spatio-temporal dynamics of sav abundance and water ......spatio-temporal dynamics of sav abundance...

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Spatio Spatio - - Temporal Dynamics of SAV Temporal Dynamics of SAV Abundance and Water Quality in the Abundance and Water Quality in the Mangrove Lakes Region of Florida Bay Mangrove Lakes Region of Florida Bay Thomas A. Frankovich Thomas A. Frankovich 1 1 , James W. Fourqurean , James W. Fourqurean 1 1 , , Douglas Morrison Douglas Morrison 2 2 1 1 Florida International University Florida International University 2 2 Everglades National Park Everglades National Park GEER 2008, July 27 GEER 2008, July 27 August 1, Naples FL. August 1, Naples FL.

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Page 1: Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of SAV Abundance and Water ......Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of SAV Abundance and Water Quality in the Mangrove Lakes Region of Florida Bay Thomas A. Frankovich1,

SpatioSpatio--Temporal Dynamics of SAV Temporal Dynamics of SAV Abundance and Water Quality in the Abundance and Water Quality in the Mangrove Lakes Region of Florida BayMangrove Lakes Region of Florida Bay

Thomas A. FrankovichThomas A. Frankovich11, James W. Fourqurean, James W. Fourqurean11,,Douglas MorrisonDouglas Morrison22

11 Florida International UniversityFlorida International University22 Everglades National ParkEverglades National Park

GEER 2008, July 27 GEER 2008, July 27 –– August 1, Naples FL.August 1, Naples FL.

Page 2: Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of SAV Abundance and Water ......Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of SAV Abundance and Water Quality in the Mangrove Lakes Region of Florida Bay Thomas A. Frankovich1,

Where are the Mangrove Lakes?Where are the Mangrove Lakes?

USGS

Page 3: Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of SAV Abundance and Water ......Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of SAV Abundance and Water Quality in the Mangrove Lakes Region of Florida Bay Thomas A. Frankovich1,

ImportanceImportance

Extensive SAV beds (historically)

Critical habitat for American crocodile

Wintering area for waterfowl

Photos courtesy D. Chalfant, naturepicsonline, AnimalPlanet

Ruppia maritima

Blue-winged teal

American coot

Page 4: Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of SAV Abundance and Water ......Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of SAV Abundance and Water Quality in the Mangrove Lakes Region of Florida Bay Thomas A. Frankovich1,

Study ObjectivesStudy Objectives

To identify relationships between waterquality and benthic macrophytes

To use the identified relationships topredict changes in benthic macrophytedistribution and abundance that may result from changes in water qualityproduced by restoration efforts

Sp. ASp. B

Water quality

Page 5: Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of SAV Abundance and Water ......Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of SAV Abundance and Water Quality in the Mangrove Lakes Region of Florida Bay Thomas A. Frankovich1,

MethodsMethods

SAV % cover, quarterly (41 sites)- 1/4 m2 quadrat (5% intervals)- all benthic macrophytes- 15 replicates per site

WQ monitoring, monthly- temp, sal, water depth, secchi depth (41 sites)- TotN, TotP, Phytoplankton chl-a (each basin –8 sites)

Hourly water temperature, salinity, and water level- datasondes in West Lake, The Lungs, 7 Palms Lake

Data collection ongoing – April 2006 – April 2009

Page 6: Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of SAV Abundance and Water ......Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of SAV Abundance and Water Quality in the Mangrove Lakes Region of Florida Bay Thomas A. Frankovich1,

Study SitesStudy Sites

Page 7: Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of SAV Abundance and Water ......Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of SAV Abundance and Water Quality in the Mangrove Lakes Region of Florida Bay Thomas A. Frankovich1,

StatisticsStatistics

Exploratory statistics

- Cluster analysis- NMS ordination- Regression analyses

Statistical model

- Discriminant Function Analysis- Logistic Regression

1 1 111 1

22 2 22

333 3 3

Page 8: Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of SAV Abundance and Water ......Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of SAV Abundance and Water Quality in the Mangrove Lakes Region of Florida Bay Thomas A. Frankovich1,

Results Results –– Benthic macrophytesBenthic macrophytes

Chara Hal. Bat. Ruppia Acet. OtherPrevalence (%) 4646 3939 30 20 11 8Rel. abundance (%) 5858 3030 9 2 <1 <1

