Speaking Listening Reading Writing

Language

InformationalLiterary

Expository Procedural PersuasiveFiction Nonfiction

Nonfiction

Media

LITERARY ELEMENTS

Important parts of stories

PLOT DIAGRAM MODEL/STORY MAP

Denouement/

• WHETHER AND HOW CONFLICTS ARE RESOLVED• Possible examples of conflict resolution:• Everybody wins• Fight/run away/avoid• Fight/resist• Death• Compromise• Someone wins: someone loses• Acceptance• Unresolved

Setting:

• Time - When is the story taking place?• Place – Where is the story taking place?• Environment – What does it feel like? (e.g.,

weather, mood, social conditions)• Culture - What cultural influences are part of the

setting? (e.g., geographic region, race, religion, etc.)

• Historical background - What historical influences are part of the setting? (e.g., historical events, movements, time periods, etc.)

PLOT CONTINUED

Setting: When and where a story takes place.

Suspense: Building tension in a story. You wonder, “What will happen

next?”

Flashback: When a story is interrupted and we go back in time.

Dialogue: What is said between characters in a story. There are “quotation

marks.”

Theme: The message that an author wants you to know about life, nature

or society after reading the story. NOT THE MAIN IDEA!!!

Foreshadow: When the author gives clues about an event that may take

place in the future.

Symbolism: Using an object to represent another idea. Example: a dove

represents peace. A heart represents love.

CHARACTERSCharacters:

• The people or animals in a story.• Antagonist: The character causing the

problems in the story.• Protagonist: Main Character in the story• Traits: How you describe a character.-

physical emotional , intellectual• Motivations: What causes a character

to act or speak in a certain manner.

CONFLICT

Conflict:• Problem: What is wrong,. What needs to be solved.• Solution/Resolution:How the problem/conflict is solved.

4 main types of conflict:• Character vs. self – The character must make a decision.• Character vs. character – The character has a problem

with another character.• Character vs. nature – The character must overcome a

natural disaster. • Character vs. society – The character has ideas different

to society. School rules

POINT OF VIEWPoint of view: How the story is being told.

First person: The narrator is a character in the

story. Use “I”, “me” , we, “my.” etc.

Second Person: Use of “You” giving of directions

(Speeches)

Third person: The narrator is NOT a character in

the story. Use characters’ names, he, she they, etc..

Reporting

Advantages• Advantages of first person point of view:• •Credibility – • First-hand experience is more believable.• It is far more natural for a character to reveal

her own thoughts. • Intimacy - the “I” narrator seems to address

the reader directly from the heart, sharing his personal observations and insights with an interested listener.

Disadvantages of first-person point of view:

• •The reader can see, hear, and know only what the narrator sees, hears, and knows.

Third Person/All Knowing

• Third person/omniscient - the narrator tells the story in third person from an all-knowing perspective. The narrator knows everything about all the characters.

• • Third person/limited - the narrator restricts

his or her knowledge to one character’s view or behavior

• Advantage of third-person omniscient:• •Obvious freedom and unlimited scope• Disadvantage of third-person omniscient:• •Relative loss of involvement and intimacy•

• Advantage of third-person limited:• •Encourages personal connections to one character• Disadvantage of third-person limited:• •Surrenders the privileges of seeing and knowing

everything and typically follows one character throughout the story, presenting only those incidents in which the character is involved

• •The reader’s perception of other characters is colored by the narrator’s predispositions, prejudices, and personal limitations

Third Person

• Subjective - perspective is restricted to one character including their inner thoughts and feelings

• • Objective - the narrator reveals only the

actions and words without the benefit of the inner thoughts and feelings

Culture/Custom

• -activities, ideas, beliefs, values, attitudes, behavior, dress, and language of a particular group of people

• Culture determines what is acceptable or unacceptable, important or unimportant, right or wrong.

Values

• Important and lasting beliefs shared by the members of a group of people about what is good or desirable and what is not.

