Exploring and Colonizing North America

Spain, France, and England

■Essential QuestionEssential Question: What are the similarities & differences among the Spanish, French, & British patterns of colonization in North America?

America Prior to the Arrival of Europeans

Early Human MigrationsEarly Human Migrations

1st Migration, 38,000-1800 BCE

2nd Migration, c. 10,000-4,000 BCE

3rd Migration, c. 8,000-3,000 BCE

Eastern Woodland Cultures

■Along the Atlantic Coast of North America, Native Americans lived in smaller, mobile bands:

–Farming was supplemented by hunting and gathering

–Eastern woodland Indians were likely the first natives to be encountered by English settlers

Locations of Major Indian Groups and Culture Areas in the 1600s

When Worlds Collide

What was the impact of Spanish, French, and English settlement in

North America on Native Americans?

Voyages of European Exploration

European movement

■Political: Become a world power through gaining wealth and land. (GLORY)

■Economic: Search for new trade routes with direct access to Asian/African luxury goods would enrich individuals and their nations (GOLD)

■Religious: spread Christianity and weaken Middle Eastern Muslims. (GOD)

The 3 motives reinforce each other

Exploration:

Direct Causes = 3 G’s

European explore

EFFECTS•Europeans reach and settle Americas

•Expanded knowledge of world geography

•Growth of trade, mercantilism and capitalism

•Indian conflicts over land and impact of disease on Indian populations

•Introduction of the institution of slavery

•Columbian Exchange

NEW WORLD

OLD WORLD

* Squash * Avocado * Peppers * Sweet Potatoes* Turkey * Pumpkin * Tobacco * Quinine* Cocoa * Pineapple * Cassava * POTATO* Peanut * Tomato * Vanilla * MAIZE * Syphillis

* Olive * Coffee Beans * Banana * Rice* Onion * Turnip * Honeybee * Barley* Grape * Peach * Sugar Cane * Oats* Citrus Fruits * Pear * Wheat * HORSE* Cattle * Sheep * Pig * Smallpox* Flu * Typhus * Measles * Malaria* Diptheria * Whooping Cough

Columbian ExchangeColumbian Exchange or the transfer of goods involved 3 continents, Americas, Europe and Africa

The Columbian Exchange

Old World to New World New World to Old World

Diseases Smallpox, Measles, Chicken PoxMalaria, Yellow Fever, Influenza, The Common Cold

Syphilis

Animals Horses, Cattle, Pigs, SheepGoats, Chickens

Turkeys, Llamas, Alpacas, Guinea Pigs

Plants Rice WheatBarleyOatsCoffeeSugarcaneBananasMelonsOlivesDandelionsDaisiesCloverRagweedKentucky Bluegrass

Corn (Maize)Potatoes (White & Sweet Varieties)Beans (Snap, Kidney, & Lima Varieties)TobaccoPeanutsSquashPeppersTomatoesPumpkinsPineapplesCacao (Source of Chocolate)Chicle (Source of Chewing Gum)PapayasGuavasAvocados

The Spanish Colonies in America

■ Started in Caribbean, then Central and South America—most important was conquest of Aztecs by Cortez (1521) and Incas by Pizzaro (1531)

■ First permanentpermanent colonies in what will become United States are founded by Spain– St. AugustineSt. Augustine (Florida) is founded (1565) to

protect Spanish treasure fleets

Georgia

A World Transformed■Native Americans were eager for

European trade; they were not initially victims of Spanish exploration

■They became dependent on and indebted to Europeans

■Disease decimated perhaps 95% of Native American population

Cycle of Conquest & Cycle of Conquest & ColonizationColonization

Cycle of Conquest & Cycle of Conquest & ColonizationColonization

ExplorersConquistadores

Mis

sionar

ies

Permanent Settlers

EuropeanColonialEmpire

From Plunder to Settlement■By 1650, 1/2 million Spaniards

immigrated to the New World

–Mostly unmarried males came to New World; intermarriage led to mixed-blood mestizos & mulattos

–Distinguished between social classes: peninsulares & creoles

–The Spanish gov’t operated strict control over the colonies

Whites from Spain

Whites born in America

Spanish Conquests & ColoniesSpanish missionaries focused heavily on converting Native

Americans & establishing missions

The Spanish used the encomienda system to create large cash crop plantations using Native American & African slave labor

The Colonial Class The Colonial Class SystemSystem

The Colonial Class The Colonial Class SystemSystem

PeninsularesPeninsularesSpanish Spanish

ancestoryancestory

PeninsularesPeninsularesSpanish Spanish

ancestoryancestoryCreolesCreolesSpanish Spanish

and Black and Black mixture.mixture.

