spheroid cultures promote the stemness of corneal stromal cells
TRANSCRIPT
Accepted Manuscript
Title: Spheroid Cultures Promote the Stemness of CornealStromal Cells
Author: Hongyang Li Ying Dai Jianchang Shu Rongjie YuYonglong Guo Jiansu Chen
PII: S0040-8166(14)00116-5DOI: http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.tice.2014.10.008Reference: YTICE 903
To appear in: Tissue and Cell
Received date: 21-9-2014Revised date: 31-10-2014Accepted date: 31-10-2014
Please cite this article as: Li, H., Dai, Y., Shu, J., Yu, R., Guo, Y., Chen, J.,SpheroidCultures Promote the Stemness of Corneal Stromal Cells, Tissue and Cell (2014),http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tice.2014.10.008
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Highlights
Rabbit and mouse CSCs could form suspension spheroids in methylcellulose
medium.
Rabbit CSCs could form adherent spheroids by proteins of Oct4, Klf4, Sox2
and VPA.
CSC suspension and adherent spheroids were positive for vimentin, CD34 and
nestin.
The gene expression of nanog was positive for CSC adherent spheroids by
proteins
CSC suspension and adherent spheroids possess mesenchymal and stem cell
phenotypes.
*Research Highlights
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Spheroid Cultures Promote the Stemness of Corneal Stromal Cells
Hongyang Lia, b
, Ying Daic, Jianchang Shu
d, Rongjie Yu
e, Yonglong Guo
c, Jiansu Chen
a, c, f
aOphthalmology Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China,
bOphthalmology Department, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital Affiliated to Medical College of
Jinan University, Guangzhou, China, cKey Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry
of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China, dGastroenterology Department, Guangzhou
Red Cross Hospital Affiliated to Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China,
eBioengineering Institute of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China,
fInstitute of Ophthalmology,
Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
Correspondence to: Jiansu Chen, Institute of Ophthalmology, Medical College, Jinan
University, 601 West Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China.
E-mail:[email protected]
Authors' contributions:
Conceived and designed the experiments: Hongyang Li, Jiansu Chen;
Performed the experiments: Hongyang Li, Ying Dai, Jianchang Shu, Jiansu Chen;
Analyzed the data: Hongyang Li, Ying Dai, Rongjie Yu, Jianchang Shu, Jiansu Chen;
Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: Jiansu Chen;
Wrote the manuscript: Hongyang Li, Jiansu Chen, Ying Dai, Yonglong Guo.
*Manuscript
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Abstract
Several culture methods generated spheroids of rabbit and mouse corneal stromal cells
(CSCs) in vitro. In this study, rabbit CSC spheroids were positively expressed the mesenchymal
and stem cell phenotypes, which contained immunopositive for vimentin (a mesenchymal cell
marker) and CD34 (a stem cell marker), as well as mRNA expression of nestin (a neural stem
cell marker) and Nanog (a stem cell marker), in suspension or adherent cultures that were
induced by methylcellulose, a rotary cell culture system (RCCS) or reprogramming proteins
and VPA. Mouse CSCs showed poor growth and hardly formed spheroids after treatment with
methylcellulose or reprogramming proteins and VPA. Our work has laid a promising
foundation to elucidate CSCs and the further use of CSC spheroids for reprogramming,
bioprinting and tissue engineering.
Keywords: Spheroid culture; Corneal stromal cells; Reprogramming protein; Simulated
microgravity culture; Valproic acid
Introduction
The corneal stroma mainly consists of a dense and regularly packed collagen fibril
extracellular matrix (ECM) deposited by corneal stromal cells (CSCs) during late embryonic
development (Hassell and Birk, 2010). According to specific environmental condition and
signals, CSCs possess at least three different phenotypes, including quiescent dendritic
keratocytes, fibroblasts and myofibroblasts (Jester and Ho-Chang, 2003). The cues presented to
CSCs are the major determinants of their phenotypes. Moreover, there is a small population of
corneal stromal stem cells (CSSCs), progenitors or precursors in the corneal stroma, which is
largely located in the peripheral stroma, and CSCs represent the default lineage. These CSSCs
have a role in corneal stromal wounds healings (Pinnamaneni and Funderburgh, 2012, Mimura
et al., 2008). Isolation of CSSCs by sphere forming assay has been reported (Funderburgh et al.,
2005, Yoshida et al., 2005). These cells formed spheres in culture, showed side population
characteristics, were multipotent and expressed various adult stem cell markers. Normally, cells
in spheroid culture exhibit some properties that are distinct from monolayer cells. For example,
they grow with similar characteristics to in vivo tissue and can simulate native tissue behaviors
much more accurately than two-dimensional (2-D) cultures. Furthermore, stem cells with
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self-renewing capacity usually possess spheroid forming capacity (Dontu et al., 2003, Page et
al., 2013). Thus, spheroid cultures can be used to isolate stem cells from tissue. When grown as
spheres, cells have increased cell viability and functional performance compared with
monolayer cultures (Lin and Chang, 2008). Cultured spheroids have advantages provided by
the three-dimensional (3-D) microenvironment, which maintains cell-to-cell interactions and
allows for engraftment (Hattorietal, 2010). Spheroid cultures also provide favorable conditions
for tissue engineering using bioprinting or other reconstruction techniques (Page et al., 2013,
Lin and Chang, 2008, Takács et al., 2009, Jo YH et al., 2014).
