel

The plant is placed with the cut end facing upwards

A paper clip is used to weight down the other end of the hydrilla sp. Sprig

10ml of 0.3% sodium hydrogen carbonate solution is poured in a boiling tube

The boiling tube with plant is placed in a water bath with the temperature maintained at 280C

A 60watt bulb is placed at a distance of 50cm from the plant

When the rate of bubbles given out is constant ,the number of bubbles released for 5 minutes is recorded using a stopwatch

The steps are repeated by using 0.4%,0.6% and 0.8% sodium carbonate solution.

The results are recorded and the rate of photosynthesis is calculated by using a formula:[rate of photosynthesis formula]


Concentration of sodium hydrogen carbonate solution (%)Number of bubbles released in 5 minutesRate of photosynthesis (number of bubble /minute)

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

10.TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF NITROGEN DEFECIENCIES IN CULTURE SOLUTION ON THE BEIGHT/GROWTH RATE OF SEEDLING

Problem statement

What is the effect of nitrogen deficiencies in culture solution on the growth rate of seedling

Hypothesis

The growth rate of seedling is slower in nitrogen deficiencies of culture solution

Variables

MV : the type of culture medium

RV : growth rate of seedling

CV : the initial height if seedling

Apparatus and material

Tomato seedling/maize seedling,potasium hydrogen phosphate,calcium chloride,pottasium chloride,distilled water,cotton wool,black paper,glass jar,glass tubing,L-shaped delievery tube,air pump,rubber bung,ruler

Procedure

Three glass jars labeled A,B and C are prepared

In glass jar A ,distilled water is fulfilled which serves as a control experiment

In glass jar B, a complete culture solution is prepared using the composition of the Knops solution as a guide

In glass jar C a culture solution deficient in nitrogen is prepared by replacing calcium nitrate with calcium chloride and potassium nitrate is replaced by potassium chloride

Each jar is wrapped with black paper to prevent light from penetrating into the culture which will cause the growth of green algae

Three maize seedlings of the same height are chosen and put into each jars

Keep the roots of seedlings are fully immersed in each solutions.The culture solution is aerated using an air pump to ensure the root of the seedling obtain enough for respiration

All set of apparatus are exposed to light so the seedling are able to carry out photosynthesis

The culture solution in each jar is replaced every week to ensure that the nutrients which are supposed to be available are not depleted

After one month,seedling in jar A Is taken out and the height of seedling is measured and recorded by using a ruler.the growth rate of the seedling is calculated and is recorded in a table using formula:

The height of seedling (cm)

Time taken (days)

Step 10 is repeated with seedling in glass jar B and glass jar C are observed

Record the result in table and plot a bar chart showing the growth rate of seedlings(cm/day) against the types of solution


Glass jarType of solutionThe height of seedling cmThe growth rate of seedling(cm/day)

initialfinal

ADistilled water

BComplete knops solution

CNitrogen deficient in culture solution

11.TO INVESTIGATE OF TEMPERATURE ON THE RATE OF ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION IN YEASTProblem statement

What is the effect of temperature on the rate anaerobic respiration in yeast?

Hypothesis

The increase the temperature,the increase the rate of anaerobic respiration in yeast

Variables

MV : temperature

RV : the rate of anaerobic respiration

CV : volume/concentration of yeast


Yeast solution,glucose solution,coloured liquid,paraffin oil,manometer tube,measuring cylinder , rubber tubing, clip ,glass tube, ruler, boiling tube, water bath, stopwatch, marker pen, rubber stopper, thermometer , beaker, retort stand

Procedure

Filled the boiling tube with 15 ml yeast suspension.

Then the boiling tube is added with 10ml 5% glucose solution

The boiling is filled with paraffin oil

The apparatus is joined to a rubber stopper with glass tube,rubber tubing and the manometer

The apparatus is placed to a retort stand

Mark and record the initial height of the coloured liquid in the manometer with a marker pen

Then,placed the boiling tube in water bath at 200C

Start the stopwatch and mark the level of coloured liquid in the manometer (after 10 minutes)

Record the final height of the coloured liquid in the manometer using a ruler

Repeat the experiment by placing the boiling tube in water baths at 300C,400C and 500C

Make sure all the joints of the apparatus are air-tight

Calculate and record the rate of anaerobic respiration in yeast by using a formula

The change in height of coloured water in the manometer

Time taken

The results are tabulated in a table


Temperature

(C0)The height of coloured liquid in manometer(cm)Rate of anaerobic in yeast (cm/min)

initialfinal

20

30

40

50

12.THE EFFECT OF pH ON THE RATE OF ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION YEASTProblem statement

What is the effect of pH on the rate of anaerobic respiration in yeast?