• Values influence behavior of an individual.

Beliefs

• What you think to be true about concepts, events, people, and things.

Sensory Imagery

O This is a technique used by writers that involve the 5 senses. I

O See O HearO TasteO TouchO SmellIt draws the reader in and helps the reader a participate in the experience.

Words that tell. Sight

O What would you see ?O What would it look like?

Examples: old, frail, sunny, shy, hysterical, healthy, broken, fresh, tall, round,

Words that tell…Sound

O What would you hear ?O What does it sound like?

Examples: shout, thud, whistle, clatter

Words that tell…Taste

O What would you taste ?O What does it taste like?

Examples: sweet, burnt, buttery, salty, warm, crisp, tangy

Words that tell…Touch/Feeling

O What does it feel like?O How does it feel?

Examples: sharp, smooth, tickly, warm, fuzzy, dry

Words that tell…Smell

O How does it smell?O What does it smell like?

Examples: musty, fresh, spicy, piney

Now, see how many examples of Sensory Imagery you can find.

“ Walls of thick vegetation rose up on all sides and arched overhead in a lacy canopy that filtered the light to a soft shade. It had just rained; the air was hot and steamy. I felt enclosed in a semitropical terrarium, sealed off from a world that suddenly seemed a thousand miles away.”

- From Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil

by John Berendt

"The Most Dangerous Game" by Richard Connell

"He leaped upon the rail and balanced himself there, to get greater elevation; his pipe,

striking a rope, was knocked from his mouth. He lunged

for it; a short, hoarse cry came from his lips as

he realized he had reached too far and had lost his balance. The cry was pinched off short as the blood-warm waters of the Caribbean Sea closed over his head.

"He struggled up to the surface and tried to cry out, but the wash from the speeding yacht slapped

him in the face and the salt water in his open mouth made him gag “

OExample of a Setting: OCrunch! Crunch! Crunch! Joe’s

boots broke the forest’s silence. OA full moon peeked out from

behind two clouds. OTree shadows licked the snow

drifts in its shimmering light. O Joe shivered as a cold gust of

wind blew through his jacket.

Types of narratives/stories

Myth

• Myth –Stories that were created to explain a belief or natural happening that people could not understand.

• These stories included Gods and Goddesses.

Fable:

• Fable – a brief story or poem that teaches a moral or lesson usually through animal characters.

Once Upon A Time…• Legend – a widely told story

about the past that may or may not have any truth to it.

• Fairy tale - a story about fairies or other mythical or magical beings.

• Folk tale – a story originated by people that could not read or write and passed from person to person by word of mouth.

• Oral tradition – the passing of songs, stories, and poems from generation to generation by word of mouth and their origin is not known

“There is no worse death than the end of hope” – King Arthur

• Hero/Heroine – characters that struggle to overcome obstacles and problems; and whose actions are inspiring or noble.

The face that launched a thousand ships

• Epic - a long poem from ancient oral tradition, telling about the deeds and adventures of heroic or legendary characters.

• Autobiography

true account-nonfictionwritten by the author

Biographytrue account-nonfictionwritten by someone elseothers thoughts and feelings about the person

Autobiography

• Purpose To tell my story

Ist Point-of-viewwriter’s thoughts and feelings

Me

Perception

How I want people to see me.

• Author Me

Biography

• Purpose To tell my story

• Author someone else

3rd Point-of-viewOthers thoughts and feelings

Me

Perception

How others see me

Speaking Listening Reading Writing

Language

InformationalLiterary

Expository Procedural PersuasiveFiction Nonfiction

Informational Text

External Features

Using the Table of Contents to locate main topics

Utilizing the Glossary to identify the unknown

Making use of Headings and Subheadings to locate information

Analyzing Graphic Features to support meaning

Using the Index to navigate text Finding useful information in Captions

and Footnotes

Internal Features Textual organizations/patterns main idea/details cause/effect, compare/contrast, problem/solution, chronological order, sequence

Main Idea/ details

detail

Detail detail

detail

Main Idea

Cause/effect

Cause(why)

Effect(what)

Cause Effect Effect

Effect Cause Cause

Compare/Contrast

Different

Alike

Problem and Solution

Problem Problem Problem

Solution(Answer to problem)

Sequence/chronological order

3

2

1

Persuasive TechniquesMethods a writer uses to make an audience think a certain way.

