IRC~SP:52.I999

BRIDGE INSPECTOR’SREFERENCE1’~.ANUAL

INDIAN ROADS CONGRESS19~J9

IRC:SP:52-1999

BRIDGE INSPECTOR’SREFERENCE MANUAL

PUBLISHEDBYTHE INDIAN ROADSCONGRESS

JAMNAGAR HOUSE,SHAHJAHAN ROAD,NEW DELHI-110011

1999

Price Rs&L 140(plus packing & postage)

IRC:SP:52-1999First Published: June,1999

(Rightsof PublicationandTranslationareReserved)

Printedat SagarPrinters& Publishers,KotlaMubarakpur,New Delhi-I 10003(1000copies)

BRIDGE INSPECTOR’S

REFERENCE MANUAL

CONTENTS

LRC:SP:52-1999

PageNo.

(‘omposilionof Bridge Specifications& StandardsCommittee

Background

I Introduction

2. SalientComponentsof aRoadBridge

3. Typesof Bridges

4, UsualProblemswithDifferentBridgeMaterialslike Masonry,

Bricks, Concrete,Steel andTimber

5. Typesof Damagesto variousComponentsof Bridgesdueto NaturalCausesand

ProtectionMeasuresagainstthem6. Importantpoints for BridgeInspectionandFormatof BridgeInspector’sReport

7. Sketches

S. AppendicesAppendix 1 -List of EquipmentsAppnedix2-SafetyAspectsfor Inspectors

9. Appendix3-Bridge InspectionForm

(i) to (ii)

1

2

3

6

6

11

13

27

41

42

43

IRC:SP:52-1999MEMBERS OF THE BRIDGE SPECIFICATIONS

AND STANDARDS COMMITTEE(As on 12.3.1997)

1. AD. Naraui(Convenor)

2 The Chief Engineer (B) S&R(Member-Secretary)

3. S.S. Chakraborty

4. Prof. D.N. Trikha

5. Ninan Koshi

6. AG. Borkar

7. N.K. Sinha

8. A. Chakrabarti

9. M.V.B. Rao

10,, CR. Alimchandani

11, Dr. SK. Thakkar

12, M.K.Bhagwagar

13, PD. Wani

14. SA. Reddi

15. Vijay Kumar

16, CV. Kand17, M.K.Mukherjee18. MaheshTandon

19, Dr. T.N. Subba Rao

20. The Director21, AK. Harit

22, Shri Prafulla Kumar

DG(RD) & Addi, Secretary to the Govt. of India, Ministry ofSurface Transport (Roads Wing), New Delhi

Ministry of Surface Transport (Roads Wing), New Delhi

Managing Director,Consulting Engg. Services (I) Pvt. Ltd., 57, Nehru Place,Now Delhi-i 10019Director, Structural Engg. Res. Centre, Sector-19, Central Govt.Enclave, Kamla Nehru Nagar, PB No. 10, Ghaziabad-20i 002DG(RD) & AddI. Secy., MOST (Retd.),56, Nalanda Apartments,Vikaspuri, New DelhiA-i, Susnehi Plot No. 22, Arun Kumar Vaidya Nagar, BandraReclamation, Mumbai-400050Chief Engineer (PlC),Ministry of Surface Transport (Roads Wing), Transport Bhavan,New Delhi-ii0001Chief Engineer,Central Public Works Department, Nirman Bhavan, Room No.424,New Delhi-I 10011Head, Bridge Division,Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi-110020Chairman & Managing Director, STUP Consultants Ltd., 1004-5& 7, Raheja Chambers, 213, Nariman Point, Mumbai-400021Professor,Deptt. of Earthquake Engg., Universityof Roorkee, Roorkee-247667Consulting Engineer,Engg. Consultants (P) Ltd., F-14/15, Connaught Place, NewDelhi-i 10001Secretary (A) to the Govt. of Maharashtra,P.W.D., Mantralaya, Mumbai-400032Dy. ManagingDirector,Gammon India Ltd., Gammon House, Veer Savarkar Marg,Prabhadevi, Mumbal-400025General ManagerUP State Bridge Corpn. Ltd., 486, Hawa Singh Block, KhelGaon, New Delhi-i 10049Consultant, E-2/i 36, Mahavir Nagar, Bhopal-46201 640/i82, Chitranjan Park, New Delhi-i 10019Managing Director, Tandon Consultant (P) Ltd., 17, link Road,Jangpura Extn., New Delhi-110014ConstrumaConsultancy (P) Ltd., 2nd Floor, Pinky Plaza, 5thRoad, Khar (W), Mumbai-400052Highway Research Station, Guindy, Madras-600025Executive Director (B&S)Research Designs & Standards Organisation, Lucknow-22601 1Member,National Highway Authority of India,1, Eastern Avenue, Maharani Bagh,Now Delhi-i 10065

(i)

IRC:SP:52-199923. Shri S,V.R. Parangusam

24. Shri P,D. Agarwal

25. Shri B.C. Rao

26. PC. Bhasin27. Shri P.K. Sarmah

28. The Chief Engineer (NH),29. The Secretary to the Govt.

of Gujarat,

30. The Chief Engineer (A&B),

31. The Engineer-in-Chief32. The Chief Engineer (A) S&R33. The Dir~ctor& Head

(Civil Engg.),34. The Chief Engineer (NH)35. The Chief Engineer (NH)36. President,

Indian Roads Congress

37. Hon. TreasurerIndian Roads Congress

38. Secretary,Indian Rqads Congress

1. N.y. Merani2. Dr. GP. Saha3. Shitata Sharan

4. Dr. MG. Tamhankar

Chief Engineer (B) South,Ministry of Surface Transport (Roads Wing), New Delhi-i 10001Chief Engineer (NH),U.P. P.W.D., Lucknow-226001Chief Engineer, Dy. Director General (Bridges),West Block-lV, Wing 1, R.K. Puram, New Delhi-i 10066324, Mandakini Enclave, Greater Kailash-Il, New Delhi-i 10019Chief Engineer,P.W.D. (Roads) Assam, P.O. Chandmari, Guwahati-78I 003P.W.D., B&R Branch, Patiala(H.P. Jamdar)R&B Department, Block No. 14, Sachivalaya Complex,Gandhinagar-382010(D. Sree Rama Murthy)National Highways, Errum Manzil, Hyderabad-580482Haryana P.W.D., B&R, Sector-i9 B, Chandigarh-1600i9Ministry of Surface Transport (Roads Wing), New Delhi-i 10001(Vinod Kumar)Bureau of Indian Standards, Manak Bhavan, New Delhi-i 10002Public Works Department, Writers’ Building, Block ‘C”, Calcutta-700001M.P. P.W.D., ‘D’ Wing, 1st Floor, Bhopal-462004H.P. Jamdar - Ex-OfficioSecretary to the Govt. of Gujarat,R&B Department, Block No. 14, Sachivalaya Complex,Gandhinagar-38201 0A.D. Narain - Ex-OfficioDG(RD) & AddI. Secretary to the Govt. of India,Ministryof Surface Transport (Roads Wing), New DelhiS.C. Sharma - Ex-OfficioChief Engineer, Ministry of Surface Transport (Roads Wing),New Delhi

CorrespondingMembers

A-47/I344, Adarsh Nagar, Worli, Mumbai-400025Flat No. 4, Kavita, 15th Road, Khar (W), Mumbai-400052Adviser Consultant, Consulting Engg. Services (I) Pvt. Ltd.,57, Nehru Place, New Delhi-i 10019Emeritus Scientist,Structural Engg. Research Centre, 399, Pocket E, Mayur ViharPhase II, DeIhl-110091

(ii)

IRC:SP:52-1999

BRIDGE INSPECTOR’S REFERENCE MANUAL

I3ACKCROUNE)

Quite of ten personsotherIhan bridgeengineers have10 be askedto inspectthe bridgesin their jurisdictionto assistthe hnL1!~.eengineersin their inspections. These‘‘rlher persons’’who arecalled ‘‘bridge inspeclors’’th meh experiencedare not fully qualified engineers.The. Bridge Maintenanceand RehabilitationCommittee(H- 10) of Indian RoadsCongressFelt thatthere is aneedto preparereferencemanual for suchbridge inspectorswhich will in simple terms provide them with information on variouscomponentsof bridges, the distressesthehi H L s und r c~odut in’ 1k sL \ n.e lik link. Lnd gwd met on what to look for during their inspe tions andho~~

F reec)rd ohservat n nix madeduriog inspections.The compositionof the Committeeis as under:

Bridge MaintenanceandRehabilitationCommittee(13-10)

AG. Borkar1). K. Kanhere

P.(_. l3hasin5.5. ChakrabortyM.K. ChallerjeeAK. Ilarit5.0..loelekarC.V. Kand1~.Y,ManjureN.Y. Merani0.1). Mohinctra

Members

ConvenorMember-Secretary

MV]]. Raoi)r. T. N. SubbaRaoS.A. ReddiDr. NO, RengaswarnyKB. SarkarSurjit Singhi)r. M.G. TamhankarMaheshTandonThe Director, H.R.S,, Chennai

Ex-Officio Members

President,IRC

1-ton. Treasurer,IRC

Secretary,I RC

Dr. V.1K. RainaM.K. Saxena

Shri MS. Ciurani, Chief Engineer,PunjabPW[), i3&R, PatialaShri A.I). Narain, Director GeneralRoad i)evelopment& Add!. Secretary,MOSTS.C. Sharma,Chief Engineer(Roads),MOST

Corresponding Members

S.K.. TambeNO. Thatte

M.R. Vinayak

ConvenorMemberMemberMemberMember

‘t’he draft preparedby the sub-cornnlitteewas discussedin Iwo meetingsby the BridgeMaintenancearidRehahilitalionCommittee(B—ID) hel’ore the Manual was approvedby the Committeeon 29—1 1—96.

The Conunitteeset up a small stili-committeewith Shri NV. Meranias the Convenor,the membersof thissuh—eommiltee were as follows

NV. MeraniAG. BorkarS.A. ReddiP.Y. Manjure

l).K. Kanhere

IRC:SP:52-l999

Thedraft wasapprovedby theBridge Specifications& StandardsCommitteeon 12.3.1997,theExecutive

Committeeon 29-3-97and by the Council of the Indian RoadsCongresson 17-4-97.

1. INTRODUCTION

I Periodicaland a meaningful inspectionof highway bridgesis an importantessentialinput for anyuseful and effective bridge managementsystem for ensuringsafe anduninterniptedflow of traffic ~n ourhighways.Tremendouseconomicloss antithe likely public criticism resultingfrom any disruption clue to thefailure of a bridge or its acquiring ‘Highly Distressed’statusrequiringpartial closureor loadrestrictionsdonot warrant any neglector laxity in adequate maintenanceof bridgesand for that purpose regularinspectionthrough wellqualified and adequately experienced bridgeengineersis essential.It is well understoodthat allcivil engineeringstructures require regular maintenanceand periodical repairs or replacementof soniccomponentsduring their design serviceablelife. Consideringthe astronomicalincreasein the numberof bridgesas~~~resulIof the rapid developmentof highwayscateringto the continuously increasingpreference forroadtransporl,the bridge engineerhasnow far morebridgesto inspectthan everbefore.It hasthus becomenecessarythat Ihe bridge inspectingengineeris assistedby a group of sufficiently qualified, properly trainedandwellexperiencedbridge inspectorsto carry out more frequentinspectionthoughpreliminary yet coniprehensiveenoughto includeall listed componentsandsufficiently informativein respectof importantdetails.Reportfromsuch reliable inspectorscan go a long way in helping the bridge inspectingengineersto plantheir prioritiesand correctly orient their inspectionsand the meansof field inspections.Such purposefully directed timelyinspection from the bridge inspectingengineerswould ultimately expeditetimely and effective removal ofdefects or rehabilitationmeasureswhich is the main aim of the inspectionof our bridges.

1.2. While SP:35 of the. IRC, publishedin 1990, containsguidelineson inspectionand maintenanceofbridgesby the bridge inspectingengineers,this manualaimsatprovidingguidanceto bridge inspectorsso thattheir resulting inspectionreports providethe bridge inspectingengineersdirectly responsiblefor the bridge-managementin the specified zoneof the highway systemundertheir control,a general pictureof the presentHealt h-Status’of the concernedbridgeswith broadindicatorstowards distress-proneareasor alreadydistressed

componentsneedingimmediateattention.

1.3. Bridgeinspectorsarenot fully qualified engineers. However,it is essentialthat theyshouldbe selectedfrom thepersonnelwho havecertifiedengineeringskills from any approvedinstitUtion. The selectionwill dependon the considerationof the positionof responsibilityor familiarity with thebridgeswith experienceof minimumof 5 years in bridges. This Manual (Bridge Inspector’sReference Manual)is a guidelinefor such BridgeInspectors andit providesinformationneededtobeknownby themin inspectingthe bridges.Usingthis Manualsuch personswith experienceshouldbe able to carry out routinebridge inspectionof amajority of the bridges.The Manualdoesnot cover largeandspecialtypesof bridgessuchas suspensionbridges,cable stayedbridges,etc., whichare. consideredbeyondthe scopeof the Manual.As far aspossiblethetechnical contentsandlanguagehave beensimplified to makethe Manual usefulfor the peoplewhoseknowledgeof bridge engineeringis nothighly developed.The StateGovernmentwill be advisedto translatethis Manual intolocal State language.Itmust he. slressedthat this Manual is supposedto only support andguidethebridge inspectorin howto inspectthe bridges on behalf of the Bridge Engineer.The final responsibility, however,must lie with the BridgeEngineer.