Hypothesis

The rate of anaerobic respiration in yeast is optimal in acidic medium

Variables

MV : pH value

RV : rate of anaerobic respiration

CV : concentration of yeast solution

Apparatus and material

pH paper,hydrochloric acid,sodium hydroxide Yeast solution,glucose solution,coloured liquid,paraffin oil,manometer tube,measuring cylinder , rubber tubing, clip ,glass tube, ruler, boiling tube, water bath, stopwatch, marker pen, rubber stopper, thermometer , beaker, retort stand

Procedure

Filled the boiling tube with 15 ml yeast suspension.


4 drop of 0.1mol dm3 Hydrochloric acid is added

The content in boiling tube is shaked.determine the pH of the solution using pH paper

The boiling tube is filled with paraffin oil.



Mark and record the initial height of the coloured liquid in the manometer with a marker pen and a ruler



Repeat the experiment by placing add 4 drops o.o1 mol dm3 HCL,4 drops of distilled water and 4 drops of 0.1 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide

Make sure all the joints of the apparatus are air-tight



Time taken



pHThe height of coloured liquid in manometer (cm)Rate of anaerobic respiration in yeast (cm/min)

13.THE EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION OF GLUCOSE ON THE RATE OF ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION IN YEAST

Problem statement

what is the effect of concentration of glucose on the rate of anaerobic respiration in yeast?

Hypothesis

the higher the concentration of glucose the higher the rate of anaerobic respiration in yeast

Variables

MV : concentration of glucose

RV : The rate of anaerobic respiration

CV : Concentration of yeast solution


Yeast solution,glucose solution,vaselin, coloured liquid,paraffin oil,manometer tube,measuring cylinder , rubber tubing, clip ,glass tube, ruler, boiling tube, water bath, stopwatch, marker pen, rubber stopper, thermometer , beaker, retort stand

Procedure

Filled the boiling tube with yeast suspension.


Glucose solution is heated to remove dissolved oxygen.the solution is left to cool

The boiling is filled with paraffin oil


Vaseline is used to make sure all the joints is airtight


Mark and record the initial height of the coloured liquid in the manometer with a marker pen



Repeat the experiment by 10% and 30% glucose solution



Time taken



Concentration of glucose (%)The height of coloured liquid in the manometer (cm)Rate of anaerobic respiration(cm/min)

initialfinal

5

10

20

14.TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF SMOKING TO THE LUNGProblem statement

What is the effect of cigarette number to the colour change in cotton wool and the increase in temperature of thermometer?

Hypothesis

As the number if cigarette increase ,the more brownish the colour of cotton wool and the higher the temperature in thermometer

Variables

MV : the number of cigarette

RV : Change in cotton wool and increased in temperature of thermometer

CV : Volume of universal indicator


U-Tube,glass tube,boiling tube,suction pump,temperature,measuring cylinder,boiling tube ,universal indicator,cotton wool,cigarette

Procedure

Diagram with 5 correct labels

50ml of universal indicator is measured using measuring cylinder and poured into the boiling tube

The initial temperature of the air in U-Tube is recorded

The initial colour of cotton wool/universal indicator is recorded

One cigarette is lighted up and suction pump is switched on

Record the change of colour in cotton and increase in temperature using a thermometer after cigarette stopped burning (In a table)

Repeat steps 6 to 8 by using 2,3, and 4 cigarettes

Make sure all the joining are air tight


Before experimentAfter experiment

Temperature (0C)

Colour of cotton wool

15.TO DETERMINE THE OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE CONTENTS IN INHALED AND EXHALED AIRProblem statement

Does inhaled air contain more oxygen and less carbon dioxide than exhaled hair?

