soils of the nappan research farm, nova...

75
Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No. 20 Nova Scotia %il Survey K.T. Webb and D.R. Langdle Centre for Land and Biological Resources Research Truro, Nova Scotia Centre for Land and Biological Resources Research Research Branch, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada 1995

Upload: others

Post on 06-Jul-2020

2 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia

Report No. 20 Nova Scotia %il Survey

K.T. Webb and D.R. Langdle Centre for Land and Biological Resources Research

Truro, Nova Scotia

Centre for Land and Biological Resources Research Research Branch, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada

1995

Page 2: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

Copies of this publication are available from:

Nova Scotia Land Resource Unit Centre for Land and Biological Resources Reseatch Agriculture and Agri-Fwd Canada P.O. Box 550 Nova Scotia Agicultural College Tnuo, Nova Scotia B î N 5E3

Published by Cartographic Design and Reproduction Unit Centre for Land and Biological Kesources Research CLBRR Contribution No. 95-59

@ Minister of Supply and Services Canada 1995 CA. NO. A57-153/1995E ISRN 0462-237044

Cor~ect citation for this report is as follows:

Webb, K.T.; Langille, D.R. 1995. %ils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia. Report No. 20, Nova Scotia Soi1 Survey, Research Brandi, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ont. 72 pp.

Page 3: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

SUMMARY/RÉSUMÉ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi

PART 1 . GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Location and extent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Physiography and geology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Vegetation and land use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

PART2.METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Fieldsurvey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Soilsymbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

13 Soil correlation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Soil sampling and laboratory analysis

Soi1 map unit symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Map unit inclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

PART 3 . SOIE, LAND TYPES, AND MAP UNIT DESCRIPTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Acadia land types (ACA, ACA-F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Chaswood soils (CHW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Chegoggin land types (CGN, CGN-F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Cumberland soils (CBR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Debert soils group (DRT22, DRT52, DRT82) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Eroded land type (ER) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Falmouth mils group (FUH22, FUH52) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Glenholme 52 soils (GNH52) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Hansford 53 mils (HFD53) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Kingsville 22 soils (KSV22) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Masstown soils group (MSW52, MSW53) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Not surveyed land type (NS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Onslow soils group (oÇW52, OSW53) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Pugwash mils group (PGW22, PGW52, PGW82) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Queens soils group (QUE22, QUE23, QUE52, QUE53) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Swamp land type (Si’) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Truro 52 soils (TU052) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

PART 4 . SOIL INTERPRETATIONS FOR AGRICULTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 CLI capabiiity classification for agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 %il suitability for selected crops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

APPENDIX 1 . PROFILE DESCRIPTIONS, ANALYSES AND DIAGRAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

APPENDIX 2 . GLOÇÇARY OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

iii

Page 4: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

FIGURES

1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 . 8 .

Location of the Nappan Research Farm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Generalized geology of the Nappan area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 General land use at the Nappan Research Farm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Field identification map for the Nappan Research Farm Location of soil survey inspection sites on the Nappan Research Farm Example of a soil symbol Example of a soil map unit symbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Elements of land formed dykeland

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

TABLES

1 . Monthly temperature and precipitation data for the Nappan Research Farm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

3 . Degree days above 10°C at the Nappan Research Farm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Nappan Research Farm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 . Probability of frost occurrence at the Nappan Research Farm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 6 . Soi1 name and symbol key 7 . Uppersoilmaterialcodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . Degree days above 5°C at the Nappan Research Farm

4 . Average and extreme dates of frost and length of frost-free period at the

5

5

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

8 . Stoniness classes 12 9 . Slope classes 12

10 . Rockiness classes 12 11: Soil correlation with other soil surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 12 . %il suitability for alfalfa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

13 . Soi1 suitability for apples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 14 . Soil suitability for spring cereals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 15 . %il suitability for winter cereals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 16 . Soil suitability for corn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

18 . Soil suitability for vegetables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 . %il suitability for forage

19 . Soi1 attributes used for computing inteqjretations 20 . %il map unit interpretations

34

36 37

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

iv

Page 5: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Nappan Research Farm liaison was provided by J.E. Langille, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Research Branch, Nappan Research Farm, Nappan.

Soi1 survey field assistance was provided by K. Pyle and J. Carter.

Selected laboratory analysis was provided by B. Sheldrick; cartographic support was provided by R. St. John and B. Kerr; desktop publishing was provided by L. Routhier, Agriculture and Agri- Food Canada, Research Branch, Centre for Land and Biological Resources Research, Ottawa, Ontario.

The digital files for the field identification map and map uni& by field listing were provided by D. Swim, Nova Scotia Department of Agriculture and Marketing, Tniro, Nova Çcotia.

The interpretations were produced by a computer program that was designed and operated by G.T. Patterson, Agriculture and Agi-Food Canada, Research Branch, Centre for Land and Biologi- cal Resources Research, Truro, Nova Scotia.

The authors are indebted to H.W. Rees, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Research Branch, Centre for Land and Biological Reçources Research, Fredericton, New Brunswick and A.V. Rodd, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Research Branch, Nappan Reçearch Farm, Nova Scotia, for re- viewing the manuscript.

V

Page 6: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

SUMMARY

This report and the accompanying 1:5 000 scale soil map covers 242 ha of the Nappan Research Farm. The Farm is located 6 km South of Amherst, in northem Nova Scotia near the New Bruns- wick border between latitudes 45"45' and 45'46' north and longitudes 64'13' and 64'16' West.

The Naplpan Research Farm was created in 1888 and is one of the five original Experimental Farms established in Canada. Research at Nappan is directed at soil, crop, and livestock problems.

The Farm is located within a cool, humid, temperate climate. Mean annual temperature, precipita- tion, and snowfall are 5.6'C, 1157 mm, and 274 cm, respectively. Annual total degree days above 5°C average 1660 and the average frost-free period is 112 days.

Cropped and yastured dykeland and upland plain occupy 27% and 54% of the farm, respectively. The remaining 19% is covered with mixed wood forest, farm buildings, lawns, and roads.

Reclaimed Salt marsh, or dykeland, occu pies the western quarter of the Nappan Research Farm. Dykelantl mils are imperfectly to poorly drained, deep, fine silty, Gleyed Regosols and Reg0 Gleysols and belong to the Acadia and Chegoggin land types. Much of the dykeland has under- gone drainage improvements to enhance crop performance.

An undulating to rolling till plain rises from sea level, at the inland limits of the dykeland, to 70 m at the eastem end of the farm. Neutral, fine loamy, reddish brown tills derived from shale and . sandstone of the Carboniferous period cover over 60% of the upland. %ils developed on these materials have compact slowly permeable subçoils and are predominantly imperfectly drained, Gleyed Bruniçolic Gray Luvisols of the Queens soil group. Acidic, coarse loamy and coarse loamy- gravelly, reddish brown tills derived predominantly from sandstone of the Carboniferous period cover the remainder of the uplands. %ils developed on these materials are primarily well to mod- erately well drained Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzols of the Hansford and Pugwash soil groups and imperfectly drained Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzols and Gleyed Sombric Brunisols of the Debert soil group.

Each map unit is interpreted for CLI capability for agricultural and soil suitability for alfalfa, ap- pies, spring cereals, win ter cereals, corn, forage, and vegetables.

vi

Page 7: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

RÉSUMÉ

Ce rapport, ainsi que la carte des sols à l’échelle 1:5 O00 qui l’accompagne, couvre 242 ha de la Ferme de recherches de Nappan. Cette ferme est située à 6 km au sud d’Amherst dans le nord de la Nouvelle-Écosse et près de la frontière du Nouveau-Brunswick entre 45’45’ et 45’46‘ de lati- tude nord et 64’1 3’ et 64’16’ de longitude ouest.

La Ferme de recherches de Nappan a été créée en 1888 et compte parmis les cinq premières fermes expérimentales à avoir été établies au Canada. Les recherches qui y sont effectuées touchent les problèmes de sol, de culture et de bétail.

Cette région jouit d’un climat frais, humide et tempéré. Les températures moyennes annuelles sont de 5,6”C, les précipitations atteignent 1157 mm et les chutes de neige 274 cm. Annuellement, les degrés-jours au-dessus de 5°C totalisent environ 1660 et le nombre moyen de jours sans gel s’élève à 112.

Les polders en culture ou en pâturage et les plateaux des hautes terres comptent pour 27 et 54 %O

de la ferme. La forêt, les bâtiments de la ferme, les parterres gazonnés et les routes couvrent les 19 % de superficie qui restent.

Les marécages salés et asséchés, ou les polders, occupent la section ouest de la Ferme de recher- ches de Nappan. Les polders sont des régosols gieyifiéç et des gieyçols rego peu ou pas suffisam- ment drainés. Ils sont profonds et composés de limon fin et font partie du type de terre que l’on retrouve en Acadie et dans le Chegoggin. De nombreux polders ont été drainés dans le but d’améliorer leurs performances sur le plan cultural.

Une plaine de till de type ondulé à vallonné s’élève au-dessus du niveau de la mer, aux limites du polder, à 70 m à l’extrémité est de la ferme. Les tills (neutres, limoneux fins, brun rouge) dérivés du schiste argileux et du grès de la période carbonifère couvrent 60 % des hautes terres. Les sols qui se sont développés à partir de ces matériaux ont un sous-sol compact dans lequel l’eau pénètre lentement et sont en majorité des luvisols gris brunisoliques gleyifiés imparfaitement drainés du groupe Queens. Des tills (acides, loameux grossiers et loameux graveleux grossiers, rouge brun) provenant en majorité du grès de la période carbonifère couvrent le reste des hautes terres. Les sols qui se sont développés à partir de ces matériaux sont des podzols ortho-humo- ferriques plutôt bien à mod6rément bien drainés des groupes Hansford et Pugwash ainsi que des podzols humo-ferriques gleyifiés et des brunisols sombriques gleyifiés imparfaitement drainés du groupe Debert.

Chaque unité cartographique est interprétée afin de déterminer le potentiel d’utiiisation des ter- res pour l’agriculture et la production de luzerne, pommes, céréales de printemps, céréales d’hiver, maïs, fourrage et légumes.

vii

Page 8: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

PART 1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA

Location and extent The Nappan Research Farm is located at Nappan, 6 km South of Amherst, in north- ern Nova Scotia near the New BAnswick border in Cumberland County. The West- ern boundary of the farm adjoins the confluence of the Maccan and Nappan rivers which flow into Cumberland Baçin, an extension of Chignecto Bay, and the Bay of Fundy. The farm is located between latitudes 45'45' and 45'46' north and longitudes 64'13' and 64'16' West and covers approximately 242 ha (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1 Location of the Nappan Research Farm.

1

Page 9: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

nistory The Nappan Research Farm, created in 1888, is one of the five original Experimental Farms estab- lished in Canada. Since its beginning, the farm has doubled in size from iis original 121 ha. For 25 years, pioneering initiatives in scientific agricul- ture in the Maritime provinces were concentrated at Nappan. Initially the primary concems were fo- cused on farinland and infrastructure develop- ment through land clearing, soi1 drainage, dyke maintenance, improving soil fertility, constructing buildings, fencing, and establishing a water sup-

Research at Nappan has been directed at a range of soil, crop, and livestock issues. These included: fertilizer and soil amendment trials; variety test- ing of field, cash, and root crops; seed production; feed storage; Pasture management; plant/animal interactions; tree fruits; chemical weed control; and livestock breeding and management of dairy and beef cattle, poultry, sheep, and swine (Agricul- ture Canada 1986).

PlY *

Physiograplhy and geology The Nappan Research Farm is located on the Northumberland Lowlands (Roland 1982). This coastal plain extends from Cumberland Basin east- ward to Knoydart near the border between Pictou and Antigonish counties. The Northumberland Plain is underlain by sedimentary rocks of the Car- boniferous period. One of two main anticlines run- ning east and West in Cumberland County extends from Pugwash to Nappan, Amherst Point, and Minudie. The crest of the anticiine has been eroded away to expose the underlying Early Carboniferous Windsor and Canso groups of rocks. These groups are composed predominantly of reddish sandstone, siltstone, shale, and con- glomerate, with inclusions of limestone, gypsum, anhydrite, and halite (Fig. 2). Gypsum was mined and salt deposits are currently mined and pro- cessed near Nappan.

Associated with the Windsor Group gypsum de- posits are sinkholes and karst topography, such as that developed at Amherst Point (Roland 1982). In addition to the anticlines are minor folds in the strata which extend in an east-West direction for some distance. Differential erosion of the soft and hard strata create ridges and valleys which follow the same direction as the folds. The highest and most irregular elevations, where folding was most

severe, lie between Amherst and Springhill to the south.

Drainage systems are affected by the folding pat- tern in the strata. Lakes are fewer on the lowlands, and with the exception of those in the gypsum ar- eas, are generally shallow and elongated. Many of the rivers emptying into Cumberland Basin like the Nappan, Hebert, Maccan, Aulac, Missaguash, and the LaPlanche, lie parallel to the syncline. These rivers are well graded and form meadows and meanders as they flow through lowlands only slightly above sea level (Roland 1982).

The Nappan Research Farm has a northwesterly aspect and ranges in elevation from sea level to 70 m above sea level.

Climate The Nappan Research Farm is located within a cool, humid, temperate climatic zone. This zone is strongly influenced by prevailing westerly winds that cause many of the low-pressure weather sys- tems moving across North America to pass over Atlantic Canada. The frequent passage of bad wea ther associated with these low-pressure sys- tems, and its maritime location, provide the re- gion with ample precipitation.

The modified continental climate of Atlantic Can- ada displays great variability in al1 seasons due to the continua1 interaction of continental and mari- time air masses. The continental influence often dominates the maritime influence resulting in mean annual temperature ranges that are twice that of the Pacific Coast of Canada. Continental in- fluence is felt in the warm high-pressure spells in the summer and the cold, clear high-pressure peri- ods in the winter. Springs are generally late, cool, and cloudy; summers are warm and quite humid. Winters are cold with frequent snowfalls inter- spersed with thaws. These temperature fluctua- tions cause ice sheeting and some crops to break dormancy. Under these conditions, forage and winter cereals are frequently killed.

The Nappan Research Farm is located in the Bay of Fundy climatic region (Dzikowski 1984). This region has long cool summers, mild winters, fre-. quent fog, and moderate precipitation. The aver- age annual daily temperature for the Nappan Farm is 5.6"C and total mean annual precipitation is 1157.7 mm (Table 1). Coastal areas take the brunt of the winds, which are commonly from the

2

Page 10: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

FARM Scele

1:63 360

lOa0 m O 1000 2000 3000m

LEGEND

LATE CARBONIFEROUS 1. Riversdale Group - Boss Point Formation

arenite, siltstone, shale, conglomerate, mudstone

EARLY CARBONIFEROUS 2.

3. WindsorGroup - Undwided

4.

Canso Group - Middleborough Formation wacke, siltstone, conglomerate, shale

siitstone, mudstone, sandstone, shale, conglomerate, gypsum, anhydrite, halite

Windsor Group - Bridgeville and Holmes Brook Formation gypsum, anhydrite, limestone, dolostone, halite

Fig. 2 Generalized geology of the Nappan area (from Keppie 1979).

3

Page 11: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

West and northwest during the winter. North- westetlies in spring are frequently tesponsible for delayed plant growth along the shore. Winds are often twice as strong along the shore as they are inland.

An indication.of the length of the growing season for most crops is given by the average number of growing degree days (GDD) above 5°C. Growing degree days are based on threshold temperatures below which plants do not grow. For perennial plants, a threshold temperature of 5°C is valid, but for tender, heat loving plants, such as toma- toes and beans, a base temperature of 10°C is more appropriate (Dzikowski 1984). At the Nap- pan Research Farm, the growing degree days above 5°C and 10°C are 1660.4 and 809.9, respec- tively (Tables 2 and 3).

For practical purposes, the Iength of the growing season is governed by the occurrence of the last spring frost and the first fail frost. These averages and extreme dates of frost and the average frost- free period for the farm are shown in Table 4. The average frost-free period for the farm is 112 days. in Table 5, frost data are expanded to show the cal- culated probability of frost occurrence after cer- tain dates in the spring and before certain dates in the fall.

The depth to which frost penetrates the soil and its persistance depends upon the amount and du- ration of snow cover, texture and moisture con- tent of the soil, and the type of vegetative cover. In cultivated soils, frost can persist for 3 to 5 months in the plow layer. At a depth of 50 an,

frost can last for only 1 rnonth in poorly drained soils beneath snow, but may remain for 4 months in soil that is well drained and exposed (Nowiand and MacDougalli973).

Vegetation and land use The Nappan Research Farm falls within the Ox- ford District of the Maritime Lowland Ecoregion (Loucks 1961). This ecoregion is part of the larger - Red Spruce - Hemlock - Pine Zone. The Oxford District covers the rolling land between the Cobe- quid Uplands and the Northumberland Strait. Here sugar maple (Accr saccharum Marsh.), beech (Fagus p.w@fdia Ehrh.), and yellow birch (Betirla aiicghurzicizsis Britt.) are common on the upper slopes, and red spruce (Picca riibcns Sarg.), balsam fir (Abies balsumea (L.) Mill.), black spruce (Picea inariana (Mill.) BSP.) and hemlock (Tsiiga canaden- sis (L.) Cam) are found on upland flats as well as mid to lower slopes.

Land use at the Nappan Research Farm is devoted predominantly to crop and livestock production research. Approximately 4% of the farm is occu- pied by buildings, roads and lawns, 27% is culti- vated dykeland, and 15% is forested. The remaining 54% is cultivated upland. Subsurface drainage systems of varying designs drain most of the cropped upland. Land forming, which pro- motes surface drainage and movement of excess water to a supporting network of ditches, is used to drain over 60% of the dykeland (Fig. 3). Individ- ual farm fields are delineated in Fig. 4.

4

Page 12: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

Table 1 Monthly temperature and precipitation data for the Nappan Research Farm

Mean data Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year

Dailytemp. (OC) -7.3 -7.2 -2.3 3.3 9.5 14.7 18.1 17.6 13.3 8.3 2.8 -4.1 5.6

Snowfall (cm) 62.7 59.0 50.7 26.3 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.4 15.7 54.2 274.0 Totalprecip. (mm) 104.5 87.4 93.4 88.3 90.8 85.2 97.8 88.1 84.2 108.2 105.8 124.0 1157.7

Source: Atmospheric Environment SeMce 1993.

Table 2 Degree days above 5'C at the Nappan Research F m

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year

1 .O 1 .O 4.4 23.3 145.6 290.2 404.8 389.1 250.1 114.7 31.3 4.9 1660.4

Source: Atmospheric Environment SeMce 1993.

Table 3 Degree days above 10°C at the Nappan Research Fann

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year

0.0 0.0 O .O 1.8 36.4 144.9 248.0 229.9 1127 30.2 6.4 O .4 809.9

Source: Atmospheric Environment SeMce 1982.

Table 4 Average and extreme dates of frost and length of frost-tee pend at the Nappan Research Farm

Elevation Last frost in spring Average First frost in fail (m) frost-free

pend (days) Earliesi Average Latest Earliest Average Laiest

25 May6 May 27 June 21 112 Aug. 27 Sept. 17 Oct. 16

Source: Atmoçphsric Environmeni Service 1982

Table 5 Probabiliiy of frost occurrence at the Nappan Research Farm

Probability of hst spring frost occuning on or after dates indcated

plobabiliiy of first fall frost occurring on or before dates indmted

3 y i n 4 1 y i n 2 1 y i n 4 1 y i n 1 0 1 y i n 1 0 1 p i n 4 1 y i n 2 3 y i n 4

May 19 May 25 June 2 June 8 Sept. 7 Sept.12 Sept.18 Sept23

Source: Abnoçpheric Environment Service 1982

5

Page 13: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

LEGEND

1 - Forest 2 - Farm buildings, roads and unfarmed 3 - Cropped upland - tile drained 4 - Cropped upland - parîially tile drained 5 - Croppedupland 6 - Dykeland - land formed 7 - Dykeland

Fig. 3 General land use at the Nappan Research Farm.

6

Page 14: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

Fig. 4 Field identification map for the Nappan Research Farm.

Page 15: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

PART 2. METHODS

Field sutvey Existing soils information for the Nappan Re- search Farm (MacDougall1964) and Cumberland County (Nowland and MacDougall1973) was re- viewed to assist with the creation of a soil map- ping legend and a field sampling strategy. A series of transects (Wang 1982) approxjmately 150 m apart, running perpendicular to the upland con- tours and approxima tely parailel to the length of the dykeland bodies, was drawn on 1 :5 O00 scale color aerial photographs. On the photos, soil in- spection sites were positioned on the transects 50 to 75 m apart (Fig. 5).

At each inspection site a soil pit, approximately 60 cm in diameter, was dug with a shovel to a depth of 60 to 80 cm and probed to 100 cm with an auger. Site and soil profile information was re- corded on field sheets following standard soil sur- vey conventions (Day 1983). Recorded information included: soil parent material; stoni- ness; rockiness; percent dope; depth and type of constricting layer; estimated saturated hydraulic conductivity; drainage class; soil horizon kind, depth, texture, coarse fragment content, consis- tence; and soil name code with modifier.

