ASSALAM-O-ALAIKUM

GROUP MEMBERS

FAISAL HAYAT (2011-GE-56)

SOLID WASTE AND ITS MANAGEMENT

WASTE It is defined as: Waste is any unwanted or useless materials. Waste is also known as rubbish, trash, refuse,

garbage or junk

Solid Waste

Liquid Waste

Gaseous Wastes

Biodegradable waste

Biomedical waste

TYPES OF WASTE

Chemical waste

Commercial waste

Construction waste

Consumable waste

Composite

It is defined as: “Non-liquid, non-soluble materials ranging

from municipal garbage to industrial wastes that contain complex and sometimes hazardous substances”

SOLID WASTE

Broadly there are 3 types of waste which are as follows:

1. Household waste is generally classified as

Municipal waste

2. Industrial waste as Hazardous waste

3. Biomedical waste or Hospital waste as

Infectious waste

TYPES OF SOLID WASTE

Municipal solid waste consists of:

o Household waste

o Construction and demolition debris

o Sanitation residue

o Waste from streets

MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

Household wastes that can be categorized as hazardous waste include:

Old batteries

Shoe polish

paint tins

Medicine bottles

Clothes etc.

The type of waste we generate and the approximate time it takes to degenerate

Type of litter Approximate time it takes to degenerate the litter

Organic waste such as vegetable and fruit peels, leftover foodstuff, etc A week or two.

Paper 10–30 days

Cotton cloth 2–5 months

Wood 10–15 years

Woolen items 1 year

Tin, aluminum, and other metal items such as cans 100–500 years

Plastic bags one million years

Glass bottles undetermined

Industrial is considered hazardous as they may contain toxic substances.

Hazardous wastes could be highly toxic to humans, animals, and plants.

They are: Corrosive Highly inflammable, or explosive React when exposed to certain things e.g.

gases

HAZARDOUS OR INDUSTRIAL WASTE

In the industrial sector, the major generators of hazardous waste are the metal, chemical, paper, pesticide, dye, refining, and rubber goods industries.

Hospital waste is generated during the diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of human beings or animals

It may include wastes like

Sharps

Soiled waste

Disposables

Discarded medicines

Chemical wastes

HOSPITAL WASTE OR BIOCHEMICAL WASTE

This waste is highly infectious and can be a serious threat to human health if not managed in a scientific and discriminate manner

It has been roughly estimated that of the 4 kg of waste generated in a hospital at least 1 kg would be infected

The main sources for solid wastes are domestic, commercial, industrial, municipal, and agricultural wastes.

The composition of a city waste is as follows:o Paper, wood, cardboard 53 %o Garbage 22 %o Ceramics, glass, crockery 10 %o Metals 8 %o Rubber, plastics, discarded textiles 7 %

 SOURCES OF SOLID WASTE

Composition of City Waste

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%

Paper,w ood,

cardboard

Garbage Ceramic,glass

crokery

metals Rubber,plastics,

discardedtextiles

Type of Wastes

Perc

enta

ges

Series1

CAUSES OF SOLID WASTE

The increase in the quantity of solid waste is due to:

o Overpopulation,

o Affluence (material comfort)

o Technological advancement

The number and growth of population and

households is the foremost factor affecting the solid waste at various stages.

The selected cities are growing at a rate ranging between 3.67% to 7.42%, which is much higher than the overall growth rate of Pakistan, i.e. 2.8% (EPMC, 1996).

Major cities of them are estimated to double their population in next ten years

POPULATION

City Populations millions (2004)

Waste generatedTons/day

Karachi 10818 6632

Faisalabad 2307 902

Hyderabad 1343 756

Gujranwala 1312 615

Quetta 1153 564

Peshawar 0.654 247

SOLID WASTE GENERATION ON THE BASIS OF POPULATION

A) HEALTH HAZARD

B) ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

EFFECTS OF SOLID WASTE

If solid wastes are not collected and allowed to accumulate, they may create unsanitary conditions.

Many diseases like cholera, diarrhea, dysentery, plague, gastro-intestinal diseases may spread and cause loss of human lives.

In addition, improper handling of the solid wastes is a health hazard for the workers who come in direct contact with the waste

A) HEALTH HAZARD

B) ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

If the solid wastes are not treated properly, decomposition and decay may take place.

The organic solid waste during decomposition may generate obnoxious (intolerable) odors.

Ground water pollution Air pollution and global warming

Waste management is the collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal, and monitoring of waste materials

The term usually relates to materials produced by human activity, and is generally undertaken to reduce their effect on health, the environment

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

4 R’s CONCEPT Four R’s (Refuse, Reuse, Recycle and Reduce)

to be followed for waste management.

WASTE MANAGEMENT

Instead of buying new containers from the market, use the ones that are in the house.

Refuse to buy new items though you may think they are prettier than the ones you already have.

REFUSE

Do not throw away the soft drink cans or the bottles; cover them with homemade paper or paint on them and use them as pencil stands or small vases.