It appeals to:ReasonEmotionsRespect for expert opinion

If you are trying to persuade someone, that means you have a bias.

A tendency, or showing favoritism

Factual ClaimsCan prove with evidence.

Aphorisms/proverbsA statement of a general truth or principle • • A winner never quits—a quitter never

wins.•• • Failure to prepare is preparing to fail.

Epigraphs •Epigraph - a quotation at the beginning of a literary work to introduce its theme.

Loaded TermsAppealing to someone’s emotions. Making

them happy, scared, sad, worried, excited, etc.

Examples: St. Jude commercials, SPCA commercials

Logical FallacyPersuasive techniques used to deceive.

You can try to persuade someone by making your argument ambiguous

Unclear, open to many opinions.

You are not very specific

You can also try to persuade someone by using extraneous information.Including information that is extra

or unimportant.

BandwagonDoing something because everyone else is

doing it.

Examples: Celebrity endorsements

False AssumptionsFlawed ideas that the reader creates when

ideas are put together by inferring and not knowing the whole truth.

Incorrect PremiseA faulty idea that is used as the foundation of

an argument.

CaricatureA distortion of characteristics or defects of a

person or object with words or pictures.

Example:

Leading QuestionA question that leads to a specific/obvious

answer.

Example: “Are you tired of always having dirty stains on your clothes that you can’t get out?”

Media

• Message

•

• Medium

Genre: Drama

What is a drama?

• A drama/play is a story written to be performed by actors.

How is a drama organized?

• A drama is very similar to story plot. • Remember our plot diagram?

Script• written form of a play

Scripts• Screenplays : scripts written for films

• Teleplays: scripts written for television

• Radio plays: scripts written for radio

Playwright

• the author of the play

Differences

Fiction Text• The author writes specific

character traits that tell the reader about the characters.

• The reader must draw conclusions based on how someone acts in order to learn about them.

Drama• The viewer can draw

conclusions on how someone acts based on what other characters say.

• Elements of staging (props, costumes, body language, and facial expressions) allow the viewer to understand a character.

Dialogue• A conversation between two characters in written

or spoken form.• In a poem or novel quotation marks

• In a play dialogue is written in the script form and no quotations marks are used.

Monologue

• A long uninterrupted speech that is spoken by a single character and reveals his or her thoughts and feelings

• Narrator: the person who tells the story to the audience.

• Audience: the intended reader or viewer

Act: is a part of a drama. Many acts make up a play/drama.

Scene: is a part of an act.Many scenes make an act.

Staging

• Staging reveals the setting, time, and place (through on stage props and costumes) of the play.

• Staging helps the playwright establish the mood.

Off stage: action taking place in the area of a stage that is invisible to the audience

On stage: The opposite of off stage. Taking place in a public setting.

Stage Directions

• tell actors how to move and speak. • Most stage directions are in parentheses ( ) or

in italics (words that are slanted). They can also tell you where the play is taking place.

Stage set

• Describes how the stage should look

• Gives the audience and idea of where the play takes place.

Set

On stage scenery that suggest time and place of action

Body Language:

• communicating nonverbally through conscious or unconscious gestures, movements, and facial expressions

Costume

• A style of dress, accessories, and hairstyle, especially for what is used in a particular country, time period, etc.

Types of Drama

• Melodrama: Exaggerates plot and characters in order to appeal to the emotions

• Comedy: Characters in funny situations• Most of them have happy endings.

• Tragedy: Based on human suffering or death• Often it is the protagonist.