The color aerial photographs were used to docu- ment the location of the soil sampling sites. Stereographic interpretation of the photos to- gether with the sample site information were used to position soil map unit boundaries on the pho- tos. The boundaries were transferred to a 1 :5 000 scale orthophoto base map. The base was pro- duced from the Nova Scotia resource series of 1:10,000 scale orthophoto base maps.

Soi1 sampling and laboraiory analysis Over 50 subçoil samples were taken from soi1 par- ent materials (C horizons) for pH and particle size analysis. This information was used to validate field estimated textures, soil classification, and the location of map unit boundaries.

A total of 289 soi1 profiles were described. Ap- proximately 5% or 13 of the sites were described and sampled in detail and are presented in Appen- dix 1. These detailed sites were chosen as repre- sentative of the major soils found during the çurvey.

Soi1 sampies from the detailed sites were analyzed for pH, particle size, organic carbon, cation ex- change capacity, exchangeable cations, extractable iron and aluminum, bulk density, saturated hy- draulic conductivity, and water retention. The methods used to analyze the soil samples are de- scribed by McKeague (1978).

The analytical methods used are indicated in pa- rentheses: . . O

. .

.

. e

a

a

pH in CaC12 (3.11) organic carbon (C) by wet oxidation (3.613) total nitrogen (N) by the semi-micro Kjeldahl method (3.622) available phosphorous (Pl by Bray extract (4.43) extractable iron (Fe) and aluminum (Al) by py- rophosphate (3.53) permanent charge cation exchange capacity (CEC) and exchangeable calcium (Ca), magne- sium (Mg), potassium (KI, and aluminum (Al) cations by sodium chloride extraction (3.31); CEC was calculated as the sum of exchangeable Ca + Mg + K + Al percent base saturation was calculated as (Ca + Mg + K)/(Ca + Mg + K + Al) x 100 particle size distribution by the hydrometer method (2.121) after pretreatments to remove soluble salts, organic matter, and carbonates (2.112) water retention to -5 kPa on the tension table (2.42) and from -10 and -33 kPa in the pressure plate extractor using core samples (2.43); -1500 kPa on ground samples k 2 mm in diameter) (2.44). bulk density by the core method (2.21) saturated hydraulic conductivity by the core method (2.51) sieve analyçis of dry soil (2.13) using sieve No. 4 (4.76 mm), No. 10 (2.00 mm), No. 40 (0.42 mm) and No. 200 (0.074 mm) Atterberg limits: liquid limit (2.611); plastic limit (2.62) electrical conductivity in saturated soil paste (4.13) measured with a conductivity bridge (3.21).

Soi1 symbols The soil symbol, assigned during the survey at each inspection site, is a three letter soil name code followed by a two digit modifier (Fig. 6). The

9

Page 16: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

5

-. -.

a * /

a

a a

a

- a a

a

a

a

a a . a

a a a . 1. a a

a a

a a

* * . . a * a

a

a

a . a .

I a

r .

__- - - - a a a------ __- - - - - - _ _ - - _ - - - - - - - - a a 1--- ’ . a

. a a/

Location of soi1 survey inspection sites on the Nappan Research Farm.

10

Page 17: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

soil name code carries information on soi1 drain- age, the particle size class, and the mode of deposi- tion of the lower soil material. This relationship is presented in Table 6. Lower soil material includes al1 C and compact BC horizons and is synony- mous with soil parent material. The modifier de- scribes the depth and particle size class of the upper soil material (Table 7). The upper soi1 mate- rial is synonymous with solum. It includes friable A and B horizons which pose little or no mechani- cal impedance to root growth. The thickness of the upper soil material iç determined by the depth to a root restricting horizon. In the absence of a root restricting horizon, it is determined by the depth to a signifiant change in particle size between the

Table 6 Soi1 name and syrrbd key

upper and lower soil materials (e.g. coarse loamy overlying sandy-skeletal). Modifiers were not used for land types or alluvial mils.

upper soil material particle size class code soil name code

\ / PGW52

l upper mil material depth class code

Fig. 6 Example of a soi1 symbol.

%ils Developed on Glacial Till Deposlîs Fine loamy Iwer soi1 matenal

Modefately weU drained lmperfecüy drained Pooriy drained

Weil to moderately weU drained lmperfecüy drained Poorly drained

Coarse loamy-gravelly lower soi1 materii

Well to moderately weU drained lmperfecüy drained Pooriy drained

Coarse loamy lower soil matenai

Soils üeveioped on Giacfofluvial Deposlts Fine sandy lwer soi1 matenal

Well drained lmperfecüy drained Pooriy drained

Solls üeveioped on Ailuvlel üeposlts

Coarse loamy to CoLVse loamy-gravdly soil material WeU drained lmperfectly drained Pooriy drained

Land Types on Dyked Marine Sediments

Coarse loamy soi1 material Fine sihy sail materiai Fine sihy sail material strataied wiîh peaî

Miscellaneous LandTypes

Falmouth Queens Kingsville

Pugwash Debert Masstown

Hansford Spnnghill Economy

TWO Onslow Glenhobne

Cumberland BndgeviUe C h a s w d

Gmnd Pre Acadia chegoggin

Nat suiveyed Swamp E d e d land

FUH QUE KSV

PGW DRT MSW

HFD SGL ECY

TU0 osw GNH

CBR BGE CH W

GPR ACA CGN

NS SP ER

11

Page 18: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

Table 7 Upper soi1 material codes

Code Depth classes (cm) Code Particle size classes

TaMe 8 Stoniness classes

2 20-50 O 5 50-80 1 8 >80 '2

'3 4 5 6 7

9 a

Classes used in this report.

Fine loamy Fine loamy-gravelly Coarse loarny Coarse loamy-gravelly Fine sandy Sandy Sandy-gravell y Loamys keletal Sand y-skeletal Fragmental

Soi1 map unit symbols Soi1 map unit symbols contain soil and landscape information (Fig. 7). The soil map unit symbol nu- merator contains the soil symbol and associated in- formation on soil drainage, origin and particle size of the lower soil (parent) material, and parti- cle size class and thickness of the upper soil mate- rial (solum). The denominator includes landscape information on bedrock outcrops, slope, and sur- face stoninesç. Landscape information is not pro- vided for the Eroded land, Swamp, and Not surveyed land types.

soil symbol

HFD53

rockiness - 1 E2 - stoniness class 1 class

slope class

I

Fig. 7 Example of a soil map unit symbol.

Table 8 defines the stoniness classes in terms of the amount of surface coverage and the distance between Stones greater than 25 cm in diameter. Class O (nonstony) is coded as a blank in the map unit symbol.

Class Classname Surface Distance belween code covered (Yo) stones (m)

'O Nonstony <0.01 >25 "1 Slightly stony 0.01-0.1 8-25 '2 Moderately stony 0.1 3 1-8 3 Verystony 3-1 5 0.5-1

5 Excessively stony >50 co.1 4 Exceedingly stony 1540 0.14.5

' Classes used in this report

The slope class in the map unit symbol refers to a range in slopes that best describes the land gradi- ent within the map unit (Table 9). The slope classes used in this report refer to simple slope types with regular surfaces.

Table 9 Slope classes

Class Slope range ("IO) Description d e

A 0-0.5 level B 0.5-2 neariy level C 2 4 very gentle slopes D 5-9 gentie slopes E S I 5 moderate slopeç F IWO strong slopes 'G 30-45 very sbong slopes

* Claçç not used in this report.

Rockiness refers to the degree of bedrock outcrop- ping. Classes are defined by the amount of surface covered by bedrock and the distance behveen bed- rock exposures (Table 10). Class O (nonrocky) is coded as a blank in the map unit symbol.

Tabie 10 Rockiness classes

Ciass Classname Surface Distance behveen code covered (%) outcrops (m)

'O Nonrocky <2 >1 O0 '1 Slighiiyrocky 2-1 O 3!MN 2 Moderatelyrocky 10-25 10-35 3 Veryrocky 2550 3.5-10

5 Excessivelyrocky >90 4 Exceediigiyrocky 5 0 4 c3.5

classes used in ihis report

12

Page 19: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

Map unit inclusions

Al1 individual soils (e.g. Queens 22) described in the field have been grouped into map units. Al1 soil map units are simple map units with the named soi1 occupying 85% or more of the map unit. The other 15% or less of the map unit are in- clusions. Inclusions are soils that are named and have their own map units elsewhere in the survey area or they may be rare and insignificant soils that are not recognized and named at al1 in the survey (Mapping Systems Working Group 1981).

Table 11 Soi1 correhtion with other soi1 surveys

Soi1 correlation

Table 11 correlates the soils used in this report with soils described in other soil survey reports for the area. To find more information on Pug- wash soils, for example, refer to the Pugwash soil descriptions in the Soils of Cirinberlaiid Couiity Nova Scotia (Nowland and MacDougall1973) and in the Soils $the Northicmbrrlarid Shore Area i fNova Scotia (Patterson and Thompson 1989).

Nappan Research Farm Northumberland Shore Area

Cumberland County

Acadia’) (ACA?) Acadia, formed (ACA-F) Chaswood (CHW) Chegoggm (CGN) Chegoggin, fomied (CGN-F) Cumberland (CBR) Debert 22 (DRT22) Debert 52 (DRT52) Debert 82 (DRT82) Faimouth 22 (FUHZ) Faimouth 52 (FUH52) Glenholme 52 (GNH52) Hansford 53 (HFD53) Kingsville 22 (KSV22) Masstown 52 (MSW52) Masstown 53 (MSW53) ûnslow 52 (ûSW52) onslow 53 (osW53) Pugwash 22 (PGW22) Pugwash 52 (PGW52) Pugwash 82 (PGW82) Queens 22 (QUW) Queens 23 (QUE23) Queens 52 (QUE52) Queens 53 (QUE53) TNro 52 (ïU052)

- -

Chaswood - -

Cumberland’) Debert 22 Debett 52 Deberî 82 Faimouth 22 Faimouth 52

Hansford 53 Kmgsville 22 Masstown 52

-

- - -

Pugwash 22 Pugwash 52 Pugwash 82 Queens 22

Queens 52

-

- -

Acadia complex Acadia complex Chaswood Acada complex Acadia compiex Cumberland’) Debert Debert Debert Faimouth Faimouth

Hansford KmgsviUe Masstown Masstown

-

- -

Pugwash Pugwash Pugwash Queens Queens Queens

QUWns

-

13

Page 20: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

PART 3. SOIE, LAND TYPES, AND MAP UNIT DESCRIPTIONS

The following descriptions of soils, land types, and map units represent conditions specific to the Nappan Research Farm. The designation of soil horizons and taxonomic classification of the soils follows The Curzudiun system ofsoii class@cution (Agriculture Canada Expert Committee on Soi1 Survey 1987). The following descriptions augment the map legend information. For additional infor- ma tion, detailed profile descriptions and analyses of the major soils are presented in Appendix 1. Re- lationships between soil air, water, and solids, de- rived from the water retention measurements, are presented diagrammatically in Appendix 1 for most profiles. Terms and abbreviations are de- scribed in Appendix 2 if not defined elsewhere in the report.

Land types were used in soil classification and mapping for areas that had little or no natural soil or where for other reasons, classifying the soi1 to the required level of detail was not feasible. These include the Acadia (ACA, ACA-F) and Chegoggin (CGN, CGN-F) dykeland materials, Eroded Land (ER), Swamp (SPI, and Not Surveyed (NS) areas. Land types were used on the dykelands for Acadia and Chegoggin soils because of the prob- lems encountered in mapping single drainage classes. Drainage improvement by ditching, and land forming has modified the original soil mois- ture regimes and the distribution of dykeland soil materials by scalping some soils and burying 0th- ers. Drainage patterns are linked to the micro- topography of land formed dykelands. Poorly drained soils are most likely to ocmr in the depres- sions or dales, and better drained soils on the crowns. This intricate pattern could not be sepa- rated at the 1 :5 O00 scale of mapping. Mottles and gleying, which are used to indicate drainage con- ditions, do not necessarily reflect present edaphic conditions on the dykelands. Once formed, mot- tles or gleying are not easily removed, hence they are not necessarily a good guide in interpreting soil drainage in a soil improved by artificial drain- age (Thomasson 1975).

ACADIA LAND TYPES (ACA, ACA-F)

The Acadia land type is found on the dykeland in the western part of the Nappan Research Farm at

the mouths of the Maccan and Nappan rivers. This land type covers 51 ha or 27.1% of the farm.

Material and landfomn

%il materials found within the Acadia land type are deep, extremely to medium acid, fine silty, salt marsh sediments that are protected from tidal flooding by dykes. These manne sediments were transported by streams and rivers from their ori- gin in the surrounding uplands to the Bay of Fundy. The tides have scoured the sediments from the bay and deposited them in estuaries where they have accumulated to form Salt marshes. Sediment color varies from reddish brown to very dark gray. Typically the gray mate- rials are located at a deyth of 50 cm or more. Acadia soil material has slow to extremely slow permeability and contains no coarse fragments. Acadia land types are nonstony and nonrocky and are located on level to nearly level slopes (0-2%).

Soi1 characteristics

From a pedological standpoint, the soils within the Acadia land type are relatively Young. They have developed since the early 1700s when the Acadians dyked and drained the marshlands for agicultural use. Prior to this, the inundation and deposition of fresh tidal sediments on the marsh inhibited soi1 profile development. Subsequently, land forming operations had a similar result. At the Nappan Research Farm, soils within the Acadia land type are weakiy structured and can be saline within 100 cm of the surface.

Acadia land types are composed of imperfectly and poorly drained Gleyed Regosols and Reg0 Gleysols. Typically the poorly drained soils have a friable, slowly permeable, silt loam Apg horizon (plow layer), 10 to 25 cm thick (Appendix 1, Ta- bles 1-1 and 1-2, Figs. 1-1 and 1-2). The Apg over- lies a series of firm Cg horizons that range in texture from silt loam to siity Clay loam. Occasion- ally very fine sandy loam layers are encountered. Abrupt textural changes may occur vertically within the soil profile, and alço laterally within the dykeland. The Cg horizons are poorly struc- tured, especially below 50 cm, and are promi- nently mottled or strongly gleyed, or both. Poorly drained Acadia mils tend to have higher Clay con- tents than their imperfectly drained counterparts,

15

Page 21: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

and thin or absent reddish brown C horizons. To- tal porosity and available water tend to increase with depth in poorly drained soils found within the Acadia land type (Fig. 1-1). Higher bulk densi- ties, lower satura ted hydraulic conductivi ties and available water capacities reflect the reduced pore space in the Apg horizons. These conditions are probably due to compaction caused by the opera- tion of farm equipment on moist soils.

A typical imperfectly drained soi1 profile within the Acadia land type has a 20 to 30 cm, very fine sandy loam to silt loam plow layer (Apgj horizon) with well-developed fine blocky structure, weak to distinct mottling, and moderate permeability. Typically below the plow layer, distinctly mottled, reddish brown, silt loam to silty Clay loam Cgj ho- rizons grade into dark brown Cg horizons a t a depth of 60 to 90 cm. %il structure grades from moderate, coarse, prismatic just below the plow layer, to very weak blocky at depth. Soi1 material below the plow layer is firm, slowly permeable and ranges in texture from silty Clay loam to silt loam.

Frequently, heavier textured Acadia soils contain yellow mottles (Appendix 1, Table 1-11. These mot- tles are basic ferric sulfates, which have been pro- duced by the microbial oxidation of ferrous iron sulfides, such as pyrite (Ross and lvarson 1981). This oxidation reaction produces sulfuric acid, which results in a drastic lowering of soi1 pH and the formation of acid sulfate mils. Strongly gleyed horizons with prominent mottling and gray col- ors, or both, are commonly encountered within 30 cm of the surface in poorly drained soils. The red- dish brown goil material contains oxides and hy- droxides of iron, whereas the gray layers do not. The grayish layers have been waterlogged for ex- tended periods and anaerobic bacteria in the pres- ence of orgainic matter, have reduced much of the iron to "free iron" (Brydon and Heystek 1958).

Soii limitotiins During the growing season, mils in the Acadia land type can become saturated for extended peri- ods in the spring and fa11 and following heavy rains. Under these conditions, low infiltration rates and slow intemal drainage promote the ponding of surface water on unformed dykelands.

At the Nappan Research Farm, the Acadia land type is used predominantly for forage production

and livestock grazing. The soils have relatively high levels of natural fertility, good water-holding capacity, relatively level topography, and are Stone free. The soils of the Acadia land type are potentially some of the more productive agricul- tural soils in the province.

Soils of the Acadia land type are drained through a combination of land forming, ditching, and out- flow through aboiteaux. An aboiteau is a one-way sluice gate that allows drainage water to drain from the ditches to the sea at low tide and closes to prevent inundation by Salt water at high tide. Even with properly functioning drainage systems, the soils remain saturated for significant periods during spring, late fall, and after heavy prolonged rains. During wet periods, trafficability is greatly reduced, and the soils are subject to rutting and compaction.

Salinity can cause crop injury on soils that have not had adequate time for salts to be leached from the rooting zone. This problem is not uncommon and can persist for a number of years in recently dyked soils or in those that have had saline hori- zons exposed during land forming operations (Rodd et al. 1993). %ils of the Acadia land type that have developed acid sulfates and extremely low pH values within the rooting zone present a potential limitation to crop growth, the extent and severity of which is not currently understood.

Map units ACA-F map units are a land formed phase of the Acadia land type. This map unit is composed of imperfectly and poorly drained Gleyed Regosols and Reg0 Gleysols. The imperfectly drained soils are located on the crowns and the poorly drained mils occur in the dale runs (Fig. 8).

ha Areas %of L&ons ~

total Map symbol

ACA-F/B 30.4 1 12.6 Flat Iron, Island Marsh, M-22, M-23, M-24, M-25, M-26, M-27, M-31, H-5

ACA map units contain imperfectly and poorly drained Gleyed Regosols and Reg0 Gleysols on level topography.

16

Page 22: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

Fig. 8 Elements of land formed dykeland (after Kolstee et al. 1994).

ha Areas Y. of Locations total

Map SYmbOl

ACNA 20.6 1 8.5 H-1, H-2, H-3, H-4, M-24

CHASWOOD SOlLS (CHW)

Chaswood soils are minor soils covering only 1.1 ha or 0.5% of the total farm area.

Soif material and landfoim Chaswood soils have developed in coarse loamy and coarse loamy-gravelly alluvium. The grayish alluvium is friable, moderately permeable, and may or may not contain gravel. On the Nappan Research Farm, Chaswood soils are nonstony and nonrocky and are found in depressions and adja- cent to small streams or drainageways on nearly level slopes (052%). Chaswood soils flood when Stream fiow is hi& during spring snow melt and after prolonged rainstorms.

Soii characteristics Chaswood soils are poorly drained Reg0 Gleysols. They have a very friable, 5 cm thick, moderaîely permeable, sandy loam to silt loam Ahg horizon. The Ahg horizon is underlain by a friable, 70 to 80

cm thick, sandy loam to silt loam Cg horizon. The Cg may be stratified with a series of layers that dif- fer in texture. Sandy and gravelly Cg horizons are commonly iocated below a depth of 80 cm. The water table is typically within 50 cm of the surface for most of the growing season.

Soi1 iimitations Chaswood soils are prone to flooding, and remain near saturation for most of the growing season.

Map units CHW map units are composed dominantly of Chaswood soilç. Minor inclusions include Bridgeville and Kingsville 22 soils.

Map ha Areas Yoof Locations SVmbOl total ~~~~~

CHWB 1.1 2 0.5 R-3, Woodlût

CHEGOGGIN LAND TYPES (CGN, CGN-F)

The Chegoggin land type is located on the dykelands in the interval beîween the Acadia land type and the till uplands. This land type is located in the western part of the Nappan Research Farm and covers 15.4 ha or 6.4% of the total area.

17

Page 23: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

Material and landform

Soi1 materials within the Chegoggin land type are deep, extremely to medium acid, fine silty, Salt marsh sediments that have been dyked to control tidal flooding. The soil materials are very similar to those of the Acadia land type except that they contain a buried organic horizon. These soils have slow to extremely slow permeability and level to nearly level (0-2%) slopes. They occupy depres- sional positions on the dykeland between the more seaward Acadia land types and the adjacent till upland rising to the east. Chegoggin land types tend to be wetter than Acadia land types due to their landscape position which receives runoff and seepage from the adjacent upland. Chegoggin soils contain no coarse fragments and are nonstony and nonrocky.

Soit characteristics

%ils within the Chegoggin land type have very similar characteristics to those of the Acadia land type. From a pedological standpoint, the mils are relatively Young. They have developed since the early 1700s when the Acadians dyked and drained the marshlands for agricultural use. Prior to this, the inundation and deposition of fresh tidal sedi- ments on the marsh inhibited soi1 profile develop- ment. Subsequently, land forming operations had a similar result. At the Nappan Research Farrn, soils within the Chegoggin land type are weakly structured and can be saline within 100 cm of the surface.