HypothesisInhaled air contains more oxygen and less carbon dioxide than exhaled air

Variables

MV : type of air sample(inhaled or exhaled air)

RV : percentage of oxygen and carbon dioxide in inhaled and exhaled air

CV : length of air used


Potassium hydroxide solution,pottassium pyrogallate solution,water,J-tube,ruler,beaker,boilng tube,basin/water bath,ruber tubings

Procedure

Turn the screw of the J-Tube until the end

Dip the end of the J-Tube in water.Draw into the tube about 5cm of water

Remove the J-Tube from the water.Draw into the tube about 10cm of air(inhaled air)

Dip the open end of J-Tube into the water again .Draw in a little more water (to seal the air column)

Adjust the screw so that air column is sin the middle of the J-Tube

Immerse the J-Tube into the water bath for 2 minutes ,to stabilize the temperature of air sample

Measure the length of air column using a ruler .Record the measurement as P cmExpel some of the water in the J-tube leaving about 2-3mm from the end of the tube

Dip the open end of the J-Tube into the potassium hydroxide and draw in about 2-3cm of the solution(potassium hydroxide absorbs carbon dioxide from the air column)

Remove the test tube from the solution and move the air column to and fro several times

Repeat step 6 and 7 .Record the length of air column as q cm

Expel the potassium hydroxide solution leaving about 2-3 mm from the end of the tubeRepeat step 9 using potassium pyrogallate solution (potassium pyrogallate absorbs oxygen from the air column)Repeat steps 6 and 7 .Record the length of the air column as r cmBased on the results ,calculate the percentage of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the sample of inhaled air column using formulaRepeat steps 1 -17 using a sample of exhaled airCompare the percentage of carbon dioxide in inhaled and exhaled airCompare the percentage of oxygen in inhaled and exhaled airPresentation data

Data for inhaled air

Length of inhaled air column at the beginning experimentP

Length of inhaled air column after treating with potassium hydroxide solutionQ

Length of inhaled air column after treating with potassium pyrogallate solutionR

Length of CO2 column in inhaled air(p-q)cm

Length of O2 column in inhaled air(q-r)cm

Percentage of CO2 in inhaled airp-qcm x 100%

p cm

Percentage of O2 in inhaled airq-rcm x 100

p cm

Data for exhaled air

Length of inhaled air column at the beginning experimentX

Length of inhaled air column after treating with potassium hydroxide solutionY

Length of inhaled air column after treating with potassium pyrogallate solutionZ

Length of CO2 column in inhaled air(x-y)cm

Length of O2 column in inhaled air(y-z)cm

Percentage of CO2 in inhaled air(x-y)cm x 100%

X cm

Percentage of O2 in inhaled air

(y-z)cm x 100%

X cm

15.TO STUDY HOW POPULATION SIZE OF SPECIES MIMOSA PUDICA AND IMPERATA CYLINDRICA CAN BE DETERMINED IN YOUR SCHOOL FIELDProblem statement

What is the population size of mimosa pudica and imperata cylindrica in the school field?

Hypothesis

The population size of species mimosa pudica plant is higher than species imeprata cylindrica in the school field

Variables

MV : type of plant

RV : population size

CV : quadrat size

Materials and apparatus

Plant species Mimosa Pudica and imperata cylindrica ,plastic quadrat,marker pen,A4 paper,graph paper

Procedure

School field was chosen as the field study

Quadrats size 1mx1m was used

Two plants species mimosa pudica and imperata cylindrica was identified

The quadrats were thrown at random in the school field

The area of coverage each plant species were counted

If more than half of the squares in the quadrat are covered ,the area of plant species will be counted.the area is not counted if only less than half is covered

Steps 5 to 7 was repeated for nine quadrats

The area covered by plant species studied in each quadrat were recorded and tabulated in a table

The percentage coverage of plant species were calculated by using this formula :percentage of coverage = total are covered plant species In all quadrats X 100

Total number of quadrants x area of quadrat


Plant speciesNumber of plant species in the quadratTotal number of plant species(m2) Percentage coverage area (%)

12345678910

19.TO INVESTIGATE THE WATER POLUTION LEVEL AND BOD VALUE AT THE STATION A,B, AND C

Problem statement

Which sources of water sample A,B and C will be more polluted and give the higher BOD value?