1 .4. The manualhas beenorganisedinto the following furtherChapters:

ChapteisII : SalientComponentsof a Road Bridge

ChapterIII : Typesof Bridges

ChapterIV : Usual Problenis withdifferentBridgematerialslike Masonry,Bricks, Concrete,Steeland Timber

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IRC:SP:52-1999

ChapterV : Typesof Damagesto variousComponentsof Bridges & ProtectionMeasuresagainstthem

ChapterVI : Importantpoints for Bridge Inspectionand the Formatof Bridge Inspector’sReport

The Appendicesto the Manual includelist of equipmentto be usedduring inspection(Appendix-i), safetyprecautions for Inspectors (Appendix-2) and Bridge InspectionForm (Appendix-3). Any suggestionsforimprovementof the Manual will he welcome.

2. SALIENT COMPONENTSOF A ROAD BRIDGE

For understandingthe methodologyof inspectionandsystematicrecordingof observations,it is necessary10 briefly define majorcomponentsof aroadbridge asper normally accepted commonterminology.Formatfora bridge inspector’sreport has beendesignedaccordingly.

2.1. Superstructure(Sketches1 to 7)

The. structural systemwhich supportsthe carriagewayfor movementof all vehiculartraffic andfootpathswhererequired,foruseof pedestriansfor crossingovertheriver or otherimpedimentsto the freeflow of highwaytraffic is called thesuperstructure. This structuralarrangementsustainsall loads and forces coming from thetraffic using the bridge and from othercausessuchas wind, earthquake, temperaturechanges,(water currentsin caseof submersiblebridges) and transmitsthe sameto the ground (foundation) through the substructure.Importaiit parts of the superstructureare:

a) Roadwaydeckingslab, curbs,footpaths,railing or crashbarriers,approachslab.h) Longitudinal members-beams,girders, arch/arches,cross-girders,box-girders,etc.

2.2. Substructure(Sketches8 to 16)

2.2.1. Superstructure transmitsall its loads andforcesto averticalsupportingsystemwhich is calledsub-structure.

2.2.2. Sub-structureis composedof Piers and Abutments.

2.2.3. The. verticalsupportat eachend ofthe bridge is calledan Abutment, whileothersuchintermediatesupportsare called Piers.

2.2.4. This supportingsystemof Piers and Abutmentsin addition to carrying loadsand forcestrasmittedto them from the superstructure,is in itself subjectedto forcesfrom wind, earthquakes,watercurrents, impactfrom floating trees and barges,(earth pressurein case ofabutments,since they retain the approachroadembankmerit), etc.

2.2.5. Piers and Abutmentscan be solid or hollow andin different shapes.For the case ofspill throughabutmentsthe approachembankmentis allowed to slope in front of the abutmentand is protectedby properpitching with an adequateapron.

2,2.6.Abutmentsnormallyhavereturn wallsateitherendconstructedatsomeangleparallelto theapproachroadto embankment. Theseare calledWing Walls. Thesenormally haveseparatefoundations whenconstructedto the full height of the embankment.

2.2.7. In somecasesthe wing walls arenot for the full height andcantileverout from the abutmentends.

‘l

IR( ‘SP:52—I 999‘I’liese ire called flyback returncand allow theearthto spill throughon the sides aswell. In sonic bridgesR.C.(.’.

rt r~’I tinis are also provided behindthe abutments.

2.3. Foundation(Sketches17 to 20)

2.1. I . All loadsandforcesconmingfrom the superstructureandthe sub-structureareultimately to he safelytransmitted to theearlIi stratumbelow the river bedor belowothernaturalsoil formationin such a mnannerthatthere is no unexpectedsettlementof the piers and abutmentsor damagedue to scour duringthe designlife ofthe bridge structure.ilie structural systemwhich enablessuch asafe load-forces-transferenceto the soil stratatrom the substructure componentsis called foundations. Foundationsmay’ he deep foundationsor shallowInundationsdependingupon their depth belowthe bedbeing safely below the maximumexpectedscourorotherwise.

2.3,2. Fordeepfoundations,normally well foundationsare adoptedwhile shallow foundationsare mostlyopen Inundationsduly prolectedagainstscourby a suitably designedpuceaflooring, cut off walls, upstreamand~lownstreaniFlexible stone aprons.Pile foundations (Bored, precastanddriven,andcast in situ) arenormallyusedin situationsaway fromtheriver flow spreadsuchas for flyoversor viaducts.Howeveruseof large-dianieterboredpiles is quite commonfor minor amid medium bridges(andsometimesfor longbridgesalso,) wherescouris not appreciable.

2.3.3. \Vhen span openingsare small and individual open foundationsare likely to either overlap orconic ton neareachother, a combinedraft foundationis usede.g. in the caseof a bx culvert or a multibuxtype bridge. Such a foundationtoo is normally protectedon u/sand dfs by a puccaflooring, cut off walls andaprons, (Sketch 46).

2.4. Bearings(Sketches21 to 26)

2 ...l. I. ‘I’eniperaturechanges, bothday anti night variationsanti seasonalvariations, whichcan he quite largein manypartsof India, bring about elongationorcontractionof thesuperstructureasawholecausinglongitudinalmovements, l)ueto Flexuraleffectsthereare rotationsatthe endsof spans(for superstructure). These movementsandrotationsif restricted,can produceundesirablelargeforceson bridge components.To minimise theseforcesand to judiciously distribute them for an economicalsolution with better designlife serviceability, endsofsuperstructureof eachspan are supportedon a bearingfixed on the top of the piers and abutments.Bearingscan he sliding hearings,reinforced elastomericpads,roller and rocker hearingsin steel and pot hearings.Forsubmersible bridges antifor bridgesin earthquakeprone zonesstoppersare provided againstany transversedislodging movementof the superstructure.Theseareblocks monolithicwith the pier or pier cap, steel barsorgirdersembeddedin pier and projecting above.

2.4.2.For a single spanor simply supportedmulti-spansystemonebearingis afixed bearingandthe other

perniits movement.For continuous spanssystemexpansionor contraction is allowed with one end fixed inposition and movementsbeing allowed at all others.

2.5. ExpansionJoints(Sketches43 to 45)

2.5.1. Between siniplysupportedspansor units of a continuous span systemand at the ends of thesuperstructureadjacentto the dirt wall of the abutments,the gaps are bridgedby properly designed bridgingarrangementswhich besidesprotectingthe exposededgesof the deck slab andensuringsmootherrideahilityallow expansion/contractionof the superstructure.Thesecomponentsof thedeck-furnitureof abridge are calledcxpansi(111 jd)iiits.

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IRC:SP:52-1999

2.5.2. Designof theexpansionjoints varieswith the extentof movements.Properdesign,adequatelystrongand leak-proofconstruction,correct installationand regular maintenanceof the expansiongap are essentialrequiremne.ntsfor ensuringperformanceof expansionjoints. Badly leaking, loose andknocking,dirt cloggedorbrokenor dislodgedexpansionjoints arenot desirablefor abridge.Eventhe bestof suchjoints installedunderstrict supervisionof the suppliersrequireperiodicalreplacementand hencethe needfor properinspectionatregularintervals.Leakingexpansionjointshavebeenthecauseof seriousdistressdueto corrosionof prestressingtendorsandmal-functioningof the bearings..Hence,during inspectionof bridges,expansionjoints andbearingsneedspecial attention.

2.6. Deck DrainageSystem

2.6.1. Nothing can be more annoying to the travelling public, whetherin vehicles or on foot than awate,rlogeedcarriageway.Worse still is the resulting likely structuraldistressdue to the presenceof moisturefor long durations.

2.6.2. Riding surfacecan havein-adequatecrossslopeor non-functioningdrainageoutflow system.These

problemsalso needproper identificationduring inspection.

2.6.3. Again, waterflowing out of the drainagespouts(Sketch27) shouldnot be allowed to fall on thesupportingmain girders or crossgirders but should be led or deflectedaway from these.

2.6.4. A properly designeddrainagesystemensuresthat waterfrom variouswell-spaceddrainageoutletsis collectedinto a longitudinal pipe along the span andthenbroughtdown at pier locationssoas to dischargeinto the streamor into the surfacedrainagesystemin caseof flyovers.

2.7. WearingCourse

2.7.1.1 )eck-slabforming themain structuralcomponentof the carriagewayis providedwith suitableoverlayf adequatethicknesseitherin goodqualityhighstrengthconcreteor in layersof gradedbituminousconstruction.

‘[‘his additional coveringlayer laid in properlongitudinal andtransverseprofile is called the wearingcourseandtakeson alt the frontal attack of the moving heavy vehicles and that of the natural elements.Deterioratingcondition of the wearingcourseaffectsrideability andcan lead to distressin the structuraldeckslabandmainsupporting,nieni ihers fromn water leaking into the deckthrough cracksandpot holes,especiallywhen there isno waterproof layer interposed.

2.7.2.. Themcl’oreproperattentionto assesstheserviceabilityof thewearingcourseduringinspectionassumesimportance.Any water layer locked in betweenthe wearing courseandthe structuraldeck-slabis not desirable.Water is constantlypumpedin through pressureof heavy moving vehicles and being often contaminatedespecially’ in nianine environmentscan be a dangeroussourceof distressin concreteandreinforcement.

2.8. Railings/Parapets/CrashBarriersand Footpath (Precast)Slabsand Kerb

All theseitemsformn a part of the carriagewayand are normally constructedafter the main loadbearingstructural system of the spanhasbeen completed.Since theseare essentialfor the safety of vehicles andpedestrians,theirconditionrequiresto he asmeticulouslyinspectedasof the mainstructuralcomponents.Railingsmayhavean open designconsistingof verticalpostsandhorizontalmembers,parapetsandcrashbarriersandsolid kerhs which act as an extremeedge guide for the vehicular traffic and is also continuousand mademonolithic with the deckslab(except in the caseof submersiblebridges,wherekerbsare discontinuouswithgaps in betweenand railings which are collapsibleor removable.)

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IRC:SP:52-1999

2.9. River Protection Works

Some bridgeshave to he provided withriver protectionworks like guide bunds whichare to be protectedwith stonesof suitablesize, protectiontobanksandprotectionto bed.These worksneedto beregularly inspectedand damagesshould he rectified in time.

3. TYPES OF BRIDGES (Sketches27 to 32)

Bridgescan he classifiedin accordanceto their form of structurallay out as well as on the basis of theirconstruction tectmologyor even materials.

3.1. Structural forms normally usedand as havebeenadoptedfor our bridges,are:

a) Archesh) Simply-supportedspansc) Continuous spansd Rigid frame type with decking integral with substructurec) Cantileversor balanced cantileverspans

3.2. Considering constructionmaterials andconstruction technology,bridges may be in

a) Masonry:Brick/Stone/PlainConcreteblocks/plainconcretenormallyfor smallandmnediumspanarchbridges.

h) ltC,C.: For long spanarchesand mediumspansimply supportedT-beamsand slabs, box-girders,balancedcantileversand continuousspan systems,(Generallynot encouragedin severemarine orchemically chargedenvironment) rigidframes.

c.) PrestresseclConcrete:For comparativelylonger spansin simply supported, continuousor cantileve.rconstructionboth in i’-beam and box girder cross-sections. Also usedin long span arch bridgesands:e.g.mental construction with precast or cast—in-situ segments.Sometime a bridge may have acombinationof RCC and PSCcomponentmembers.

d) Steel girders bridgeswith plate girdersor triangulatedtrusseswith built-up members,supporting, anRCC deckstab.

e) Composite constructionfor medium spans usingplate girders andRCC deck slab.

(f) ‘Timber bridgesfor temporaryerossingsandbridgesfor lighter loads eitheras cantileversor in timber

truss and timber deck arrangement.

4.. USUAL PROBLEMS WITH DIFFERENT BRIDGE MATERTAISS LIKE MASONRY, BRICKS,CONCRETE, STEEL AND TIMBER

Problemswith different bridge materials: In bridges,timber, masonry,steel and concreteare. the.materialswhicharemostlyencountered.Thischapterenumeratesthedeficienciesto bewatchedin each materiat.

4.1. Timber

4.1 .1. The niain problems withtimber are ‘decay’ and‘InsectAttack’. Therearesomeproblemsalsowithjoints. Sketch33 showsa cross-sectionof atree trunk.. Ithas threelayers.Bark is theoutermostand haspracticallyno strength.Thecentrallayeris called‘heart-wood’arid theIntermediatelayeris called ‘sapwood’. ‘The sapwoodis usu dlv soRt and hghtLrin tolour thanthe heartwood Sapwoodis prone to decay and insectattack

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IRC:SP:52-1999

4. 1 .2. Thebark usuallystaysdampandinsectslive in it. This leadsto decayandinsectattack.It is, therefore,necessaryto removethe hark from the timber in the bridge.

4.1 .3. i)e.eayis c.ause.dby a funguswhich attacksdampwoo..d. It makesthetimbergo softandlose. strength.l)e.cay is possible.at locationswhere there is ingressfor both air andwater. Such locationsmay be:

a. parts in contactwith ground (piles, endsof beams,etc.)

h. wheredirt, debrisand watercollect andwhere,vegetationgrows(Jointsin atruss,bridge deck,etc.)

c, wherefixtures are.attachedwith deepbolts, watercan get to the centreof the memberthroughbolt-holes,This type of decayis difficult to see.

d. at the locationof splits in the timber. Splits are found in all woods.Theselead to decayif watergetsiii and is retained.