Chegoggin land types are complexes of poorly and imperfectly drained Rego Gleysols. Typically these soils have a friable, slowly permeable, silt loam Apg horizon (plow layer), 10 to 25 cm thick which overlies a series of firm Cg horizons that can range in texture from silt loam to silty Clay loam. On fields that have not been plowed, the Apg is absent and a thin 1 to 6 cm thick Ahg hori- zon caps the profile. The Cg horizons are gray, poorly strucâured, especially below 50 cm, and are prominently mottled or strongly gleyed, or both. A buried organic horizon composed of mesic sedge peat (Qmb), 2 to 30 cm thick, is found be- tween 15 and 90 cm from the surface. %ils within the Chegoggin land type tend to have higher Clay contents than their Acadia counterparts, and red- dish brown C horizons are usually absent. The Acadia soil profile data in Appendix 1 (Table 1-1, Fig. 1-1) a n be used as a proxy for a Chegoggin soil profile, lkeeping in mind that one of the Cg

horizons would be a buried organic (Omb) hori- zon. Total porosity and available water tend to in- crease with depth in poorly drained soils found within the Chegoggin land type similar to what is represented in Figure 1-1. Reduced pore space at the surface is likely due to compaction caused by operating farm equipment on moist soils.

Frequently, soils within the Chegoggin land type contain yellow mottles in the subsoil (sce Appen- dix 1, Table 1-1). These mottles are basic ferric sul- fates, which have been produced by the microbial oxidation of ferrous iron sulfides, such as pyrite (Ross and Ivarson 1981). This oxidation reaction produces sulfuric acid, which results in a drastic lowering of soil pH and the formation of acid sul- fate soils. Strongly gleyed horizons with promi- nent mottling and gray colors are commonly encountered within 30 cm of the surface in poorly drained soils. The grayish layers have been water- logged for extended periods and anaerobic bacte- ria in the presence of organic matter, have reduced much of the reddish brown oxides and hydroxides of iron to "free iron" (Brydon and Heystek 1958).

Soi1 iimitations

Soils in the Chegoggin land types have the same limitations as mils in the Acadia land types (see Acadia land type).

Map units CGN-ï map units are a land formed phase of the Chegoggin land type. This map unit is composed of imperfedly and poorly drained Reg0 Gleysols. The land forming process of constructing crowns and dales results in the scalping of some mils and the burying of others. The map unit contains im- perfedly drained soils on the upper and mid por- tion of the crowns and poorly drained soils on the lower part of the crown and in the dale runs (Fig. 8).

Map SMnbOl

ha Areas %of Locaiions total

CGN-FIB 12.0 2 5 .O Al1 of Reid Marsh, D-2, Fiat Iron, M-22

CGN map units contain poorly drained Reg0 Gleysols with inclusions of Reg0 Humic Gleysols on level topography.

18

Page 24: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

Map ha Areas % of Locations svmbol total

Map ha Areas %of Locations çymbol total

~~

CGNlA 1.7 1 0.7 Langille h h CGNB 1.7 1 0.7 M-27, M-31, R-5, R-6

TOTAL 3.4 2 1.4

CUMBERLAND SOlLS (CBR)

Cumberland soils are not extensive on the Nap- pan Research Farm and cover oniy 1.5 ha or 0.6% of the area.

Soi1 material and landform

Cumberland soils have developed in coarse loamy alluvium derived from slope washed topsoil eroded from the adjacent till soils. The reddish brown alluviurn is friable, rnoderately permeable, and contains no gravel. On the Nappan Research Farm, Cumberland soils are nonstony and non- rocky and are found in depressions and adjacent to small streams or drainageways on nearly level slopes (0.52%). Cumberland soils may flood when Stream fiow is high during spring snow melt and after prolonged rainstorms.

Soi1 characteristics

Cumberland soils are well drained Orthic Re- gosols. They have a very friable, moderately permeable, sandy loam to silt loam Ah or Ap hori- zon, 20 to 30 cm thick. The A horizon is underlain by a friable, 70 to 80 cm thick, sandy loam to silt loam C horizon.

Soil limitations

Cumberland soils are prone to flooding, and Stream related erosion.

Map units

CBR map units are composed predominantly of well drained Cumberland mils but may contain minor inclusions of imperfectly drained Bridgeville soiis (see Table 6). Cumberland soils have greater than 80 cm of friable, coarse loamy material over coarse loamy lower soi1 material.

CBRB 1.5 2 O .6 8-3,0-4,8-6, G-2, G-3, Woodlût

DEBERT SOlLS GROUP (DRT22, DRr52, DRT82)

The Debert soils group includes the Debert 22,52, and 82 soils. Debert çoils cover 22.7 ha or 9.4% of the area.

Soi1 material and lanàform

Debert soils have developed in coarse loamy till derived from sandstone of the Carboniferous pe- riod. The reddish brown till is compact, slowly permeable, contains less than 5% gravel by vol- ume, and is very strongly to extremely acid. On the Nappan Research Farm, soils of the Debert group are nonstony and nonrocky and are found on undulating to rolling till plain on very gentle to moderate slopes (O.!j-3û"00).

Soil characteristics

Under agricultural use, soils of the Debert group are imperfectly drained Gleyed Eluviated Çombric Brunisols and Gleyed Sombric Brunisols, and occa- sionally, Luvisolic Humo-Ferric Podzols and Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzols. %ils in the Debert group have (Appendix 1, Tables 1-3 and 1-4; Figs. 1-3 and 1-41 a friable, 20 to 30 cm thick, moder- ately to highly permeable, sandy loam Apgj hori- zon. The Apgj horizon is underlain by a friable, sandy loarn Bmgj or Bfgj horizon. The B horizon overlays firm subsoil horizons that are usually be- tween 40 to 90 cm below the surface. These firm subsoil horizons include fragipans (BCxgj) and oc- casionally Btgj horizons. Both kinds of horizons grade into a compact basal till Cgj horizon at depth within the profile. These sandy loam to loam subsoil horizons (i.e., BCxgj, Btgj, Cgj) are poorly structured and slowly permeable. Clay con- tent in the Cgj horizon is below 18%. Al1 horizons show some evidence of gleying and faint to dis- tinct mottles are present in al1 horizons. The coarse fragment content throughout the profile is less than 5% by volume.

19

Page 25: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

Soi1 limitations

In most cases, root growth is confined to the fri- able A and B horizons and declines rapidly in the subsoil horizons where weak soil structure and high bulk density result in reduced porosity and low hydraulic conductivities. This barrier to water movement contributes to the formation of perched water tables.

Soi1 limitations that affect the use of Debert soils are excess soil water, shallow rooting depth, and in some locations, strongl y sloping topogra phy . Subsurface drainage systems are required to con- trol excess soil water in Debert soils.

Map uniis

DRï22 map units are composed predominantly of Debert 22 soils with minor inclusions of Debert 52 soils. Debert 22 soils have 20 to 50 cm of friable, coarse loamy solum over firm, coarse loamy, lower soi1 material.

Map symbal

DRT221C 3.1 2 1.3 C-3, C3A, P-7 DRTWE 2.5 1 1 .O D-3, R-5

ha Areas %of Locations total

TOTAL 5.6 3 2.3

DRT52 map units are composed predominantly of Debert 52 soils with minor inclusions of Debert 22 soils. Debert 52 soils have 50 to 80 cm of friable, coarse loamy solum over firm, coarse loamy, lower soil material.

Map ha Areas %of Locations symbol total

DRT5îiC 7.6 4 3.2 C-1, (3-2, C-3, D-2, D-3, P-1 , R-1 , R-2, R-3, R-4

DRT521D 6.9 4 2.8 D-2, D-3, P-1, P-6, P-7, P-8, R-2, R-5, R-6, Taylor Fidd

TOTAL 14.5 8 6.0

DR7’82 map units are composed predominantly of Debert 82 soils with minor inclusions of Debert 52 soils. Debert 82 soils have greater than 80 cm of fri- able, coarse loamy soi1 material over firm, coarse loamy, lower soil material.

M a p ha Areas %of Locations svmbol total

DRT821C 2.6 2 1.1 C-4. P-7, P-8

ERODED LAND TYPE (ER)

Eroded Land is a land type that indicates eroded areas on the Nappan Research Farm. These loca- tions were recognized during the survey and con- sisted of areas where topsoil was eroding and subsoil was either exposed or close to the surface. Currently these areas are protected with perma- nent forage crops.

Map ha Areas %of Locations symbol total

ER 0.5 2 0.2 B-2.8-3. H-1

FALMOUTH SOlLS GROUP (FUH22, FUH52)

The Falmouth soils group includes Falmouth 22 and Falmouth 52 soils. Falmouth soils are not ex- tensive on the Nappan Research Farm covering only 5.2 ha or 2.1% of the farm.

Soi1 material and landiorm

The Falmouth soils group has developed in fine loamy till derived from shale and sandstone of the Carboniferous period. The reddish brown till is compact, slowly permeable, contains Iess than 1 O?& grave1 by volume, and is extremely to strongly acid. On the Nappan Research Farm, Falmouth soils are nonstony and nonrocky and are found on undulating to rolling till plain on very gentle to strong slopes (240%).

Soi1 chaiacteristics Under agricultural use, Falmouth soils are moder- ately Weil drained Orthic Çombric Brunisols and Luvisolic Humo-Ferric Podzols. They have a fri- able, 20 to 28 cm thick, loam Ap horizon with moderately rapid permeability. The Ap horizon is underlain by a friable, sandy loam to loam Bf or Bm horizon. These friable B horizons overlay firm, poorly strudured, slowly permeable, subsoil hori- zons. The firm subsoil horizons o m r between 40 and 80 cm from the surface and include fragipans (Bx, BCx) and Bt horizons which typicaliy grade

20

Page 26: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

into a compact basal till C horizon. The loam C horizon is poorly structured, slowly permeable, and has a Clay content greater than 18%. Weak mottling is commonly found below a depth of 50 cm. Falmouth soils contain less than 10% coarse fragments by volume.

Falmouth soils are very similar to Queens soils (Appendix 1, Tables 1-10 to 1-13 and Figs. 1-9 to 1-12). Falmouth soils have better drainage than Queens soils because of their locations on the land- scape. Falmouth soils are found on crests and up- per slopes that shed water quickly and have good surface drainage. Typically they have moderate to rapid runoff and receive little seepage. When lo- cated on steep mid to lower slopes, runoff does not infiltrate and seepage input from upslope is drained rapidly.

Soi1 limitations In most cases, root growth is confined to the fri- able A and B horizons and deciines rapidly in the firm subsoil horizons where low porosity and saturated hydraulic conductivity restrict intemal drainage. This barrier to water movement contrib- utes to the formation of perched water tables.

Soi1 limitations that affect the use of Falmouth 22 soils are shallow rooting depth, slowly permeable subsoil; and in some locations, strongly sloping topography .

Like Queens soils, Falmouth soils are slow to warm up and dry out in the spring. During this period field operations must be carefully timed to avoid soil compaction. To reduce soil compaction risk and promote soil warming in the spnng the installation of subsurface drainage systems are required.

Map units FuH22 map units are composed predominantly of Falmouth 22 soils with minor inclusions of Queens 22 soils. Falmouth 22 soils have 20 to 50 cm of friable, coarse loamy solum over firm, fine loamy, lower soil material.

.

ha Areas %of Locations total

Map svmbol

FUH52 map units are composed predominantly of Falmouth 52 soils with minor inclusions of Pug- wash 52 and Queens 22 soils. Falmouth 52 soils have 50 to 80 cm of friable, coarse loamy solum over firm, fine loamy, lower soil material.

Map ha Areas % of Locations symbol total

FUH5ZC 3.5 3 1.4 B-6-0-7, D-3, El, H-1, H-5, R-4, R-5

GLENHOLME 52 SOlLS (GNH52)

Glenholme 52 mils are not extensive on the Nap- pan Research Farm and cover only 2.1 ha or O.W0 of the total area.

Soi1 material and landform

Glenholme 52 soils have developed in coarse loamy over fine sandy glaciofluvial sediments. The sediments are friable, moderately rapid to slowly permeable and are very strongly acid. Glenholme 52 soils are nonstony and nonrocky. They are found on poorly drained, nearly level to very gently sloping, lower slopes and depressions (0.5-5%) which collect runoff and seepage from upper slopes.

Soi1 characteristics

Glenholme soils are poorly drained Orthic Gleysols. Under agricultural use, the soils have a friable, 15 to 25 cm thick, moderately permeable, sandy loam Apg horizon (Appendix 1, Table 1-5, Fig. 1-5). The A horizon is underlain by a friable, 20 to 30 cm thick, sandy loam Bg horizon. Below the Bg horizon is a friable, 15 to 20 cm thick, mod- erately slow to slowly permeable, sandy loam BCg horizon. The BCg horizon commonly overlays a finer-textured Cg horizon which overlays a loamy sand to fine sand-textured IIC horizon. Most hori- zons above the IIC horizon show evidence of in- tense gleying and mottles are present in most horizons. Evidence of fluvial deposition is indi- cated by the stratification of texturally different sediments in the subsoil materials.

Soi1 limitations

Soi1 limitations that affect the use of Glenholme mils are due primarily to excess soil water. In most cases, root growth is confined to the top 50

21

Page 27: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

cm due to high water tables that persist through- out most of the growing season. Glenholme soils are cold and slow to warm in the spring. To elimi- nate excess soil water from Glenholme soils sub- surface drainage systems are required.

Map units GM52 map units are composed predominantly of Glenholme 52 soils with minor inclusions of Debert 82 or Qnçlow 52 soils. Glenholme 52 soils have 50 to 80 cm of friable, coarse loamy material over very friable, fine sandy, lower soi1 material.

~

ha Areas %of Locations total

Map svmbol

GNH52B 1.9 2 0.8 C-4, R-5, R-6,

GNH52/C 0.2 1 0.1 P-6

TOTAL 21 3 0.9

Reid Marsh

HANSFORD 53 SOU (HFD53)

Hansford soills have limited coverage on the Nap- pan Research Farm and occupy 15.2 ha or 6.3% of the area.

Son material and landform Hansford 53 soils have developed in coame loamy- gravelly till àerived from reddish brown sand- Stone of the Carboniferous period. The reddish brown till is compact, contains 1535% gravel by volume, and is extremely acid. At the Nappan Research Farm, Hansford 53 soiis are non- or mod- erately stony, non- to slightly rocky, and are found on undulating to rolling till plain on very gentie to strong siopes (2-300/0).

Soi1 characteristics

Hansford 53 a i l s are well to moderately well drained Orhic Humo-Ferric Podzols under forest and agricultriral use. Under agricultural use, (Ap- pendix 1, Tahle 1-61 they have a friable, moder- ately penneable, sandy loam to loam Ap horizon, 15 to 25 un hick. The Ap horizon is underlain by a friable, 10 to 20 cm thick, sandy loam to loam Bf horizon. The Bf horizon frequently contains more than 15% gravel. Below the Bf horizon is a friable, 30 to 40 cm tlhick, gravelly sandy loam to gravelly loam BC horizon which grades into a firm, grav-

elly sandy loam to gravelly loam C horizon. Clay content of the C horizons is less than 18%. The vol- ume of coarse fragments within the BC and C hori- zons range from 15 to 35%.

Under mixed Wood forest, Hansford 53 soils have 3 to 5 cm of poorly decomposed forest litter or mor humus. This overlays a 5 to 10 cm thick, gray, sandy loam to loamy sand Ae horizon. This strongly leached and acidic layer is underlain by a 25 to 35 cm thick, dark yellowish brown, gravelly sandy loam to gravelly loam Bf horizon. Below the friable Bf horizon is a friable to firm, 30 to 40 cm thick, gravelly sandy loam to graveliy loam BC horizon. The BC horizon grades into a firm, grav- elly sandy loam to gravelly loam C horizon.

Soi1 ümitations When nonstony and nonrocky, Hansford 53 mils have few limitations to agricultural use and are suitable for a wide range of cropç.

Soi1 limitations that may limit crop production are droughtiness during hot dry summers and gravel and cobble content in the topsoil.

Map units HiD53 map units are composed predominantly of Hansford 53 soils with minor inclusions of Hans- ford 83 soiis. Hansford 53 soils have 50 to 80 cm of friable, coarse loamy-gravelly solum over firm, coarse loamy-gravelly lower soil matenal.

ha Areas %of Locations symbol total

HFD53/1Eî 0.7 1 0.3 Woodbt HFD5WC2 7.8 1 3.2 Woodbt H F W D 3.7 1 1.5 P-9, R-1 , R-2, W d l o t H F W F 2.1 1 0.9 P-6, P-9, Woodlot HFD53F2 0.9 1 0.4 Woodbt

TOTAL 152 5 6.3

KINGSVILLE 22 SOIS (KSV22)

Kingsville 22 soils have limited coverage on the Nappan Research Farm occupying 2.1 ha or 0.8% of the area.

22

Page 28: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

Soi1 material and landform

Kingsville 22 soils have developed in fine loamy till derived from shale and sandstone of the Car- boniferous period. The reddish brown till is com- pact, slowiy permeable, contains less than 10% gravel by volume, and is slightly acid at depth. On the Nappan Research Farm, Kingsville soils are nonstony and nonrocky and are found on undulat- ing till plain on nearly level to very gentle slopes (O .5-5%).

Soi1 characteristics

Kingsville 22 soils are pooriy drained Luvic Gleysols. Under agicultural use, (Appendix 1, Table 1-7, Fig. 1-6) they have a firm, 10 to 15 cm thick, moderately permeable, loam Apg horizon. The Apg is underiain by a friable, 1 O to 15 cm thick, gleyed, loam Bg horizon. Below the Bg hori- zon is a firm, coarse, blocky-structured Btg hori- zon which is characterized by prominent mottles and thin Clay films on ped surfaces. This siowly permeable loam horizon is 20 to 40 cm thick and grades into a weakly-structured, firm, loam Cgj horizon. Clay content of the Btg and Cgj horizons exceeds 18%. Ail horizons show evidence of gley- ing and motties are present in most. The coarSe fragment content throughout the profile is l e s than 10% by volume.

Soi1 limitations

Root growth is confined predominantly to the fri- able A and B horizons and declines rapidiy in the firm subsoil horizons (Btg, Cgj) where porosity and saturated hydraulic conductivity markedly decrease. This barrier to water movement contrib- utes to the formation of perched water tables.

Soi1 factors that limit the use of Kingsville 22 soils are excess soil water and shallow rooting depth. Soi1 drainage can be improved on Kingsville 22 soils through the installation of drainage systems that control seepage input from adjacent land. Underdrainage has only marginal success in Kingsville 22 mils on level fields due to very slow lateral water movement to drainage tiles.

Map units KSV22 map units are composed predominantly of Kingsville 22 soils with minor inclusions of Kingçville 20 soiis. Kingsville 22 soils have 20 to 50 cm of friable, coarse loamy solum over firm, fine loamy, lower soil matenal.

Mv ha Areas %of Locations symbol total

KSVWB 1.5 2 0.6 B-1, 8-2, H-1 , H-2 KSV221C 0.6 1 0.2 R -3

TOTAL 2.1 3 0.8

MASSTOWN SOlLS GROUP (MSW52, MSW53)

The Masstown soils group covers oniy 2.2 ha or 1 .O70 of the total area on the Nappan Research Farm.

Soi1 material and landform Masstown soils have developed in coarse loamy till derived from reddish brown sandstone of the Carboniferous period. The reddish brown till is compact, slowiy permeable, contains less than 5% gravel by volume, and is very strongly to ex- tremely acid. On the Nappan Research Farm, Masstown soils are non- or moderately stony, non- rocky, and found on undulating to rolling till plain on neariy level to gentle siopes (0.5-9T0).

Soi1 characteristics

%ils of the Masstown group are poorly drained Orthic Gleysols. They have a friable to firm, slowly permeable, sandy loam to loam Ahg hori- zon, 10 to 15 cm thick, under forest vegetation and an Apg horizon, 20 to 25 cm thick, under agricul- tural use. These A horizons are underlain by a 30 to 40 cm thick, strongly gieyed, sandy loam Bg horizon. The Bg horizon overlays a firm, slowly permeable, sandy loam fragipan (BCxg) and a firm Cg horizon. The Clay content of the Cg hori- zon is below 18% and typically in the range of 8 to 120/,. Al1 horizons show strong evidence of gley- ing and mottles are generaliy present. The volume of coarse fragments throughout the profiie is less than 5%.

Soi1 limitations In most cases, root growth is confined to the A horizon as high water tables within 20 to 40 cm of the surface persist for much of the growing season in undrained soils. Subsoil horizons are acidic, contain little organic matter and are poorly struc- tured. Hi& soi1 bulk density and low hydraulic conductivity are characteristic of the subsoil. This

23

Page 29: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

barrier to water movement contributes to the for- mation of perched water tables.

%il limitations that affect the use of the Masstown soil group are excess soil water and cold anaerobic conditions which persist for extended periods dur- ing the growing season, severely limiting crop growth. Masstown soils can be used for pasture and forage production if adequately drained. To eliminate excess soil water from Masstown soils, subsurface drainage systems are required.