REUSE

Use shopping bags made of cloth or jute, which can be used over and over again.

RECYCLE

Reduce the generation of unnecessary waste, e.g. carry your own shopping bag when you go to the market and put all your purchases directly into it.

REDUCE

The main purpose of solid waste management is to minimize the adverse effects on the environment. The steps involved are:

Collection of solid wastes

Disposal of solid wastes

Utilization of wastes

CONTROL MEASURES

Collection of waste includes gathering the waste, transporting it to a centralized location, and then moving it to the site of disposal.

The collected waste is then separated into: Hazardous Non-hazardous materials.

COLLECTION OF SOLID WASTES

Before the final disposal of the solid wastes, it is processed to recover the usable resources and to improve the efficiency of the solid waste disposal system.

The main processing technologies are:

Compaction

Combustion

Manual separation

DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTES

Disposing of waste in a landfill involves burying the waste, and this remains a common practice in most countries.

Landfills were often established in: Abandoned or unused quarries Mining voids Borrow pits

COMPACTION

Main three types of combustion:

Incineration

Gasification Pyrolysis

COMBUSTION

INCINERATION Is a disposal method in which solid organic

wastes are subjected to combustion so as to convert them into residue and gaseous products.

Energy recovery through complete oxidation Also called "thermal treatment".

Partial oxidation process using air, pure oxygen, oxygen enriched air, or steam

Carbon converted into syngas More flexible than incineration More public acceptance

Gasification

Thermal degradation of carbonaceous materials Lower temperature than gasification Absence or limited oxygen

PYROLYSIS

Waste separation is the process by which waste is

separated into different elements

Separation can be classified as:

Dry waste includes wood and related products, metals

and glass

Wet waste typically refers to organic waste usually

generated by eating

MANUAL SEPARATION

The solid wastes can be properly utilized to gather the benefits such as:

Conservation of natural resources

Economic development

Generate many useful products

Employment opportunities

Control of air pollution

UTILIZATION OF WASTES

Recycling refers to the collection and reuse of waste materials such as empty beverage containers.

The materials from which the items are made can be reprocessed into new products.

Material for recycling may be collected separately from general waste using dedicated bins and collection vehicles, or sorted directly from mixed waste streams.

RECYCLING OF WASTE

The most common consumer products recycled include:

Aluminum such as beverage cans Copper such as wire Steel food and aerosol cans Polyethylene and PET bottles Glass bottles and jars Paperboard cartons Newspapers, magazines and light paper

RECYCLING

Waste materials that are organic in nature, such as

plant material

food scraps

paper products

Can be recycled using biological composting and

digestion processes to decompose the organic matter

BIOLOGICAL PROCESSING

The resulting organic material is then recycled as mulch or compost for agricultural or landscaping purposes.

Waste collection methods vary widely among different countries and regions.

Domestic waste collection services are often provided by local government authorities, or by private companies in the industry.

WASTE HANDLING AND TRANSPORT

Solid waste collection by government owned and operated services in Pakistan's cities currently averages only 50 percent of waste quantities generated; however, for cities to be relatively clean, at least 75 percent of these quantities should be collected.

Unfortunately, none of the cities in Pakistan has a proper solid waste management system right from collection of solid waste up to its proper disposal.

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN PAKISTAN

The Government of Pakistan enacted the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (PEPA) in 1997 which is the most recent and updated legislation on environment.

It provides a framework for establishing federal and provincial Environmental Protection Agencies (EPAs).

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT POLICY

In Pakistan, solid waste is mainly collected by municipalities and waste collection efficiencies range from 0 percent in low-income rural areas to 90 percent in high‑ income areas of large cities.

Collection rate of solid waste by respective municipalities ranges from 51% to 69% of the total waste generated within their jurisdiction.

The overall conclusion of the study on present status of solid waste management in Pakistan as follows:

There is a limited focus on control mechanisms which is adversely effecting on safety, health and the environment.

Regulations are inadequately enforced and SWM does not seem to be a priority.

None of the cities has an integrated solid waste management system

CONCLUSION

Collection rate 5 1-69 % of total waste generated.

No disposal facilities Open burning of waste or open disposal is most common

practice.

The involvement of people and private sector through NGOs could improve the efficiency of SWM.

Public awareness should be created especially at primary school.

Littering of SW should be prohibited in cities, towns and urban areas.

The collection bins must have a large enough capacity to accommodate 20% more than the expected waste generation in the area.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Report on: Analysis and assessment report on integrated solid

waste management in lahore, pakistan http://www.slideshare.net/fahadansari131/

municipalsolid-waste-by-muhammad-fahad-ansari-12ieem1413324528

http://environment.gov.pk/pro_pdf/positionpaper/brief-swm-%20pak.pdf

www2.fiu.edu/~srimal/pollution/solid%20waste.ppt http://epd.punjab.gov.pk/solid_waste

REFRENCES