4.1.4. ‘lb preventdecay and insectattack, timber is treatedwith chemicals.Chemicalsusually cannotpenetrateinto tile middle portion and, therefore,decaymay still occurin the middle portion. While inspectingfor decay,it is necessaryto look for:

a.. Stains on the timnber causedby waterb Soft. areason the surfaceSoft areassplit into smallblocks separatedby cracks - a sign of advanceddecay.

d. Fungusgrowing on surfaceof timber - a sign of advanceddecaydeepinside the timber.

4.1.5, A vanie.ty of insectscan attacktimber.The mostdamagingare termites andb.rers.Borers may bemarine, or land-hased.Beetlesare. land-basedhorers. Marineborersusuallycauseseveredam..age andall piersand piles in salt water must be inspectedregularly for these.

4. 1,6. There are three. simple testsfor decay and attackby insects:

Spike Test: A squarespike is pushe.dinto wood to find soft spots.Squarespike ensuresthat the resultanthole is not confusedwith iris~’ectbore—holesat a later date.

2. HammerTest: Decaye.dtimbersoundsdifferentfrom solid timber~vh..enhit with ahammer.Thememberis hit at di ft’e.rent locationsto find weak spots.

3. Drill lest: A 5 nuii drill is usedfor this test. If any decayis suspectedin the timber, a hole is drilledat suchlocations.The differentfeel of drill will thenrevealdecay.Too manyholesnearthejoints are ill-advised.After usuigSpike or Dritt test,holes shouldbepluggedwith wood-plugsafter putting in some preservativelikecreosote.

4.1.7. ‘there are three. points l.o be attendedto concerningJoints in timber:

1. Vibration causedby traffic or shrinkagecan make bolts in the joints loose. Bolts should,therefore,he. checkedfor tightness.

2. l’innber in .isse.sare usuallyjoined by nails. It is important to see that no gap is developedatany joint location.

3. Joints in timber arealsomadewith steel-platesandbolts or pins. Corrosionor damageto steelparts amid loosenessof bolts pins or platesshould be checked.

4. Loss of painting or surfaceprotectionshouldbe noted.

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IRC:SP:52-1999

4.2. Masonry

4.2.1. The four main problems associated withmasonry are:

I. Cracking

2. Bulging

3. Loss of pointing4. Deteriorationof brick, stoneor concreteblocks

4.2.2.Masonryis bricks,stoneor concreteblocksput togetherwith lime or sand-cementmortarin thejointsbetweenthem. It is strongin compressionbut weak in tension.It is usedfor constructingsubstructureelementslike abutments,piers and retaining or parapetwalls. Arches may also be built in masonry.As thereis noreinforcingsteel,thereis no corrosion,Well maintainedmasonrybridgeshavelastedfor morethanahundredyears. Vibrationscausedor impactgiven by very heavy vehiclescancausedamageto masonry.

4.2.3. Cracking (Sketches34 to 36)

4.2.3.1. Cracking is an indication of distressin masonry.It can be causedby over-loading,vibration orimpact fromn traffic. Failureor settlem~..ntof foundationor changein temperatureor alternatewetting amid dryingcan cause.cracking.

4.2.3.2.Cracking weakensthe masonryandallows ingressof waterandsoil. Plantsand small treescouldalsogrow in cracks.These causethe cracks to furtherwiden. It is not alwayseasy todeterminethe causeofcracking. Masonryexpandsandcontractswith changesin temperatureandmoisturecontent. Theresultingcracksnormally passonly through mortar joints. Crackswhich crossbricks, stonesor concreteblocks, are usuallyserious.Thesecracks couldbe causedby either over-loadingor by failure in foundation.All largecracksshouldbe meticulouslymapped.

4.2.3.3. Cracking is to be considered‘serious’ when:

1. Cracking occursnearbearings2. A stepoccursin the face of masonry

3, Cracksare about 5 mm andwider

4.2.4. Bulging

Bulging is a changein shapeor curvingof the faceof amasonrywall. It is usuallycaused due toexcessivehack-pressure.Bulging of masonry parapetscan be causedby vehicularimpact.The force exertedby the soilbehinda wall can increasedueto saturationof fill if drainageis inadequate.Fordraininga fill, weep-holesareprovided in time abutments andretums.Thesesometimesget chokedandcausesaturationof the fill. Saturationmay alsobe causedby vibration or compactioncausedby heavyvehicles,or by shakingcausedby earthquakes.The. height of fill mayalsobe increasedover the yearsandthe mortar usuallygoesweakerwith age,causingbulging. Bulging should he mappedand measured withthe help of aplumb-line, where possible.

4.2.~..Loss of pointing:Pointingis themortarseenexposedbetweenbricks or stonesor concreteblocks.Themortar getsworn out by river or rain water.Pointingis usuallyweaker thanstonesorbricks anddeteriorateswith age.Lossor weakeningof po..inting cancausestonesor bricks to moveor evenfall off. Repointing is requiredto be done periodically.

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4.2.6. Deterioration of bricks or stones

4.2.6.1. Many weakertypesof brick or stonecannotlast for along time, They canbe worn awayby rain-water or river flow. ‘Peeling Off’ or ‘De-lamination’ could be causedby alternateheatingand cooling andchangesin moisturecontent.

4.2.6.2.Tappingthestoneor brick face lightly with ahammercan causepiecesto breakoff. This indicatesthat there is deteriorationor weathering.It maythenbe necessaryto protect the surfacewith a hard mortar,gunite or shotcrete.

4.3. Steel

4.3.1. There are. six main problemsassociatedwith steel bridges,which needdetailedinspection:

1. Deteriorationof paint or galvanizing/metallizing2. Corrosion(Sketch40)3. Damage(bendsor bulges)to steel parts (Sketch42)4. Loosebolts or pins or loss of weld5. Cracking in plates6. Loss of grease/oilfrom contactsurfaces.

4.3.2.1. l)eteriorationof paint or galvanizingfmetallizing:Steel corrodeswhennot protectedfroni airor water. Protectionis providedby paint,galvanizingor metallizing.Sometimespaintingis doneaftergalvanizingor metallizing if risk of corrosionis high. Galvanizingis depositionof zinc on steel by a special process.Met allizing is sprayingof zinc on steelby a specialgun. In air, galvanizingprovidesmoreprotectionthanpaint.Rut in salinewater,galvanizingor metallizingcan peeloff andrustingcan occur. Paintor galvanizingdoesnotlast for manyye.arsandrenewalis necessary,after thoroughcleaning.When steel startsrusting, spotsof rustare seen in the paint—surface.Waterentersthroughthesespotsandmovesunderthe paint,causingpeeling. Airpollution and ‘holidays’ in paint or thin layers of paintcan lead to quick deteriorationof paint.Galvanizingormne.taltiiinn deterioratesdueto corrosionof zinc. This is apparentwhenwhitespotsappearon the surface.Properret:ord of s’pots at which paint or galvanizinghasdeterioratedshould be maintainedand timely repairsshouldhe carriedout.

4:3.2.2. Corrosion: in contactwith air and moisture,a chemicalchangeoccursin steel and it is calledrustingor corrosion. If corrosionprogressesand becomessevere,the edgeof platesappearto be split into thinlayers.This is ‘lamination’. This is very seriousandsteel thenlo .sesalmostall its strength.Rusthas a volumelargerthanthe steel it come.sfrom. Where two or moresteelplatesarebolted or rivet.ted or weldedtogether,rust can push them apartdue to increasedvolume andcanbendthe platesor shear-offbolts, rivets or welds.Worst corrosionusuallyoccursunderthe deck wheredirt, dustandwatertendto accumulate.Bird droppingsatso cause.corrosion.Troughdecks andjack archdecksare moreproneto corrosionas watercanaccumulateunderthe concretefilling above the troughs or over membersof jack arch.

4.3.2.3.Vehicle or ship/vesselimpactcan bendamemberof asteelbridge.Thismayweakenthe structureseriously.The. locationof the bendhasto be mapped and the bend measured, Stiffeneddeck-plates may bendunderoverload.

43.2.4. Looseor brokenfixings: Steel parts are joinedby fixings like rivets, bolts or welds.All rivetsand bolts musthe tight and not broken. Corrosioncan lead to breakingof rivets or bolts. By keepinga fingeron one. side of a rivet and lightly hammeringon the other side, any loosenesscan be detectedby the feel(Skttt h 41) [hereart. two basic typesof bolts namely, bearingbolts’ and ‘fnction-gnpbolts’ Fnctiongrip

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hclts can be distinguishedby markingson the head.Friction-grip bolts arenot likely to work loose and needmiot he checked.l3olts can be checkedfor tightnessby meansof aspanner.Eachbolt or rivet on abridge needsto he checkedat everyinspection.

4.3.2,5.Crackingof steel:It is not ausualoccurrence,but, sometimes,steel memberscrack, Heavyloadsfrequently crossingthe bridge,problems withwelds or misfits, andfaults in steelcan causecracks.A carefullook at all welds and holesis requiredas cracks canoften start there(Sketch 37). A crack only in the paintis not s’erious,hut if thereis a thin line of rust alongit, thecrackis usuallyserious.Every crackshouldbe mappedand its thicknessmeasured witha crack gaugefilm.

4.3.2.6. Lossof grease/oilfrom contactsurfacescan sometimesoccur, leadingto greaterfrictional forces,toss of metal and protection,and corrosion.

4.4. Concrete

4.4. 1. Concreteis niadefront coarse aggregates,sand,cementandwater. It is strong in compressionbutweak in te.ns’ion,just like masonry.To carry tension,steelbarsare providedas reinforcing material.The steelsoprovided may be. tensioned(as in pre-stressedconcrete)or un-tensioned(as inreinforcedcementconcrete).As concretedries, it alwaysshrinks. Thereare three waysin which concreteis used inbridges:

1. Mass Concreteor Plain CementConcrete:It is usually withoutreinforcement (exceptmaybesurfacereintorcemnentto caterto temperatureandshrinkageeffects).Abutments,piers,retainingwalls,tootways,parapets,arches, filling, wearing course,etc., maybe in m.assconcrete.

2... ReinforcedConcrete:It hassteelbarsasreinforcement,andis usedfor abutments,piers,deck-slabs,beams,box-girders,arches,capsoverpiers and abutments,dirt-walls, box-returns,etc.

3. PrestressedConcrete:It hastensioned steel bars,wires or strands(prestressing steel)andis usedfor long spansof slabs, beamsand boxes.

4.4.2. Some of the main problemsassociatedwith concretein bridges are:

1. Cracking2. Spalling3. Corrosion of tensionedor untensionedsteel.4. Erosionand attrition5. Chemicalattack

4.4.2.1.Crackingof concrete:Most concreteusuallydevelopscracks.Fine andshortcracksmaynot poseproblemsbut wide andlong crackscanalwaysbe dangerous.Shrinkagecracksareusuallyfine. Theseneednotbe mapped.

For mapping cracks,the following guidanceshould be adequate:

1. Measurethe lengthand the maximumwidth of importantcracksand drawthem on a sketch.2. Cracks 1 mm or wider areusually important. Smallercracks maybe importantif theyoccur

in vital parts. A simple nmetalgaugeor crack-gaugefilm is all that is neededto measurecracksvidths.

3. Crazingor a largenumberof cracksin asmall areashouldbe mapped evenif cracksare lessthan 1 mm in width.

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:1, Rust stainingor white. depositsor discolourationalong theline of cracks shouldbe noted.

5. An oil-hase.dcolouredpencil shouldbe usedto mark the endsof importantcracksandthe dateof inspectionshould alsobe marked,Glasstell-talesshould preferablybe attachedacrosssuchcracks.

6. i)uring subsequentinspection,it shouldbe ascertainedif the crackshavelengthenedor thetell-tales cracked,The new ends of the cracks should then be markedalongwith the date ofinspection.

4.4.2.2. Spalling: If someof the conretein the structurefalls away,it is termed spallingof concrete.Itis usually causedby corrosionof reinforcement.When steel corrodes,its volume increasesand the resultingpressurebreaks awayor spalls pie.ces.of concrete.Spallingcausesa loss in cross-sectionof a memberand aconsequentreductionin strengthat the location.

4,4,2.3, Corrosionof untensionedor tensionedreinforcement: It is a seriousproblem andcan causea bridge, to Fail if neglected. Corrosionis causedby water and airgetting into concreteand reachingthereint’orcement.It is’ acceleratedby the presenceof chemicalslike salts carriedin with water. Ingressof waterand air is facilitated by a break in concretedue to cracking,spalling or honey-combingor dueto permeable,poor quality concrete, and/or becauseof inadequ.ateèover to reinforcement.Tell-tale signs which indicatecorrosiomi of reinforcementare:

a. Exposedreinforcement,h. Occurrenceof spalling, andc. Cracksor rust-stains (discolouration)or teach-mnarksalong lines of reinforcement.