The simulated microgravity (SMG) conditions of a rotary cell culture system (RCCS) allow
cells to proliferate in under rotating conditions but with low shear stress and in a low turbulence
environment. Our previous studies showed that rabbit CSCs in SMG culture tended to
aggregate. CSCs under RCCS conditions on scaffolds of decellularized bovine cornea grew in
spheres for 19 days, but in static culture, they grew as a 2-D monolayer (Chen et al., 2007). We
also found that rabbit CSCs in SMG culture were round in shape with many prominences and
were more likely to aggregate and grow into the pores of the decellularized cornea carriers
when supplemented with valproic acid (VPA), vitamin C (VC) and 10% fetal bovine serum
(FBS). However, rabbit CSCs in static plastic culture conditions only displayed a spindle shape
and were rarely interconnected (Dai et al., 2007).
Growing cells in a 3-D environment generates important differences in cellular
characteristics and behavior compared with 2-D environments. 3-D cell culture represents an
important bridge for linking our current knowledge of cell structure and metabolism to the
extensive complexity of tissues and organs (Page et al., 2013). In this work, we investigated
CSC 3-D spheroid culture in suspension and aggregated growth induced by methylcellulose,
the recombinant cell-penetrating reprogramming of proteins PTD-Oct4, PTD-Klf4, and
PTD-Sox2 (PTD-Oct4/Klf4/Sox2), VPA and RCCS to further understand characteristics in
various environmental conditions.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Culture reagents were purchased from Gibco (Grand Island, NY, USA). Unless otherwise
stated, all the other reagents were from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). VPA was from Energy
Chemical (Guangzhou, China), and B27 was purchased from Invitrogen (CA, USA). Epidermal
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growth factor (EGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) were purchased from Pepro
Tech (CA, USA). The monoclonal anti-CD34 antiboby was purchased from Beijing
Biosynthesis Biotechnology Co., Ltd (Beijing, China), and the monoclonal anti-vimentin
antiboby (NeoMarkers) was from Lab Vision Corp (Fremont, MO, USA). The EZgene TM
Tissue RNA Miniprep Kit was from Biomiga (San Diego, CA, USA), and the ReverTra Ace
qPCR RT Kit, Blend Taq® and Blend Taq
®-Plus were purchased from Toyobo (Osaka, Japan).
Primers were synthetized by BGI (Beijing, China).
Preparation and activity of reprogramming proteins
The reprogramming proteins, including Oct4, Klf4 and Sox2, were expressed and purified
as fusion proteins with an N-terminally linked protein transduction domain (PTD) with an
amino acid sequence of YGRKKRRQRRR and a 6-His purification tag at the C-terminal,
respectively. In brief, the genes encoding the fusion proteins were cloned into the expression
vector pKYB to construct the recombinant expression vectors. After the recombinant vectors
were transformed into the ER2566 E. coli strain, the fusion proteins, such as PTD-Oct4,
PTD-Klf4 and PTD-Sox2, were expressed and purified by Ni-affinity chromatography. The
fluoresceinisothiocyanate (FITC) labeled PTD-Oct4, PTD-Klf4 and PTD-Sox2 were used to
investigate the penetrating ability of the fusion protein into Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells
as previously described (Li et al., 2011, Su et al., 2011, Liu et al., 2011). Briefly, the fusion
proteins were labeled with FITC (excitation 490 nm, emission 525 nm) using a FITC labeling
kit (Xirun. Bio. China). CHO cells were grown to confluence on a 24well plate, and then, the
culture medium was replaced with 200 μL FITC labeled PTD-Oct4, PTD-Klf4 or PTD-Sox2
solution for 1 hour. The cells were thoroughly washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)
four times and then were imaged using an inverted fluorescence microscope. The FITC labeled
fusion protein maxadilan (MAX) was used as control, which has no penetrating ability (Zeng et
al., 2009). The rate of proteins labeled with FITC was calculated with the following formula:
F(FITC)/P(proteins)=-3.053×OD(495 nm) /OD(280 nm)-0.225×OD(495 nm). After 1 hour
incubation with FITC labeld proteins, CHO cells were treated with RIPA cell lysis buffer. A
fluorescence detector was used to observe the penetrating FITC in the cell lysis solution at an
OD of 495nm, and the protein transduction into CHO cells =OD 495nm/rate of FITC proteins
labeled. The transmembrane protein crossing efficiency was calculated as below: protein
transduction into CHO cells/total content of FITC labeled proteins in each well.