Map units MSW52 map units are composed predominantly of Masstown 52 soils with minor inclusions of Masstown 22 soils. Masstown 52 soils have 50 to 80 cm of friable, coarse loamy solum over firm, coarse loamy, lower soil material.

w syirbol

ha Areas %of Locations total

MSW52EI 1.4 3 0.6 D-2, R-3, W d l û t MSWSZC 0.4 1 0.2 P-4

TOTAL 1.6 4 0.8

MSW53 map units are composed of Masstown 53 soils. Masstown 53 mils have 50 to 80 cm of fri- able, coarse loamy-gravelly solum over firm, coarse loamy, lower soil material. %ils in this unit are saturated by a steady flow of seepage water originating from the farm well located upslope.

ha Areas %of Locations total

k symbol

MSW531D2 0.4 1 0.2 Woodlot

NOT SURVEYED LAND TYPE (NS)

Areas desigrrated as "Not Surveyed" were ex- cluded from the soil survey. These areas included farm buildings and associated landscaping. _ _ _ _ _ ~ ~~

ha Areas %of Locations total

Map symbol

NS 9.5 2 4.0 Building and iandscaped areas

ONSLOW SOlLS GROUP (OSW52,OSWS3)

The Onslow soils group is not extensive on the Nappan Research Farm and covers 2.5 ha or 1 .O% of the total area.

Soi1 material and landform

Onslow 52 and 53 soils have developed in coarse loamy and coarse loamy-gravelly materials, re- spectively, over fine sandy glaciofluvial sedi- ments. These materials are friable to very friable, strongly acid and moderately to highly perme- able. On the Nappan Research Farm, the Onslow mils are nonstony and nonrocky. lhey are found on nearly level to very gently sloping mid to lower slopes (0.55%) that collect runoff and seep- age from upper slopes.

Soi1 characteristics

%ils in the Onslow group are imperfectly drained Gleyed Hum-Femc Podzols and Gleyed Sombric Brunisols. Under agricultural use, they have a fri- able, 20 to 25 cm thick, moderately permeable, sandy loam to gravelly sandy loam Ap horizon. The Ap horizon is underlain by a friable, 20 to 45 cm thick, sandy loam to gravelly sandy loam Bf or Bm horizon. Below the B horizon is a friable BC horizon, 10 to 40 cm thick, which is frequently a weakly cemented fragipan (BCxj). A very friable, loamy sand to fine sand Cg horizon is found be- low the BC horizon. Faint to distinct mottling is common below the Ap and extends well into the subsoil. Evidence of fluvial deposition is indicated by the stratification of sediments in the lower soi1 material. The volume of coarse fragments within the BC and C horizons is less than 10%.

Soif limitations

In most cases, root growth is confined to the top 65 cm. Limitations to rooting are due to excess soi1 water that makes ûnçlow mils cold and slow to warm in the spring. High water tables persist throughout the early part of the growing season if subsurface drainage systems are not installed.

Map units OSW52 map units are composed predominantly of Onslow 52 soils with minor inclusions of De- bert 52 mils. Onslow 52 soils have 50 to 80 cm of friable, coarse loamy material over very friable, fine sandy lower soil material.

24

Page 30: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

Map ha Areas % of Locations svmb0l tdal

soils. Coatse fragment volume thtoughout the pro- file is less than 10%.

OSW521C 1.3 2 0.5 C-1, C-2, C-3, R-6

OSW53 map units are composed ptedominantly of OSW53 soils with minot inclusions of Mass- town 52 soils. Onslow 53 soils have 50 to 80 cm of ftiable, coatse loamy-gtavelly material over vety friable, fine sandy lower soil matetial.

ha Areas %of Locations total

m svmbol

osw53m 1.2 1 0.5 R-3

PUGWASH SOlLS GROUP (PGW22, PGW52, PGW82)

The Pugwash soils group covers 6.8 ha or 2.6% of the Nappan Research Fatm.

Soi1 material and landform

%ils of the Pugwash gtoup have developed in coarse loamy till detived from sandstone of the Carboniferous period. The reddish brown till is compact, slowly permeable, contains less than 10% gtavel by volume, and is strongly acid. On the Nappan Reseatch Fann, Pugwash soils are nonstony, nontocky, and are found on undulating to rolling till plain on vety gentle to moderate slopes (2-15%).

Soit characteristics

Pugwash soils are modetately well to well dtained Orthic Sombric Brunisols, Orthic Humo- Fettic Podzols and occasionally Bruniçolic Gray Luvisols. Under agticultutal use, (Appendix 1, Tables 1-8 and 1-9, Figs. 1-7 and 1-8) they have a friable, rapidly permeable, 20 to 27 cm thick, sandy loam Ap horizon. The A horizon is under- iain by a ftiable, 10 to 30 cm thick, sandy loam Bm ot Bf horizon. Below the B horizon is a friable to firm, çandy loam to loam, platy structured, BC ho- rizon. This moderately slow to slowly permeable BC horizon is frequently weakly fragic and grades into a weaklysttuctuted, firm, sandy loam to loam C horizon. Clay content of the C horizon is generally in the 515% range but can approach 18% in Pugwash mils that are adjacent to Queens

Soi1 limitations

On level to very gentle slopes, Pugwash soils have few limitations for ctop production if managed ptopetly. Maintenance of optimal pH, nuttient, and otganic mattet levels is essential for high crop yields ftom these soils.

In Pugwash 22 and 52 mils, root gtowth is con- fined to the ftiable A and B horizons and is absent in the BC and C horizons due to the lower soi1 PO- tosity and high bulk densities found in these hori- zons. This batriet to water movement, although not as testticting as subsoil found in Queens and Debert soils, can contribute to the formation of petched watet tables. For high value crops, sub- surface drainage systems are tecommended for improving Pugwash 22 and 52 soils,

Map units

PGW22 map units are composed ptedominantly of moderately well dtained Pugwash 22 soils with minot inclusions of well drained Pugwash 52 soils. Pugwash 22 soils have 20 to 50 cm of friable, coatse loamy solum over firm, coatse loamy, lowet soil matetial.

Map ha Areas %of L d o n s Symbol total

PGWWC 1.2 1 0.5 G-1, Wmdlot PGW221D 0.6 1 0.2 D-2

TOTAL 1.8 2 0.7

PG W52 map uni6 are composed predominantiy of well dtained Pugwash 52 mils with minor inclu- sions of well drained Pugwash 82 soils. Pugwash 52 soils have 50 to 80 cm of friable, coatse loamy çolum ovet firm, coarse loamy, lower soi1 mate- rial.

ha Areas %of Locations total

w Symbol

PGW521C 3.3 1 1.3 B-6,B-7 PGW52iD 0.7 1 0.3 c-4, P-4 PGW5îiE 0.6 1 02 P-4

TOTAL 4.6 3 18

Page 31: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

PG W82 map units are composed of well drained in the Btgj horizon where higher bulk densities re- hgwash 82 soils. Pugwash 82 soils have greater duce soil porosity and hydraulic conductivity. than 80 cm of friable, coarse loamy solum over This barrier to root and water movement contrib- firm, coarse loamy, lower soil material. utes to the formation of perched water tables.

Areas %of Locations Soi1 limitations that affect the use of Queens soils are excess soil water, shallow rooting depth, and Map

in some locations, strongly sloping topography. symbol

PGW82E 0.4 1 0.1 P-6 Subsurface drainage systems are required to re- duce excess soil water in Queens soils.

ha total

QUEENS SOlLS GROUP (QUE22, QUE23, QUE52, QUE53)

The Queens soils group dominants the Nappan Research Farm. Queens soils are found on nearly every section of the farm and cover 102.5 ha or 42.6% of the area.

Soi1 material and landform Queens soils have developed in fine loamy till de- rived from shale and sandstone of the Carbonifer- ous period. The reddish brown till is firm, slowly permeable, has a neutral pH at depth, and con- tains less than 1W0 grave1 by volume. On the Nap- pan Research Farm, Queens soils are nonstony and nonrocky except under forested conditions where they may be slightly stony. Queens soils are found on undulating to roliing till plain on nearly level to strong slopes (0.530'70).

Soi1 characteristics

Queens soils are imperfectly drained Gleyed Brunisolic Gray Luvisols. Under agricultural use, (Appendix 1, Tables 1-10 to 1-13 and Figs. 1-9 to 7-12) they have a friable, moderately permeable, 20 to 25 cm thick, loam Ap horizon. The Ap hori- zon is underlain by a friable, 10 to 30 an thick, loam Bmgj horizon. Below the Bmgj horizon is a firm, coarse, ldocky-structured Btgj horizon which is characterized by thin clay films on most ped sur- faces. This slowly permeable loam horizon is 20 to 40 cm thick and grades into a weakly-structured, firm, loam Cgj horizon. Clay content of the Btgj and Cgj horizons exceeds 18%. Al1 horizons show some evidentm of gleying and mottles are present to varying degrees in most. The coarse fragment volume throiighout the profile is less than 10%.

Soü limitations In most cases, root growth is confined to the fri- able Ap and Bmgj horizons and declines rapidly

Map units QUE22 map units are composed predominantly of Queens 22 soils with minor inclusions of Queens 52 and Kingsville 22 soils. Queens 22 soils have 20 to 50 cm of friable, coarse loamy solum over firm, fine loamy, lower soil material.

M;g ha Areas %of Locations symbol total

QUE2218 2.4 1 1.0 8-1 Q U W C 40.6 8 16.8 8-2,B3,8-4,8-5,

B-6,8-7, G-1, G-2, G-3, G-4, Island Marsh Upland, M-27,

R-3, R-4, R â , Taylor Field

P-1 , P-4, R-1, R-2,

Q U W 14.1 a 5.8 ~ - 1 , ~ - 4 , 5 - 5 , ~ - 6 , 6-7, C-4, G-2, G-3, P-1 , P-3, P-4, R-3, Taylor Fieki

Q U M 12.0 6 5.0 B-l,8-3, G-3, G-4, P-3, P-4, Woodlot

Q U W 1.2 1 0.5 Woodlot

TOTAL 70.3 24 29.1

QUE23 map units are composed predominantly of Queens 23 soils with minor inclusions of Queens 53 and 22 mils. Queens 23 mils have 20 to 50 an of friable, coarse loamy-gravelly solum over firm, fine loamy, lower soi1 material.

ha Areas %of Locations total

hAap symbol

QUE231D1 1.9 1 0.8 Woodbt

QUE52 map units are composed predominantly of Queens 52 soils with minor inclusions of Queens 22 and ûebert 52 mils. Queens 52 mils

26

Page 32: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

have 50 to 80 cm of friable, coarse loamy solum over firm, fine loamy, lower soil material.

Map ha Areas % of Locations symbol total

QUE5ZC 17.0 4 7.1 8-4,8-5, B-6, C-1 , G-1, G-2, H-5, R-1, R-3, Woodiot

H-5 QUE521D 5.2 2 2.2 C-1, C-2, C-3, H-1,

TOTAL 22.2 6 9.3

QUE53 map units are composed predominantly of Queens 53 soils with minor inclusions of Queens 23 and Hansford 53 soils. Queens 53 soils have 50 to 80 cm of friable, coarse loamy-gravelly solum over firm, fine loamy, lower soil material.

ha Areas Oh of Locations total

Map symbol

QUEWC1 5.5 1 2.3 Woodlot QUE53E1 2.6 1 1.1 Woodlot

TOTAL 8.1 2 3.4

SWAMP LAND TYPE (SP)

Swamp areas are very poorly drained depressions that contain standing water and support wetland vegetation such as cattails and sedges. These units remain saturated throughout the growing season and are not farmed.

ha Areas Oh of Locations total

Map svmbol

SP 0.3 3 0.1 H-1. H-3

TRURû 52 SOU (TU0521

Truro 52 soils are not extensive on the Nappan Research Farm covering only 1.1 ha or 0.4% of the area.

Soi1 material and landform Truro 52 soils have developed in coarse loamy over fine sandy glaciofluvial sedimentç. The sedi- ments are very friable to friable, very strongly acid, moderately rapid to slowly permeable, and lack coarse fragments. Truro soils are nonstony and nonrocky and are found on very gentle to moderate siopes (2-15%).

Soi1 characteristics Under agricultural use, Truro soils are well drained Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzols. They have a very friable, highly permeable, 15 to 20 cm thick, sandy loam Ap horizon. The Ap horizon is under- lain by a friable, 15 to 35 cm thick, sandy loam, Bf horizon. Below the Bf horizon is a friable, 25 to 35 cm thick, sandy loam BC horizon. Occasionally the BC horizon shows weak fragipan develop ment. A rapidly permeable, very friable, loamy sand to fine sand C horizon is found below the BC horizon.

Soi1 limitations

Truro soils have no rooting limitation other than the weakly developed fragipan. Due to their relatively low water holding capacity, Truro soils tend to be droughty during prolonged dry periods.

Map units TU052 map uni& are composed predominantly of Weil drained Truro 52 soils. Minor inclusions of imperfedly drained Onslow 52 soils may be found on the lower slope position of the Truro map unitS. Truro 52 mils have 50 to 80 cm of fri- able, coarse loamy solum over very friable, fine sandy, lower soil material.

MEg ha Areas %of Locations ~ymbal total

TU052tC 0.3 1 0.1 Rô TU052E 0.8 1 0.3 H-1, H-5

TOTAL 1.1 2 0.4

27

Page 33: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

PART 4. SOI1 INTERPRETATIONS FOR AGRICULTURE

Soi1 interpretations for agriculture are based on the evaluation of climate and soi1 characteristics that influence soil suitability for farming. Soils are grouped into classes and subclasses based on their limitations for rain fed farming (irrigation is as- sumed for vegetables only), their susceptibility to degradation, and their response to management.

Interpretations in this report are based on the fol- lowing assumptions:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Good soil and crop management practices that are feasible are carried out. This includes the use of fertilizers, lime, artificial drainage, and proper weed and pest control. Surface ditching, land forming, and dyke maintenance are practiced for dykeland mils. Drainage is improved by one class where subsurface or tile drainage is feasible. Tile drainage is as- sumed to be feasible for al1 except the follow- ing: a) map units with slopes less than 2% or

b) soils with bedrock within 80 cm of the sur-

c) soils subject to frequent or very frequent

greater than 15%

face

inunda tion.

%ils within a class have a similar degree of limitation although the kind of limitation may be different. Each class includes several soils which may require a different management system for crop production because of their different limitations. Subclasses provide infor- mation on the type of limitation while the class denotes the intensity of the limitation.

Only the most severe limitations are noted. For example, if the drainage limitation of a soil is 5W and its topographic limitation is 4T, the rating is 5W. A soil is rated 5TW only if both the topographic and drainage limitations are 5.

Distance to market, availability of land trans- portation, size of farm, cultural patterns, and ski11 or resources of the farm operator are not criteria for this classification.

The interpretations are subject to change as new information on soil response to manage- ment becomes available. New technology or a

change in economic conditions also require a new classification.

CLI capability classification for agriculture The CLI (Canada Land Inventory) Capability Clas- sification for Agriculture groups mils into seven classes (Department of the Environment 1972). The first three classes are considered capable of sustained production of common field crops, Class 4 is marginal for sustained arable agricul- ture, Class 5 is capable of use only for improved permanent Pasture, Class 6 is capable of use only for wild Pasture, and Class 7 includes soils and land types considered incapable of sustained agri- cultural use. Although soils in Classes 1 to 4 are capable for use for cultivated field crops, they are also capable for use as permanent Pasture. For purposes of this classification, trees, shrubs, and omatnental plants that require little cultivation are not considered. The interpretations do apply to small grains, silage corn, and forage crops. The method used in determining the CLI ratings for map units described in this report follows proce- dures outlined in Webb et al. (1989); Patterson and Thompson (1989); and Holmstrom and Thompson (1989).

Capability c/ases Class 1 Soils in this class have no significant limi- tations for crop production. No map units in Nova Scotia are rated Class 1 because the regional cli- mate (insufficient heat units) is considered a limi- tation for optimal crop growth. %ils normally rated Class 1 were therefore reduced to Class 2 and assigned the subclass C.

Cluss 2 %ils in this class have moderate limita- tions that restrict the range of crops grown. The only limitation in this class in Nova Scotia is ad- verse climate.

Cluss 3 %ils in this class have moderately se- vere limitations that restrict the range of crops grown. in this class the type of limitation found may be one or more of the following: inundation, moisture limitation, stoniness, consolidated bed- rock, topography, excess water (applies to the con- tinuing drainage of the soil after improvement, if feasible), undesirable structure or low permeabil-. ity, and coarse fragments.

29

Page 34: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

CZass 4 Soils in this class have severe limitations that restrict the range of crops or require special conservation practices or both. In this class the type of limitation found may be one or more of the following: inundation, moisture limitation, stoniness, consolida ted bedrock, topography, ex- cess water (applies to the continuing drainage of the soil after improvement, if feasible), undesir- able structure or low permeability, and coarse fragments or the cumulative effect of three or more Class 3 limitations.

Class 5 %ils in this class have very severe limita- tions that restrict their capability to producing per- ennial forage crops, however, improvement practices are feasible. In this class, the type of limi- ta tion found may be one or more of the following: inundation, moisture limitation, stoniness, consoli- dated bedrock, topography, excess water (applies to the continuing drainage of the soil after im- provement, if feasible), undesirable structure or low permeability, and coarse fragments or the cu- mulative effect of three or more Class 4 limitations.

Class 6 %ils in this class are capable only of pro- ducing perermial forage crops, and improvement practices are not feasible. %ils in Class 6 have some naturally sustained grazing capacity for farm animals but have such severe soil, climate, or other limitation as to make impractical the applica- tion of improvement practices that can be carried out in Class 5. Most soils in Nova Scotia revert to forest if not maintained by man so map units nor- mally keyed to Class 6 have been rated Class 7.

Class 7 SoiRs in this class have no capability for the production of common field crops or perma- nent Pasture. In this class the type of limitation found may be topography or the cumulative effect of three or more Clasç 5 limitations.

Capabiiiiy sillbclasses (symboi in parentheses) Adverse climate (C) This subclass indicates in- adequate heat units for the optimal growth of a wide range of crops. lt is used for Class 2 mils

Undesirable soiZ structure or slow permeability (0) This subclass is used for mils with a poten- tial rooting zone restricted by conditions other than a hi& water table or consolidated bedrock (e.g. compact tiil).

Coarsefragrilents (G) This subclass includes soils that coritain enough coarse fragments to im-

only.

pede seed germination and optimum root devel- opment and to increase the Wear and tear on till- age machinery (Note: this subclass is not part of the original CLI classification).

inundation by streams or lakes (Z) This subclass includes soils subjected to inunda tion causing crop damage or restricting agricultural use.

Moisture (M) This subclass includes soils in which crops are adversely affected by lack of water due to inherent soil characteristics.

Stoniness (P) This subclass includes soils suffi- ciently stony to significantly hinder tillage, plant- ing and harvesting operations.

Consolidated bedrock (R) This subclasç includes soils where the presence of bedrock near the sur- face restricts their agricultural use.

Topography (T) This subclass includes soils that are limited by topography. Steep slopes increase the cost of farming by decreasing the uniformity of crop growth and maturity and by increasing the risk of water erosion.

Excess water (W) This subclass includes soils in which excess water other than that brought about by inundation is a limitation to use. Excess water may result from inadequate mil drainage, a high water table, seepage or runoff from surrounding areas.

Cumulative adverse characteristics (X) This sub- class is used for soils which have three or more limitations of the same degree. The mil is down- graded one class and assigned the "X" subclass symbol.

Soi1 çuitabiiii for seiected crops lnterpretive guidelines for assessing soil suitabil- ity for seven specific crops are given in Tables 12 to 18. The degree of suitability (good, fair, poor, or unsuitable) is determined by the most restrictive mil factods). For example, if the degree of suitabil- ity is "good for al1 but one soi1 factor, and that fac- tor has a degree of suiîability of "poor," then the overall rating of the soil is "poor" with a single subclass to show the limitation. If two factors are rated "poor" then both limitations are shown in the subciass.

Limitations can have a cumulative effect for "fair" and "poor" ratings. If three or more properties are

30

Page 35: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

rated as such, then the overall ra ting for the soil is downgraded one class and the limitation is "x".

Suitabiliiy classes Evaluation of soil suitability for growing agricul- tural crops is based on interna1 and extemal soil characteristics only. Four suitability classes (sym- bol in parentheses) are used to rate the soil map uni& in Table 20.

Good (G) Soils in their present state have few or minor limitations that affect crop production. Limitations that are present can be easily over- come.

Fuir (F) %ils in their present state have one or two moderate limitations that affect crop produc- tion. These can be overcome with special manage- ment or soil improvement measures.

Poor (P) Soils in their present state have one or two Severe limitations which affect crop produc- tion. These can be overcome only with difficult and costly soil improvement or very careful man- agement.

Unsuituble (U) %ils in their present state have one or more features that are so limiting that im- provement efforts would be considered economi- cally impractical.

Sultabiliiy subclasses (symbol in parentheses) Depth offrrabie soil material (a) Depth of fri- able soil material refers to the available rooting depth. Rooting depth is controlled by subsoil lay- ers which act as barriers to root penetration. Com- pact till, ortstein and fragipan layers are examples.