4.4.2.4.Poor concrete quality:Concreteof poor quality could be honey-combed,could be permeable,may he starve.dof cement, maynot havespecifiedconstructiontolerances,mayhavereactingaggregatesandcould, therefore,he susceptible.to chemnicalattack.Usually,testsor coresestablish permeability,cementcontent,reactive aggregatesor pronenessto chemicalattack. But ahoney-combed concretecanbe detectedeasily bynake.deye andindicatesconcreteof a poorquality. Watermarks, discolouration,leach-marksusually indicatethat the concreteis of apoorquality. To preventfurtherdamage,ingressof watershouldbestoppedby improvingdrainageand providing a lesspermeable protectivecoat, as otherwise,therewill be profusecorrosion.

4.4.2.5. Chemicalattack: Evenwithout the presenceof moss,if the surfaceof the concretefeels softandslippery,andif thereareamiumhe.rof smallhollowsin thesurfaceof theconcrete,it canbe inferredthatchemicalsare damnagingthe. concrete.Testsare requiredto beconductedto determinethe depthof carbonationand theextentof attack by cheniicals.

5. TYPES OF DAMAGES TO VARIOUS COMPONENTS OF BRIDGES DUE TO NATURAL CAUSES ANDPROTEC~1ONMEASURESAGAINST THEM

5.1. i)amageCausedby River

5.1.1.‘The water flowing in a rivercan pickup material from the river bedor banksandcan carry it away.This is called ‘scour’. Scourcan form largeholesin river bedsor canwash awaylargesectionsof banks.Scourhasdestroyedmanybridges.

5.1 .2. Bridge.sare damagedeither when a riverchangesits course (Sketch39) or whenit is not able to

go through the water.wayprovided. Thisoccurs when:

a) The water-wayprovided is inadequatefor the dischargein the river,

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b) The waterwaygetsblockedby depositionin bed,partsof old bridges, trees, bundsandother debris,or

c) ‘l’he river dischargehas grown over the yearsdue tosome reasons.

5.12. If a flood is too big for the waterwayprovided under a bridge, the following can occur:

i. The river washesaway the bridge.ii. It washesawaythe road-embankmentandmay go roundthebridge.(This is termed“out flanking”).iii. It washes’away fill in front of abutmentsandmayscourlargeranddeepholesin the river bed(scour

is large aroumid piersand‘abutments).If the providedwaterwayis not sufficient, additional spansorculvertsmay beprovided to carry the extraflood water.

5. I .4. Protectionagainstscour:If a river is causingscour,the roadembankment,the abutments andthepmers needto be protected..It could be ‘bed protection’ or ‘slope protection’.

5.1.4.1. Bed protection: To protectthe bed fromscour,a part or all of the bedat the bridge site needsto he. coveredat times, The cover is usuallyprovided with stone or concreteblock pitching, concreteflooringor pavingwith stonefille.d boxesor crates.It is sometimesnecessaryto carry this protectionbeyondthe widthof the bridge. Forexample,for fast flowing rivers, along downstreamprotectionmay beneededor for bridges:on raft toundation,shorterprotection maybe neededboth on the upstreamand downstream.Bed protectioncarried beyonda bridge is usually termed‘apron’. When the volume of apronprovidedis sufficient to replacethe hed~voIumelikely to be scoured,it is termeda “launching apron”.

5.1.4.2.Slopeprotection:Often,the embankmentrunsacrossthewater-massflowing alongtheriver-banks,especiallyin rivers with flat gorges andlarge flood-spreads.Such embankmentscan breachunlessprotectedadequatelyby stone.pitching.Someembankmentsin backwaterzonemayhaveto bedesignedfor suddendraw-di wn condition, andmayneed extraslope‘protection. Slope protectionis usuallyin the form of stonepitchingor boulder pitching. Armourof stone may haveto be provided for embankmentsin creeksor sea, where theeftèct of wavesis predominant.Settlementor scourcan damageslope protection.

5.1.5. River training

5,1,5,1. Riverscan changetheir course,this changecan take place eitherslowly or suddenly.Changeofcourse,after a tinie, can damageabridge.Debris or largelogs can causedepositionof the bedmaterialcarriedin suspensionby the river. This leads toformationof new islands.Suchan islandformedupstreamof a bridgecan causescouraroundpiersandor abutments.To prevent a riverfrom changingits courseriver training worksare provided.These worksgenerallykeep a riveron its course.Four wayscommonlyused fortraining riversare.:

1. Walls madeof steel or timber, sheet pilesor stone filled crates.2. Embankmentprotectedby boulderpitching (alsoundressedheavy rock-pieces).

3. (iroymies madefrom cratesor boxes filledwith stoneor from timber or steel piles.

4. Treesprotectedby stone-filledcratesor boxes.

5. 1.5.2.. Groynesare lines of piles or stone-filled cratesplaced atan angleandprojectingpartway acrossthe river from the banks,Treesgrown along bankskeepthe banksin placewith the help oftheir roo Youngtreesare usually protectedby placingstone-filled cratesaroundthem, if the banksarevulnerable. Apartfromthese,river training ivorks canbe madeof many different types of materials and with differentmethodsofconstruction.Theseneedto be identified when encountered.

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5.2. I Water: Apart from damagecausedby water in the river following are somewaysin which watercan affect a bridge:

Corrosion of steel bridges.2. Corrosionof reinforcementor prestressingsteel in concretebridges.3. [)ceayin timber bridges.4. Damagecausedto masonryor stonepitching by water running down its surface.5. Bulging of walls causedby excessivepressureexertedby waterretaineddueto blockedweep-holes.(. Washedembankmentsdue to water running down.

Most of thesedamagescan he preventedby providing gooddrainageon the approachesandgooddrainageand waler-proofingto the deck of bridges.Badly placedwaterspoutscan causecorrosionandotherdamages.A good fiRer medium behindabutmentsand returnsand adequateprovisionof weep-holesis a must.

5.2.2. Debris,dirt andvegetation

5.2.2.1. i)irt or debrishold water if theyget collectedon a bridgestructure,Theresultantdampnesscauses

decayor deterioration.Vegetationcan grow in thesepocketsand candamagea bridge.5.2.2.2. Lehris carriedby theriver sometimescollectsagainstpiersor abutments.This can causeblocking

f waterway,leading ultimately, to out—flanking.

5.2.2.3. i..argeamount of debriscansometimesget collectedagainsta pier or a superstructure.Force ofwaler on this debriscan badly damagea bridge.

5.2.2.4. Normally vegetationis found growing in areasof the bednot usedby river. For manybridges,river is found 10 how, mostof the time, throughonly a part of the waterway.Grassesor light vegetationis notbad, as it holds the bed-soil in place.Treeslarge bushesandlargeplantsarebad,as theyblock the waterway.

5 2.5. Culverts andbridge waterwayscould be chokedin arid areasor whererivers havea tendencytodcpo.si sand.When the river flows in floods,the sandmayget washedawaybutwhenthishappensthe structurecan get damaged.

5.2.1 Earthquakes:Sometimes,bridgescan be damagedby earthquakes.Earthquakescan causetwocommon lypes of damage:

1. Foundationfailure causingabutmentsor piers to move.

2. [)islodgingof superstructures,from their bearings.In earthquakeprone areas,measuresto hold thesuperstructurein place are usuallyprovided.

5.2.4. 1~and.slides:A landslideoccurringdirectly on abridgecan causeabridge tocollapse.If a Landslidetakesplaceupstreamof a bridge,watercanbuild up behindit. After sometimethe river can break-throughandwashaway the bridge along with the debris.This doesnot occuroftenhut, to be safe,changesin the river onthe. upstreamof a bridge should be watchedwith the aid of local enquiry during inspection.

6. JMPORTM4T POINTSFOR BRIDGE INSPECTION AND FORMAT OF BRIDGE INSPECTOR’S REPORT

6.1. A form of inspectionreporthasbeengiven in Appendix-3.The procedureof filling the formhasbeenexplainedbelow~.It mustbe rememberedthat the rep.rt form mustbe filled into “show what you haveseen”.

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6.2. On pag,e 1 of the report form,the number,nameof river andlocation and the bridge to be inspectedshoukl be given. The following checklist shouldbe ofhelp:

(I) Check that “it is really the bridge to be inspected.”

(2) Check the bridge number.

(3) Check the name of riverfnallah.

(4) Check the kilometerageon the road.

(5) Carefully react any instructions that mayhave beengiven by the engineer.

(6) Drawasmallsketch.On it, marktheendvillages,theflow direction,numberof spans,piersabutments.

6.3 It is necessaryto give acareful secondlook to the filled-in report,beforeleavingthesite.The followingchecklist should he of help:

(1) Have all the sectionsbeenfilled?

(2) Rave all the necessarynotesandsketchesbeencompletedandproperly numbered?

(3) Have any pints beennoticed which are not listed in the form, but which you feel are important?

(4) Has t.he form beensignedwith date?

(5) Has the forni beentied togetherwith the total numberof pages mentioned?

6,4. On page2 of the reportfonn, constructiondetails anddetailsof servicesand signsare to be filledin and the tollosving checklist shouldbe of help:

6.4.1 Construction details:Eachconstruction detailshouldbe checkedcorrectly and tickedYES or NC)carefully.

6,4.2.Services:Servicesmaybe electricityor telephonecablesor gas,oil, water orsewagepipes.It shouldhe verifie.d if the servicementionedon recorddrawing is still in place or it has been takenaway. If any newservices,not mentionedin the form, arenoticed,a noteshouldbe takenandproblems,if any, shouldhe writtendown. if anydamageto servicesis noticed, a noteshouldbe taken,in particular,if it could lead to damagetothe bridge, like say a leaking waterpipecan causedeterioration,A note should alsobe takenof any damagecausedby the staff or authoritiesmanningthe servicesduring installation,removal,maintenanceor repairs,

6.4.1 Signs.:Signs areimportantindicatorsgiving limits on height,width, speed,weight, numberof axles,flow direction,etc. The bridge can failor get badly damagedif vehiclesnot permittedon the bridge ply overit Signs shouldbe easyto read,especiallyfor the drivers. It shouldbe verified thateachof the requiredsignsis in place. If any damageto the signsis noticed, it must be reported.

6.5.The mainpartof thereport formcoversthe listof problemswhich shouldbelookedfor. Theseproblemshave, been listed underdifferentheadings,e.g., under the heading‘‘River’’, report on scour,blockagesinwaterway,changein courseof river, etc. are covered. . —

6.6. The report form shouldbe filled-in as the bridge is beinginspectedandon site itself. It shouldneverbe tilled fro.ni. memorysubsequentlyor at aplaceother thanthe site. Someadditionalnotesandsketchesshouldalso be drawnfor clarity, if necessary.Sketchesshouldbe drawnon the backpages(If any short note is to bewritten, it shouldhe donein the sameline as theproblem as far as possible).The answersto questions“Howbad” and “How much” dependon lhe experienceof the Inspectorand his judgement.It is alwaysadvisableto inspect the first few bridgesalongwith an experiencedengineer.It is importantto bedeliberatelycareful

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\vhirC lilting in each line of the rcp.rt form. Sometimes,it is difficult to assessthe extentof a problemor aproblem may he difficult to recognise.In thesecases,it is necessaryto makea notein the report form. Whenin doubt, it is helterto state that doubt insteadof writing somethingincorrect.Whenall the questionsundereachheadinii havebeenticked, the 4’all checked”box can be ticked as YES. If, due to any reason,it hasnot beenpossibleto answerany of thequestions,it is necessaryto tick the ‘‘NO” box to showthat that a particularparthas not beeninspectedor checkedfully.

6.7. ObservationsDuring Inspection

6.7. I. During Inspectiona numberof points haveto be remembered,The inspectionreport form coversmostof thesepoints. The points to he checkedwhile inspectingandthenatureandsignificanceof the problems,in briel~havebeenindicated in this chapter.

6.7.2. Road approachesandprotection

6.7.2.1 Slopesof approachemhankmentsbecomeunstableif thebaseqf theembankmentsis beingattackedand washedawayby the river flow, it is, therefore,necessaryto checkfor scourat the baseof embankmentslopes Wherescourtakesplace,theembankmentfill slipsdown. It is necessaryto checkfor slip of embankmentfill.

6.7.2.2. If rain waler or in caseof submersiblebridges,river water, on the approachesto bridgesis notdrainedproperly water runsdown the faceof the embankment,This after some time, may wash the fill away.tt can also causedamageto partsof abutmentsandwing walls. Hence,it is necessaryto check for erosionoftie fit! near the abutments.

6.7.2.1 Crackingof the road or the edgeof embankmentsbehindabutmentsindicatesthat the wall hasmused.Any crackingof t.he roador edgeof embankmenthas,therefore,tobechecked.Failureof embankmentsnay be by formationof slip circles or by ‘piping’. In both modes,there is loss of materialsfrom aroundtheabutment.

n,7,2,.i, ‘Foe walls are usually provided at the end of embankmentslopes to preventscouring away.‘~omctimesconcrete,steelor timberpiles mayhe providedbelow toewalls.It is necessarytolook for any ‘away’movementof the toe wall or piles. Thougl. smallmovementsarecommontheseare not serious.Movementoflarge sectionsof the wall are serious.

6.7.2.5. Stonepitching for slopeprotection:Oneof the waysof protectingthe slopesurFacefrom beingivElisheci away by rain or by water running off the road, is by providing stonepitching. It is necessaryto looktor cracksin the stonepitching.Crackswider than 5 mm areserious.Thestonepitching breaksup if the mortarpuiiiting is poor. Pitching may crackdueto settlementsin embankment.It is necessaryto observefor any scouror erosion at the edgesof stone-pitching.Piecesbrokenoff from stone pitching indicatebad underniining.