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The binding activities of the reprogramming proteins, which have target sequences, were
identified using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assays. Briefly, two
single-stranded oligo nucleotides sequences from Oct4, Klf4 and Sox2 were produced by
chemical synthesis, which connected the anthocyan dye (CY3) (excitation wavelength of 550
nm, emission wavelength of 575 nm) at the 5'end. The specific sequences of Oct4, Klf4 and
Sox2 were shown in table 1. Each double stranded DNA sequence was obtained by annealing
two reverse compliment single DNA strands, which were synthesized by Invitrogen
(Guangzhou, China). The Cy3-labeled double-stranded target DNA sequences specific binding
of Oct4, Klf4 and Sox2 were obtained by denaturing annealing (95 °C 5 min, 37 °C 2 min, 0 °C
2 min). The reprogramming proteins PTD-Oct4, PTD-Klf4 and PTD-Sox2 were labeled with
FITC (excitation 490 nm, emission 525 nm) using a FITC labeling kit (Xirun. Bio., China). The
binding of the reprogramming proteins with their target sequences Oct4, Klf4 and Sox2
resulted in energy transferring from FITC to Cy3. Fluorescence emission energy scanning from
FITC labeled reprogramming proteins following the addition of its Cy3 labeled target DNA
sequences was performed with a multiple function scanner (Perkin Elmer, German) using an
non-target DNA sequence as negative control. Moreover, the variation in the emission spectrum
was measured to confirm the fluorescence resonance energy transfer, which represents the
binding of the reprogramming proteins to their target sequences.
Animals and CSC isolation
Primary cultures were established from the corneas of the New Zealand white rabbit (4
eyes), which were aged 3-4 months with a weight range of 2-2.5 kg and the corneas of C57
mice that were 7-8 weeks old. Animals were handled in accordance with the ARVO Statement
on the Use of Animals in Ophthalmic and Vision Research. The protocol was approved by the
Institute Animal Care and Use Committee of Jinan University. All surgeries were performed
under sodium pentobarbital anesthesia, and all efforts were made to minimize suffering.
Eyes from New Zealand white rabbits were obtained and corneas were excised for CSCs.
Rabbit CSCs were isolated and expanded by explant culture as previously described (Choong et
al., 2007). Briefly, the connective tissues and external muscles of eyes were removed. The
corneas were rinsed with saline containing an antibiotic solution (prepared with 100 U/mL
penicillin G sodium and 100 mg/mL streptomycin sulfate). Corneas stripped of both endothelial
and epithelial tissues were rinsed with saline containing an antibiotic solution three times,
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minced into fine pieces, and explanted onto the tissue culture plates in the CSC culture medium
which was composed of DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS. Cells were incubated at 37°C in
a 5% CO2 incubator. After three days, CSCs emerged from the small explants of corneal
stromal tissue. The explants were removed on day 7, and the CSCs were grown under adherent
conditions on tissue culture plates until 80% confluent before further passaging further. The
culture medium was changed every second day.
Mouse CSCs were enzymatically isolated from corneal stromal tissues. Briefly, eyes from
C57 mice were obtained and corneas were excised for CSCs. Connective tissue and external
muscles were then removed. The eyes were rinsed with saline containing an antibiotic solution
and placed into DMEM medium supplemented with 5 mg/mL dispase overnight at 4°C. Under
aseptic conditions, corneas were isolated and stripped of both endothelial and epithelial tissues.
Corneas were placed in a solution of 2.5 mg/mL typeⅡcollagenase in culture medium for 2
hours at 37 °C. Mouse CSCs were then rinsed in DMEM, centrifuged (1800rpm, 200g, 5 min),
and suspended at a concentration of 1×104
cells/mL in CSC culture medium supplemented with
10% FBS. The cells were seeded onto tissue culture plates and incubated at 37 °C in a 5% CO2
incubator. The culture medium was changed every second day.
CSC spheroid formation in suspension induced by methylcellulose in static and RCCS
conditions
For CSC spheroid formation in suspension under static conditions, primary rabbit and
mouse CSCs were trypsinized (TrypLETM
, Invitrogen) and seeded in 24-well uncoated tissue
culture plates (TCPS) at a concentration of 5×104 cells/mL in serum-free medium with
methylcellulose, which was composed of DMEM/F12 medium and a 0.8% methylcellulose gel
matrix supplemented with B27, 20 ng/mL EGF and 40 ng/mL bFGF. Then, cells were
incubated at 37 °C in a 5% CO2 incubator. Changes in CSCs were observed by inverted
microscope. The number and the area of rabbit CSC spheroids were measured with the Image J
software on days 3, 5 and 7, respectively.
For CSC spheroid formation in suspension under RCCS conditions, primary rabbit CSCs
were trypsinized and cultured in the SMG culture system. The first step was to slowly inject 10
mL serum-free medium with methylcellulose into the 25 mL vessel for RCCS. Then, medium
with methylcellulose containing rabbit CSCs was placed into this vessel. Finally, serum-free
medium with methylcellulose was used to fill the vessel which cells at a concentration of 5×104
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cells/mL and was supplemented with B27, 20 ng/mL EGF and 40 ng/mL bFGF. Gas bubbles in
the RCCS vessel were removed. The vessel was placed into the incubator, and the rotational
speed was set at 10, 15, and 20 rpm on the first, third, seventh days of culture, respectively.
Changes in CSCs were observed with an inverted microscope. The number and the area of
rabbit CSC spheroids were measured with the Image J software on days 3, 5 and 7,
respectively.