Particle size of the friable soil material (b) Parti- cle size distribution refers to grain size - how much Sand, silt, Clay and coarse fragments are pre- sent. l'article size affects moisture and nuhient retention characteristics, trafficability, surface crusting characteristics, and the rate at which water moves through soil. Table 7 lists the particle sue classes used in Tables 12 to 19. The classes are defined in Appendix 2.

Flooding (c) Flooding occurs when water over- flows the natural or artificial confines of a Stream or other body of water and accumulates on adja- cent land areas. Flooding at any time of the year is hazardous to the survival and growth of perennial crops. Fîooding during the growing season can be hazardous to the growth and survival of annual

crops and can hinder planting and harvesting op- erations. Flooding can damage soils by eroding valuable topsoil and the eroded sediments can pol- lute adjacent water resources. The following cate- gories and codes (in parentheses) are used in interpretative Tables 12 to 19.

None CN) Soils are not susceptible to flood- ing. Occasional (O) %ils are subjected to flood- ing of short duration once or twice a year or for an unspecified duration once every 2 years or less. Frequent (F) Soils are subjected to flooding of medium duration more than once a year. Veryfiequent (VF) Soils are subjected to pro- longed flooding every year.

Sutfnce stoniness fd) Rock fragments in the top- soil interfere with the efficient operation of farm machinery for cultivation, seedbed preparation, and harvesting. The degree of limitation which Stones impose is related to their number, size and spacing at the soil surface. Table 8 lists the stoni- ness classes and codes used in interpretive Tables 12 to 18.

Rockiness (e) Bedrock outcrops are incapable of supporting crops and interfere with the efficient operation of farm machinery. The degree of limita- tion is related to the percentage of surface area covered by exposed bedrock. Table 10 lists the rockiness classes and codes used in interpretive Tables 12 to 18.

Slope (fi Slope is the gradient or incline of the land surface reported in percent. Slope affects the safe use of farm machinery and the surface drain- age of water. Runoff from sloping cultivated fields can cause severe soi1 erosion problems. Runoff from nearly level land may be insufficient to pre- vent the ponding of surface water. Table 9 lists the slope classes and codes used in interpretive Tables 12 to 18.

Soi1 Drainage (g) Soi1 drainage refers to the ra- pidity and extent of water removal from soil in re- lation to additions. J t is affected by several factors acting separately or in combination, including tex- ture, structure, siope gradient, slope length, water holding capacity and evapotranspiration. Excess soil water adversely affects crop growth and the trafficability of farm machinery. Wet soils are slow to warm up in spring and have poor aera-

31

Page 36: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

tion. Rapidly drained soils are prone to drought. The following class definitions (Day 1983) and codes (in parentheses) are used in interpretative Tables 12 to 19.

Rapidly draincd (R) Water is removed from the soil rapidly in relation to supply. Excess water flows downward if the underlying ma- terial is pervious. Subsurface flow may occur on steep gradients during heavy rainfall. Soils have low available water storage capacity and are usually coarse textured, or shallow, or both. The water source is precipitation. Well drained (W) Water is removed from the soi1 readily but not rapidly. Excess water flows downward readily into underlying per- vious material or laterally as subsurface flow. %ils have intermediate available water stor- age capacity, and are generally intermediate in depth and texture. The water source is pre- cipitation. On slopes, subsurface flow may occur for short periods but additions are equaled by losses. Moderately well drained (MW) Water is removed from the soil somewhat slowly in re- lation to supply because of low soil permeabil- ity, shallow water table, lack of gradient, or some combination of these. %ils have interme- diate to high water storage capacity within 1 m and are usually medium to fine textured. Precipitation is the dominant water source in medium Bo fine textured soils. Precipitation and significant additions by subsurface flow are necessary in coarse textured soils. Impe@.?cily drained (2) Water is removed from the soil sufficiently slowly in relation to supply ta keep the soil wet for a significant

part of the growing season. Excess water moves slowly downward if precipitation is the major source. If subsurface water or groundwater, or both, is the main source, the flow rate may Vary but the soil remains wet for a significant part of the growing season. Precipitation is the main water source if the available water storage capacity is high. Con- tribution by subsurface flow or groundwater flow, or both, increases as available water stor- age capacity decreases. Soils have a wide range in available water supply, texture, and depth. Poorly drained (P) Water is removed so slowly in relation to supply that the soil re- mains wet for a large part of the time the soil is not frozen. E x c e s water is evident in the soil for a large part of the growing season. Subsurface flow or groundwater flow or both, and precipitation are the main water sources. There may also be a perched water table. %ils have a wide range in available water storage capacity, texture and depth. Very poorly drained (VP) Water is removed from the soil so slowly that the water table re- mains at or on the surface for the greater part of the time the soil is not frozen. Excess water is present in the soil for the greater part of the growing season. Groundwater flow and sub- surface flow are the major water sources. Pre- cipitation is less important except where there is a perched water table with precipitation ex- ceeding evapotranspiration. %ils have a wide range in available water storage capacity, tex- ture and depth.

32

Page 37: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

Table 12 Soil suitability for alfaifa

Degree of suiiability Soil factors bYd0D Good Fair Poor Unsuiiable

Depth of friable soi1 in cm (a) Paiticie size of friable soi1 (b) Flooding (c) Stoniness (d) Rockiness (e)

Drainage (9) Slope (1)

20-60 <20

F,VF 4-5

2-5 G P,VP

Modiied imm: Holmstmm 1986.

Table 13 Soii suitabiliîy for appies

Degree of suiiabili Soi1 factors I S Y h i ) Good Fair Poor Unsuitable

ûepth of friable >80 50-80 2060 <20 soii m cm (a) Particle size of 2 3 4 57 0,i 6,8,9 friable soi1 (b) M i n g (c) N - - O,F,VF Stoniness (d) 0-2 3 ' - 4-5 Rockiness (el O 1 - 2-5

SloPe (f) A,B,C,D E F G Drainage (9) W MW,R I P,VP

Wiied from: Michalica 1983. Webster, O. Kenhrille Research Centre, Agriculture and Agn-Food Canada, Kenhrille, N.S. personal comm.

Table 14 Soi1 soitabiliiy for spnng cereals

Soil factors (SYmbOll

ûegree of suitabiiiîy

N O F 0-1 2 3 O 1 A,B,C D E W,MW I,R P

-

VF 4-5 2 4

F,G VP

piied from: Holmstrom 1986. Downgrade one dass if drainage is imperfed.

33

Page 38: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

Table 15 Soi1 suitability for winter cereals

Degree of suitability

Good Fair Poor Unsuitable

Depih of friable soi1 in cm (a) Particle size of friable soi1 (b) flooding (c) Stoniness (d) Rockiness (e) Slope (f) Drainage (9)

>50 - 2060 <20

5

O 2

0,1 8,9 67 F VF 3 4-5 - 1

A,B,D E I P

2-5 F,G VP

Modified lrorn: Holmstrom 1986.

Table 16 Soi1 suitability for corn

Degree of suitabiliiy

Good Fair Poor Unsuitable

Depth of friable soi1 m cm (a) Paiticle size of friable soi1 (b) flooding (c) Stoniness (d) Rockiness (e)

Slope (1) DAmge (9)

>50 2040 - <20

23 (0,V’ 5,6,7 8,9

N O F VF 0-1 2 3 4-5 O 1 - 2-5 A,B C D ES,G W,MW I,R P VP

4

viied irom: Wang and Rees 1983. Downgrade one dass ii drainage is irnperfed.

Table 17 Soi1 suitabiliiy for forage

ûegree of suitabdify

Good Fair Poor Unsuitable

Depth of hiable soi1 in an (a) Partide size of friable soi1 (b) F i d i n g (c) Stoniness (d) Rockiness (e)

slope (fl Drainage (9)

234 0.1 6,s 9

N ,O F - VF 0-2 3 - 4-6 O 1 - 2-5 A,B,C,D E F G W,W I,R P VP

5.7

Modifi lm: MacMillan 1987.

34

Page 39: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

Table 18 Soi1 suitability for vegetables’

Degree of suiiabiliîy

Good Fair Poor Unsuiiable

ûepîh of friable >50 20-50 - <20

Particle size ot 2,43 (0,V2 6,7 8,9 friable soi1 (b) 3

Stoniness (d) 0-1 2 3 4-5 Rockiness (e) O 1 - 2 4

siope (fl AIR C D ES,G Drainage (9) R,W,MW I P VP

soi1 in cm (a)

Fiooding (c) N O F VF

pf ied from: Wang and Rws 1983. kngation is assumed. Dwngrade one dass if diainage is impeded.

Ratings 2.

The interpretations in Table 20 were output from dBase IV computer programs which followed the guidelines in Tables 12 to 18. Steps in the process were as follows:

1. A list of soil map unit names was produced from the map.

3.

For each map unit, the attribute values for the soil, and landscape features were entered. The soil attributes are shown in Table 19; land- scape attributes are embedded in the map unit symbol (Fig. 7).

The appropriate program was run against the map units to produce crop ratings.

35

Page 40: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

Table 19 Soi1 attributes used for computing interpreîations

Soi1 Potential Drainage Flooding Modeof PSCCOde, symbol rooting class code2 dqo- lowersoil

depth(cm) code' sition3 mate ria^^ ACA-F ACA CBR CGN-F CGN CHW DRT22 DRT52 DRT82 FUH22 FUH52 GNH52 KSV22 MSW52 MSW53

OSW52 OSW53 PGW22 PGW52 PGW82 QUE22 QUE23 QUE52 QUE53 TU052

90 90 90 90 90 90 40 60 90 40 60 90 40 60 60 90 90 40 60 90 40 40

-60 60 90

I I

W P P P I I l

M w Mw

P P P P I I

Mw W W

1 I I I

W

N N O N N

VF N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N

MARI MARI FLUV MARI MARI FLUV TILL TILL TILL TILL TILL GLFL TILL TILL TILL GLFL GLFL TILL TILL TILL TILL TILL TILL TILL GLFL

O O 2 O O 2 2 2 2 O O 4 O 2 2 4 4 2 2 2 O O O O 4

' Drainage class cottes are described in "Soit suitabitily for seleded crops." Flooding codes are described in "Soit suitabili for selected aops." Modes oi deposition: MARI = marine; FLUV = fluvial (aliwium); TILL = glaaal till; GLFL= gkciofluviai Partide size classes and codes are liçted in Table 7 and deiined in Appendix 2.

36

Page 41: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

Table 20 Sail map unit interpretations

ACA I A CBR 1%

CGN / A CGN 1% CHW 18 DRT22 I C DRT22 I E DRT52 I C DRT52 I D DRT82 I C ER FUH22 I F FUH52 / C GNH52 I B GNH52 I C HFD53 IC2 HFD53 I D HFD53 /1E2 HFD53 I F HFD53 IF2 KSV22 I B KSV22 I C MSW52 i 0 MSW52 i C MSW53 ID2 NS OSW52 I C OSW53 i B PGW22 I C PGW22 I D PGW52 I C PGW52 I D PGW52 i E PGW82 I E QUE22 18 QUE22 I C QUE22 I D QUE22 I E QUE22 I F QUE23 ID1 QUE52 I C QUE52 I D QUE53 / C I QUE53 / E l SP TU052 /C TU052 / E

CGN-F I B

Soi1 map unit Alfalfa Apples S p m Winter Corn Forage Vegetables CLI Cereak Cereak (Agr.)

ACA-F I B Fg Fg Fc pg pg pg uc Fa Pf G Ff G

Uf G pg Fg Fd Ff Pf Uf Uf pg Fag pg Fg Ffg

Fg

t

G

Fa Faf G Ff Pf Pf Fag Fa Fai Pf Uf Fad G Ff G Pf

G Pf

t

pb pb

fcf pbg w g pbg uc Pa Paf G Ff G

Uf G pg Fg Fd Ff Pf Uf Uf

Pa Pag

pg Fg Px

G

Pa Pa G Ff Pf Pf Pa Pa Pa Paf Uf Pa G Ff G Pf

G Pf

<)

Ffg

t

Pb Pb Fc pbg pbg pbg uc Faf Uf Ff Pf Ff

Uf Ff Pg Ffg Fdf Pf Uf Uf Uf pg Px pg Ffg Pf

Ff Fg Fai Pf Ff Pf Uf Uf Fag Faf Pf U! Uf Pf Ff Pf Ff Uf

Ff Uf

Fb Fb Fc pg pg pg uc Faf Uf Ff Pf Ff

Uf Ff pg Ffg Px Pf Uf Uf Uf pg Px pg Ffg Pf

Ff Fbg Faf Pf Ff Pf Uf Uf Fag Faf Pf Uf Uf Pf Ff Pf Fbf Uf

Ff Uf

3DW 3DW 31 4DW 4DW 4DW 51W 30 4T 2c 3T 2c

5T 2c 5w 3w 2c 3T 4T 5T 5T 5w 4w 5w 3 w 3Tw

2c 3w 3D 3DT 2c 3T 4T 4T 4w 3D 3DT 4T 5T 3DT 2c 3T x 4T

2c 4T

1

Merpretation noi applicable.

37

Page 42: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

REFERENCES

Agriculture Canada. 1986.100 years of agricultural research, the history of the Research Farm, Nappan, Nova Scotia. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada. 87 pp.

Agriculture Canada. 1976. Glossary of terms in soil science. Publ. 1459. Research Branch, Canada Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Ont. 44 pp.

Agriculture Canada Expert Committee on Soil Survey. 1987. The Canadian system of soi1 classification. 2nd ed. Agric. Can. Publ. 1646. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ont. 164 pp.

asphalt pavement structures. Manual Series No. 10. College Park, Md. 238 pp.

Atmospheric Environment Service. 1993. Canadian climate normals 1961-1990. Temperature and precipitation, Atlantic Provinces. Environment Canada.

Atmospheric Environment Service. 1982.

Asphalt hti tute. 1969. Soiis manual for design of

Canadian climate normals 1951-1980. Degree days, Vol. 4, Frost, Vol. 6. Environment Canada.

Brydon, J.E.; Heystek, H. 1958. A mineralogical and chemical study of the dykeland soils of Nova Scotia. Can. J. Soil Sci. 38371-186.

Day, J.H. (ed.). 1983. The Canada soil information system (CanSIS). Manual for describing soils in the field. Expert Committee on Soil Survey. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ont. 97 pp.

Department of the Environment. 1972. The Canada Land inventory. Soil capability classification for agriculture. Rep. No. 2-1965 (reprinted) 16 pp.

atlas. %ils and Crops Branch, Nova Scotia Dept. of Agriculture and Marketing, Truro, NS.

Dzikowski, P. 1984. Nova Scotia agroclimatic

Hall, D.G.M.; Reeve, M.J.; Thomasson, A.J.; Wright, V.F. 1977. Water retention, porosity and density of field soils. Soil survey technical monograph No. 9. Rothamsted Experimental Station. 75 pp.

Holmstrom, D.A. 1986. %ils of the Sussex area of New Brunswick. New Brunswick %il Survey. Rep. No. 10, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ont. 151 pp.

the Annapolis Valley area of Nova Scotia. Rep. No. 22, Nova Scotia Soil Survey. Agriculture Development Branch, Agriculture Canada, Truro, NS. 184 pp. 55 maps.

Keppie, J.D. 1979. Geological map of the province of Nova Scotia. Department of Mmes and Energy, Halifax, N.S. 1 map.

Dykeland land fonning. Engineering Notes, ACAE Pub. No. 29, AGDEX No. 7!52,2 pp.

Loucks, O.L. 1961. A forest classification for the Maritime Provinces. Proc. Nova Scotia h t . Sci. Vol. 25, Part 2.

Experimental Farm. Unpublished report and 2 maps. Tmm, N.S. 9 pp.

MacMillan, J.K. 1987. Soi1 limitations for growing timothy. In Patterson, G.T.; Rees, H.W. (eds.) A compendium of soil survey interpretive guides used in the Atlantic Provinces. Atlantic Advisory Committee on Soi1 Survey. 149 pp.

Mapping Systems Working Group. 1981. A soil mapping system for Canada. Land Resource Research Institute Contribution No. 142, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada. 94 pp.

sampling and methods of analysis. Canada Soil Survey Committee, Canadian Society of %il Science, Ottawa, Ont. 212 pp.

Holmstrom, DA.; Thompson B.L. 1989. %ils of

Kolstee, H.; Collette, L.; Cochrane, L. 1993.

MacDougall, J.I. 1964. Soil Survey of Nappan

McKeague, JA., (ed.) 1978. Manual on soil

39

Page 43: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

Michalica, K. 1983. %il suitability for apple orchards. In Patterson, G.T.; Rees, H.W. (eds.) A compendium of soil survey interpretive guides used in the Atlantic Provinces. Atlantic Advisory Committee on %il Survey. 149 pp.

Nowland, J.L.; MacDougall, J.I. 1973. Soils of Cumberland County, Nova Scotia Rep. No. 17, Nova Scotia Soil Survey, Canada Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Ont. 133 pp.

Patterson, G.T.; Thompson, B.L. 1989. Soils of the Northumberland Shore area of Nova Scotia. Rep. No. 24, Nova Scotia Soi1 Survey. Agriculture Development Branch, Agriculture Canada, Truro, N.S. 98 pp. 21 maps.

H.W. 1993. Soi1 properties associated with formation of barren areas on formed dykelands cropped to forage. Can. J. Soi1 Sci.

Rodd, A.V.; McRae, K.B.; Harnish, J.B.; Kolstee,

73~527-538.

Roland, A.E. 1982. Geological Background and Physiography of Nova Scotia. Nova Scotia institute of Science. Ford Publishing Co., Halifax, N.S. 311 pp.

Ross, G.J.; Ivarson, K.C. 1981. The occurrence of basic ferric sulfate in çome Canadian soils. Can. J. Soi1 Sci. 619-107.

Thomasson, A.J. (ed.) 1975. Soils and field drainage. Soil survey technical monograph No. 7. Rothamsted Experimental Station.

Wang, C. 1982. Application of transect method to

80 PP.

soil survey problems. Land Resource Research Institute, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ont.

Wang, C.; Rees, H.W. 1983. Soils of the Rogersville-Richibucto Region of New Brunswick. Nmth report of the New Brunswick Soil Survey. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada and New Brunswick Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Fredericton, N.B. 239 pp.

Webb, K.T.; Duff, J.P.; Langille, D.R. 1989. Soils of the Cobequid Shore area of Nova Scotia. Rep. No. 23, Nova Scotia %il Survey. Agriculture Development Branch, Agriculture Canada, Truro, N.S. 127 pp. 46 maps.

Wischmeier, W.H.; Smith, D.D. 1978. Predicting rainfall eroçion losses - a guide to conservation planning. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook No. 537.

40

Page 44: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

APPENDICES

APPENDIX 1. PROFILE DESCRIPTIONS AND ANALYSES

Profile descriptions and analyses are given for each of the following: Table 1-1 Poorly drained ACADIA SOIL Table 1-2 Imperfectly drained ACADIA SOIL Table 1-3 Imperfectly drained DEBERT 22 SOIL Table 1-4 Imperfectly drained DEBERT 82 SOIL Table 1-5 Poorly drained GLENHOLME 52 SOIL Table 7-6 Well drained HANSFORD 53 SOIL Table 1-7 Poorly drained KINGSVILLE 22 SOL Table 1-8 Moderately well drained PUGWASH 52 SOIL Table 1-9 Moderately well drained PUGWASH 52 SOIL Table 1-10 lmperfectly drained QUEENS 22 SOIL Table 1-11 Imperfectly drained QUEENS 22 SOIL Table 1-12 Imperfectly drained QUEENS 22 SOIL Table 1-13 Imperfectly drained QUEENS 22 SOIL

Graphic presentation of profile data The relationships between soi1 air, soil water, and the solid matter derived from the water retention measuremenis of individual horizons is combined and presented in graphic form for complete profiles in Figures 1-1 to 1-12 (Hall et al. 197'7). The horizontal axis is divided into unavailable water, available water (at stated tensions), air capacity, and soil solids, al1 on a percent volume basis. The vertical axis represents depth below the soil surface. Mean results are plotted as vertical lines, approximately 8 cm long, to represent the cored mil samples for each sampled depth. These vertical sample lines correspond with the same depths used to display the particle size distribution on the adjacent graph. The lines for each sampling depth are connected by an oblique line added solely for diagrammatic clarity and have no analytical basis.