6.7.2.6. Stonefilled crates/boxesfor slopeprotection:Wireor woodencratesorboxesfilled with stonesire sonietimesusedto protect slopesfrom gettingwashedoff in floods or dueto waterrun-off from road.Thesecratescan move considerably,andmovementhasto be checked.The wires andties shouldalsohe checkedtoserif) that theseare in place When the boxesmoveexcessivelythe top of the slope getsexposedandthe roadcracks, [here may be scourat the bottomof the slope,resulting in settlementof the boxes.

6.7.2 7. Boulder pitchingfor slopeprotection: For boulder pitching to be effective,the size andweightoF the bouldersshouldhe suchas to preventtheriver or tide from moving these.As the embankmentgets scouredat base,the boulderpitching sinks into the river bed. Any sinking or washingawayshouldbe carefully noted.

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6.7.3. River bedprotection

6,7.3.1. Riverscan damagethe river bedunderbridges. It is importantto preventthis as it usuallyleadsto major damageto bridges.It is necessaryto makea noteof largeholesin the river bed nearor directly undera brictg,e~.If the river flow is fast andif the river bedis soft, protectionmay haveto be provided by:

I. Stone pitching2. Concretecover slabor concreteblock pitching3. Stone-filledcratesor boxes4. Boulder pitching.

(All thesecome underbed protectionor aprons).

6.7.3.2. Scourin the river bedusuallyoccursat the edgeof the bedprotectionor apron.Small scourholesare usuallynot important. If any scour holesgo below the bedprotectionthe same mustbe notedandreported.It is preferableto illustrate the note by meansof a sketch.Cracksin the surfaceof the bed protectionoccurusuallydue to settlement.It is necessaryto report all cracksin reinforcedconcreteaprons hutfor massconcreteor stone aprons,only largecracksusuallyneed bereported.To find cracks,a spadeshouldhe used toscrapeoIl any soil, sandand debris.If cracks are noticed,a sketch shouldbe prepared.It is necessaryto check foranysign of spattingo,f concreteor missingstonesfrom pitching.it is importantto rememberthat stonescarriedby theriver usuallycausee.rosionof the surfaceof theconcreteaprons.For reinforcedconcreteaprons,corrosionof reinforcementshould be looked for.

6.7.3.3. Stonefilled cratesor.boxescanbeadvantageouslyused for river bedprotectior.Theseare flexibleand whenscourtakesplace,theyfunction as a “launchingapron”.The protection,therefore,is more effective.It is important to look for signs that the stone filledboxesgarlandedaroundpiers or abutments,havebrokenaway. ti this occurs,the river can very quickly destroythebed protection.Damageor corrosionof wires andties could also result in the destructionof protectionwork.

6.7.3.4.Boulderaprons:Boulderpitching or garlandingis usedto preventscouraroundpiers. It is usuallynecessaryto replenishthe boulderslost during floods in filling up the scour holes.It is necessaryto lock forloss of stonesof apron or garlandingduring inspection.

6.7.4. River behaviourand training works

6.7.4.1. During inspectionany changesin the river characteristicsshouldbe looked forcarefully. Most ofthe changesandproblemscanbe seenwhenlooking from the bridge deckor whenlooking from the abutmentswhile standingunderthe bridge.It may somet’imesbe necessaryto walk alongthe banksfor somedistanceonboth sides to checkwhat is happeningto the river.

6.742.Obstructionsin the waterway:The waterwayunder abridge should be clear. Any obstruction

a. Causescour in the bedor banks.It Causesuccessively larger obstructiondue to furtherdepositionand entanglementof debris.

lt is. therefore,necessaryto look for any debrispiled up againstpiers andabutmentsor in the bedon theu/s oF the bridge. Sometimes,the old bridge is not fully dismantledafter anew bridge is built nearby.Parts ofthe old bridge canarrest debrisand lead to scour. Under manybridges, sonic of the waterwayis usually dry,exceptin floods. Farmers tendto put fencesor hu.ndsand may be huts on the dry areasand startcultivation.l...argeplants or trees”’and shrubs grownin bed can block waterway.Obstructionslike these musthe removed,especiallywhen on the ulsof a bridge.

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6.7.4.3. Change ofriver course:If a river changesits course,it can destroya bridge,especiallywhenthe.change~takesptaceon its upstream.Tojudgewhethera river ischangingits course,bendsin theriver upstreamif a bridp.e, and conditionof bankson bendsshould be examined,duly consideringinformationobtainedfrom

local people. if the bank is steep with treesat the edge,but with nothingelsegrowing on the hank,then it canhe inferredthat the rive.r is shifting towardsthat bank.Whena lot of wateris seenflowing but the bank is notsteepand small ptantsare seengrowing with somemud or pebbleson the bank, then it can be inferred thatthe river is shifting awayfrom that bank. If new islandsare forming on the u/s, it meansthat the river is likelyto changeits course,

6.7.5. Training works:

6.7.5.1. The river affects thetraining works in four ways:

a. The. river can attack the end of the training work by moving beyondthe u/s end ofthe works.

b. The river can wash off or disturb/damagethe materialsof the river training works.c. Piles or walls may be moved forwarddue to scour.d. The, river training works maybe daniagedby floating logs or trees.

6.7.5.2. Sometimes,treesgrownon terracesareusedto train rivers.The treesareprotectedby stonefilledcratesor boxe.still they grow. Damageto treesusedin river trainingworksshouldbenotedanddeadanddamagedtreesshould he replaced.

6.7.6. Sub-structureand retaining walls

6.7.6.1. It is usuallyfoundthat for abridge,the sub-structureandretainingwings or returnsaremadefromthe sanie material, However,to enable the inspectorto fill in the report form properly, all typesof materialsare cove.redin each category. Substructure comprisesabutments,returns,wing walls and piers.

6.7.6.2. Concreteabutments,wing walls and returnwalls

6.7.6.2.1,in concretestructures,the inspectorshould look for anycrackingof concreteand indicate theunportantcrackson a sketch.In concrete,cracks are termedimportantif 1 mm or wider and/orif water seepsthrough them, Near the bearings,evenfine cracks are importantand theseshouldbe shown on the sketch.

6.7.6.2.2.Spallingof concreteshould be noted and the area indicatedon the sketch.

6.7.6.2.3.The inspectorshouldindicateareaswherethe qualityof concreteis pocr,as apparentfrom honeycombing and/or chemicalattack.

6.7.6.2.4. It is ne.cessaryto observeleach marks,rust marksdiscolouration,leakage,cracks and spallingto infer corrosionof reinforcement.At the location of spalling, the cover toreinforcementandthe reductionin diameterof the exposedbar or its stage/stateof corrosionshould be noted carefully.

6.7.6.3. Masonry abutmentsand returns

6.7.6.3.1. In masonry,it is necessaryto mapall cracks widerthan 3 mm at the widest location andalsowhen there. is a step acrossa crack.

6.7.6:3.2.Any cracksnearbearingsespeciallyif thesego all aroundthe bearings,andcracks whichrununderneaththe hearingsare important and shouldbe notedvery carefully.

17

1RC:SP:52-1999

6.7.6.3.3.It mustbe rememberedthat bulgesnoticedin abutmentsare moreseriousthanthosenoticed inreturns, Specially,when abulgehashorizonalcracks in it, carefulnoting is neededas this is a seriousproblem.A sketchshowing the location and the extent ofbulgesshouldbe prepared.

6.7.6.3.4.It is important to observeandnote poor quality or loss of pointing.

6.7.6.. 3.5. Any deteriorationof the bricks, stonesor concreteblocks shouldbe observedand noted.

6.7.6.4.Stackedabutmentsand returns

Snme filled crates orboxesor wire basketsareat times stacked togetherto form abutmentsand returnsof siiinpte andoften temporarybridges.‘They could be usedas abutmentsfor timber bridges,Bailey bridgesandsteet beambridgeswith timber decks. Whentheseabutmentssettleor bulge, the deck maybe damagedandtheroad niay alsobe damaged.Any changein shape, cracksor hollowsor settlementshouldhe noted, The wiresand ties can be cut by debris in the river or corrosionor excessivedeformationof the cratesor baskets.It is,t.heret’ore,necessaryto inspectand notethe condition of the wires and ties.

6.7.6.5. Timber abutmentsand returns

Abutments and returnsare sometimesmadeof logs tied or spikedtogether. Usually,theseare providedibr log bridges.Timber piles toppedwith timber cross-beamareusedas abutmentsfor timber bridges.Timberin contactwith ground andwateris proneto decayandinsectattack.Theties andspikescancorrodeanddecay.It is necessaryto check forthe following during an inspection

1. [)ecay-nearbeamsof spans,nearground and at water level.2. Insect attack-atthe seatof beamson abutments.

6.7.7. Piers

6.7.7.1 [‘hedifferenttypesof piersareshownin Sketches8 to 12.Boatinspectionmaybeneededtoinspectbridges on perennialrivers or on creeks.Ladders or someother arrangementniay have tohe provided forinspectingpiers. In general,piers needto be inspectedfor the following:

I. Scournearthe baseof the piers.ii. i)amage nearthe baseor damageto wells or piles including corrosion.

iii. Movementof the piers.iv. Damagedueto impactfrom boats,vessels,floating logsor treesor vehicles passingunderthe bridge.

v. E)ebris restingagainstpiers.vi. Vegetationgrowth on the piers.vii. I .eakageof water from expansionjoints damagingthe piers.

6.7.7.2. ConcretePiers: For piers built in concrete,it is necessaryto inspectfor the following:

i. Crackingof concrete,especiallyaroundbearings,in pile caps,wells andpier caps.Importantcracksshouldbe shownon a sketch.

ii. Spalling of concrete:Spalledareasshouldbe shownon a sketch.

iii. Corrosionof reinforcementwith specialattentiongivento rust-stainsfrom cracksand areas ofspalledconcrete.If exposed,the loss in bar diametersshould be measured.

iv. Areas of poor concreteespeciallyshowing honeycombing andchemical attack.

18

IRC:SP:52-1999

6.7.7.3. Masonrypiers: For piersbuilt in masonry,it is necessaryto rememberthat crackscanbe causedby failure of foundations.Thesecracks areusually long and go deepinto the body of the piers. Overloadingmaycausecracks’aroundbearings.Thesemay alsobe causedby free bearingspreventedfrom moving. For piersin masonry,the following points needto be inspected:

i. Cracking of Masonry,especiallylong and wide cracksand any cracksnearbearings.ii. Poorpointingcan lead to problems.Brick or stonemasonrypierscan beseriouslyweakenedby loss

of mortar pointing by erosiondue to river flow. The flow of waterpasta pier andalternatewettingand drying can damagethe pier material,

iii. i)eteriorationof bricks or stonesshouldbe testedby hitting the surfacewith a hammer.If piecesfall

off, the indication is that the bricks or stones are in poor condition.

6.7.7.4. Steelpiers: Steelpiersareusuallytrestlepiers and eachtrestleconsistsof a numberof membersjointed together.For steelpiers, it is necessaryto inspect for:

i. Debris in the joints of the steelwork,leading to corrosion.

ii. i)eteriorationof paint or galvanizing/metallizing.

iii. Corrosion,especiallynearwater level and in creeks,in the portionbetweenHit andLTL.

iv. Bendsin steel membersandjoints, usuallycausedby bargesor logs/treesimpacting.v. Loosebolts or rivets andlost weldsor cracksnearwelds andbolt holes.vi, Cracking especiallynearbearings.

6.7.7.5. Timber piers: Wet timber decays.For timber piers, it is necessaryto inspect for:

i. i)ebris in the joints.

ii. Decay at joints and nearwater levels.iii. Insectattackespeciallybelowwaterlevel in saltwater. Attackby marineborersis verycommonhere.

iv. Splits in timber, especiallynearbolt holes and at or below water-level.~ L.oosebolts or pins at joints.

vi. Bends in timber, which maybe causedby impactor overloads.

vii, Corrosion of steel partsespeciallyat water level.

6.7.8. Superstructure

67.8.1. General:Eachspan of a hriige will have to be inspectedand eachsuperstructurewill havetohe rc ‘orded in a separatepart of the form. The generalinspectionshould be carried,out both from the top ofthe deck and from under the deck. The points to be checkedduring generalinspectioninclude:

i. Impact damageto beamstrussesor bracings causedby vehicles,boatsor logs.

ii. I )ehris and vegetationon beams,trusses,bracings or in joints.

iii. Watercoming through thebridge deck,signs of wetnesson steelwork, on timber and on concrete,respectivelyin theform of rust marks, water run marks and dark areas with build up of whitematerialon surface,shouldbe noted.

v, Water [ruin the deck-drainageflowing on the girders, trusses,beamsor braeings.v, Adequateheadroomfor overbridgesexistsandis not encroachedupon.The actualheadroom should

he noted.

19

IRC:SP:52-1999

vi, Excessivedeflectionsin superstructure.

vii. Cracking andspalling in superstructure.