Hypothesis

Water sample C are the most polluted and have the highest BOD value compare to water sample A and B

Variable

MV : type water samples

RV : water pollution level and BOD values

CV : volume of water sample


Reagents bottles with stoppers,syringe,cupboard,stopwatch,label paper, measuring cylinder, beaker, water sources from station A,B and C,methylene blue solution

Procedure

200ml water samples from A,B and C sources are collected

3 bottles of reagent are labeled as A,B, and X respectively

100ml of water samples at A were measured by using measuring cylinder are being put into reagent bottle

1ml of methylene blue solution 0.1% solution was added to the base of each water samples using a syringe

The bottles are closed quickly and the contents are not to be shaken

Steps 1 to 5 were repeated by using water source from station B and C

All the bottles are placed in a cupboard and the stopwatch is started

The bottle are examined from time to time

The time taken for methylene to decolourise is recorded for all the water samples

The results are recorded in a table


Reagent bottlesWater samples (100ml)Time taken to decolourise methylene blue (hour)BOD value and pollution level (unit)

A

B

C

16.TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF LIGHT INTENSITY ON THE POPULATION GROWTH RATE OF LEMNA MINORProblem statement

What is the effect of light intensity on the growth rate of lemna minor?

Hypothesis

The higher the light intensity the higher the growth rate of lemna minor at the end of experiment

Variables

MV : light intensity

RV : the growth rate of lemna minor

CV : initial number of lemna minor


Lemna minor,pond water,light bulb(5,40,80 watts),beaker,ruler,measuring cylinder,waterproof paint

Procedure

Three beakers are prepared and filled with 500ml of water in each beaker

The beakers are labeled as A,B and C with waterproof paint

5 lemna minor are put into each baker

Each beaker is placed at 30cm from the lamps with different light intensities ,that is 5 watts ,40 watts, and 80 watts respectively

All the beakers are placed in area of the same temperature

Change the water in each beaker every 3 days

After 7 days,the number of lemna minor in each beaker is counted and recorded

The growth rate of lemna minor is calculated by using formula:

The number of lemna minor

Time taken(day)

The result are recorded in a table


Light intensity (watts)Number of lemnaThe growth rate of lemna minor

Beginning end

55

405

805

17.TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF PH ON THE POPULATION GROWTH OF LEMNA MINOR IN THIS LABORATORY

Problem statement

Does the changes in pH effects the growth rate of lemna minor?

Hypothesis

The growth rate of lemna minor is higher in neutral medium

Variables

MV : the changes in pH

RV : the growth rate of lemna minor

CV : numberof lemna minor in the beginning of experiment


Lemna minor,pond water,0.1M hydrochloric acid ,0.1M sodium hyroxide,distilled water,beaker,waterproof paint,measuring cylinder and dropper

Procedure

Three beakers are prepared and filled with 500ml of pond water in each beaker

The beaker are labeled A,B, and C with waterproof paint

Bu using measuring cylinder,10ml of 0.1M of hydrochloric acid is measured and poured into beaker A,10ml of 0.1M sodium hydroxide solution is measured and poured into beaker B and 10ml of distilled water is measured and poured into beaker C

20 numbers of lemna minor are put into each beaker

Each beaker is placed in an area of distributed light and temperature

After 5 days,the number of lemna minor is counted in each beaker

The growth rate of lemna minor is calculated by using formula

The result are recorded in a table


BeakerCondition of pHNumber of lemna minorThe growth rate of lemna minor(day)

beginningending

A0.1M of hydrochloric acid(acidic)

B0.1M sodium hydroxide(alkaline)

Cdistilled water(neutral)

20.TO DETERMINE THE NUMBER OF SOLID POLLUTANTS IN THE AIR OF DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTProblem statement

Which place will produce the largest number of fine particle in the air?