Adherent aggregated growth of CSCs induced by reprogramming proteins and VPA
Rabbit CSCs at passage 2 (P2) with concentration of 5×104 cells/mL were treated with
reprogramming proteins ( PTD-Oct4/Klf4/Sox2) (0.2mg/mL, respectively) and VPA (0.8μg/mL)
for 16 hours, followed by replacing the same medium with medium lacking reprogramming
proteins and VPA, and culturing for an additional 56 hours before the next treatment cycle. This
treatment was repeated for seven cycles. Mouse CSCs at P2 with concentration of 5×104
cells/mL and adherent aggregated spheroids were treated with PTD-Oct4/Klf4/Sox2
(0.2mg/mL, respectively), VPA(0.8μg/mL), 2000 units/mL of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)
(Pepro Tech, CA, USA), and an equal volume of DMEM/F12 with 1% FBS (1:1) for four
cycles. The medium was changed every other day. The changes in spheroids were observed
with an inverted microscope.
Histological analysis
Rabbit and mouse CSCs were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and imaged with
light microscopy. For staining, the samples were placed into 95% ethanol for 15 min after being
rinsed with PBS buffer three times, washed with tap water twice for 1 min each, stained in
small amounts of hematoxylin for 1 min, and again rinsed with tap water.
Immunofluorescent assay
Rabbit CSCs were identified with an immunofluorescence assay. Briefly, after fixation in
4% paraformaldehyde for 30 min at room temperature, CSCs were permeabilized with 0.1%
Triton X-100 in PBS for 15 min at room temperature, washed three times with PBS and
incubated with PBS containing 10% FBS for 30 min at room temperature. The cells were
incubated with the anti-vimentin (1:500) and, anti-CD34 (1:200) monoclonal antibodies for 60
min, and then with secondary antibodies for 60 min at room temperature. The cells were rinsed
with PBS twice for 3 min. Then, the samples were incubated in a moist chamber for 15 min
with DAPI to stain the nucleus. Finally, the samples were washed, and the cells were examined
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by fluorescence microscopy (Olympus, Japan).
Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis
The expression of GAPDH, nestin and CK3 in rabbit CSCs spheroids, which were
cultured under static and SMG conditions, were measured by RT-PCR. The expression of
GAPDH, Nanog, vimentin and nestin in rabbit CSCs, which were treated with reprogramming
proteins and VPA were measured by RT-PCR. Total RNA from CSCs was isolated using the
Tissue RNA Miniprep Kit, and the resulting RNA samples were quantified by measuring the
OD at 260 nm. The OD 260/280 ratios for all RNA samples were between 1.8 and 2.1. Total
RNA (1 μg) was reverse transcribed in a 10μL reaction mixture containing 2μL 5× RT Buffer,
0.5μL RT Enzyme Mix, 0.5μL Primer Mix, and 6μL nuclease-free water at 42 °C for 1 h. One
tenth of the RT product was used for subsequent PCR with the final concentration of PCR
reaction at 1× RT Buffer, 0.2 mM dNTPs, and 1.25 U Blend Taq® in a total volume of 50 μL,
using primers shown in Table 2. The PCR mixture was first denatured at 94 °C for 2 min then
amplified for 30 cycles (94 °C, 30 sec; Tm-5 °C, 30 sec; 72 °C, 1 min) using an authorized
thermal cycler (Eppendorf, Hamburg, GER). After amplification, 5 μL of each PCR product
and 1μL of 6× loading buffer were mixed and electrophoresed on a 1.5% agarose gel in 0.5×
Tris-boric acid-EDTA containing 0.5 μg/mL ethidiumbromide. Gels were photographed and
scanned.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was performed with a software package (SPSS 16.0, Inc., Chicago, IL,
USA). Statistical significance that compared multiple sample sets with the control was
analyzed with repeated measures MANOVA. Data were presented as the mean ± SD.A p-value
of less than 0.001 was considered statistically significant.
Results
The transmembrane crossing efficiency of reprogramming proteins and the identification
of their binding activities with their target DNA sequences
The recombinant vectors (PKYB-PTD-Oct4/Klf4/Sox2-6His) were successfully
constructed. After transformation into ER2566 E. coil, the fusion PTD-Oct4, PTD-Klf4 and
PTD-Sox2 were expressed and purified by Ni-affinity chromatography. The imidazole gradient
concentration was set to obtain an optimal elution concentration of 60 mmol/L. CHO cells
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treated with a FITC-labeled PTD-Oct4, PTD-Klf4 or PTD-Sox2 solution revealed positive
green fluorescent staining, which demonstrated that FITC-labeled PTD-proteins could enter
cells, but control cells treated with FITC-labeled MAX displayed no staining (Fig. 1 up). The
transmembrane crossing efficiency of these proteins was 28.3±2.4% (PTD-Oct4) and 7.6±1.9%,
(MAX); 22.29±2.1% (PTD-Klf4) and 6.5±1.9% (MAX); 40.86±1.97% (PTD-Sox2) and
2.7±1.41% (MAX), respectively (Fig. 1 middle). FRER analysis revealed that after the
respective addition of the Oct4, Klf4 and Sox2 target sequences to the recombinant proteins,
the fluorescence emission intensity at 565 nm, 570 nm and 570 nm increased for Oct4, Klf4
and Sox2, respectively (Fig. 1 down A), however, there was no significant fluorescence
emission intensity increase promoted by non-target DNA sequences (Fig. 1down B). The FRET
results showed that the reprogramming proteins PTD-Oct4, PTD-Klf4 and PTD-Sox2 had
specific activity that recognized and bound to their target DNA sequences.