6.7.8.2.Concretegirders: If cracks arenoticed,theseshouldbe measuredfor length and maximum width.A sketch should be included in the report. Date and ends of cracks should be marked and preferably glasstell-tales should be attached. The progress of the cracks already identified in the previous inspectionsshould beobserved and noted, For concrete girders, it is important to look for the following:

i. Cracks at ends of beamswhich spread up from the bearingseat (Sketch38). It is a seriousproblem.ii. Cracks parallel to the beamson the faces of bottom bulbs of beams.Thesecracks are normally due

to corrosionand occurwhen the concretein bulb-corners is about to spall. it is necessary, therefore,to tap the concrete here firmly with a hammer.

iii. Spalling of concrete which may be due to external impact or corro~ionof reinforcement.iv. Signsof corrosionof reinforcement.If any reinforcementis visible, anoteof the concretecover and

loss in diameterof the bar should be takenin the report.

v. Signs of poor quality of concrete,especiallyat the cornersof bottombulbs.

6.7.8.3. Steel girders andbracings:The parts of a steelgirder are shown in Sketch 32.

For steel girders,it is necessaryto inspect the following:

i. Deteriorationof paint or galvanizingor metallizing on all main and crossgirders.ii. Corrosion of steel: Special attention should be given to wet areas and areas where debris

accummulates.Endsof beamsandgirdersalsoget badlycorroded. Corrosioncausestwo very seriousproblems.Theseare:

(a) Lamination&(b) Steelsectionsforcedapartby increasein volumedue torusting.This causes rivets,boltsorwelds

to snap.

iii. Bendsin websandflangesof girdersandbendsin stiffenersandbracings:Seriousoverloadingcouldcause bends alongthe lengthof girders.These areserious.The sizeof the bendsshouldbe measuredby using a string-line and mappedas far as possible.

iv. Loose bolts,rivets and lost welds:All theseshouldbe markedclearlyon the structure with paintandon a sketch.Joints with loose bolts/rivets or lost welds shouldbe shown (Sketch41)

v. Cracking: Cracksat the locationsof weldsandholesshouldbe sketchedand markedon the girder

with paint. Cracking can be very dangerous.

6.7.8.4.Steel trusses:During inspectionof steel trusses, attentionhas to begiven to the following points:

i. Deteriorationof paint, galvanizingor metallizing. This should be looked for especiallyat joints.

ii. Corrosion:Corrosionnormallystartsatjoints,Thejointsof thebottomchordareaffectedfirst. Wherecorrosionis apparent, lamination should be lookedfor. Signs of forcing apart ofplatesshould alsobe searched.

iii. Bends intrussmembers:Any bendmember shouldbe markedwith paint and asketchdrawn. Asfar as possible,the size of the bend should be measured.

iv. Bent or damagedjoints: Damagedor bentjoints should be markedwith paint and asketchdrawn.~r Bent or damaged bracings:The pattern of the bracingsystemshould be sketchedand damged

membersshouldbe clearlyshownon the sketchan..d markingdonein painton themembers.The bendsshould be measured,if possible.

20

IRC:SP:52-1999

vi. Loosebolts/rivets and lost welds: All theseshouldbemarkedon site with paint also indicating theaffected joints. A sketch showing the locations of damage should be drawn. Any bending ordisplacementof trussas a whole out of planeshould be measuredand marked andalso shown onsketch. Any distress or any displacementin pins of pin-joints should be noted.

vii, Cracking: This is seriousin trussesas it can lead to suddencollapse as the members are usuallysmall. The cracksshould be markedwith paint andsketched.Cracksin trussesshould be reportedto the higher authorities as soon as possible.

6.7.8.5. Timber decks: These include log bridges, timber beambridges and bridge decksmade fromlaminated timber. Log bridges normally have a shortlife, beingusedfor temporarybridges.However,thesecanlast for a long time if properlyconstructedandmaintained.For timber bridge decks, it is necessaryduringinspection,to give attentionto the following points:

(i) Decayanywhere in the timber: Areas of dampnessandlocationsaroundnails and spikesshouldbe closely inspectedfor decay.If beam endsrest on groundor are likely to comein contactwithsoil, the endsdecayfaster.The endsof beamsshouldbe carefully inspectedfor decay.Logshavingbark in placeshouldbe inspectedvery carefully andthe bark shouldberemovedwhereverpossiblewithout endangeringsafety. The extentof decayshouldbe assessedand noted.

(ii) Insectattack:The extentof insectattackshouldbe assessedandnoted. The spike test, hammer testand/ordrill testsshouldbe used.The size anddepthof badareashouldbe ascertaineduptoa pointwheregood timber is encountered.Theseshouldbe sketchedandrecorded.

(iii) Splitting of timber: In timber, two typesof splits are importantandneedbe noted:

(a) Very large splits, tending to get larger, and(b) Splits which mayallow entry of water into the memberbut will not allow it to drain. In this

context, splits in the top are dangerousas theydo not drain. Cracksnearthe soffit can drainwateroff. Splits in glue laminatedbridgescanbeserious,but thesebeamsarenotusedin India.

(iv) Looseor corrodednails, spikesor fixing wires.

6.7.8.6.Masonryjack-arches:For masonryjackarches,the following pointsshouldbeproperly inspected:

(i) Changein shapeof arch:This is usually aresultof overloadingor failure of arch material.If thechangeof shapeis significant, the arch mayhaveto be rebuilt.

(ii) Cracking or spalling of the bricksor stones,

(iii) Pointingof arches:Poorquality pointing or lost pointing cancauseseriousdamage.

6.7.8.7. Masonry arches

6.7.8.7.!.For masonryarches,the mostimportantobservationis thechangein shapeof the arch..Thiscouldhe observedin the following manner:

(F) Standinga longdistanceaway,comparethe shapeon the leftof the archcentrewith thaton theright.Sometimes,observingthe shadowlines revealsa lot of information.

(ii) l....oot for anyshift in the key stoneat centreof face walls.(iii) From underneaththe arch look for any changein shapeof barrel,evenlocally.

6.7.8.7.2.Thearchbarrelshouldbecheckedfor anycracking.The cracksshouldbemapped.Cracksacrossthe roadwayare usually dangeroussigns.Other important crack is dueto separationof the facewalls from the

21

1RC:SP:52..1999arch barrel. These cracksrun in traffic direction. Alternatively, there may be bulging of the face walls. Any

bulge in the face walls should be sketched.

6.7.8.7.3.Spandrelor face wall shouldnot separatefrom the arch as shown in sketch.

6,7,8.7.4.Any spalling of stonesor bricks from the arch orfrom spandrelwalls shouldbe noted.

6.7.8.7.5.Quality and loss of pointing should be noted.

6.7.8.7.6...Leakage througharch: With the effectsof weatherand water, the materialsof the arch generallydeteriorate.Some water leaks throughmost arches.Small leakagedoesnot causeproblems.If the leakageislarge, whitestainscan be observednear joints and evenclear wet areas can be seen.If leakage is excessive,the arch gets damaged.

6.7.8.7.7Scourunderarchfoundation:Thiscanbeobservedby pushingalongpole into the groundunderthe foundationof an arch bridge. If the polecan be pushed in, thereis a problemof scour.

6.7.9. Bearings

6.7.9.1, General: Bearings of some kind or the other are providedunder the deck. But it is not possibleto inspectall partsof a bearing. The parts not inspectedshould be recorded as “not inspected”.While inspectinghearingsii is firstly importantto identify which bearingsare fixed and which are free, Pedestalsandareasunderbearingsare. normally wet placeswhere debrisand vegetationcollect. During inspection,attention shouldbegiven to the following:

(i) Debris andVegetationaroundbearingsandpedestals, thesecandamagea bearing andcan a’so leadto malfunctiondue to obstructionto movementor jamming.

(ii) Poor drainageon top of cap under pedestalsand ofpedestals themselves:Any signs suggestingcontinued accumulation of water during rainy seasonand after floods recede, shouldbe recorded.

(iii) Prevented/RestrictedMovements: This point is difficult to determine. Small debris accumulationcannot usuallylead to this as the weightof the deck is large.

(iv) Bearingsnot properly seated.

(v) Span or decknot properly seatedon bearings.(vi) i)amagesto pedestals.

(vii) Damagedor missing grease boxesand missing parts.(viii) Other extraneoussupports inadvertentlyleft in place during constructionor insertedlater on.

(ix) Cleanlinessof the areaaroundbearings.

6,7.9.2.In addition to the above,therearesomeimportantpointsspecific to the type ofbearingsandthese

are given below:

6.7+9.2.1. Elastomericbearings:

(i) Splitting, tearingor cracking of elastomer

6.7.9.2.2.Metal bearings

(i) Fallen cut segmentalrollers

(ii) Corrosion.

22

IRC:SP:52-1999

(iii) Problem,sin lubrication system.

(iv) L)amagesto pins, knuckles and sliding or rolling surfaces.

(v) Cracksand bends in metal parts.

6.7,9,2,3.Other types of bearingsmay includeconcreterollerbearings,PTFEbearings,pot bearings,dishand knuckle bearings.Any damageto theseor any malfunction should be recorded.

6.7,9.2.4.Restraints: On bridges in severeearthquake zonesor on submersible bridges, deck restraintsare usuallyprovided,to preventthe spanfrom falling off. Therestraintsmaybe of thefollowing typesandanydamage.or loosenessshould he recorded:

(i) Large bolt or bolts.(ii) Concreteor R.C.C. Stoppers.

(iii) Special restrainingbearings.

6.7.10. Expansion joints

6.7.10.1.Various typesof expansionjoints may be provided on bridges. The type provided and locationsfor a particular bridge shouldhe ascertainedfrom records.Physicalverification shouldbe done to ensurethatthe recordis correct.Expansionjoints canmostly be inspectedfrom above.But sometimes,soundof looseplatesor damageor leakagecan he noticedfrom under the deck.

6.7.1(.).2. For expansionjoints, the following points should be inspected:

(i) Damageto the concreteof the superstructure or of the dirt wall.

(ii) I )ehris or vegetationin thejoints-stonesor other debriscan stop some of the parts from moving.(iii) I nose or damagedfixtures arid fastenings.This is a commonproblemwith bolts and steel parts.

(iv) Damageor corrosionto metal parts of the joints.

(v) l)amagesto rubberwaterseals-somejoints havea water-sealto preventwateranddebris from thedeck getting into the joint.. Stonesrubbing on water-sealscan puncturethe same.

(vi) Fingersof thefinge.r typeexpansionjoints may deformor snapor debriscan arresttheir movement.

6.7.Ii. Parapets and railings

6.7.11.1,Railingsmayhe removableor fixed andareusuallymadeof angleiron postsand0.1. Piperailings.For submersiblebridges,collapsiblerailings aresometimesused.Parapetsare usuallysolid or with patternsandmay be madeof masonry,concrete,R.C.C.or steel.For somebridgesunsurmountableor deflectingcrash-barriersmayalsohe provided.Log bridgesor culvertsmay haveonly guardstones.Parapetsandbarrierscan get damagedby impact l’rom vehicles. Sometimes,this causesdamageto the superstructurenearparapets.

6.7,11.2.The following pointsneed to be inspected:

(I) Impactdamageto parapets:A noteshouldbe madeof anydamageto parapetsandalsoto thebridgeat that location.

(ii) Looseor damagedfixtures and fastenings.

(iii) Postslooseat base:This is relevantwhenprecastR.C.C. or P.C.C.or steelor timber postsare fittedinto holes in the concreterunner members.

23

IRC:SP:52-1999

In addition,some points specific to the materialof the parapetalso need beconsidered.

6.7.11.3.SteeL parapets

(i) Damagedgalvanizingor paint(ii) Corrosion

6.7.11.4.Concreteparapets

(i) Cracking(ii) Spalling of concrete-atcornerpostsand rails(iii) Corrosion of reinforcement-especially at corner postsand rails and at locations of spalled concrete(iv) Poor Concrete and(v) Vegetation and debris

6.7.11.5.Timber parapets

(i) I)ecay-especiallyat basesof postsand at joints

(ii) Insect attack

(iii) Splits in timber(iv) Vegetationand debris

6.7.11.6.Masonryparapets

(i) SeriousCracks-Masonrycracksundervehicularimpactandgetspushedoutwards.Small cracksareusuallynot important.

(ii) Outwardmovementor bendingof parapets

(iii) PoorPointing

(iv) l)eteriorationof brick or stonein parapets

6.7.12. Wearingcourseand footpaths

6.7.12.1.The road surfaceon abridge i.e. the wearingcourse,can be of bituminousmaterials, concrete,steelor timber, If footpathsareof the same materials,thereportcan be madeforboth together.Othenvise,reporton road and footpathsshould be separate.

6.7.12.2.Bituminous wearingcourse-wheresmall movementsareexpectedat expansionjoints, bituminouswearing coursecan coverthe gap atthe joint. The surfaceoften cracks or breaksup over thesejoints Thefollowing points ricedattention.

(i) Wearingcoursebreakingup or lifting off the deck concrete-especiallyat expansionjoints and water-spouts.

(ii) Cracked wearingcourseaboveburiedjoints-anydamageto or exposureof the water proofing layer,if any, between the deck and wearing coat should be noted.

6.7.12.3. Concretewearing course: The following points need attention:

(i) Cracking of concrete: Any cracks which beginin spalled areasof the superstructurecould be serious.

24

LRC:SP:52-1999

Long spanbridgesespeciallycantileverscan deflect considerablyand inducecracks.