Hypothesis

The number of solid particles in school car park is higher than air sample in air conditional room,classroom and school canteen

Variables

MV : location where glass slide is placed

RV : number of solid particles

CV : time exposure


Glass slide,cellophone tape,light miscroscope,petri dish,ruler,places of study,fine particles

Procedure

4 slides are prepared and labeled them A,B,C and D

5cm of cellophane tape is sticked on each slide with the sticky surface facing outward

The slide A is placed at school park

Leave the slide undisturbed for a week

After one week,collect a slide view under light microscope under low power

Repeat experiment for slide B at conditioned room,slide C at classroom and slide D at school canteen

The number of solid pollutions is recorded


Glass slidePlace where slide is locatedNumber of fine particles as seen under microscope (unit)

AAir conditioned room

BClassroom

CSchool canteen

DSchool car park

21.TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF TOTAL SURFACE AREA TO VOLUME(TSA/V) RATIO TOWARDS THE RATE OF DIFFUSION OF SUBTANCES BY USING POTATO

Problem statement

How does the TSA/V ration effect the rate of diffusion of the substance?

Hypothesis

As the TSA/V ratio increases the rate of diffusion of the substances increases

Variables

MV : TSA/V

RV : rate of diffusion

CV : concentration of coloured water


Coloured water,potato,filter paper,knife,blade,white tiles,forceps,stopwatch,grided transparency sheet,beaker

Procedure

Potato is cut into cubes which is 1cm3,8cm3,27cm3, and 64cm3Each potato cubes is placed in a beaker containing coloured water for 20minutes

After 20minutes the potato cubes are cut into two halves

The outer surface of the potato cubes are dried using filter paper

The transparency sheet is placed on the top of cut surface

The area that is stained red is drawn and shaded on the gridded transparency

Coloured area in each potato cubes is measured by using gridded transparency

The percentage of coloured area in each potato cube is calculated and recorded

Calculated and recorded the rate of diffusion using a formula

Percentage of coloured area %

Time taken(Min)


Size of cubes(cm3)Percentage of coloured area (%)Rate of diffusion of potato cube (%/min)

1

8

27

64

22.TO DETERMINE WETHER THE NUMBER OF LEAVES EFFECTING THE RATE OF TRANSPIRATION IN PLANTS

Problem statement

Does number of leaves effect the rate of transpiration?

Hypothesis

The higher the number of leaves,the higher the rate of photosynthesis

Variables

MV : number of leaves

RV : rate of transpiration

CV : air movement


Plant shoot with leaves,water,photometer(or capillary tube,ruler,ruber tube),stopwatch,light bulb,beaker

Procedure

A leafy shoot is chosen from a plant.the shoot is cut and is immersed immediately into a basin of water

The shoot is cut 1cm from the bottom of the stem under water.the leaves are removed from the shoot and 8 leaves is left behind

The cut end of the stem is inserted carefully into the rubber tubing of the photometer under water

The apparatus is then set up as shown in diagram .the end of the tube is immersed in a beaker of water

The leaves and the apparatus are wiped dry with a cloth

Vaseline is used to ensure no water leakage and the apparatus is air tight

An air bubble is introduced in the tube

The photometer then placed in an enclosed room with no air movement

The shoot Is allowed a few minutes to reach a steady state before any readings is taken

The stopwatch is activated and the time taken for air bubble travel10cm distance is recorded

The experiment is repeated to obtain two more reading

Steps 1 to 11 are repeated by using difference shoot with difference number of leaves 6,4,2 and 0.

The time taken for air bubble to travel for each shoot is recorded in the following table using stopwatch

Calculate the rate of transpiration by using formula


Number of leavesTime taken (min)Rate of transpiration(cm/min)

0

2

4

6

8

23.TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF LIGHT INTENSITY ON THE RATE OF TRANSPIRATION

Problem statement

Is the light increasing the rate of of transpiration of a plant?

Hypothesis

The higher the light intensity,the higher the rate of transpiration

Variables

MV : distance light sources

RV : rate of of transpiration

CV : temperature


Photometer,stopwatch,knife,beaker,fluorescent lamp,meter ruler, balsam plant,vaseline,water,tissue

Procedure

A suitable balsam plant is selected and is cut using a sharp knife.the cut end is immediately immersed in a beaker filled with distilled water

The cut plant is then fixed onto a photometer and the joint between the plant and the photometer are sealed using a Vaseline to make the airtight

The laboratory curtains and doors are pulled and closed so that outside lightning will not effect the outcome of experiment

A 40W fluorescent lamp is set 30cm away from the edge of the photometer with a meter ruler placed to measure the distance

The air bubble in photometer is set to 0cm.the lamp is switched on and the stopwatch is started when the air bubble cross X mark.