Morphological characterization of rabbit and mouse CSCs
Inverted light microscopy imaging showed that proliferating fibroblast-like cells migrated
from the periphery of corneal stromal explants after 3 days in culture (Figure 2A). The primary
rabbit or mouse CSCs in the CSC culture medium displayed spindle and dendritic shapes
(Figure 2A, 2C). H&E staining also revealed that spindle cells were irregularly interconnected
or disconnected with one another (Figure 2B, 2D). CSCs continued to grow as a monolayer
until they reached 80% confluency after 7 days in the culture.
Rabbit CSC spheroid formation in suspension induced by methylcellulose in static and
RCCS conditions
When rabbit CSCs were cultured in serum-free medium with methylcellulose under static
or SMG conditions for 7 days, viable spheroids experienced healthy growth. Images of
representative spheroids on days 1, 3, 5, and 7 in culture were shown in Figure 3. Over time,
rabbit CSCs spheroids gradually increased in size. The cellular spheroids of the static group
were markedly larger compared with the spheroids of the SMG group. The area (Figure 3A)
and number (Figure 3B) of spheroids in the static group were significantly increased compared
with the SMG group on days 3, 5, and 7.
The immunofluorescence assay showed that rabbit CSC spheroids under static conditions
were positively stained with vimentin (a mesenchymal cell marker) and CD34 (a quiescent
keratocyte marker and hematopoietic stem cell marker) on day 7. However, small spheroids
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cultured in SMG conditions were not stained with vimentin and CD34. Rabbit CSCs cultured
with DMEM-10% FBS on tissue culture plates were used as the control group. The
immunofluorescence assay showed that control CSCs stained positive for vimentin but negative
for CD34 (Figure 4). The expression of nestin, CK3 and GAPDH transcripts in rabbit CSCs
spheroids was confirmed using RT-PCR. Spheroids cultured in static conditions (Figure 4B)
expressed the nestin (a neural stem cell marker) transcript, but nestin mRNA was not detected
in the SMG (Figure 4C) and control (Figure 4A) groups. CK3 (corneal epithelial cell marker)
gene expression was not detected in any cells, but GAPDH mRNA was expressed in all groups.
Adherent aggregated growth of rabbit CSCs induced by reprogramming proteins and
VPA
Rabbit CSCs were treated with 0.2 mg/mL reprogramming proteins (PTD-Oct4/Klf4/Sox2)
and 0.8 μg/mL VPA for seven cycles (Figure 5). The adherent rabbit CSCs were spindle shaped
after the 0 and 16 hour treatments (Figure 5A, 5B). However, after three treatment cycles,
rabbit CSCs adhesion on tissue culture plates detached slightly. The spindle and dendritic
shapes of CSCs gradually changed to a short and round shape (Figure 5C). CSCs tended to
densely aggregate after five treatment cycles (Figure 5D). Moreover, CSCs were passaged at
1:6 using 0.25% trypsin. These CSC subculture also rapidly displayed adherent spheroid
aggregates on day 1 (Figure 5E). CSCs were continuously treated with reprogramming proteins
and VPA. CSCs still showed spheroid aggregates after six and seven treatment cycles (Figure
5F, 5G). However, rabbit CSCs cultured without reprogramming proteins and VPA for 21 days
displayed diverse cellular morphology and lacked aggregate formation (Figure 5H).
Immunofluorescence identification revealed that vimentin and CD34 were expressed in
rabbit CSC spheroid aggregates after seven treatment cycles with reprogramming proteins and
VPA (Figure 6A, B). Rabbit CSCs without reprogramming proteins and VPA were positively
stained for vimentin but not for CD34 (Figure 6C, D). RT-PCR analysis showed that the gene
expression of vimentin (Figure 6a), nestin (Figure 6c) and Nanog (Figure 6e) were expressed in
rabbit CSC spheroids after seven treatment cycles, but rabbit CSCs in CSC culture medium
without the treatment expressed vimentin (Figure 6b), barely any nestin (Figure 6d), and no
Nanog (Figure 6f). GAPDH was expressed in all CSCs.
Mouse CSC adherent aggregated growth and spheroid formation in suspension
For cell adherent aggregated growth induced with reprogramming proteins and VPA or
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spheroid formation in suspension with methylcellulose, mouse CSCs always showed reduced
growth compared with rabbit CSCs under the same conditions. Normal spindly adherent mouse
CSCs on tissue culture plates (Figure 7A) gradually shrank and died with reprogramming
proteins and VPA treatment (Figure 7B). After four treatment cycles, there were only a few
adherent mouse CSCs that remained on the plastic dish (Figure 7C). For CSC spheroid
formation in suspension induced by methylcellulose under static conditions, mouse CSC
spheroids also were reduced in size compared with their rabbit counterparts. The images of
mouse CSC spheroids on days 1, 4, and 7 of culture were respectively shown in Figure 7D, 7E
and 7F. However, when these suspension-cultured mouse CSC spheroids were placed in
adherent culture on day7 and then treated with 0.2 mg/mL reprogramming proteins
(PTD-Oct4/Klf4/Sox2) and 0.8 μg/mL VPA, they readily attached to the surface of the culture
plates on day 1 and had healthy growth (Figure 7G). Following attachment, the adherent
spheroids maintained and generated cells that eventually repopulated into as a confluent
monolayer in medium that included reprogramming proteins and VPA on day 4 (Figure 7H) and
day 7 (Figure 7I). However, without reprogramming proteins or VPA, the adherent CSC
spheroids rapidly disappeared on day 1, CSCs were scarce.