(ii) Spalling of concrete(Sketch47)(iii) Exposedand corrodedreinforcement

(iv) Poorconcrete(v) Wear of the surfacedue to small stoneson the wearingcourseand those lodged in tyre surface.(vi) Loss of filling in bituminousjoints

(vii) Potholesin the wearing course

6.7.12.4.SteelandTimber WearingCourse areusually not encountered.However, the basicpoints as forotherwearing courseremain the same.Pointsrelatedto materials themselvesshould also be given attention.

6.7.13. Utilities: Utilities like water pipe lines, electric cables,telephone cables,gas lines, etc., maybeprovided on the deck or under it. The following pointsneed to be checked:

(i) Whetheror not the utility is authorised

(ii) Whether any leakage is seen(iii) Damagecausedby leaking utilities(iv) Damagecausedto utilities themselves

6.7.14. Electric poles: On somebridges near cities, electric street lights are provided. The fixingarrangement may be in concretepedestals,but holding down is usually by bolts. The pedestalsalso get damagedby vehicularimpact. The poles,at times mayget bent. The lights may not be functioning. The holding downbolts may corrodeand snap.The conditionof all thesecomponentsshouldbe noted andrecorded.

6.7.15. Culverts

6.7.L’..1. As the openingsin the culverts are small, blockageby debris andvegetationis often found. Atplaces,people maytry to impound waterby providingstoneslabs or suchotherobstructionsin front of theopeningson the upstreamof theculverts,Unlesstheseobstructionsare removedbeforemonsoons,the culvertsare likely to be damaged,and outfianking is alsopossible.

6.7.15.2.For culverts, the following pointsneedto be inspected:

(i) J.)ebris,vegetation,etc. inside or nearthe culvert

(ii) Settlementof parts of the culverts.

(iii) Scouratendsof culvertsandat edgesof aprons.Usually thereis silting on the u/sandscouron the(‘is,

6.7.15.3,Concreteculverts:For these,the following points shouldbe inspected:

(i) Cracking

(ii) Spalling(iii) Corrosion of reinforcement(iv) Poorconcrete.

6.7.1.5.4. Culvert aprons: Like somebridges,someculvertsmaybe providedwith aprons,usuallyon the

25

IRC:SP:52-1999

(Ifs. Scourmay causethe apronsto settle atthe edges.Concreteor stonepitching maycrack andbreak up. Anydamageto or loss of material from the apronsshouldbe recorded.

6.7.15.5.Headwalls:Embankmentat the endsof the culvertsis retainedby headwalls. These wallsmayhe in masonryor in concrete.If the headwallssettleor get pushed outward,the flow candamagethe wall aswell as the emhankment.It is, therefore,necessaryto checkfor movementof headwalls, especiallyat the jointbetweenthe barrel aroundwaterwayopeningand the headwall.In addition, dependingon the material, thefollowing points need tobe inspected:

(i) For concreteheadwalls, cracking,spalling, corrosionof reinforcementand po..or concrete.(ii) For masonryheadwalls,crackingpoor pointing,anddeteriorationof bricks or stone.

6.7.16. MisceLlaneous

6.7.16.1.Access:For anyinspectionor monitoring,easyandpreferably comfortable accessto all partsofa bridge or culvert is necessary.The bridgesshould be inspectableandmaintainableand accessplaysa majorrole in these.operations.It is for this reasonthat mobile inspectionunit.s specially developedfor the purposeof detailedinspectionareusedthesedays.Older bridgesmaynot have beenprovidedwith accessarrangements.Newerbridges mayhavesomearrangementfor access. Whereprovided,the conditionof the accessarrangementshouldbe recorded.The problemsencountereddueto non-provisionof accessarrangementor inadequateaccess’arrangementshould be recorded.If any hollow component,like a boxsuper-structureor hammerheadis foundto be without accessfor going inside thebox, the sameneedsto berecordedandbroughtto the noticeof higherauthorities.

6.7,16.2, Instrumentation:Some bridgesunder distress or some important long spanbridges withinnovative designmay be provided with instrumentationfor monitoring stresses,etc. The condition of theinstrumentationprovided and whetherthe sameis functioning, maybe noted, if possible.

26

SKETCHES

R.C.C./P.S.C. SOLiD SLABSKETCH 1

P.S.C./R.C.C. GIRDERSAND DECK SLAB

SKETCH 5

STEEL GIRDER AND CONCRETEDECK SLAB

SKETCH 3

I I IPRECAST GIRDERS AND

CAST—IN—SITU DECK SLABSKETCH 7

0000P.S.C/R.C.C. VOIDED SLAB

SKETCH 2

r’I I I

P.S.C./R.C.C..BOX ~IRO~R

SKETCH 6

n ...n1’

TIMBER BEAMS & DECKSKETCH 4

/DECK

OLID PIER / BEARING

*BpEEzL5 PEDESTALS

I I R.C.C. CAP R.C.C. CAP

I ALROUND ml-l-ER

I I

I I I I \ I I 3

/ / 1 t/X”“““” ml-l-ER

SKETCH 8. SOLID PIER SKETCH 8. SOLID PIER

1 STEM

SKETCH 9. C/S R.C.C. WALL TYPE PIER

SKETCH 1 O.CF LLULAR R.C.C /P.C.C. CONCRETE PlER (PLAN)

SKETCH 11. R.C.C. TRESTLE PIER

CfRCWAR SW0 PfER

FOOTING

SKETCH 12. SINGLE CIRCULAR SOLID R.C.C. PIER WITH HAMMER HEAD

28

SKETCH 14

HOLLOW CIRCULAR R.C.C. PIERSKETCH 13

R.C.C. SPILL—THROUGH P.C.C. COUNTERFORT ABUTMENTABUTMENT WITH FLY—BACK SKETCH 15

TYPE RETURNS

SKETCH 16

29

SKETCH 17. C/S OF RAFT FOUNDATION

STEINING

SAND.FILL

~,,,,,,i,,, ~C/S OF SINGLECIRCULAR WELL

SKETCH 18

TOP PLUG

Cciii n30

.Wfl~I ~~S~.Vfl/ ~SSV’#V.#’F SV,. .fl’#’t

C/S OF TYPICALEND BEARING PILE

FOUNDATIONSKETCH 20

SOLID SLAB DECK

U/S~.WALL

CUT—OFF

CAP

PLAN PILE CAP

TWIN WELL

{ — —‘~ M.S. LINER

R.C.C. CIRCULARPILES

DOUBLE—D WELL

SKE TCH 19

SUPER STRUCTURE

____I~ STEEL ROCKER

BEARNG

P CDESIAL

CAP

SKETCH 21

i..1

SINGLE STEELROLLER BEARING

SKETCH 22

SLIDING PTFE BEARINGSKETCH 25

STEELPLATE

POT TEFLON

NEOPRENE PISTON

POT PIFE BEARING

SKETCH 26

MOULDED RESTRAINEDNEOPRENE BEARING

SKETCH 24

CONCRETEROLLER BEARING

SKCTCH 23

31

TAKE DEFLECTEDAWAY FROM DECK

PARAPETI I I ‘~,,,.,“ ~. I L L •, I I — I 1

I I 1 II I I

CRATtNC

SKETCH 27. A TYPICAL WATER—SPOUT

SKETCH 28. A THREE SPAN CONTINUOUS BRIDGE

SKETCH 29. A MULTI—SPAN SIMPLY SUPPORTED BRIDGE

CONCRETEARCHES

STEEL GIRDERSKETCH 32

— — fOUN9ATION~~

$KETCH 31

33,

SECTION THROUGH A TREE TRUNK

SKETCH 33

CRACKiNG OF‘ARCH BARREL

SKETCH 34.

34

~UHH H H

Hi H HH H H H

H H H

HU~H

H U UH H H U

H H H H LOSSH H H H

H H H HH H H U

H H H U~‘

~

OF STONE

SKETCH 36. , MASONRY PIER35

CRACKS IN MASONRYSKETCH 35

NEARRIVET OR BOLT

SKETCH 39. CHANCE IN RIVER — COURSE

36

OF CONCRETE

CRACKS ON PEDESTAL

CRACKS AROUND BEARING

SKETCH 37.

SKETCH 38.

SCOURINGBAN K

SILTING BANK

I HUT ONNEW GROUND

0 0 0I ~m

-

~~LATESWITH EXCESSIVE

INCREASED VOLUMEPRESSURE, RIVETSCAN SNAP DUE TO RUSTING

FINGER

SKETCH 40.

MEMBER OFTRUSS BENTDUE TOVEHICLE IMPACT

LOOSE RIVET

LIGHT HAMMER

SKETCH 41.

MARKING ON AFRICTION GRIP BOLT

37

SKETCH 42.

EXPANSION GAP

STEEL ANGLE

R.C.C. SLAB~ ~R.C.C. SLAB

SKETCH 43

IfCOPPER PLATE JOINT

SKETCH 44

FINGER TYPEEXPANSION JOINT

SKETCH 45

38

WEN~INGCO~

~N coURSESKETCH 41

aoOR p~oThC1%O’~OR APRON

CELLSKETCH 46 g.C.C. st$Gt~E

cs

39

0.2mm

SKETCH 4B

STONE ORCONCRETEBLOCKGARLANDINGAROUND A PIERWELL AT BEDLEVEL

CRACK FILMSKETCH .~o

CRACK GAUGESKETCH 4~

30.6.96

20.3.9 6

30.3.96

MARKING ENDSOF CRACKS

40

APPEND!CES

Water proof clipboard

Marking pencil, pen, paint and brush

‘Lurch

Straightedge.

Small tape with level tube and 3Oni tape

SU’ing andplunibThob

Knife

Hammer

Wire brush

Trowel

Set of spanners

(rack measuringguage/film(Sketches49, 50)

SquareSpike

Hand Drill

Saw

First Aid Box

Road Cones andSigns

Reflective Helmetand reflective yellow rain-coat/Jacket

long rope

l..cnig rod

1.~,adderand Boat

LIST OF EQUIPMENTS

IRC:SP:52-1999

Appendix-i

1.

3,

4.

5,

6.

7,

8.

9,

10.

11

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

I 7.

18.

19.

20..

21.

41

IRC:SP:52- 1999

Appendix-2

“SAFETY ASPECTS FOR INSPECTORS”

The bridge inspectorhas tobe careful dwing inspectionsto preventaccidentsto himself. He has to keepin mind, all along thefollowing, to plan hiswork:

1. Traffic:

a. While walking on the bridge and its approaches, it is necessaryto keep an eye on the traffic.b. It is betterto carry warning signs like DANGER, WORK IN PROGRESS, SLOW, etc., and place them

so as to warn drivers.c It is helter to wearbright coloured uniformand helmet,preferablyyellow.

d. It is betterto protectwork areawith conesand askthe assistantto control traffic. Traffic maybe stopped

for a short while, if required.

2. I)angerous Spots:

a. Small bridgesover shallowwater couldbe inspected alone, Otherwise alway~ take someone withyou tomakesure that youare safe.

b. Always a ropeand a safetyharnessshould be carriedwith you.

c. Never go into dangerousplaceswithout assistance.d. Keep a watch on insects,reptiles or animalsor birds which can causeharm. This is especiallysoafter

floods.

e. Before~going into closedspaceslike insideof a box-girder, keep the manholecoversoff for a long time

beforeyou enter. Poisonous gasescan causedeath.Alwayskeepsomebodystandingoutside,readyto help.

3. Chemicals:

Most chemicalsare toxic and proper care must be taken while using those.

42

BRIDGE INSPECTION FORM

Bridge across river/nallah/road/rail

n kilonicli’c fl(~ —— on the—

Instructionsfrom the engineer to the inspector

IRC:SP:52- 1999

APPENDIX I

to ~————-—--~~ ~ road

View of bridge looking from above

dls down streamE..ctl hank

i’l’own or village)Notes from the rispector to the engineer:

u/s up stream

(Town or village)

Right hank

Inspectedby ,.... ___._ ______Number of pages in report(including sketches, notes, photos, etc.)

Report accepted by

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS (FROM THE INVENTORY) CORRECT?

Span

Running Surface

Deck

Pier(s)

Abutments ~......

FoundationType

Expansion Joints

Date

43

IRC:SP:52-1999

Services J Details of service on bridge

_—rn....——.——.——,———_——...._ ‘—.‘,

Telephone

Eleciricity

Gas

Watermain

Sewer drain

Oil pipeline

Notes

Sign damaged? I Notes

- f No ‘~~“’~~“

. 4____ _________ __________ ___________ _____

___ __

.---“...—-.-—..‘--‘--— —.._______ ____________———-—— -+....---.---.--—-- .---—

Previr~usinspection

By ..~. _______________________ ____

Comments . .~__ ______ _.____________________ _________

44

Service there? Services damage?

Yes No Yes No

Signs on bridge (details) Sign still exist?

Yes No Yes

IRC:SP:52-1999

ROAD APPROACHES ANDDECK

Problem How bad? How much? NoteorsketchreferencePOSSIBLE

PROBLEMyes . rio not

sobad

bad v.bad

notmuch

some alot

1. ROAD SURFACE NEAR BRIDGE

L_BUmPY road surface?

Li. DRAINAGE

I

ARchecked

Yes No

.

Badly built road drainagenear bridge

Blocked or damaged roaddrains?

Water on the deck? ,Blocked or damaged deckdrains?

All Yeschecked.

1.2. BITUMEN WEARING COURSE BRIDGE SURFACEAND FOOTPATHS

. No

Surface breaking up or liftingoft?

Cracking above jointè

1.3, CONCRETE WEARING COURSE

,

Cracking?