Profile diagrams are given for each of the following: Figure 1-1 Water retention and particle size data for Acadia soil profile 85-05 Figure 1-2 Water retention and particle size data for Acadia soil profile 85-06 Figure 1-3 Water retention and particle size data for Debert 22 soil profile 85-10 Figure 1-4 Water retention and particle size data for Debert 82 soil profile 85-13 Figure 1-5 Water retention and particle size data for Glenholme 52 soil profile 85-14 Figure 1-6 Water retention and particle size data for KingSville soil profile 85-16 Figure 1-7 Water retention and particle size data for Pugwash 52 soil profile 8511 Figure 1-8 Water retention and particle size data for Pugwash 52 soi1 profile 85-15 Figure 1-9 Water retention and particle size data for Queens 22 soi1 profile 85-03 Figure 1-10 Water retention and particle size data for Queens 22 soi1 profile 85-04 Figure 1-11 Water retention and particle size data for Queens 22 soi1 profile 85-08 Figure 1-12 Water retention and partide size data for Queens 22 soi1 profile 85-09

41

Page 45: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

Proportion of water, air, and solids (% Volume)

Horizons

Particle size distribution (% WeigM)

- . iaoie 5.5 Pooriy drainai A C A ü i Sûïi iACAj

Site: 85-05 Location: N5,068,820 E324,190 - NAD27; notîheast corner of field M-27

Soi1 moisture and drainage: aquic; pooily drained; slowly permeable; ponded n i n ~ f f

Parent materiil: extremely to strongly acid, fine siily to fine clayey, manne

Stoniness: nonstony Rockiness: nonrocky Slope: û%; Aspect level Land use: forage Soi1 classification: Rego Glepol

N Horizon DeIlth (cm)

ïig. 1-1 Water retention and particle size for a poorly drained Acadia soi1 profile (85-05)

Description

cg3

cg4

cg5

0-1 8 Brown (10YR 4/3 m); silt loam; many, medium, prominent, yellowish red (5YR 415 m) mottles; moderate, medium to coarse, subangular blocky breaking to moderate, fine, granular; friable; plentiful, fine and very fme, vertical, inped and exped roots; clear, smooth boundary; 17-19 cm thick; very strongly acid.

Brown (IOYR 5/3 m); silt loam; common, coarse, prominent, reddish brown (SYR 4/4 m) mottles; weak, coarse, angular blocky breaking to weak, fine to medium, angular blocky; firm; few, very fine, vertical, inped and exped rods; broken, clear boundary; 0-9 cm thick; strongly acid.

Dark reddish brown (5YR 314 m); silîy Clay barn; many, fine and medium, prominent, dark red (2.5YR 316 m) mottles; moderate, very coarse, prkmatic breaking to weak, coarse, angular blocky; firm; plentiful, very fine, vertical, exped roots; clear, s m t h boundary; 10-22 cm thick; strongly acid.

Gray (5Y 511 m); siity Clay loam; many, coarse, prominent, dark red (2.5YR 316 m) moltles; moderate, medium to coarse, subangular Mocky; friable; few, very fine, vettical, exped roots; smooth, gradua1 boundary; 18-22 cm thiik; extremely acid.

Gray (5Y 511 m); silty Clay loam; common, coarse, prominent, strong brown (7.5YR 316 m) mottles; many, medium and coarse, prominent, yellow (2.5Y 8/6 m) sulfur miîles; structureless, massive; slightly sticky, plastic; very few, very fine, vertical roots; smodh, abrupt boundary; 17-24 cm thick; extremely acid, weakly saline.

Very dark gray (5Y 311 m); silly cîay loam; stnictureless, massive; nonsticky, nonplastic; smooth, abrupt boundary; 12-16 un thick; extremely acid; strongly saline.

Gray (5Y 511 m); silty Clay loam; siructureiess, massive; sticky, plastic; exbemely a d ; weakly saline.

18-23

23-48

48-70

7 0 4 4

94-109

109-120

Page 46: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

Table 1-1 Poorly drained ACADIA SOlL (ACA) (cunfinued)

ANALYSES Horizon Depth pH Organic Total Availabie Pyrophosphate Exchangeable cations (cmokg soil)

(m) (CaCh) C N P Y. Base (“A) (“/O) (PSkJ) Y. Fe % A l Ca M g K AI CEC saiuration

G

0-1 8 4.8 1.50 0.15 5.0 - - 4.24 4.27 0.36 0.00 8.87 100 Aw2 18-23 5.3 0.60 0.10 3.0 - - 3.58 5.26 0.29 0.00 9.13 100 Aw1

100 48-70 3.8 1.53 0.16 8.2 - - 1.58 3.41 0.54 4.56 10.09 58 70-94 3.5 1.06 0.12 20.2 - - f.20 2.95 0.45 4.84 9.44 49

cg2

94-109 2.8 8.64 0.79 26.5 - - 3.46 7.64 0.54 25.30 36.94 32 w cg5 109-120 3.4 1.24 0.18 10.0 - - 3.99 10.19 1.37 2.39 17.94 87 c94

0.00 12.33 c91 23-48 5.4 0.92 0.11 5.0 0.16 0.04 3.85 7.97 0.51

Horizon Particle size distribution i%) Moisture retention (Yo volume) Total (-kW

vcs cs MS FS VFS sand Silt Clay O 1 6 10 33 1500 0.8 0.6 0.5 1.3 11.1 14.2 62.0 23.9 43.4 42.3 40.4 39.3 38.6 20.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.5 6.5 7.6 69.4 23.1 - - - - - 3.2 61.8 35.0 44.9 43.8 42.3 41.5 38.3 30.1 - - - - - 1.1 60.6 38.3 56.6 56.0 53.1 51.2 48.6 27.6 - - - - - 7.2 62.7 30.1 56.1 55.1 52.3 50.9 48.1 23.8 - - - - - 4.0 64.2 31.8 76.1 74.3 72.5 70.6 67.4 15.8 - - - - - 2.0 58.4 39.5 56.9 55.8 54.2 53.4 51.3 29.0

- - - - - - Apgl Apg2 cgl cg2 cg3 c94 cg5

Electrical Horizon Bulk Hydraulic Y. passing sieve Atterberg limits Classification USLE densig conductiviiy K conductiviîy (Mglm 1 ( c d ) No. 4 No. 10 No. 40 No. 200 Liquid Plastic Unified AASHO factor (dSlm)

1.49 0.2 100.0 100.0 99.7 97.9 37 24 CL-ML Ai3 0.48 0.6 - - - - - - - - - - 0.57 0.6 1.46 1.6 100.0 100.0 99.7 99.5 40 27 ML A-6 0.44 1.1

- - - - - - 0.36 2.0 cg2 1.11 2.7 1.11 5.2 100.0 100.0 97.9 96.0 45 31 ML A-7 O.# 3.9

- - - - 207.0 0.47 17.4 5.7

Apgl Apg2 cg1

cg3 w cg5 1 .O9 2.8 100.0 100.0 99.8 98.3 46 29 ML A-7 0.34

- -

- - - - -

Page 47: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

Proporîion of water, air, and solids (40 Volume)

Patiicfe size disiribulion (96 WeigM)

TaMe 1-2 Impetfectly drained ACADlA SOlL (ACA)

Site: 85-06 Location: N5,069,850 E324,450 - NAD27; west end of field H-3

Sail mokture and drainage: siibaquic; imperfectly drained; slciwiy permeable; ponded runoif

Parent materiil: medium to strongly acid, fine siky, marine Stoniness: nonstony Rockiness: nomocky

Land use: Pasture Soi1 classification: Gleyed Regosol

Sl~pe: 0%; Asped: levd

Horizons O 20 40 60 80 100 O 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 1 0 0

. . . O

10

CSP Clay Slk Sand

Flg.l-2 Water 20 al -8 kPa

Avaihüe watet

reteniion and particle 30 size for an imperfedly drained Acadia soi profile (85-06)

Sollds 70

80 Toiai pore Tece

90

cs . . '. . I I

100 . . . 110 1 9 0 23 8 8 -Pa

120

Description

LFH

ml1 4 4

0-4

Dark reddish brown (5YR W2.5 d); grass litter; abundant, very fine, random rwts; abrupt, smwih boundaty; 3-4 cm thick; sbongly acid.

Brown (7.5YR 414 d); very fine sandy loam; common, coarse, distinct, yellowish red (5YR 416 d) mottles; weak, fine Io medium, granular; soft; plentiful, very fine, random, inped and exped ra ts ; wavy, clear boundary; 2-5 cm thick; exbemely acid.

Reddish brown (5YR 4.514 d); silîy Clay loam; common, fine, distinct, dark reddish brown (5YR 312 d) mottleç; strong, very coarse, prismatic breaking Io weak, coarse, anguiar blocky; very hard; plentiful, very fine, vettical, exped rwts; wavy, diffuse bwndary; 30-36 cm ihick; strongly acid.

Reddish brown (5YR 4/4 d); silt loam; many, medium and coarse, distind, dark brown (7.5YR 3'4 d) mottles; moderate, medium Io coarse, angular blocky breaking Io weak, fine, angular bbcky; friable; few, very fine, vertical, exped roots; smooth, clear boundary; 4WiO cm thick; medium acid.

Dark brown (7.5YR 4/4 m); silt loam; many, coarse, prominent, dark reddish brown (2.5YR 314 m) motties; weak, rime to medium, piaty; friable, nonplastic; strongiy acid.

4-40 @il

@i2 4@40

90-110 cs

Page 48: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

Table 1-2 lmpetfectly drained ACADIA SOlL (ACA) (wnfinued)

ANALYSES Horizon Depih pH Organic Total Availabia Pyrophosphate Exchangeable cations (cmoVkg soil)

(cm) (CaCh) C N P Y. Base (“70) (%O) (Iislg) Y. Fe %Al Ca M g K AI CEC sahiration

~ ~ ~~ ~

LFH do 5.3 18.26 1.48 120.0 - - 3.67 7.40 3.36 0.00 14.43 100 Ahsi 0-4 3.9 1.36 0.13 66.0 0.15 0.04 1.12 1.03 0.13 0.83 3.1 1 73 Csil 440 5.1 0.59 0.09 5.5 - - 2.98 7.48 0.64 0.00 11.10 100

4m 5.6 0.32 0.03 6.0 - - 1.79 5.26 0.95 0.00 8.00 100 cs 90-1 10 5.5 0.24 0.02 9.5 - - 1.34 3.41 0.94 0.00 5.69 100 cSi2

Horizon Moishire retenh n (Y volume! Particle size distribution (%) Total I-kPa) . .

vcs cs MS FS VFS sand Silt Clay O 1 6 10 33 1500 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - LFH

Ahsi 0.8 0.7 0.7 2.2 54.5 59.0 36.5 4.5 Qi1 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.4 3.8 5.4 64.0 30.6 45.0 43.7 41.9 40.0 35.1 23.9 wi 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.5 14.4 15.5 62.2 22.3 45.8 44.3 42.3 39.5 36.7 21.0 cs 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 32.7 33.3 53.0 13.6 47.5 45.2 43.3 40.6 37.0 14.0

- - - - - - u;

Horizon Bulk densig (Mglm 1

LFH - Ahsi Csil 1.54

- CsP 1.48 Ca 1.43

Hydrauiii conductivity

( c d )

- 0.0 1 .O 0.2

% passing sieve Attetberg limits

No. 4 No. 10 No. 40 No. 200 Liauid Plastic

Classification USLE

Untied AASHO factor K

Electrical wnductivii (dSlm)

- - - - - - 100.0 100.0 99.7 99.1 34 28 100.0 100.0 99.2 98.0 27 25 100.0 100.0 99.4 89.8 27 ‘NP

- - - - - 0.71

ML A 4 0.50 ML A 4 0.64 ML A 4 0.74

- 0.39 O. 72 1.27 2.30

’ NP - nonplastic

Page 49: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

UIS

I

16

Plie

ooc O8 os OP 02 O l

Page 50: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

Table 1-3 lmpetfectly drained DEBERT 22 SOlL (DRT22) (mnünu@

ANALYSES

Horizon Depth pH Organic Total Available Pyrophosphate Exchangeable cations (cmokg soil) (un) (Cacb) C N P % Base

(%) (%) bdg) %Fe %AI Ca h n s K AI CEC saturation

Apsi &18 5.2 4.85 0.22 128.0 - - 4.94 1.15 0.66 0.00 6.75 100 Bfcjgj 18-29 5.6 0.06 0.06 7.0 0.28 0.47 3.61 0.90 0.33 0.00 4.84 100 Wgi 2!b60 4.1 0.00 0.00 36.0 0.02 0.04 1.95 f . f l 0.16 1.11 4.33 74 mi 60-82 4.6 0.00 0.00 16.0 0.02 0.02 3.55 1.32 0.14 0.11 5.12 98 Csi 82-1 00 5.0 0.00 0.00 14.4 - - 3.98 1.07 0.12 1.12 6.29 82

Horizon Particle size distn%ution (%) Total

vcs CS MS FS VFS sand Silt Clay Apsi 3.7 6.5 13.8 24.0 14.7 62.7 27.6 9.7 Bfcjgj 3.3 5.0 11.7 24.6 15.2 59.9 34.7 5.5 Btisi 2.0 5.9 13.9 21.8 12.2 55.7 26.1 18.1 Btgi 1.8 5.7 14.1 23.1 11.7 56.4 26.6 17.0 Cai 2.4 5.7 14.4 23.2 13.9 59.6 26.4 13.9

Moisture retention 1% volumei (-kPa)

O 1 6 10 33 1500 39.7 37.7 27.8 27.7 25.1 10.4

38.4 36.9 26.8 24.6 21.9 14.6 32.1 30.6 26.7 24.3 21.4 15.8 33.5 32.3 28.8 24.5 16.4 11.9

- - - - - -

Horizon Bulk Hydraulii ?4 passing sieve Atteherg limits Classification USLE

( W m 1 (CM) No.4 No. f O No. 40 No. 200 Liquid Plastic Unified AASHO factor

1 A3 8.0 99.7 97.3 87.3 43.3 26 NP SM A-4 0.14 - - 0.47

1.85 1.5 100.0 99.2 91.1 48.3 20 14 SM A-4 0.44 - - 0.44

Csi 1 .81 0.5 97.3 96.1 88.3 44.5 17 NP SM A-4 0.45

density conductiviiy K

- - - - - - - - Apsi

Btisi Btgi 1.93 0.2

Bfcjgj

- - - - - -

Page 51: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

Table 1-4 lmpedectly drained DEBERT 82 SOlL (DRT82)

Site: 85-13 Location: N5,068,940 E325,OOO - NAD27; middle of field C-4

Soi1 moisture and drainage: siibaquic; imperfectiy drained sbwly permeable; moderate runoff

Parent material: extremeiy acid, warse loamy, water w k e d till

Stoniness: nonstony Rockiness: nomocky Slope: 5%; Aspect: north Land use: pashm Soi1 classification: Gkyed Ehviated Sombrii Bniniçol

Flg.1-4 Water retention and particle size for an imperfectly drained Debert 82 soi1 profile (85-1 3)

Proportion of water. air. and solids (% Volume)

Pariicle size distribution (% Weight)

Horizons O 2 Q 4 0 6 0 8 0 1 0 0 O 20 40 60 80 100

I " 10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Avanabh watw

I I II Sand

Horizon OePh (cm) Description

0-30 Dark brown (7.5YR 3.514 m); sandy loam; few, medium, distinct, dark reddish brown (5YR 314 m) mottles; moderate, coarse, angular blocky breaking to moderate, fine, subangular blocky; very friable, nonplastic; plentiful, very fine, random, i n p d and exped roots; smooth, clear boundary; 28-31 cm thick; very strongiy acid.

Apgi

Aeg 30-40 Yellowish brown (10YR 45'4 m); sandy loam; many, coarse, prominent, strong brown (7.5YR 518 m) moffles; weak, fine to medium, subangular blocky; friable; few, very fine, random, mped and exped mots; smwth, clear boundary; 5-16 cm thick; very strongly acid.

Bmsi 40-67 Dark reddish brown (5YR 314 m); sandy loam; few, coarse, distinct, yelbwish red (5YR 416 m) moffles; weak, coarse, subangular blocky breaking to weak, fine to medium, subangular blocky; friable, nonphStic; few, very fine, random, in@ and e@ roots; wavy, clear boundary; 9-17 cm thick; very strongly acid.

ecsi 57-83 Dark red (2.5 YR 316 m); loamy Sand; few, coarse, distinct, yelbwish red (5YR 4/6 m) mottles; weak, very coarse, platy; friable, nonplastic; very few, fine, veit'cal, inped and exped roots; smwth, abrupt boundary; 26-30 cm thick; very sbongly acid.

Csi 83-100 Reddish brown (5YR 4/5 m); sandy loam; kw, medium, faint, yellowish red (5YR 416 m) moitles; structureless, massive; ki&le, nonplastic; extremely acid.

Page 52: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

Table 1-4 lmperfectly drained DEBERT 82 SûlL (DRT82) (conrinued)

ANALYSES Horizon Depth pH Organic Total Avaiiable Pyrophosphate Exchangeable cations (cmovkg soil)

(cm) (CaCh) C N P % Base (%) (%) (Pglg) %Fe %AI Ca Mg K AI CEC saturation

030 4.6 1.40 0.13 61.5 - - 3.56 0.66 0.13 0.22 4.57 95 Aeg 30-40 4.6 0.45 0.06 9.0 - - 3.19 0.62 0.44 0.22 4.47 95 Apgj

Bmsi 40-57 4.8 0.34 0.04 19.7 0.18 0.09 2.35 0.45 0.25 0.22 3.27 93 57-83 4.6 0.30 0.02 15.0 0.16 0.15 1.25 0.16 0.17 0.11 1.69 93

Csi 83-100 4.2 0.07 0.00 21.4 - - 1.50 0.45 0.15 0.50 2.60 81 Wi

Horizon Particle size distribuiion (%) Moisture retenb 'on f%volume) Total (-kPa) . .

VCS CS Ms FS VFS sand Si! Clay O 1 6 10 33 1500 1.2 3.9 12.2 31.2 18.5 67.0 24.2 8.8 44.0 41.9 36.0 28.4 23.7 10.9

Aeg 0.9 4.2 11.0 23.4 27.8 67.3 19.6 13.1 omsi 1.4 7.3 13.8 23.1 19.3 64.9 26.9 8.2 39.8 38.1 32.6 25.5 19.1 8.6 BCgi 2.9 23.0 34.8 13.8 4.2 78.6 15.4 6.0 42.1 40.5 30.1 21.6 18.4 8.8 Csi 0.1 0.4 2.1 2.1 32.6 58.2 36.3 5.5 44.0 42.6 40.0 36.3 24.2 8.8

- - - - - - \O Apgi

Horizon Bulk density (Wm 1

&si 1.43

BmSj 1.52

Cai 1.62

- Aeg

Bcgi 1.45

Hydrauiii conductivify

fcm/h)

Y. passing sieve Attehrg limits Classification

No. 4 No. 10 No. 40 No. 200 Liauid Plastic Unified AASHO

USLE K

factor

61.9

5.2 23.2 0.3

- 99.9 99.3 94.6 40.8 24 NP SM A 4

100.0 99.2 91.2 43.0 19 NP SM A 4 100.0 100.0 76.4 19.5 27 NP SM A-2-4 100.0 100.0 98.7 59.2 19 NP ML A 4

- - - - - - - - 0.44 0.52 0.51 0.40 0.78

Page 53: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

Proporîion of water, air, and sollds (% Volume)

Particle size distribution (% Weight)

Horizons O 20 40 W 8 0 1 0 0 O 20 40 60 80 100

Table 1-5 Poorly drained GLENHOLME 52 SOlL (GNH52)

Site: 85-14 Location: N5,069,010 E324,W - NAD27; northwest comer of field C-4

Soi1 mature and drainage: aquic; pooriy drained; siowly permeable; very slow runoff

Parent material: very sbongly acid, sandy, fluvial sediments

Stoniness: nonstony Rackiness: nomocky Slope: 1%; Asped. notih Land use: pasiure Çoil dassifiition: orthk Gleysol

Fîg.1-5 Water retention and particle size for a poorly drained Glenholme 52 son profile (85-14)

Horizon

. S I

Description

0-1 9 Dark reddish bmwn (5YR 314 m); sandy loam; many, fine, prominent, red (2.5YR 4B m) mottles; moderate, fine, subangular blocky breaking to weak, fine, granular; friable, nonplastic; plentiful, very fine, random, exped rwts; smwth, clear boundary; 18-21 cm thck; very strongly acid.

Brown (7.5YR 414 m); sandy loam; many, medium, prominent, red (2.5YR 418 m) mottles; weak, coarse, platy breaking to very weak, medium, subangular Mocky; friable, nonplastic; abundant, very fine, vertical, inped and expd roots; wavy, clear boundary; 14-20 cm thick; very sfrongly acid.

Dark brown (10YR 3i3 m); sandy loam; many, medium, prominent, yellowish red (5YR 416 m) motties; weak, medium, subangular blocky breaking to very weak, fine, subangular bbcky; friable; few, very fine, random, expd roats; wavy, abrupt boundary; 4-17 cm thick; very sbongly acid.

Dark yellowish brown (10YR 414 m); sandy loam; many, medium, prominent, yelbwish red (5YR 518 m) mottles; weak, medium, platy breaking to very weak, fine, plaiy; friable, nonplastic; very few, very fine, random, expd rods; wavy, clear boundary; 7-18 cm thick; very strongly acid.

Light die brown (2.5Y 514 m); loam; many, coarse, promment, brownish yellow (1ûYR 618 m) mottles; moderate, coarse, angular blocky breaking to moderate, fine, angular Mocky; friable; smooth, clear boundary; 3-10 cm thick; very sbongly acid.