Discussion
Cells within the mammalian body always interact with adjacent cells and the ECM. These
interactions among in the 3-D architecture often form a complex communication network in
vivo, which is critical for normal cellular and tissue physiology. Loss of tissue specific
properties is common for cells grown in 2-D monolayer cultures (Lin and Chang, 2008). 2-D
monolayer cell cultures supply an unnatural environment and generate unnatural cellular
morphology, behaviors and function. Many studies have developed 3-D cell cultures order to
reduce experimental uncertainties arising from monolayer cultures. Spheroid cultures are one of
the most common models used as 3-D cultures in research, including adherent and
non-adherent conditions. Spheroids can be generated in several ways, such as hanging-drop
culture, spinner flask or NASA rotary cell culture systems, pellet culture, etc (Page et al., 2013,
Lin and Chang, 2008, Mueller-Klieser, 1997). In the 1990s, Reynolds and Weiss first cultured
cells that exhibited stem cell properties as free-floating spheroids, called neurospheres, from the
adult brain. They enzymatically dissociated striatal tissue to single cells and plated them in
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non-adherent conditions in serum-free medium and in the presence of EGF (Reynolds and
Weiss, 1992). Thereafter, spheroid forming assays are widely used in stem cell isolation and
research, which includes corneal limbal stem cells, CSSCs, corneal endothelial stem cells,
retinal stem cells and other tissue stem cells (Pastrana et al., 2011, Chang et al., 2011,
Yamagami et al., 2007, Tropepe et al., 2000). Mimura et al. produced spheroids from rabbit and
human corneal stroma (Mimura et al., 2008, Uchida et al., 2005). Their experiment confirmed
that rabbit CSC spheroids contained mesenchymal and neuronal bi-potential precursors.
In this experiment, we also showed similar results, and most cells in our rabbit spheroid
static cultures were immunopositive for vimentin (a mesenchymal cell marker) and stemness
markers of CD34 and nestin mRNA expression. We found that in serum-free medium with a
0.8% methylcellulose gel matrix supplemented with B27, EGF and bFGF (also known as
neurosphere medium), both rabbit and mouse CSCs could form spheroids in suspension. Rabbit
spheroids were markedly larger compared with mouse spheroids. We first found that the areas
and numbers of rabbit spheroids in static culture conditions were significantly increased
compared with a SMG environment. In this situation, the immunfluorescent stains for both
vimentin and CD34 were negative in the SMG group. In our previous SMG experiments and, in
the presence of decellularized bovine cornea scaffolds, rabbit CSCs were inclined to grow in
aggregate and spheroids in CSC culture medium of (DMEM and 10% FBS), and positive
immunostaining was observed for vimentin, keratocan and lumican (Chen et al., 2007, Dai et
al., 2012). According to the above mentioned results, we presumed that it is difficult to form
CSCs spheroids under dynamic SMG conditions without a scaffold.
Cell fate and function can be regulated and reprogrammed by intrinsic genetic programs
and extrinsic factors. Studies have revealed that reprogramming proteins, such as Oct4, Klf4,
Sox2, and c-Myc, with cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) or protein transduction domains (PTDs)
can regulate cell states (Thier et al., 2010). We also found that the Oct4, Klf4 and Sox2 genes
could be expressed as reprogramming fusion proteins combined with PTD using the
prokaryotic expression vector PKYB, which successfully entered CHO cells and localized to
the nucleus. These recombinant cell-penetrating reprogramming proteins had specific binding
capacities with their target DNA sequences as assays with FRET. The transmembrane crossing
efficiencies of our reprogramming proteins were 28.3% for PTD-Oct4, 22.29% for PTD-Klf4
and 40.86% for PTD-Sox2. We demonstrated that rabbit CSCs tended to grow in aggregates
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after three treatment cycles of PTD-Oct4/Klf4/Sox2 and VPA, but CD34 immunostaining was
negative (data not shown). The adherent rabbit CSCs spheroids were apparent after seven
treatment cycles. Such spheroids were immunopositive for vimentin and CD34. The stemness
markers of nestin and Nanog mRNA expression were revealed.
Compared with rabbit CSCs, mouse CSCs had different characteristics. For example, the
3G5 antigen was constitutively expressed on cultured rabbit CSCs, but mouse CSCs cultures
did not express it. 3G5 is associated with cell adhesion and involved in the regulation and
maintenance of cell shape (Stramer et al., 2004). In this study, we also found differences in
CSC spheroid formation between these two species. For instance, rabbit spheroids in
suspension were larger compared with mouse spheroids in the same serum-free medium
containing a 0.8% methylcellulose gel matrix supplemented with B27, EGF and bFGF.