Spalling?

Reinforcement exposed?

Poor concrete?

Wear of surfacedue to smallstones ,

1.4. STEEL WEARING COURSEFixings loose or damaged?

Bonds in panels?

Corrosion?

AU Yes Nochecked

1.5. TIMBER WEARING COURSEDirt or Plants between boards? —

Decay?

Insect attack?Splitting of timbers

Loose or damaged fixing?

45

IRC:SP:52- 1999

Allchecked

ROAD APPROACHES:- .. ,

Problem How bad? How much? NoteorsketchreferencePOSSIBLE

PROBLEMj~”

yes no not bad v.so badbad

F

not some amuch lot

J

1.6. KERBS

~LooseraIhngfixtures~? “J” I I

1.7. FOOTPATHS

2. PARAPETS, RAILINGS AND CRASH BARRIERS

Impact damaged?

Loose or damaged fixings?

Loose base of posts?

2.1. STEEL OR ALUMINIUM PARAPETS

Damaged coatircg or paint?

Corrosion?

All Yes Nochecked

2.2. TIMBER PARAPETS

rDecay?

Insect attack?

Splitting of timbers? --‘

2.3. MASONRY PARAPETS

Cracking?

Movement or bending ofparapet?

Poor pointing?

Deterioration of bricksor stones?

I

Yes No

46

IRC:SP:52-1999

ROAD APPROACHES Problem How bad? How much? Noteorsketchreference

...POSSIBLEPROBLEM

yes no notsobad

bad v.bad

notmuch

some~—-

alot

3. EXPANSION JOINT AT ABUTMENTS & PIERS

Damage to concrete of deckend or dirt wall near joint?Debris or vegetation in joint?

Loose or damaged fixtures?Damage or corrosion tometal paris?Damage to rubber waterseals?

All Yes Nochecked

4. RIVER

4.1. BLOCKAGES IN WATERWAY

Debris against piers orabutments?

Remains of old bridge underI or upstream of the: bridge?

Fencing or buildings underbridge?

Trees or bushes growing~ under bridge?

4.2. CHANGE IN RIVER COURSE

River changing pathupstream of bridge?

New islands forminupstream of bnth

Allchecked

4.3. RIVER TRAINING WORKS

River attack beyond theupstream end of rivertraining works?Damage to walls?

Loss of pitching?Damage to crates, timber,fencing!etc..Darnaqetotrees? -____ —

Yes No

47

IRC:SP:52-1999

Allchecked

SUPERSTRUCTURESPAN No

~..__.______

Problem Howbad?

not bad v.so badbad

How much?

~

not some amuch lot

NoteorsketchreferencePOSSIBLE

PROBLEMyes no

5. SUPERSTRUCTURE(From below thedeck.above& below for athroughtruss)

5.1. GENERAL

Impactdamagetrussesor bracings?

to girders,

Debris or vegetation onbeams, girders, trussesbracings or joints? .

Water comingdeck?

through the

Water from the deck drainageflowing on to girders, trusses,beams or bracings?

Not enough vertical &horizontal clearances?

If the road has been resurfacedMINIMUMHEADROOM=

5.2. MAIN

All Yes T ‘J’Nochecked I

BEAMS, GIRDERS, TRUSSESAND BRACINGS

5.2,1. CONCRETE BEAMS

Cracking?

Spalling?

Corrosion of reinforcement?

Poor concrete?

5.2.2. STEEL GIRDERS AND BRACINGS

Deteriorationgalvanising

of paint or

Corrosion?

Bends in webs, flanges,stiffeners or bracings?

Loose bolts or rivets?

Cracking

Yes No

48

IRC:SP:52- 1999

SUPERSTRUCTURE Problem How bad? How much? NoteSPAN No.... or

- ________ _______ _______ _______ ___, .... sketchPOSSIBLE yes no not bad v. not some a referencePROBLEM so bad much lot

bad

5.2.3 STEELTRUSSESDeterioration of paint orgalvanising?

Corrosion?

Bends in members?

Bent or damaged joints?

Bent or damaged bracing?

Loose bolts or rivets?

Cracking of steel members?5.2.4. TIMBER BEAMS

Decay?

Insect attack?

Splitting of timber?

Separation of laminations?

5.3. UNDERSIDE OF DECK

5.3.1. CONCRETE

Cracking?

Spalling?

Reinforcement corro~ion?

Poor concrete?

Less cover to reinforcement?

5.3.2. STEEL

Deterioration of paint orgalvanising?Corrosion?

Bends in stringers or plates?

Loose bolts or rivets?

Cracking?

49

1RC:SP:52-1999

5.3.3. TIMBERDecay?

Insectattack? -.

Split timbers? I

Loose or corroded boltsorpins? - —~ —.____ —rn —. j I

5.3.4. TIMBER TRUSSES

Decay?

ln~ectattack?

Splitting of timber?

Loose deck to trussconnection? I

Loose orcorroded bolts orpins at joints?

Bends in truss timbers?

Damaged or corroded steelparts?

All Yes Nochecked —

5.3.5. MASONRY JACK ARCH DECKS

Change of shape of arch?

Cracking or spalling?

Poor pointing9 - j —~ — -

6. ALL BEARINGS

Debrisor vegeta~onaround ——

bearings

Bad drainage?

I Not enough room for thebridge span to move?

Bearing not seated properly?

Bridge span notseatedproperly on bearing?

Damaged bedding mortar?

SUPERSTRUCTURE Problem How bad? How much? NoteSPAN No or

- _________ — ________ ‘.______ _______ —~ sketchPOSSIBLE yes no not bad v. not some a referencePROBLEM so bad much lot

bad

50

IRC:SP:52- 1999

BEARING

POSSIBLEPROBLEM

6.1. RUBBER BEARINGS

Splitting, tearing or cracking ofrubber?

Damaged or loose bolts orpins at fixed bearing?

6.2. METAL BEARINGS

Parts not properly seated?

Parts not free to move?

Problem with the lubricationsystem?

Sliding surfaces damaged?

Cracks or bends in metalparts? Bearing?

Corrosion of metal parts°

6.3. EARTHQUAKE RESTRAiNTS

Damaged or loose earrestraints?

7. MASONRY ARCHES

Change of shape of arch?

Cracking of arch barrel?

Cracking or bulging ofspandrel walls?

Spandrel walls separatingfrom arch?

Spalling of stones or bricks?

Poor pointing?

Water leaking through arch?

Scour under arch foundations?

‘ --..- -.-

— —

Problem How bad?

vesJ_~”_ not bad

How much? Noteorsketch

v. not some a referencebad much lot

•I~Xi .~ ._..I .111

-..... -...-—.-- —-.‘-. —- —.—— ,___ rn.-rn -.,....- -~.~t__

.-.rn ..— ~ .-_..,.._-

~1T1TT_TII~

Allchecked

Yes No

51

IRC:SP:52-. 1999

ABUTMENT, WING WALLS& RETAINING WALLSABUTMENT NAME:

Problem How bad? How much? Noteorsketchreference

POSSIBLEPROBLEM

I

yes I no notbad

.

bad v.bad

.

notmuch

some alot

8. GENERAL

Erosion or scour at abutment?

Damage to foundation?

Movement of abutment?

Debris against abutment?

Vegetation growing on or inabutment?

Scour near to retaining walls?

Movement of retaining walls?

Water leaking down throughthe expansion joint?

8.1. DRAINAGE SYSTEM

Not enough weepholes - -. 1Weepholes not working? ,Water leaking through theabutment ,rnrn . ._____

- -. -,

8.2. CONCRETE ABUTMENT, WING WALLS AND RETAINING WALLS

Craclong? —rn -i

Spalling?

Corrosion of reinforcement?

-_Poor concrete?

All Yes Nochecked

8.3. MASONRY ABUTMENTS AND RETAINING WALLS

Cracking?

Bulging?

Poor pointing?

Deterioration of bricks orstones?

,

52

IRC:SP:52- 1999

ABUTMENT, WING WALLS

& RETAINING WALLSABUTMENT NAME:

POSSIBLE yes noPROBLEM

8.4. ABUTMENTS AND RETAINING WALLS

Settlement or bulging of crates?1

Damage to ciates or ties?

8.5. TIMBER ~BL1TMENTS~SNDRETAINING

Cracking? . -- I —~

Iisect attack° I

Splitting of timber?

Loose or corroded bindings?

Loose orcorioded fixingsp~kes?

8.6. EMBANKMENTS AND

(;ENF:RAL

Scour at base of slopes?

Slippage of fill?

Erosion of till?

Cracking of road orembankment edge?

Piping failLire of fill?

PILEE) WALLS

Forward movement?

Deterioration of piles?

Problem How bad? How much?

notsobad

bad verybad

Noteorsketchreference

not I somemuch

a Itot I

—~-

WALLS

All Yes No I

checked

IN FRONT OF ABUTMENT

I-

53

IRC:SP:52-1999-..-- - ~ - ~ ~ -—.-.---..—.--.

EMBANKMENT Problem How bad? How much? Noteorsketch

POSSIBLE yes no not bad very not some a reference:PROBLEM so bad much lot

~ ____ bad

9.1. STONE PITCHING SLOPE PROTECTION____ --rn-rn -____ ____ ____ _____

Scour orerosion at edge?

Pieces broken off? ____— _____ _____ _____ _____ —

9.2. SLOPE PROTECTION WiTH CRATES

Not much movement of crates?l____ _____ ____ ____ ____ ______________

Damage to crates or ties? _______ ______ ______ ______ —

9.3. PITCHING SLOPE PROTECTION WITH CONCRETEBLOCKS

Slope getting washed out?

Settlement?

P-~I

.—~

9.4. BED PROTECTION _______ _____ _____ ____ _____

Large holes in the river bed?1

Loss of material __________ ______ _____ _____

9.5. STONE PITCHING OR CONCRETE BED PROTECTION AND APRONS

Scour at edge?

Cracking? ________ _______ _______ _______ ________ ______

Spallingorstonesmissing? —rn rn~ _____ _____ ______ _~ ....~.. _.

Erosion of surface?- —....- -..-.—--—-——-rnrn—.rn—— ———-— ___ ____.. •——-.-----.-.---...-.1--

Corrosion of reinforcement? .__ —— _____ ______ ______ .~ L -

9.6. BED PROTECTION AND APRONSCrates broken awayfrompierorabutment? -____ ____ ___ ____ __

Damage to wires or ties? I - ~

THE RIVER BED

POSSIBLEPROBLEM

Problem How bad?

yes no not badsobad

verybad

How much? Note____________ or____________ _~_rn~ sketch

not some a referencemuch lot

Allchecked

54

IRC:SP:52- 1999

PIERS /~lER NO. Problem How bad? How much? Noteor

-. —-------- —-— - sketchPOSSIBLE yes no not bad very not some a referencePROBLEM so bad much tot

bad_____ _____ _____ —~ _____ rn~rnJ__.~_~J

10. PIERS

10.1. GENERAL

Scour near base of pier?

Damage to foundations?

Movement of pier?

Impact damage?

Vegetation growing on pier?

Water Leaking past expansionjoint —— _______ ______ ______ ______ _______ ~ _____

10.2. CONCRETEPIERS

Cracking? ________ _______ _______ ________ _______

Spalling?

Corrosion of reinforcement?

Poor r’oncrete?

10.3. MASONRY PIERS

Cracking?

Poor pointing?

Deterioration o. masonry

10.4. STEEL PIERS

Debris in joints?

Deterioration of paint orcoating?Corrosion? FBends in steel members oratloints? _______ ______ _______

Loose bolts or rivets? .

~: CraC~in~ —— ___ ___ ___- ___ ____

-

55

I Corrosion of reinforcement?

~Poor concrete? ______

11.3. CULVERT APRONSCracking and damage toconcrete or stone or brick

Damaged o7~orrodedcrates?

IRC:SP:52-1999

PIE AS!

PIER NO.

I POSSIBLEPROBLEM

Problem How bad?

yes no

How much?

badnotsobad

verybad

Noteor

sketchreferencenot I some

muchalot

rn~rnf_4

Allchecked

10.5. TIMBER PIERS

Debris in joints?

Decay?

Insect attack?

Splitting of tinber?

Loose bolts or pins?

Bends in pier timber?

Damaged or corroded

steel parts?

11. CJJLVERTS

CULVERTS Problem

POSSIBLE

PROBLEM11.1. GENERAL

Debris, vegetation etc.in or near culvert?

Settlement of parts of theculvert?

Scour at ends of culvert or atedge of apron?

11.2. CONC~ETE CULVERT BARRELS

Yes No

Howbad? How much?

not badsobad

verybad

notmuch

Noteorsketchreferencesome a

lot

~raci<ing’

Spalling?

— -rn--

56

11.4. HEAI)VVALLS

IRC:SP:52-1999

Movement of headwall

Concrete: Cracking, spalling,corrosion or poor concrete?

Masonry: Cracking, poorpointing cr deterioration ofbrick or stones?

11.5. CORRUGATEDSTEi~LCULVERTS

Change in shape of culvertbar rel’~

Damage or deterioration topaint or coating

Corrosion of steel

Loose or corroded bolts?

CULVERTS

POSSIBLE

PROBLEM

r ~

yes

-— j

How bad?

no

How much?

not bad veryso badbad

not I somemuch

Noteorsketchreferencea

lot

4

Allchecked

Yes I

~--.- I

— I—. — —

No

57