Acetabularia sp.Halodule wrightii

Batophora oerstedii

Other – Halimeda incrassata, Penicillus capitatus, Sargassum pteropleuron,Laurencia sp.,Thalassia testudinum, Polysiphonia sp., Caulerpa prolifera, Rhizophora mangle

Chara and Halodule dominate species assemblages

Chara hornemanni

Page 9: Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of SAV Abundance and Water ......Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of SAV Abundance and Water Quality in the Mangrove Lakes Region of Florida Bay Thomas A. Frankovich1,

Results Results –– Benthic macrophytesBenthic macrophytes

Sites grouped according to differences in community structure

S27

S41

S10

S40

S16

S18

S15

S37

S36

S17

S14

S21

S19

S39

S20

S38

S22

S33

S13

S34

S11

S12 S

9S

8S

5S

7S

28S

32 S4

S23

S24

S35

S29

S25

S30 S

2S

3S

1S

26 S6

S31

Sam ples

100

80

60

40

20

0S

imila

rity Halodule

Chara

Low abundanceHigh abundance

Page 10: Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of SAV Abundance and Water ......Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of SAV Abundance and Water Quality in the Mangrove Lakes Region of Florida Bay Thomas A. Frankovich1,

Results Results –– Benthic macrophytesBenthic macrophytes

Chara characterizes upstream lakesHalodule characterizes coastal embayments

Species distribution

Page 11: Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of SAV Abundance and Water ......Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of SAV Abundance and Water Quality in the Mangrove Lakes Region of Florida Bay Thomas A. Frankovich1,

Results Results –– Benthic macrophytesBenthic macrophytes, salinity, salinity

Salinity distribution (mean 2006 – 2008)

Species (Chara, Halodule) differentiate along salinity gradient

Page 12: Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of SAV Abundance and Water ......Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of SAV Abundance and Water Quality in the Mangrove Lakes Region of Florida Bay Thomas A. Frankovich1,

Results Results –– Benthic macrophytesBenthic macrophytes

NMS axis 1-1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5

NM

S a

xis

2

-2.0

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

Salinity CharaHalodule

Florida Bay

West system

7 Palms system

Salinity r2 = 0.65

Stress = 10.7

Differences in community structure are evident betweenFlorida Bay sites, West system sites, and 7 Palms sites.

Page 13: Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of SAV Abundance and Water ......Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of SAV Abundance and Water Quality in the Mangrove Lakes Region of Florida Bay Thomas A. Frankovich1,

Results Results –– Benthic macrophytesBenthic macrophytes

Chara

Apr Jul Oct Jan Apr Jul Oct Jan Apr Jul

Mea

n Pe

rcen

t Cov

er

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Halodule

2006 - 2008

Apr Jul Oct Jan Apr Jul Oct Jan Apr Jul

Mea

n Pe

rcen

t cov

er

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Chara percent cover is minimumin summer and fall and peaks inwinter and spring.

Halodule percent cover is minimum in winter and springand maximum in summer and fall.

Seasonality is evident in Charaand Halodule, but timing is asynchronous.

Page 14: Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of SAV Abundance and Water ......Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of SAV Abundance and Water Quality in the Mangrove Lakes Region of Florida Bay Thomas A. Frankovich1,

Results Results –– Temperature, salinityTemperature, salinityWest Lake

Jun Sep Dec Mar Jun Sep Dec Mar Jun

Tem

pera

ture

(C)

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Jun Sep Dec Mar Jun Sep Dec Mar Jun

Sal

inity

(ppt

)

0

10

20

30

40

50

7 Palms Lake

Jun Sep Dec Mar Jun Sep Dec Mar Jun

Tem

pera

ture

(C)

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Jun Sep Dec Mar Jun Sep Dec Mar Jun

Sal

inity

(ppt

)

0

10

20

30

40

50

Water temperature – maximum in summer, minimum in wintersalinity increases during dry season (winter-spring), decreasesduring summer and fall.