The movement of air bubble is observed and the stopwatch is stopped when the bubble reaches Y mark that is 10cm

Record the time taken into a table using stopwatch

Step 4 to 7 are repeated ,with the distance of the lamp are put at 40cm,50cm,60cm away from the photometer.

Calculate the rate of transpiration by using a formula

All the findings are recorded In a table


Distance of lamp from the edge of photometer (cm)Time taken for the air bubble to travel from X to Y (s)Rate of transpiration (cm/second)

0

40

50

60

24.TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF AIR MOVEMENT ON THE RATE OF TRANSPIRATIONProblem statement

What are the effect of the different speed of air movement on the rate of transpiration?

Hypothesis

As the speed of the air movement increases,the rate of transpiration increases.

Variables

MV : speed of air movement

RV : Rate of transpiration

CV : the temperature


Capillary tube,retort stand,50ml beaker,basin,scalpel,rubber tubing,tissue paper,vaseline,marker pen and stopwatch,ruler,fan,water and plant shoot

Procedure

The leafy shoot is immersed In the water and cut using a sharp scalpel

The rubber tubing and capillary tube is placed in the basin containing water.the apparatus is filled with water.the leafy shoot is inserted into the rubber tubing

Steps 1-2 is carried out under water to mae sure no air bubbles are trapped in the apparatus

A finger is placed over the open the end of the capillary tube.the apparatus is removed from the basin

The open end of the capillary tube is placed under water in the beaker before ermoving the finger from the tube

The water is dried from the surface of the leaves of the shoot using a tissue paper.some vaseline is smeared around the rubber tubing to make the apparatus airtight

The capillary tube is lifted just clear above the water reservoir .the rubber tubing is squeezed gently to release one drop of water from the capillary tube .the capillary tube is placed in water

The apparatus is supported by a retort stand.a marker pen is used to mark two points, X and Y at a distance of 5 cm apart

The photometer is placed under the table fan with speed 1 .record the time taken (in minutes) for the air bubble to move from point X to point Y using stopwatch

Repeat the experiment twice

To reset the photometer,squeeze the rubber tubing so that air bubble escapes into the beaker of water

The above step is repeated to get three readings with the same shoot in under water a an with speed 2 and respectively

The average rate of the rate of transpiration measurement is recorded in the table using formula

Prresentation of data

Speed of fanTime taken for the air bubble to move from point X to Y (minutes)Rate of transpiration (cm/min)

First readingSecond readingThird readingaverage

Speed 1

Speed 2

Speed 3

25.TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE RATE OF TRANSPIRATIONProblem statement

Does the temperature affect the rate of transpiration of a plant?

Hypothesis

The higher the temperature,the higher the rate of transpiration of a plant

Variables

MV : temperature

RV : the rate of transpiration

CV : air movement


Photometer,stopwatch,cutter,beaker,meter ruler,a basin of water,marker,a leafy shoot,water,vaseline,dry cloth,thermometer,transparent frame

Procedure

The leafy shoot is immersed in the water and cut using a sharp scalpel

The rubber tubing and capillary tube is placed in the basin containing water.the apparatus is filled with water.the leafy shoot is inserted into the rubbing tubing.

Steps 1 and 2 is carried out under water to make sure no air bubbles are trapped in the apparatus

A finger is placed over the open end of the capillary tube.the apparatus is removed from the basin

The open end of the capillary tube is placed under water in the beaker before removing the finger from the tube

The water is dried from the surfaces of the leaves of the shoot using tissue paper.Some vaseline is smeared around the rubber tubing to make it airtight

The capillary tube is lifted just clear above the water reservoir.the rubber tubing is squeezed gently to release one drop of water from the capillary tube.the capillary tube is placed in water

The apparatus is supported by a retort stand.a marker pen is used to mark two points ,X and Yat a distance 5cm apart