CreolesCreolesSpanish Spanish

and Black and Black mixture.mixture.

MestizosMestizosSpanish Spanish

and and Indian Indian

mixturemixture

MestizosMestizosSpanish Spanish

and and Indian Indian

mixturemixture

MulattosMulattosWhite White

American American and Black and Black mixturemixture

MulattosMulattosWhite White

American American and Black and Black mixturemixture

Native IndiansNative IndiansNative IndiansNative Indians Black SlavesBlack SlavesBlack SlavesBlack Slaves

What type of relationship existed between the Spanish and the Native

Americans living in N.Am?

■ Native people learned about new tools, grow food, raise sheep

■ Many converted to Catholicism■ Spanish learned new farming techniques■ Harsh treatment of Native Americans for

slave labor■ Beating of those who did not convert■ Disease, death■ Rebellion

Hernando Desoto – Spanish Explorer

■ Explored Southeast region of America in 1540.

■ Encountered numerous Creek Indian tribes in Georgia, as well as food such as peaches.

■ Crossed Chattahoochee, Flint, Ocmulgee, Oconee, and Savannah Rivers.

Hernando de Soto

Spanish Settlements in Georgia■ From 1578 to 1583 the Spanish Catholics

built two separate chains of missions. One led from San Augustin north along the Atlantic coast, into present day coastal Georgia. The Guale tribes were temporarily subdued near what is St. Catherine’s Island today.

■ In 1597 the Franciscans in Guale interfered with the mission Indians once too often and they rebelled. The missions along coastal Georgia were destroyed and most of the friars murdered before soldiers stopped the uprising by 1601.

■ Although the Yamasees and Lower Creeks sought Spanish protection in the following years, and Spanish Indians continued to harass English settlers along the southern frontier, Spain's plans for hegemony in the Southeast disappeared along with the missions.

■ More info on Spanish missions in Georgia HERE!

Spanish empire by the 1600’s

consisted of Southern part of

North America Central America

Caribbean Islands Most of outer South America

The French Colonies in America

■ French settle Quebec (1608) & Montreal (1642) and what would become Canada– Control St.

Lawrence River & access to interior of North America

– Develop a fur trade

The French Claim Canada■In 1608, Samuel de Champlain

founded Quebec; French Empire eventually included St. Lawrence River, Great Lakes, Mississippi R.

■The French gov’t strictly controlled the colonies but made little effort to encourage settlement

■Because the fur trade was the basis of their colonial economy, Indians became valued trading partners (not exploitive like Spain)

What was the relationship between the French and Native Americans

living in North America?

■ Business partners

■ Friendly

■ Huron (in Canada) were close allies

■ Enemies with Iroquois (on East coast with British colonies)

■ Diseases killed many

Like Spain, the French gov’t encouraged converting Native

Americans & establishing missions

The English Colonies in America

English settlements

■Cabot & New Foundland 1582

■Sir Walter Raleigh attempts to colonize off the coast of North Carolina in 1585.

■Establishes the colony of Roanoke

■Second attempt in 1585 with 150 men and women

Lost Colony of Roanoke

■Spanish Armada delays supply until 1590

■No settlers found but buildings are standing

■CROATOAN – written on fence post.

■Unsolved mystery

What was life like in Jamestown?