Adherent rabbit aggregated spheroids occurred after reprogramming protein and VPA treatment,
but it was difficult for mouse CSCs to grow in aggregate under the same conditions. Whether
these phenomena are related to the presence of the 3G5 antigen or other elements in mouse
CSCs remains to be determined. Another study has also shown that there were species-specific
differences in spheroid formation of corneal CSCs. Bovine CSCs produced spheroids under
adherent or low attachment conditions, but human CSCs only produced spheroids under low
attachment conditions (Scott et al., 2011).
CSCs isolated from the normal cornea can be induced to grow and differentiate into
keratocytes, fibroblasts and myofibroblasts in culture. CSCs have ability to change phenotype,
which is controlled by specific environmental signals (Jester and Ho-Chang, 2003). CSCs are
specialized neural crest-derived mesenchymal corneal fibroblasts that have a bipotential nature
(Hassell and Birk, 2010, Ruberti et al., 2008). Our results showed that rabbit CSCs in
suspension and adherent spheroid cultures expressed vimentin (immunofluorescent staining)
and nestin (RT-PCR), confirming their mesenchymal and neural crest origins. Spheroid
culturing of cell aggregates is similar to the cell-cell contacts normally present in tissues. Thus,
the formation of spheroids has been widely used to study cellular and tissue properties. CSCs
spheroids can display keratocyte, mesenchymal, neuronal, stem cell phenotypes (Mimura et al.,
2008, Yoshida et al., 2005, Scott et al., 2011, Chen et al., 2009, Funderburgh et al., 2008).
Mimura et al (Mimura et al., 2008) reported that rabbit CSCs spheroids could seed onto gelatin
hydrogels to reconstruct engineered corneal stromal sheets tissues. The transplantation of such
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engineered sheets into the cornea on day 28 revealed that the CD34 positive and nestin positive
cells localized to the transplanted gelatin hydrogels, which showed that CSC precursors form
seeding spheroids with a greater self-renewal potential and continued to proliferate even after
transplantation.
Cells grown in a 3-D environment produce differences of morphology, differentiation,
proliferation, viability, gene expression, and responses to stimuli compared with a 2-D
environment (Page et al., 2012). Cell spheroids have provided many advantages in the fields of
cellular biology, regenerative medicine and cell therapy. Spheroid cell survival has been shown
to be enhanced, and spheroid melanocytes had superior survival compared to monolayered
dendritic melanocytes (Lin et al., 2006). The differentiation capabilities of adipose-derived
stem cells (ASCs) were significantly enhanced after spheroid formation. ASCs cultured as
spheroids on chitosan films increased their therapeutic potentials (Cheng et al., 2012). In this
study, we studied rabbit and mouse CSC spheroid formation in suspension induced by
methylcellulose in static and RCCS conditions, as well as adherent aggregated growth of CSCs
with the reprogramming proteins PTD-Oct4/Klf4/Sox2 and VPA. We found that rabbit CSCs in
static spheroid culture conditions experienced increased growth compared with the SMG
system. Reprogramming proteins and VPA treatment was favorable to the formation and
maintenance of adherent CSC aggregated spheroids. There are still many problems prompting
us to explore CSC spheroid cultures in our next study. We will more deeply study the effects of
reprogramming proteins and the SMG system on CSC spheroid culture to elucidate the
relationship of CSC spheroids and CSC reprogramming changes. For future clinical
consideration, further study on cultured human spheroid corneal stromal cells will be evaluated.
In addition, other spheroid techniques, which can promote the survival and function of cells,
such as co-culturing spheroids, will be used in our future research (Jun et al., 2014).
Acknowledgements: We would like to thank Prof. Jintang Xu for his helpful insights in the
study of corneas, and Prof. Hongwei Pan and, Prof. Dongqing Cai for their guidance and help
in for the spheroid cultures. We thank Xiaoxia Li, Xiaofei Liu and Hang Su for their help with
the reprogramming proteins. We thank Jingxiang Zhong, Jian Chen, Jing Wu, and Yong Ding
for their help with the experiment. We also thank Zhijie Li for his help in the revision of the
manuscripts.
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Funding
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81371689),
and the Medical Foundation of Bureau of Health Guangzhou Municipality of China
(20141A010017).
Conflicts of interest: The authors report no conflicts of interest.
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Figure caption
Figure 1: The transmembrane efficiency of reprogramming proteins and the
identification of their binding activities with their target DNA sequences. CHO cells
treated with FITC labeling PTD-Oct4, PTD-Klf4 and PTD-Sox2 revealed positive green
fluorescein staining, while cells in control treated with FITC labeling MAX displayed negative
staining (up). The transmembrane efficiency of proteins was 28.3±2.4% (PTD-Oct4) and
7.6±1.9%, (MAX); 22.29±2.1% (PTD-Klf4) and 6.5±1.9% (MAX); 40.86±1.97% (PTD-Sox2)
and 2.7±1.41% (MAX) respectively (middle). There were significant FRET signals (down) on
565nm (PTD-Oct4), 570nm (PTD-Klf4) and PTD-Sox2 (570nm) (A, indicated by arrow heads),
while no FRET signal between reprogramming proteins and non-target sequence (B).
Figure 2: The morphological characterization of rabbit and mouse CSCs. Primary rabbit
CSCs migrated out from periphery of corneal stromal explants for 3 days of the culture (A).