Brown (7.5YR 414 m); fine sand; structureles, single grain; very kiable, nonplastic; very sbongly acid.

pw

891

892

scg

cs IIC

1 4 3 7

37-46

46-64

64-74

74-1 O0

Page 54: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

Table 1-5 Pooriy drained GLENHOLME 52 SOlL (GNH52) (confinued)

ANALYSES

pH Organk Total Available Pyrophosphate Exchangeable cations (cmoükg soil) P % Base

Horizon bpth (cm) (CaCh) c N

(%) (%) (cldg) %Fe %Al Ca Mg K AI CEC saturation

Apg 0-1 9 5.0 1.87 0.17 14.5 - - 5.42 0.41 0.20 0.11 6.14 98 891 1937 4.7 1.79 0.15 9.8 0.26 0.13 6.58 0.41 0.10 0.22 7.31 97 892 37-46 4.8 1.90 0.11 7.5 0.15 0.14 3.42 0.66 0.13 0.17 4.38 96

46-64 4.6 0.47 0.03 2.4 0.06 0.04 3.01 0.70 0.12 0.39 4.22 91 64-74 5.0 0.30 0.04 11.2 - - 3.53 0.95 0.19 0.22 4.89 96

B c s

IIC 74-1 O0 5.0 0.11 0.00 10.0 - - 0.95 0.25 0.11 0.17 1.48 89 cs

Horizon Particle size distn%utiin (%) Total

vcs cs MS FS VFS sand Silt Clay 3.2 7.3 12.6 26.3 15.8 65.1 24.4 10.5 0.6 2.4 5.4 34.2 22.8 65.4 23.8 10.8 0.3 0.4 1.1 32.6 28.1 62.6 26.4 11.0 0.2 0.4 0.5 32.0 34.0 67.1 21.8 11.1 0.2 0.5 1.1 13.7 29.6 45.1 36.2 18.7 0.6 2.9 11.6 47.4 26.0 88.6 9.1 2.3

Moisture retention (% volume) (-kPa)

O 1 6 10 33 1500 43.6 42.2 35.3 30.9 28.0 12.7 47.0 45.7 43.0 42.7 33.4 10.8

40.4 38.8 35.9 31.5 22.5 11.8 41.2 39.1 36.1 34.2 29.3 22.5 42.4 40.9 37.7 27.6 10.6 2.9

- - - - - -

Horizon Bulk Hydraulic % passing sieve Atleteitierg limits Classification USLE

( W m 1 ( c d ) No. 4 No. 10 No. 40 No. 200 Liquid Plastic Unified AASHO factor

Apg 1.51 4.3 98.8 97.9 87.3 36.3 31 NP SM A 4 0.32 1.34 6.0 100.0 99.9 97.0 43.6 27 NP SM A-4 0.44

- 0.50 1.56 0.8 100.0 100.0 99.7 45.5 19 NP SM A 4 0.59

- - 0.69

densi$ wnduclivily K

- - - - - - - - - Ml 892 Bcg cs 9.66 0.2 - - - - - - IIC 1.51 5.5 99.9 99.8 96.6 19.5 28 NP SM A-2-4 0.49

Page 55: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

Table 16 Weil drained HANSFORD 53 SOlL (HFD53)

Site: 85-07 Location: N5,068,280 E325,210 - NAD27; field P-9 Soi1 moisture and drainage: humid; weii drained; moderately permeable; slow runoff Parent material: extremely acid, coarse loamy-gravelly, till of sandstone lithology Stoniness: nonstony Rockines: nonrocky Slope: 1%; Aspect: east Land use: pashm Soi1 classifiiation: Otihic HurnoFemc Podzd

Horizon Deph (cm1 Description

0-20 Dark brown (7.5YR 3/4 m); sandy ioam; moderate, medium Io coarse, subangular blocky breaking to moderate, very fine to fme, granular; friable, nonplastic; plentiful, very fine and fine, vertical, inped and expsd roots; wavy, clear boundary; 20-27 cm thick; sbongly acid.

Strong brown (7.5YR 4/6 m); sandy loam; moderate, fine to medium, subangular blocky breaking to moderate, very fine to fine, granular; very friable, nonplastic; plentiful, very fine and fine, veitical, inped and exped roots; wavy, clear boundary; 6-14 cm îhick; very strongly acid.

Dark reddish brown (5YR 314 m); gravdly loam; moderate, fine to medium, subanguiar blocky breaking to moderate, fine, subangular blocky; fim, nonplastic; few, very fine and fine, random, exped roots; wavy, diffuse boundaiy; 29-48 cm thick; extremely acid.

Dark reddish brown (2.5YR 314 m); gravelly loam; very weak, coarse, subangular blocky breaking to very weak, medium, subangular blocky; firm, nonplastic; very few, fine, random, exped roots; exbemely acid.

4

Bf 20-32

BC

C

32-70

70-1 O0

Page 56: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

Table 16 Wel drained HANSFORD 53 SOlL (HFD53) (confinu@

ANALYSES

Horizon b p t h pH Organic Total Availabb Pyrophosphate Exchangeable cations (crnoükg soil) N P % Base (cm) (CaCi2) C

(“A) (?/O) (PSM %Fe %AI Ca M g K AI CEC saturation

Ap &20 5.5 2.12 0.16 112.0 - - 5.74 2.47 0.12 0.05 8.39 99 Bf 2032 5.0 1.26 0.10 360.0 0.54 0.43 1.36 1.36 0.08 0.11 2.91 96 Bc 32-70 4.3 0.19 0.02 37.0 0.05 0.15 1.25 0.95 0.15 1.33 3.68 64 C 70-1 O0 4.2 0.12 0.01 41 .O - - 0.91 0.58 0.17 1.73 3.39 49

Horizon Particle size dstributin (%) Mokture retention (% volume) Total I-kPal . .

vcs cs Ms FS VFS a n d Silt Clay O 1 6 10 33 1500 4.2 6.2 9.7 21.3 15.8 57.2 32.6 10.2 50.9 48.3 40.1 33.8 32.1 12.5

- - - - - Ap m 5.6 7.8 11.5 22.0 16.5 63.4 30.4 6.2 - Bc 2.3 3.8 11.3 14.3 9.3 40.9 44.7 14.4 - - - - - - C 2.0 4.0 13.6 16.7 9.6 46.0 41.7 12.3 - - - - - -

w

Horizon Bulk Hydraulic % passing sieve Atterberg lirnits Classification USLE

iWm i (mh) No. 4 No. 10 No. 40 No. 200 Liquid Plastic Unified AASHO factor densi9 conductivity K

1.22 20.7 99.5 97.3 85.4 44.0 35 NP SM A 4 0.24 - - 97.7 94.0 81.2 36.7 30 NP SM A 4 0.29 Bc - - 75.6 62.3 46.1 25.5 20 NP SM A-2-4 0.28 C - - 70.0 58.6 45.5 27.5 22 NP SM A-2-4 0.34

Ap Bf

Page 57: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

Table 1-7 Poorly drained KlNGSVlLLE 22 SûlL (KSV22)

Site: 85-16 Location: N5,068,580 E326,060 - NAD27; notth end of field 8-2

Sail moisture and drainage: aquic; p r l y drained; slwîy permeable; ponded n i n ~ f f

Parent materiil: medium acid, fine loamy till of shale and sandstone liiholcgy

Sbniness: nonstony Rockiness: nonrocky Slope: 1%; Asped: north Land use: Pasture Soi1 dassiiiiaüon: Luvic Gleysol

Flg.1-6 Water 20

retention and particle 30. size for a pooriy drained Kingsville 22 soi1 profile c 50 - (85-16)

1: 80

90

100

110

Proportion of water, air, and çolids (%Volume)

0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 1 l 01 - 1

1°1

Total pore space T P

/Il 1.. : . . . - . 1500’ 33 6 O -kPa

E 8 LU

Descripiion

Particle site distribution (% Weight)

Horizons 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 1 0 0

&l 3 Brown (10YR 413 m); loam; common, fine, faint mottles; moderate, very coarse, subangular blocky breaking to moderate, fine Io medium, subangular blocky; fimi; plentiful, fine, vertical, inped and exped roots; wavy, abrupt boundary; 11-15 cm thick; very strongly acid.

Weak red (2.5YR 5/2 m); sandy loam; common, coarse, prominent, strong brown (7.5YR 4i m) mottles; weak, very fine, platy breaking to weak, fine, subangular blocky; very friable; plentiful, fine, vertical, inped and exped roots; broken, abrupt boundary; 0-4 cm thck; extremeîy acid.

Strong brown (7.5YR 4W m); sandy loam; common, coarse, prominent, yellowish red (5YR 518 m) moîtles; moderate to strong, coarse, prismatic breaking to moderate, coarse, angular blocky; fimi; plentiful, fine, vertical, e p d roots; wavy, gradua1 boundary; 11-17 cm thck; extremeiy acid.

Dark red (2.5YR 316 m); loam; common, fine, distinct, black (5YR 2/1 m) manganese mornes; moderate, coarse, prismatic breaking to moderate, medium to coarse, angular blocky; very firm; few, fine, vertical, exped roots; common, thin Clay films in many voidslchannels and on some vertical and horizontal ped faces; wavy, diffuse boundary; 33-40 cm thick; extremeiy acid.

Dark reddish brown (2.5YR 315 m); loam; common, medium, distinct moîtles; weak, coarse, angular blocky breaking to very weak, medium, angular blocky; very firm; many, thin Clay fiims in many voidslchannels and on some vertical and horizontal ped faces; medium acid.

Apsi

Aeg

Bs

Btgi

13-17

17-28

28-64

csi 64-100

Page 58: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

Table 1-7 Poorly drained KINGSVILLE 22 SOlL (KSV22) (continued)

ANALYSES

Horizon Depth pH Organic Total Available P yrophosphate Exchangeabie cations (cmokg soil) (cm) (CaC4) C N P % Base

(%) (“h) (CiSIs) Y. Fe Y. AI Ca M g K Al CEC saturation

0-1 3 4.8 0.86 0.07 105.5 - - 2.83 0.99 0.35 0.11 4.28 97 Aeg 13-17 4.4 0.33 0.02 13.0 - - 0.99 0.41 0.32 0.50 2.22 77 hi

5 17-28 4.0 0.08 0.01 55.0 0.02 0.06 0.76 0.45 0.28 1.44 2.93 51 B U 28-64 3.9 0.08 0.02 31.0 0.02 0.04 0.98 0.49 0.22 0.94 2.63 64 Csi 64-100 5.6 2.07 0.17 89.0 - - 8.76 2.75 0.23 0.11 11.85 99

Horizon Particle size distriiution W0i Moisîure retention (%volume) Total (+Pa)

VCS cs MS FS VFS sand Silt Clay O 1 6 10 33 1500 0.5 1.3 7.7 15.7 9.2 34.4 40.9 24.7 42.9 41.5 35.4 33.8 31.1 18.6

Aeg 4.7 6.8 14.1 26.2 12.8 64.7 23.7 11.6 5 2.1 6.0 14.7 26.5 13.6 63.0 25.1 11.9 40.8 39.5 34.0 33.6 30.8 24.5 Btgi ’ 0.5 1.3 8.1 16.4 10.3 36.6 36.6 26.9 32.9 31.2 27.6 27.1 25.6 23.9 Csi 2.5 3.3 6.9 15.2 13.2 41.1 35.9 23.0 33.9 32.7 26.9 26.8 24.9 21.2

- - - - - - hi

Horizon Bulk Hydraulii % passing sieve Atterberg limits Classiiication USLE

(Mglm 1 icmh) No. 4 No. 10 No. 40 No. 200 Liquid Plastic Unified AASHO factor

1.48 2.3 99.8 99.5 95.5 65.6 33 30 ML A 4 0.46 - - - 0.45

Apsi

- - - 0.48 Aeg Bg 1.72 0.7 Btgi 1.89 0.0 100.0 99.5 92.5 63.6 27 20 CL-ML A 4 0.50 Cai 1.85 0.0 99.8 98.6 91.4 61.2 22 15 CL-ML A-4 0.38

densiy conductiviiy K

- - - - - - - - - - - -

Page 59: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

Proportion of water, air, and d i d s (40 Volume)

I O

Flg. 1-7 Water 20

retention and particle M. size for a moderately 4 0 0

i ;=

well drained Pugwash 52soilprofile(85-11) g 50 -

80

** 100

Particle size distribution (90 Weight)

P g

Horizons

1‘015M, 33 6 O &Pa

Table 14 Moderaiely weA drained PUGWASH 52 SOlL (PGW52)

Site: 85-1 1 Location: N5,068,72û E325,510 - NAD27; east side of field 8-7 Soi1 mokture and drainage: pehumid; moderately well drained; moderately pemeable; slow runoff

Parent materiil: strongly a&, coarse bamy till of sandstone liîhology

Stonmess: nonstony Rdness: nonrocky

Soi1 clasnikation: Orthk Sombric BNnkOl Sl~pe: 2%; Aspect: West

0,- O 8 0 8 0 1

air

“$a

AvallaMe water

son soll&

Total pore spam

. . . , . *. . . . . . .

Description

1

Apsl

Eml

Em2

BC

C

20 40 60 80 1

Clay 11. Sand

D

0-26 Dark yellowish brown (10YR 3.515 m); sandy loam; few, medium, distinct, strong brown (7.5YR 516 m) mottles; weak, coarçe, angular blocky breaking to weak, medium, angular blocky; friable, nonpiastic; plentiful, very fine and fine, vertical, inped and ex@ rwts; smooth, abrupt boundary; 2 W O cm thick; strongly acid.

Strong brown (7.5YR 416 d); sandy bam; moderate, fine to medium, subangular blocky breaking to moderate, fine, granular; son; plentiful, fine, vertical, expd roots; wavy, gradual boundary; 6-14 cm thick; strongly acid.

Yellowish red (5YR 4/6 d); sandy loam; weak, coarse, platy breaking to weak, fine, platy; soR; few, fine, vertical, exped roots; wavy, diffuse boundary; 2030 cm thick; very strongly acid.

Dark reddish brown (2.5YR 3B m); sandy loam; weak to moderate, coarse, platy breaking to weak, medium, platy; firm; wavy, diffuse boundary; 18-25 cm thick; very strongly acid.

Dark reddish brown (2.5YR 3/4 m); loam; weak, very coarse, piaiy breaking lo very weak, angular blocky; fim, nonplastic; many, thm Clay films on ped faces; strongly acid.

Bml 26-40

Bm2 40-65

BC 65-85

C 85-100

Page 60: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

Table 18 Moderately well drainai PUGWASH 52 SOlL (PGW52) (cwnünued)

ANALYSES

Horizon Deph pH Organic Total Availaôle P yrophosphate Exchangeable cations (cmoVkg soil) (cm) (CaCh) C N P Y0 Base

%Fe %AI Ca Mg K AI CEC saturation (%) (“7) (Pdd

Apsi 0-26 5.5 2.32 0.18 240.0 - - 5.90 1.44 0.51 0.00 7.85 100 Bml 26-40 5.1 1.04 0.06 67.0 0.21 0.36 2.32 0.66 0.33 0.17 3.48 95 Bm2 40-65 4.6 0.12 0.01 25.0 0.02 0.04 1.01 0.70 0.31 0.17 2.19 92 BC 65-85 4.8 0.10 0.02 23.5 0.01 0.02 1.68 0.70 0.26 0.00 2.64 100 C 85-100 5.1 0.05 0.00 14.5 - - 3.78 0.86 0.19 0.06 4.89 99

Horizon Particle size distniution (Yo) Total

vcs cs MS FS VFS sand Silt Clay y Apsi 3.7 7.3 15.7 27.4 14.6 68.7 23.0 8.3

Bml 8.2 9.6 19.2 26.2 11.6 74.8 19.9 5.3 Bm2 3.8 8.1 21.8 30.7 10.5 74.9 17.7 7.3 BC 3.8 8.3 19.5 30.2 12.0 73.8 18.2 8.0 C 1.7 3.9 9.9 19.3 11.7 46.5 40.0 13.5

Moisture retenüon (% volume) (-kW

O 1 6 10 33 1500 47.2 43.2 37.3 34.4 28.8 9.6 - - - - - - - - - - - -

34.1 32.5 27.5 22.4 16.1 6.7 31.5 30.6 27.7 26.3 24.4 13.7

Horizon Bulk Hydraulic % passing sieve Atteherg limits Classification USLE

(Mglm ) ( C d ) No. 4 No. 10 No. 40 No. 200 Liquid Plastii Unlied AASHO factor

1.36 14.4 98.5 94.6 85.7 36.8 27 NP SM A-4 0.34 - - - 0.36

Ml Bml Bm2 - - 96.2 92.9 81.3 26.9 16 NP SM A-2-4 0.47

- - - 0.50 BC 1.60 4.1 C 1.84 0.5 99.6 98.8 92.9 58.8 18 NP ML A-4 0.54

densi$ conductiviiy K

- - - - - - - - - - - -

Page 61: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

Proportion of water, air, and solids (% Volume)

Partide size distribution (% Weight)

Horizons O 20 40 60 80 100

Table 1-9 Moderately wel drained PUGWASH 52 SOlL (PGW52)

Site: 85-15 Location: N5,068,780 E325,620 - NAD27; norîh comer of field B-6 %il moisture and drainage: slibaquic; moderately weil drained; slowly permeable; slow runoff

Parent materiil: strongly a d , coarse bamy 611 of sandstone lithology

Stonmess: nonstony Rdness: nonrocky SI-: 4%; Asped: south Land use: cropland %il dassifiition: Brunisolic Gray Luvisol

oo 20 40 60 80 1 I

10

s 6 o o Y 80

flg. 1 4 Water retention and particle size for a moderately well drained Pugwash 52 soi1 profile (85-1 5)

Alr

- Z ! a

Avaliabb water

son ~ m 9

Total pare space

Description

0-24 Dark yellowish brown (10YR Y4 m); sandy loam; moderate, coarse, subangular blocky breaking to moderate, fine to medium, slibangular blocky; very Friable; plentiful, very fine and fine, random, inped and exped roots; smooth, abrupt boundary; 23-28 cm thick; strongly acid.

Yellowish red (5YR 416 m); sandy loam; moderate, coarse, subangular blocky breaking to moderate, fine to medium, subangular blocky; very fiable; plentiful, very fine and fine, random, exped roots; broken, gradual boundary; 0-14 cm thick; extremely acid.

Yellowish red (5YR 416 m); sandy loam; moderate, coarse, piaty breaking to strong, fine to mediim, angular Mccky; friable Io firm, nonplastic; strongly cemented, dscontinuous; pientiful, very fine and fine, vertical, exped roots; wavy, gradual boundary; 2530 cm thick; extremely acid.

Dark reddish brown (2.5YR 3/5 m); loam; few, coarse, faint, dark reddish brown (2.5YR 3/4 m) mottles; moderate, medium to coarse, platy breaking to moderate, fine, plaiy; friable; very few, fine, vertical, expd roots; cornmon, very thin Clay films in many voidslchannels and on some vertical and horizontal ped faces; wavy, diffuse boundary; 1525 cm thick; extremely acid.

Da& reddish brown (2.5YR 315 m); sandy loam; cornmon, fine, distinct, dusky red (2.5YR 312 m) mottles; weak, coarse, platy breaking to weak, fine, piaty; friable, nonplastic; few, thin Clay films m many voidslchannels and on some vertical and horizontal ped faces; strongly acid.