■Difficult

■Swamp area with disease carrying mosquitoes

■Laziness from settlers

■John Smith took over during the starving time

■Native Americans refuse to trade during this time

The English Colonies■In the 1600s, English settlers

arrived in North America–English colonization differed

from Spanish & French because the English gov’t had no desire to create a centralized empire in the New World

–Different motivations by English settlers led to different types of colonies

Migrating to the English Colonies■17th century England faced major

social changes:–The most significant was a

boom in population; Competition for land, food, jobs led to a large mobile population (vagrants?)

–People had choices: could move to cities, Ireland, Netherlands, or America (but this was most expensive & dangerous)

Migrating to the English Colonies■Motives for migration to America:

– Religious: purer form of worship– Economic: Escape poverty or

the threat of lifelong poverty– Personal: to escape bad

marriages or jail terms■ Migration to America was

facilitated by the English Civil War & Glorious Revolution

The Stuart Monarchs

Fort King George■ First British garrison of the Georgia

colony, is located in Darien, at the mouth of the Altamaha River.

■ Established in 1721 to 1732 as the southernmost outpost of British North America.

■ Protected Carolina colony against Spanish and French as well as possible attacks by the hostile Guale Indians.

■ Poor living conditions and a fire that destroyed the fort in 1726 led to its disbandment.

From New Georgia Encyclopedia – Fort King George, http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-2481

Click HERE for a more complete story of Ft. King George!

Types of Colonial Settlements

Three types of colonial settlementsTrading Post Colony

PlantationColony

Settler colony

Used to trade itemsFor example, French fur traders

Grow and sell cash crops, such as rice, indigo, tobacco,

Settlers establish new towns and settlements, but linked to their mother country by trade and government.

Did not require a lot of money.

Required more money to maintain and build.

Required more money to build the towns and settlements.

More difficult to protect.Set up along a water trade route.

Easier to protect Easy to protect

Set up along a water trade route.

Set up on large areas of land.

Set up along the water for irrigation use and trade.

European colonization in North America

Spain France England

Plantation colonies in the Caribbean, Florida, and Mexico.

Spanish missions converted Indians to Christianity by force, and governed the colonial settlements.

Georgia’s coastal barrier islands served as sites of Spanish missions.

Trading post colonies in St. Lawrence, Great Lakes, and Mississippi regions.

Port of New Orleans controlled trade in the Gulf of Mexico, threatening Spanish shipping in the area.

Fur traders expanded networks throughout all of the Southeastern tribes.

Plantation colonies in Southern English colonies.

Settler coloniesJamestown based at first on trading, then later became known as a religious settlement.

Fort King George at Darien, GA was southern-most outpost to protect Charlestown, South Carolina from Spanish attacks.

By the early 1600s, Spain, England, & France had large territorial claims in North America

(but these colonies were not heavily populated, especially in Spanish & French claims)

These colonial claims came largely at the expense of the Native

Americans already living there

Colonies in North AmericaSpanish Colonies French colonies English colonies

Mexico, present day Florida, South western part of South America

Inland part of North America and the St. Lawrence river.

They set up a variety of colonies in Canada and along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean.

Controlled their colonies with viceroys.

Controlled their colonies loosely. Few settlers moved to New France, because it was so rocky, and the temperature was so cold.

Built for profit and others built them for religious freedom.

England sent governors to rule over their colonies.

Use of Native American labor to work on the large farms.

French got along better with the Native Americans than any other European country.

English settlers pushed Native Americans off their land.

Treated the Native American harshly.

Fur traders England and Spain were the two main powers in the Americas.

Harsh treatment of the Native Americans, Europeans diseases claimed their lives

Live among the Native Americans and respected their culture.

Did not want to convert the Native Americans, they just wanted their land.

Use of African slaves. Focused on Christianity. Touted religious freedom

Spanish, French, & English Colonial Patterns?

■ Answer the following essential question:

– What were the What were the advantagesadvantages & & disadvantagesdisadvantages of Spanish, French, & of Spanish, French, & English colonial patterns in terms of English colonial patterns in terms of long-term long-term colonization in America?colonization in America?

■ Create a chart with your ideas.

■ Submit your chart in the 2.B Dropbox.

Advantages for long-term colonization

Disadvantages for long-term colonization

Spain

France

England