The non transparent frame is used to cover the leafy shoot and of the photometer is placed in the shady place at 300C.the temperature inside the frame is recorded using stopwatch

Record the time taken (in minutes)for the air bubble to move from X to Y using stopwatch


The above step is repeated to get the three readings with the same shoot with the transparent frame to cover the leaf shoot and photometer is placed under the sun at 330C.the temperature inside the frame is recorded using stopwatch

The rate of transpiration measurement is recorded in the table by using formula


temperatureTime taken for the air bubble to move from X to Y (minute)Rate of transpiration(cms-1)

123average

Shady place 300C

Under the sun 330C

26.TO INESTIGATE THE EFFECT OF AIR HUMIDITY ON THE RATE OF TRANSPIRATIONProblem statement

Does humidity of air effect the rate of temperature?

Hypothesis

When the air humidity surrounding the plant is high,the rate of transpiration is low

Variable

MV : humidity of air

RV : rate of transpiration

CV : temperature


Photometer,stopwatch,cutter,beaker,meter ruler,a basin of water,marker,a leafy shoot,water,vaseline,dry cloth,anhydrous calcium chloride,transparent bag

Procedure

The leafy shoot is immersed in the water and cut using a sharp scalpel

The rubber tubing and capillary tube is placed in the basin containing water.the apparatus is filled with water.the leafy shoot is inserted into the rubber tubing

Steps 1-2 is carried out under water to make sure no air bubble are trapped in the apparatus

A finger is placed over the open end of the capillary tube.the apparatus is removedfrom the basin

The open end of the capillary tube is placed under in the beaker before removing the finger from the tube

The water is dried from the surface of the leaves of the shoot using tissue paper.some vaseline is smeared around the rubber tubing to make sure the apparatus airtight

The capillary tube is lifted just clear above the water reservoir .the rubber tubing is squeezed gently to release one drop of water from the capillary tube .the capillary tube is placed under water

The apparatus is supported by a retort stand .a marker pen is used to mark two points ,X and Y at a distance 5 cm apart

The transparent bag filled with presence of anhydrous calcium chloride is used to cover the leafy shoot

Record the time taken (in minutes) for the air bubble to move from pint X to Y using a stopwatch

Repeat the experiment twice


The above step is repeated to get three readings with the same shoot with the transparent bag with absence of anhydrous calcium chloride

The rate of transpiration measurement is recorded in the table using formula


Condition inside tranparent bagHumidity of airTime taken for the air bubble to move from X to YThe rate of transpiration (cm.min)

contain anhydrous calcium chloride

Without anhydrous calcium chloride

27.TO DETERMINE THE URINE VOLUME RELEASED BY A STUDENT WHO DRINKS DIFFERENT VOLUME OF MINERAL WATER

Problem statement

What is the effect of water intake of urine output?

Hypothesis

If more water is taken,more urine will be released

Variables

MV : volume of water

RV : volume of urine released

CV : same student


Beakers,cup/mug,measuring cylinder,stopwatch,drinking water,a student

Procedure

A student (sample A) is chosen and instructed to empty his bladders before the start of the the experiment

200ml of water is measured and put into the mug

A student(sample A ) is given 200ml of mineral drinking water drink

A stopwatch is started immediately after consuming the water

During the experiment,he is kept within 1-2 hours

He is instructed not to eat or perform any vigorous physical activities

After half an hour,he is asked to empty his bladder

The collected urine is kept in a large beaker

At the interval of half an hour,until two hours,a student empty his bladder

After two hours ,the total collected urine is measured using measuring cylinder

Repeat step 2-9 for different amount of drinking water(400ml,600ml,800ml,1000ml)

Step 7 is conducted for four consecutive days in a fixed time and place

Dispose the measured urine properly

Measure and record the data collected into a table


Volume of water intake(ml)

Volume of urine is produced(ml)2004006008001000

28.TO INVESTIGATE THE TRAIT OF COLOUR OF FLOWER OBEY MENDELS FIRST LAWProblem statementIs colour of marble influence the total of button pair in beaker?

