spectrum & orbitals
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ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
Form of energy Has a wave-like behavior. Travels through a vacuum (space) Moves at the speed of light (c = 3.00 x
108 m/s)WAVELENGTH (λ = lambda)Distance between two peaks on wave.
Measured in METERS
FREQUENCY (ν or nu)
# of waves that pass a given point per secondMeasured in Hertz (hz) or 1/s or s-1
c = λν Microwaves are used to transmit
information. What is the wavelength of a microwave having a frequency of 3.44 x 109 Hz?
An X-ray has a wavelength of 1.15 x 10-
10 m. What is its frequency?
c = λν
MAX PLANCK (1900) German Physicist Studied the light emitted from heated
objects.
Conclusion: Matter can gain or lose energy in small, specific amounts called quanta.
CHILD’s Blocks Analogy
Matter can only have certain amounts of energy released or absorbed (quanta).Cannot absorb or release quantities in between.
What is the energy of a photon from the violet portion of a rainbow if its frequency is 7.23 x 1014 Hz?
What is the energy of a photon of UV radiation that has a wavelength of 315 nm.
Hint: 1.0 m = 1.0 x 109 nm
c = λν
What is the wavelength of a wave with the frequency of 1 x 104 Hz ?
What is the energy associated with a wave with a frequency of 1 x 104 Hz?
c = λν
ALBERT EINSTEIN(1879 – 1955)
Fact: 1895 FAILED entry
exam to electrical engineering school
Jewish: Fled from Nazis in 1932
1905 Electromagnetic radiation has both wave-like and particle-like properties
THE PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
Definition: When light (photon) hits the surface of a metal with a HIGH enough frequency, electrons are emitted
Given 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics
NIELS BOHR(1885 -1962)
Teacher: J.J. Thomson Later studied with Ernest
Rutherford
• Electrons are found in energy levels around the nucleus.• Levels further from nucleus = greater energy
THE BOHR ATOM
Ground State – lowest allowable energy state of atom.
Gains energy, excited to higher energy level (excited state)
Emits energy (photon), as it falls back to the ground state.
Bohr’s model explained hydrogen’s observed spectral lines.
*PROBLEM: Failed to explain the spectrum of any other element.
LOUIS DE BROGLIE(1892 – 1987)
Radical Idea: “If light behaved as a wave or a particle, then why could not a particle, like an electron, behave like a wave?”
1st to theorized this idea (1929)
WERNER HEISENBERG(1901 – 1976)1927: “Heisenberg’s
Uncertainty Principle”
One cannot determine the POSITION and VELOCITY of an electron at the same time.
BALLOON IN DARK ROOM ANALOGY
QUANTUM MECHANICS The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
5.3
ERWIN SCHRÖDINGER(1887 – 1961)
Wave EquationTreats ELECTRONS as a wave
Calculates the 90% probability region where the ELECTRON is most likely to be found
A.K.A.: “Orbital”
THE QUANTUM MECHANICAL MODEL
The propeller blade has the same probability of being anywhere in the blurry region, but you cannot tell its location at any instant. The electron cloud of an atom can be compared to a spinning airplane propeller.
5.1
ORBITALS
• Results of the Schrödinger Wave Equation:
•90% probability region where an electron is most likely to be found around the nucleus.
QUANTUM MECHANICAL MODEL OF THE ATOM
Principal Energy Level (n)Indicates the relative size
and energies of orbitals.
Each principal energy level is divided into sublevels:
n=1 _____sublevel ( n=2 _____sublevels ( n=3 _____sublevels ( n=4 _____sublevels (
QUANTUM MECHANICAL MODEL OF THE ATOM
ORBITALSEach sublevel contains a number of orbitals.
Sublevel # orbitals Shapes Sphericalp Dumbbell d multiple lobesf Complex
Shapes
Different atomic orbitals are denoted by letters. The s-orbitals are spherical, and p-orbitals are dumbbell-shaped.
1s orbital vs. 2s orbital?How are the p-orbitals different?
ATOMIC ORBITALS
Four of the five d-orbitals have the same shape but different orientations in space.
ELECTRON CONFIGURATIONS
1. Aufbau Principle: Each electron occupies the lowest energy orbital available.
German for “Building up.”
2.
An orbital can only contain two electrons with opposite spins!
3.Hund’s Rule: must fill in each equal energy orbital before adding opposite spins.
Draw the orbital diagram for the following:H
He
Li
B
N
Na
DIAGONAL RULE MAKE A FLASH CARD WITH THIS ON IT.
ORBITAL NOTATION Try the following:
Oxygen
Magnesium
Sulfur
ELECTRON CONFIGURATIONS
Hydrogen Helium Oxygen Arsenic
ELECTRON CONFIGURATIONS
Beryllium Chlorine Krypton
NOBLE GASELECTRON CONFIGURATION
Phosphorus Cobalt Argon Barium
NOBLE GASELECTRON CONFIGURATION
Silicon Calcium iodine
VALENCE ELECTRONS Valence electrons: The
electrons in an atom’s outermost energy level (orbitals)determine the chemical properties of an element.
ELECTRON DOT STRUCTURES