Page 15: Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of SAV Abundance and Water ......Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of SAV Abundance and Water Quality in the Mangrove Lakes Region of Florida Bay Thomas A. Frankovich1,

Results Results –– NutrientsNutrients

7 Palms Lake System

Apr Jul Oct Jan Apr Jul Oct Jan Apr

Tota

l Nitr

ogen

(μm

)

0

50

100

150

200

2507 Palms Lake Site 2Middle Lake Site 8Monroe Lake Site 13Terrapin Bay Site 17

West Lake System

2006 - 2008Apr Jul Oct Jan Apr Jul Oct Jan Apr

Tota

l Nitr

ogen

(μm

)

0

50

100

150

200

250West Lake Site 28Long Lake Site 30The Lungs Site 35Garfield Bight Site 40

7 Palms Lake System

Apr Jul Oct Jan Apr Jul Oct Jan Apr

Tota

l Pho

spho

rus

(μm

)

0

2

4

6

8

10

7 Palms Lake Site 2Middle Lake Site 8Monroe Lake Site 13Terrapin Bay Site 17

West Lake System

2006 - 2008Apr Jul Oct Jan Apr Jul Oct Jan Apr

Tota

l Pho

spho

rus

(μm

)

0

2

4

6

8

10

West Lake Site 28Long Lake Site 30The Lungs Site 35Garfield Bight Site 40

Spatial variation in nutrient concentrations more evident thanseasonal variation. More nutrients in West Lake system.Phosphorus limitation less severe in West Lake system.

N:P ≈≈ 90:190:1

N:P ≈≈ 30:130:1

Page 16: Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of SAV Abundance and Water ......Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of SAV Abundance and Water Quality in the Mangrove Lakes Region of Florida Bay Thomas A. Frankovich1,

Results Results –– phytoplanktonphytoplankton

7 Palms Lake System

Chl

orop

hyll

a (u

g L-1

)

0

20

40

60

7 Palms Lake site 2Middle Lake site 8Monroe Lake site 13Terrapin Bay site 17

West Lake System

2006 - 2008Jun Sep Dec Mar Jun Sep Dec Mar Jun

Chl

orop

hyll

a (u

g L-1

)

0

20

40

60

West Lake site 28Long Lake site 30The Lungs site 35Garfield Bight site 40

Phytoplankton abundances 6X greater in West Lake system

Page 17: Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of SAV Abundance and Water ......Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of SAV Abundance and Water Quality in the Mangrove Lakes Region of Florida Bay Thomas A. Frankovich1,

Results Results –– phytoplanktonphytoplankton

Phytoplankton Chlorophyll vs Total Phosphorus

Total phosphorus (μM)0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Chl

-a (

μ g L

-1)

0

20

40

60r2 = 0.46P < 0.001

7 Palms Lake system West Lake system

Phytoplankton abundance correlated with P-availability

Page 18: Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of SAV Abundance and Water ......Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of SAV Abundance and Water Quality in the Mangrove Lakes Region of Florida Bay Thomas A. Frankovich1,

Results Results –– Benthic macrophytesBenthic macrophytes

Chara abundance

Perc

ent C

over

0

20

40

60

80

100

West system7 Palms system

Water Clarity

Wat

er c

larit

y in

dex

0

1

2

3

4

Water Clarity Index

Secchi depth1 0 – 20 cm 2 20 – 40 cm3 40 – 60 cm4 > 60 cm

Greater Chara abundance associated with increased water clarity

Page 19: Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of SAV Abundance and Water ......Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of SAV Abundance and Water Quality in the Mangrove Lakes Region of Florida Bay Thomas A. Frankovich1,

Key findings Key findings –– preliminary conclusionspreliminary conclusions

Spatial species distribution consistent with mean salinity.

Seasonality of Chara and Halodule abundances asynchronous.

P concentrations are ≈3X greater in West Lake systemthan in 7 Palms system, fueling ≈6X greaterphytoplankton densities.

Greater water clarities in 7 Palms system coincidewith ≈5X greater Chara abundances relative toWest Lake system.

Page 20: Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of SAV Abundance and Water ......Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of SAV Abundance and Water Quality in the Mangrove Lakes Region of Florida Bay Thomas A. Frankovich1,

Acknowledgments

We thank: Dr. Bill Loftus for use of jonboat

Steven Huddleston, Jeff Woods, Mark Zucker (USGS) for field collaboration

many, many other field volunteers

Funding provided by Everglades National ParkFunding provided by Everglades National Park