Hypothesis

When the red button is cross breeding with white button,the ratio of fillial is 3 red button and 1 white button if first filial do self-breeding

Variables

MV : colour of button

RV : the number of pair button

CV : 50 red buttons ad 50 white buttons


Plastic bag/can/box/pouch,red buttons,white buttons,beaker,student X

Procedure

Two black pouches ,A and B each containing a mixture of 50 red buttons and 50 white buttons

Pouch A and B were shaken to mix the buttons randomly

(without see)one button was drawn at random from each pouch by student X

Both of buttons are combined to produce daughter in second filial generation

Steps 1 to 4 are repeated when all buttons are completing combined

The number of colour combination of buttons from each pouches are recorded in table show

The genotype and phenotype of all the colour combination are recorded in the table show


Colour of combinationNumber of button colourgenotypephenotype

Both are red colours

Both are white colours

One red colour and one white colour

29.TO INVESTIGATE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AVERAGE HEIGHT/GROWTH RATE OF MAIZE PLANTS AND TIME AFTER PLANTING

Problem statement

What is the relationship between the average height of maize plants and time after planting?

Hypothesis

The longer the time after planting,the more the average height of maize plant until they reach maturity

Variables

MV : the time after planting

RV : the average height of maize plants

CV : number of seedlings types


Maize seeds,nursery tile,garden soil,tap water,fertilizer,measuring tape,meter ruler

Procedure

Prepare a site for nursery with garden soil

Plant 20 maize seeds in the soil with even spacing between each seed

Water the seeds daily throughout the period of experiment

After 10 days,measure the height of maize plants using the meter ruler or measuring tape

Repeat steps 4 over 90/120 days

Record all the results obtained In a table

Plot a graph of the average height of maize plants against time after planting


Time(days) after planting The height of maize plants /cmAverage heights of maize plants (cm)

12345678910

10

20

30

40

50

30.TO DETERMINE THE TYPES OF VARIATION TO THE NUMBEROF STUDENTS

Problem statementDo all the students have the same type of fingerprints and height?

Hypothesis

Each student in group belongs to one fingerprint and height

Variables

MV : types of variation

RV : number of students

CV : same class

Apparatus and materials Student,graph paper,A4 paper,tissue paper,fingerprint pad,hand lens,marker,meter ruler

Procedure

Ten names of students in the same group were written down in a table

My height is measured by using a ruler and recorded in a table

The experiment is repeated by investigating the type of fingerprint

By using fingerprint pad,I placed my thumbprint were observed and indentify

By using hand lens , the type of my thumbprint were observed and identify

Steps 2 to 5 were repeated to other students in the same group

The measurement of height and fingerprint are repeated twice to get the average

Two graphs on the number of students against the types of variation were plotted


students name Type of fingerprint Height (m)

whorlcurvescompositeloops

31.TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECT OF CAMOUFLAGE ON PREY AND PREDATOR RELATIONSHIP

Problem statement

What is the effect of colour camouflage on organism?

Hypothesis

When the colour between cloth and the buttons are more distinct ,the number of contrasting button chosen is greater

Variables

MV : the colour of cloth

RV : the number of coloured button chosen

CV : the size of cloth used


Student,a piece of white cloth(50cmx50cm),a piece of black cloth (50cm50cm),a piece of multicoloured patterned cloth(30cmX30cm),20 red buttons,20 black butons,20 white buttons,20 yellow buttons,20 green buttons, a white tile

Procedure

Student Y scattered various coloured button randomly on a piece of white cloth measuring 50cmX50cm.the buttons used are:

20 red buttons

20 black buttons

20 white buttons

20 yellow buttons

20 green buttons

Student X did not observe what student Y did

Within 1-2 seconds ,student X then quickly took a button from the white tile and placed it on a white tile

Step 3 was repeated 9 times

Use the same student that has been chosen

Count and record the number of coloured buttons according to colour in the table

Steps 1-4 were repeated using a black cloth followed by a multicoloured patterned cloth


Colour of clothNumber of buttons according to colourotal number of buttons were taken

blackwhiteredyellowgreen

White

Black

Multicoloured floral

To suction pump

Universal indicator

Ema-Mel0dy spm11

spm biology design experiment paper 3 notes

Documents

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type of cellplant cell