• Visual technique• Sound technique• Lighting

Lighting and Facial Expression

Sound Techniques

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?annotation_id=annotation_48470&feature=iv&src_vid=oti-rVv52ls&v=UyHuXley8-0

• What emotions are evoked by these sounds?

Inference

• A logical assumption about ideas the writer suggests

• An assumption based on what the author tells you and what you already know

• A way of reading between the lines– Connecting characters actions to outcomes– Connecting events to outcomes– Connecting to your own experiences and ideas.

All About Poetry!!!!

AuthorPoet

FORMS OF POETRY

Lyrical PoemExpresses thoughts and feelings of a single

speaker Often in musical verse

Epic PoemA long, narrative poem that tells an exciting

or inspiring story. It focuses on heroic deeds and major events

to a culture or nation.

Narrative PoemA poem that tells a story.

Free VerseA type of poetry that has no real pattern to it. It has no rhyme scheme, no form, no set line

or stanza length.

Concrete PoemShape of the poem suggests its subject.

Lines create an image on the page.

ELEMENTS OF POETRY

Imagery/sensory detailWriting or Speech that appeals to one or

more of the five senses – sight, sound, smell, taste, and touch.

Her slippered feet softly measures The tatami floor with even step

Extended MetaphorThe comparison is used throughout the entire

text.

HyperboleExaggeration or overstatement

--Used for Comic effect ---Express heightened emotion

It is so hot outside that you could fry an egg on the sidewalk.

AlliterationRepetition of initial consonant sound

Creates musical effectDraws attention to the words

The blue bonnet looked beautiful on her baby’s head.

DictionWriters or speakers word choice

It is part of the writer’s style.

OxymoronIs a figure of speech that links two opposite

words that seem unrelated but is somehow true.

Eyes wide shutPretty uglyDeafening silence

IdiomsExpressions that cannot be understood by the

literal words that are seen.Hidden meaning according to culture

ELEMENTS OF POETRYSound devices – add a musical quality to poetry

RhymeWords sound alike because they share the

same ending vowel and consonant sounds. It is not what you see but what is heard.

Example: stamp lamp camp blue shoe

plate eight doctor admirer, pleasure scholar

Journal EntryHow will the knowledge of poetic terms aid

your understanding of poems?

Rhyme SchemeA rhyme scheme is a pattern of rhyme

(usually end rhyme, but not always).

Use the letters of the alphabet to represent sounds to be able to visually “see” the pattern. (See next slide for an example.)

A,A,B,B,C,C

Find the Rhyme Scheme… The Germ by Ogden Nash

A mighty creature is the germ, Though smaller than the pachyderm.

His customary dwelling place Is deep within the human race.

His childish pride he often pleases By giving people strange diseases.

Do you, my poppet, feel infirm? You probably contain a germ.

Internal RhymeRhyme occurs within single line

“In mist for cloud, on mast or shroud”

Meter

The basic rhythmic structure in verse, composed of stressed and unstressed syllables. The beat.

Lines Stanza/VerseA group of lines in a

poem.Similar to a paragraph.

Example: A word is dead When it is said,

Some say.

I say it just Begins to live

That day.

Group of words like a sentence.

Usually begins with a capital letter

RepetitionA word or phrase is repeated more than just

once in one specific area of the poem.

Oh, her eyes, her eyes, make the stars look like they're not shiningHer hair, her hair, falls perfectly without her trying She's so beautiful, and I tell her every day

RefrainWhen a poem repeats a phrase over and over. Like the

chorus of a song.

You see you had a lot of crooks try to steal your heartNever really had luck, couldn’t ever figure outHow to loveHow to love

See you had a lot of moments that didn’t last foreverNow you in this corner tryna put it togetherHow to loveHow to love

Graphic ElementsWhen a poet puts emphasis on some words

by capitalizing, having extra spacing, or bolding a word.

I am the only ME I AMwho qualifies as me;no ME I AM has been before,and none will ever be.

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