Primary mouse CSCs were cultured on plates on day 3. (C). H&E staining showed that rabbit
(B) and mouse CSCs (D) on plastic in conventional culture.
Figure 3: Spheroid formation from rabbit CSCs in static and SMG conditions on day1, 3,
5 and 7. With time, rabbit CSC spheroid gradually increased. Rabbit CSCs formed larger
spheroids in static culture than that under SMG culture. The areas of rabbit spheroid derived
from samples of the static condition were significantly higher than that for samples of the SMG
condition (A). The numbers of spheroid obtained from samples of the static condition were
significantly higher than that for samples of the SMG condition (B). (MANOVA of repeated
measuring was performed, p=0.0001, n=10)
Figure 4: The immunofluorescence staining and RT-PCR analysis for rabbit CSC
spheroid in three groups on day 7 of culture. Rabbit CSC spheroids were positively stained
for immunofluorescence of vimentin and CD34 in static condition, while did not detect CD34
expression in control group and SMG group. RT-PCR analysis showed that rabbit CSC
spheroids cultured in static condition (B) expressed nestin transcript. However, nestin was not
expressed in rabbit CSCs cultured on tissue culture plates (A) or in SMG condition (C). No
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gene expression of K3 was detected in all groups. GAPDH were expressed in the cells from all
groups.
Figure 5: The cellular morphology of adherent rabbit CSC spheroids by the treatment of
reprogramming proteins PTD-Oct4/Klf4/Sox2 and VPA. The adherent rabbit CSCs were
culture after 0 hour (A) and 16 hour (B) treatments. Rabbit CSCs became round after three
cycles treatment(C) and cells showed aggregate tendency after the fifth cycle (D). The
aggregations became spheroids after the fifth cycle treatment and subculture (E). The spheroid
aggregates maintained after subculture and the sixth cycle (F) and seventh cycle (G) treatment.
Rabbit CSCs cultured without reprogramming proteins and VPA for 21 days displayed diverse
cellular morphology and lack of aggregate formation (H).
Figure 6: The immunofluorescence staining and RT-PCR analysis of rabbit CSCs after
treatment of reprogramming proteins and VPA. Rabbit CSC spheroids were positively
stained for vimentin (A) and CD34 (B) after the seventh cycle treatment. Rabbit CSCs in the
CSCs culture medium positively stained for vimentin but negatively stained for CD34. The
gene expressions of vimentin (A), nestin (C) and nanog (E) of rabbit CSCs were positively
displayed after the seventh cycle treatment of reprogramming proteins and VPA. But rabbit
CSCs in CSC culture medium without the treatment expressed vimentin (B), scarcely any
nestin (D), and did not expressed nanog (F). GAPDH were expressed in all CSCs.
Figure 7: Light microscopic observation of mouse CSC spheroids. Under reprogramming
proteins and VPA, normal spindle adherent mouse CSCs (A) showed poor growing status (B).
After four cycle treatment of reprogramming proteins and VPA, there were only a few of
adherent mouse CSCs (C). Suspension mouse CSC spheroids were showed in static spheroid
culture on day 1 (D), day 4 (E) and day 7 (F). Such suspension cultured mouse CSC spheroids
on day 7 placed into adherent culture and then treated with reprogramming proteins and VPA,
they readily attached to the surface of culture plates and grew well on day 1 (G), day 4 (H) and
day 7 (I).
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Table 1. List of the specific sequences of OCT4, Klf4 and Sox2
Oct4-F: 5'-cy3- ATGCATGCAAATATGCAAAT-3'
Oct4-R: 5'-cy3- CAGT ATTTGCATATTTGCAT-3'
Klf4-F: 5'-cy3-ATGCACCCCAGTCACCCTAGC-3'
Klf4-R: 5'-cy3-TCTAGGGTGATAGGGTGCAT-3'
Sox2-F: 5'-cy3-CAGTCAAACAAAGACAAACAAAGAGCAT-3'
Sox2-R: 5'-cy3-ATGCACTTTGTTTGTCTTTGTTTGACTG-3'
Table 2: List of primers of Vimentin, Nestin, Cytokeratin3, Nanog
Primers Sequences (5’to 3’)
Vimentin(sense) 5′- CTT CTC AGC ATC ACG ATG ACC −3′
Vimentin(antisense) 5′- ATC TAT CTT GCG CTC CTG −3′
Nestin(sense) 5′- TTG AGA C(A/T)C CTG TG(C/A) CAG CCT −3′
Nestin(antisense) 5′- CTC TAG AC (T/C) CAC (T/C)GG ATT CT−3′
Cytokeratin3(sense) 5′- GCA GCAGCA GGA TGA GCT G −3′
Cytokeratin3(antisense) 5′- GTT GAG GGT CTT GAT CTG−3′
GAPDH(sense) 5′- CAT CAC CAT CTT CCA GGA GC −3′
GAPDH(antisense) 5′- ACA ATG CCG AAG TGG TCG −3′
Nanog(sense) 5′- AGG CAC CCC TGG TGG TAA GCA −3′
Nanog(antisense) 5′- ACC ACT CCA ACA CAG GCA GTT CC−3′
Table
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Figure 1
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Figure 2
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Figure 3
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Figure 4
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Figure 5
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Figure 6
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Figure 7