Ap

Bm 24-36

B4

Bûjgj

36-63

6MN

C WlOO

Page 62: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

Table 1-9 Moderately wel drained PUGWASH 52 SOlL (PGW52) (conlinued)

ANALYSES

Horizon Depih pH Organic Total Available Pyrophosphate Exchangeable cations (crnoVkg soit) (cm) (CaCcZ) C N P % Base

(%) (%) (Idg) %Fe %AI Ca Mg K AI CEC saturation

Ap 0-24 5.4 2.48 0.19 12.8 - - 4.46 1.56 0.16 0.07 6.25 99 Bm 24-36 4.3 0.53 0.04 12.8 0.06 0.07 1.49 0.99 0.15 0.78 3.41 77 84 36-63 4.1 0.19 0.02 12.2 0.05 0.05 1.47 1.15 0.17 1.33 4.12 68 Bîxjgj 63430 3.9 0.19 0.02 24.5 - - 2.40 1.03 0.16 1.33 4.92 73 C 80-100 5.1 0.14 0.02 - - - 6.42 1.89 0.65 0.22 2.76 92

Horizon Paiticle size distribution (%) Moisture retention (% volurnel Total (-kW

vcs cs MS FS VFS sand Silt Clay O 1 6 10 33 1500 3.4 5.8 13.7 23.4 13.5 59.8 29.4 10.8 49.4 47.0 39.6 36.4 30.0 10.7

Bm 3.2 5.3 11.8 21.9 12.0 54.1 30.2 15.7 - - - - - - AP

94 1 .O 3.3 18.1 28.6 9.0 60.0 30.4 9.5 Bîxjgj 1.5 4.5 10.5 21.2 14.0 51.7 29.6 18.7 36.3 34.0 29.5 24.3 19.5 10.2 C 5.4 7.1 14.1 26.0 14.4 67.1 25.4 7.6 35.0 32.4 28.6 23.6 19.4 10.7

- - - - - -

Horizon Bulk Hydraulii % passing sieve Attetberg limits Classification USLE

iWrn i fcmlhl No. 4 No. 10 No. 40 No. 200 Liquid Plastic Unified AASHO factor densi3 conductivity K

1.19 19.2 99.3 96.4 85.8 35.7 31 NP SM A-2-4 0.32 - - - - 0.37 Bm

- - 98.4 95.5 77.8 31.5 19 NP SM A-2-4 0.42 - - - - 0.46 Bixjgj 1.70 0.6

C 4 .n 0.4 96.2 95.0 87.4 40.7 17 NP SM A-4 0.31

- - - - - - Ap

BN - - - -

Page 63: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

Proportion of waîer, air, and solids (% Volume)

Partlde size distribuilion (% Weight)

Horizons O 20 40 60 8 0 1 0 0 O 20 40 60 80 100

AvallaMa 01 I I

Table 1.10 lmperfedy drained QUEENS 22 SOlL (QUE22)

Site: 85-03 Location: N5,068,610 E325,710 - NAD27; middle of field 8-5

Soi1 mokiure and drainage: slibaquic; imperfectly drained sbwly penneable; slow runoff

Parent materiil: strongly acid, fine loamy tiii of shale and sandstone lithology

Stonmess: nonsbny Rockiness: nonrocky Slope: 3%; Aspect: souîhwest Soi1 classifiiation: Gleyed Brunisoli Gray Luvisol

Fig.1-9 Water retention and panicle size for an imperfectly drained Queens 22 soi1 profile (85-03)

Avaihüe water

C W I i sin l l

Sand II 1 L W

Description

0-23 Reddish brown (5YR 414 m); loam; moderate, medium to coarse, subangubr blocky breaking to d e r a t e , very fine to fine, subangular blocky; very friable, nonplastic; plentiful, fine and medium, vertical, inped and e p d roots; wavy, char boundary; 22-28 cm thick; sbongly acid.

Yellowish red (5YR 416 m); loam; few, fine, faint, yellowish red (5YR 5/6 m) mottles; weak, medium to coarse, subangubr blocky breaking to weak, very fine to fine, subangular blocky; hiable; few, fine, vertical, inped and expd roots; wavy, gradua1 boundary; 12-16 cm thick; very strongly acid.

Da& red (2.5YR 316 m); loam; few, fine, faint moffles; moderate, very coarse, pbty breaking to weak, coarse, pbiy; very firm; very few, very fine, vertical, expd rooh; few, thin Clay films on ped faces; wavy, ditfuse boundary; 2632 cm thick; exiremeiy acid.

Darfc red (2.5YR 3h3 m); loam; few, fine, faint moffles; sûucturebss, massive; firm; common, thin Clay films; wavy, diffuse boundary; 1519 cm thick; extremeiy acid.

Reddish brown (2.5YR 414 m); loam; few, fine, faint mottles; structureles, massive;firm; sbongly acid.

AP

B m i

Btgi 1

Btgj2

Csi

23-38

38-70

70-85

85-100

Page 64: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

Table 1-10 lmperfectly drained QUEENS 22 SOIL (QUE22) (continued)

ANALYSES

pH Organic Total Avaiiable P yrcphosphate Exchangeable cations (cmoükg soil) N P Y0 Base

Horizon b p t h (cm) (CaCh) C

(%) (%) (Cidg) ?Co Fe % A l Ca Mg K AI CEC sahiration

AP 0-23 5.2 2.42 0.13 110.0 - - 6.74 2.01 0.52 0.00 9.27 100 Bmsi 23-38 4.7 0.61 0.03 16.0 0.16 0.09 3.20 1.69 0.22 0.00 5.11 100 Btgjl 38-70 4.0 0.27 0.03 25.0 0.05 0.07 3.00 1.52 0.21 0.94 5.67 83 Btgi2 70-85 4.4 0.16 0.02 16.5 0.02 0.02 6.24 1.52 0.15 0.00 7.91 100 Cai 85.100 5.1 0.09 0.01 3.8 - - 7.12 1.07 0.15 0.00 8.34 100

Horizon Particle sire distniutiin (Yo) Moishire retenüon (Yo volume) Total I-kW

VCS cs MS FS VFS sand Silt Clay O 1 6 10 33 1500 3.9 5.0 8.9 15.2 13.7 46.6 36.8 16.6 44.8 41.3 38.6 35.3 33.1 17.0 3.6 5.2 11.4 17.1 11.7 48.9 35.9 15.2 37.4 34.3 32.4 28.5 25.9 15.7

Btgjl 1.9 4.0 8.6 14.7 10.8 40.1 39.3 20.6 33.5 30.4 29.3 26.3 24.7 19.0 Btgj2 1.7 4.1 9.4 15.9 10.6 41.7 37.4 20.9 33.5 32.0 26.5 25.9 23.8 18.2 Csi 2.1 3.3 8.0 15.3 11.6 40.3 40.2 19.6 30.8 27.9 26.7 24.2 22.3 17.7

S M Bmsi

Horizon Bulk Hydrauïi % passing sieve Atterberg limits Classification USLE

fM4m 1 fcmlh) No, 4 No. 10 No. 40 No. 200 Liquid Plastic Unified AASHO factor density conduciivity K

1.37 3.8 99.7 98.6 90.1 61.6 33 NP ML A-4 0.38 - - 0.45 Bmsi 1.62 3.1

Btgjl 1.82 1.1 99.7 97.2 88.5 60.3 23 16 ML A-4 0.47 - - 0.43

Csi 1.84 1 .O 99.6 97.2 87.0 60.1 22 15 CL-ML A 4 0.49

- - - - - - AP

Btgj2 1.84 0.2 - - c - - -

Page 65: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

Propotibn of waîer, air, and solids (% Volume)

Pariide size distribution . (% Weight)

Horizons

TaMe 1-11 Impetfedly drained QUEENS 22 SOlL (QUE22)

Sie: 85-04 Location: N5,068,170 E325,970 - NAD27; middle d field G 4 Soi1 maisture: subaquic; imperfedly drained; slowly permeable; very slow NM

Parent materiah neutral, fine loamy, tilt of shale and sandstone Iiihology

Stonmess: nonstony Rockiness: nonrocky Slope: 2%; Asped: West Land use: forage Soit classification: Gleyed Brunisolii Gray Luvisol

2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 1 0;

10

Flg. 1.10 Water 20

retention and parüde size for an imperiedly drained Queens 22 soi1 profle (85-04)

Avaiiabb water

sol1 solMt

Otal pore space

I1"

Description

Ap

O 20 40 60 80 100

sin Sand

~~ ~

0-26 Dark yellowish brown (1OYR 3.5/4 m); loam; many, fine, prominent, yellowish red (5YR 4 6 m) moitles; moderate, coarse, subangular blocky breaking to weak, fine to medium, subangular blocky; friable, nonplastic; plentiful, very fine and fme, vettical, inped and expd rook; s m t h , dear boundary; 24-26 cm thick slightly acid.

Yellowish red (5YR 4.516 m); loam; common, coarse, distinct, sbong brown (7.5YR 416 m) moitles; very weak, medium to coarse, sltiangular blocky breaking to very weak, fine, subangular blocky; friable; few, very fine and fine, vertical, exped roots; wavy, clear boundary; &Il cm thick; extremely acid.

Dark red (2.5YR 316 m); loam; common, fine and medium, prominent, black (7.5YR 210 m) moiiles; weak, coarse, angular blocky breaking to very weak, medium, angular blocky; very firm; very few, very fine and fine, vertical, exped roots; many, very thm Clay films in al1 voiddchannels and on al1 veitical and horizontal ped faces; wavy, diffuse boundary; 2836 cm thick; exbemely acid.

Dark red (2.5YR 3B m); loam; many, medium, prominent, black (7.5YR 2B m) moüles; very weak, coarse, angular blocky breaking to very weak, medium, angular blocky; very firm; very few, very fine, vertical, eyed roots; many, very thin Clay films in al1 voiddchannels and on a l vertical and horizontal ped faces; wavy, diffuse boundary; 13-22 cm thck; strongly acid.

Dark red (2.5YR 315 m); loam; common, fine, prominent, black manganese (7.5YR 8 0 m) moffles; structureless, massive; very firm; neutral.

4)

B w i

Bgi

w

34-65

Btisi 6 M

Csi 90-100

Page 66: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

Table 141 lmperfecüy drained QUEENS 22 SOlL (QUE22) (confinued)

ANALYSES

Horizon W h (4

Ap 0-26 B w i 26-34 Btgi 34-65 B U 65-90 Cai 90-100

6.2 3.41 4.5 0.44 4.2 0.05 5.4 0.05 7.2 0.18

Total Available N P (“w bgls) 0.21 92.0 0.04 3.5 0.00 13.0 0.00 5.0 0.02 1 .O

Pyrophosphate

%Fe %AI

- - 0.23 0.12 0.04 0.05 0.02 0.02

Exchangeable cations (cmokg soil) % Base

Ca M g K Al CEC saturation

8.36 2.50 0.26 - 11.12 100 2.54 0.95 0.18 0.06 3.73 98 4.30 1.03 0.14 0.67 6.14 89 7.92 1.23 0.10 0.00 9.25 100 8.16 0.78 0.12 0.00 9.06 100

Horizon Particle size distribution (?/) Total

vcs cs MS FS VFS sand Silt Clay Ap 4.6 4.2 8.7 16.4 13.8 47.8 36.0 16.2 Bmgi 2.3 4.1 9.2 20.2 14.2 49.9 33.4 16.7 BBi 1 .O 2.8 7.0 15.5 12.2 38.5 38.6 22.9 Wsi 1.1 3.6 7.9 16.1 11.8 40.6 37.8 21.6 Cui 1.9 2.9 7.0 15.6 12.4 39.9 36.4 23.7

Moûîure reteniion (%volume) (-kW

O 1 6 10 33 1500 46.8 45.2 44.4 43.4 42.3 16.9

34.1 31.4 30.4 27.2 25.1 20.1 32.0 31.1 30.0 27.5 25.8 19.2 30.0 29.6 28.6 27.3 25.7 22.8

- - - - - -

Horizon Bulk Hydraulic % passing sieve Atleherg lirnils Classificaiion USLE

(Wm 1 ( c d ) No. 4 No. 10 No. 40 No. 200 Liquid Plastic Unified AASHO factor

1.26 5.3 99.0 98.1 89.6 54.9 36 NP ML A 4 0.35 - - - - - 0.49 1.79 1.3 99.8 98.9 93.3 65.4 22 19 ML A 4 0.51

- - - - 0.50

densi$ conduciiviîy K

- - - - - Ap Bmsi Mi Btigi 1.89 0.0 csi 1.96 0.0 99.9 99.2 93.7 65.6 21 16 CL-ML A 4 0.48

- - - -

Page 67: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

Table 1.12 lmpedecîiy drained QUEENS 22 SOlL (QUE22)

Site: 85-08 Location: N5,068,190 E325,530 - NAD27; north end of field R-1

Soi1 moisture and drainage: stbaquic; imperfecüy drained; sbwly permeable; slow runoff

Parent material: mildly alkaline, fine bamy 611 of shale and sandstone lithology

Ston'ness: nonstony Rockiness: nonrocky Slope: 3%; Aspect: West Land use: cropland Soi1 classification: Gleyed Brunisolii Gray Luvisol

Fig. 1-11 Water retention and particle size for an imperfedly drained'Queens soi1 profile (85-08)

Description

D

0-22 Dark brown (7.5yR 3/4 m); bam; few, fine, faint moiiles; weak to moderate, fine to medium, granular breaking to moderate, fine, granubr; friable; few, very fine and fme, random, inped and exped rook; wavy, clear boundary; 20-26 cm thck; neutral.

Reddish brown (5YR 4/4 m); sandy loam; few, fine, faint moiiles; weak, medium to coarse, shngular blocky breaking Io weak, fine, subangular blocky; very friable; very few, fine, random, inped and exped rook; wavy, clear boundary; 2-8 cm thick; slightly acid.

Dark red (2.5YR 3/6 m); loam; common, fine, prominent, dusky red (2.5YR 3/2 m) mottles; weak, coarse, platy breaking to weak, medium to coarse, angular blocky; firm, nonplastic; very few, fine, random, exped roots; wavy, gradua1 boundary; 18-22 cm thick; medium acid.

Dark red (2.5YR 3B m); loam; common, medium, distinct, dusky red (2.5YR 3/2 m) mdes; moderate, medium Io warse, angular blocky breaking to weak, medium, angular blocky; finn; common, thin clay films on ped faces-unspecified; wavy, diffuse boundary; 2030 cm thick; mildly alkaline.

Dark red (2.5YR 3/5 m); loam; cornmon, medium, distinct, dusky red (2.5YR 3/2 m) moiiles; moderate, medium, angular blocky breaking Io moderate, fine, angular blocky; firm; many, thin clay films on ped faces-unspecified; mildly alkaline.

Mi

Aesi

Bmsj

W

Csi

22-28

2860

50-80

8&10

Page 68: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

Table 1-12 lmperfectly drained QUEENS 22 SOlL (QUE22) (confinued)

ANALYSES

Horizon b p t h pH Organic Toial Avaiiable P yrophosphate Exchangeable cations (cmokg soil) (cm) (CaCh) C N P % Base

(“/O) (%) (Pd9) %Fe %Al Ca M I K AI CEC saturation

0-22 6.7 1.48 0.13 81 .O - - 7.76 1.19 0.78 0.00 9.73 100 Aegi 22-28 6.2 0.31 0.05 9.5 - - 3.44 0.53 0.42 0.00 4.39 100 Mi

Bmsi 28-60 5.9 0.08 0.02 3.0 0.01 0.01 5.26 0.70 0.29 0.00 6.25 100 Btgj 5 N O 7.4 0.19 0.01 1.3 0.01 0.01 7.16 0.78 0.21 0.00 8.15 100 Csi 80-100 7.6 0.31 0.04 4.0 - - 7.76 0.82 0.19 0.00 8.77 100

Horizon Particle size distribution (%) Moisture retention (%volume) Total (+Pa) . .

vcs CS Ms FS VFS sand Silt Clay O 1 6 10 33 1500 2.9 5.0 9.1 17.9 13.2 48.1 35.6 16.4 40.8 39.5 36.6 35.3 30.0 16.2 2.7 4.7 12.2 25.5 19.7 64.9 27.7 7.4

Bmgi 1.8 3.4 10.3 22.1 14.1 51.6 34.3 14.2 32.6 31.4 28.3 25.2 21.4 13.5 1.7 2.8 6.9 15.9 11.8 39.0 40.1 20.8 33.0 32.0 29.3 27.9 25.1 23.1

VI - - - - - - Apsl Aesi

2.1 2.7 6.1 12.8 8.7 32.4 42.6 25.0 32.2 31.0 28.3 26.9 24.5 22.8

Horizon Bulk Hydrauiii % passing sieve Atterberg limits Classification USLE

(Mglm 1 (Ml No. 4 No. 10 No. 40 No. 200 Liquid Plastic Unified AASHO factor

1.54 0.5 99.8 99.0 91.6 59.2 27 23 ML A-4 0.39 - - 0.54

Ml Aegi Bmgi 1.75 0.8 99.9 99.0 92.6 53.9 19 NP ML A 4 0.53

- - 0.52 Btgi 1.87 o. 1 ccii 1.86 0.9 99.6 98.3 91.5 67.7 23 18 CL-ML A 4 0.44

density canductiviiy K

- - - - - - - -

- - - - - -

Page 69: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

Proportion of waîer, air, and solids (% Volume)

Partide size distribution (46 Weight)

Table 1.13 Impetfedy drained QUEENS 22 SOlL (QUE22)

Site: 85-09

West end of field R-3 Sail moisture and drainage: siibaquic; imperfecly drained; sbwly permeable; slow ~ m f f

Parent materiil: neutral, fine loamy ti l of shale and sandstone lithoiogy

Sonmess: nonstony Rockiness: nonrocky

Land use: Pasture Sail classification: Gleyed Brunisoiii Gray Lwisol

L ~ t i o n : N5,068,550 E324,660 - NAD27;

Sl~pe: 3%; A+: ~0~1th

Fig.1-12 Water retention and parb'cle size for an imperfectly drained Queens 22 soi1 profile (85-09)

Horizons oO 20 40 60 80 100 O M 40 60 80 1

I 1 I

Avaiiable waler

Clay I im' I I

Horizon Deph (cm) Description

0-23 Brown (7.5YR 4 4 m); loam; few, fine, faint mottles; very weak, coarse, angular blocky breaking to weak, rime to medium, subangular Mocky; firm, nonplastic; plentifut, very fine, random, inped and exped roots; smooth, clear boundary; 21-23 cm thick; slighüy acid.

Yellowish brown (1OYR 4.Y4 m); loam; common, warse, prominent, yellowish red (5YR 5/8 m) moffles; weak, coarse, piaty breaking to weak, fine, subangular blocky; friable; few, very fine, random, inped and exped roots; broken, clear boundary; W cm thick; medium acid.

Dark red (2.5YR 316 m); loam; many, medium, distinct, very dusky red (2.5YR 212 m) motiles; strong, coarse, plaiy breaking to moderate, fine, angular blocky; fin; few, very fine, vertical, exped roots; many, thin Clay films on ped faces-unspecified; wavy, dihse boundary; 28-42 cm thik; slighüy acid.

Reddish brown (5VR 3.514 m); silt loam; few, fine, faint moffles; strong, warse, angular blocky breaking to moderate, fine to medium, angular blocky; firm; very few, very fine, vertical, exped roots; many, thin Clay film on ped faces-unspecified; wavy, diiiuse boundary; 25-33 cm thick; neutral.

Reddish brown (5YR 3.514 m); silt loam; few, fine, faint mottles; weak to moderate,very cbarse, phiy breaking to very weak, coarse, subangular blocky; firrn; common, very thm Clay films on ped faces-unspecified; neutrai.

hi

Aeg

Btgji

Bgj2

23-28

28-67

67-02

92-1 O0 csi

Page 70: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

Table 1.13 Impedectiy drained QUEENS 22 SOlL (QUE22) (confinmi)

ANALYSES

Horizon Depth pH Organic Total Available Pyrophosphate Exchangeabie catins (CmoVkg soil) (cm) (CaCb) C N P % Base

AI CEC saturation (%) (%) (udg) %Fe %AI Ca M g K

0-23 6.5 2.30 0.18 22.0 - - 7.04 1.15 0.16 0.00 8.35 100 Aeg 23-28 5.9 0.39 0.04 4.8 - - 6.84 1.15 0.16 0.00 8.15 100 Apsi

BBil 28-67 6.4 0.19 0.03 1.9 0.02 0.01 6.24 1.23 0.11 0.00 7.58 100 Btgj2 6742 6.9 0.09 0.01 1.5 0.01 0.01 6.24 1.23 0.12 0.00 7.59 100 Cai 92-1 00 7.0 0.04 0.00 1 .O - - 6.40 1.03 0.12 0.00 7.55 100

Horizon Panicle size distribution (%) Moisture retention (% volume) Total (-kPa)

vcs cs MS FS VFS sand Silt Clay O 1 6 10 33 1500

1.7 4.0 9.5 21.2 14.5 50.9 38.2 10.9 - - - - - - 9 Apsi 1.8 3.9 9.4 18.2 13.5 46.8 40.9 12.3 39.7 38.9 37.3 36.7 33.4 14.6

Btgji 1 .O 3.2 8.6 16.8 9.7 39.3 41.0 19.7 33.8 31.8 28.6 24.7 22.5 16.0 Btgj2 0.7 1.8 4.5 9.3 8.1 24.3 56.8 18.9 36.1 34.2 28.1 28.0 26.6 16.0 Csi 0.5 1.6 4.0 9.9 9.9 26.0 55.4 18.6 34.9 33.9 29.3 29.0 27.9 15.6

Aeg

Horizon Bulk Hydraulii % passing sieve Attebrg limits Classification USLE

No. 4 No. 10 No. 40 No. 200 Liquid Plasti Unified AASHO factor densit! conduciivity K ( W m ) (W) 1 .!Y 1 .O 100.0 99.4 94.2 58.8 31 NP ML A-4 0.44

- - - 0.53

- - - - 0.64 Csi 1.82 0.4 100.0 100.0 97.7 80.2 23 20 ML A-4 0.65

- - - - - - - Apsi Aeg Btgjl 1.81 3.5 100.0 99.7 94.3 63.4 20 19 ML A-4 0.48 ütgj2 1.85 0.7 - - -

Page 71: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

APPENDIX 2. GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

Most of the following definitions correspond to those in the Glossary cf f e m s in soi1 scieiicc (Agricul- ture Canada 1976).

AASHO AASHO is an engineering soil classification system developed by the American Association of State Highway Officials. The classification is based on the performance of soils under highway use. Soi1 having about the same general load-carrying capacity and service characteristics are grouped together to form seven basic soi1 groups from most suitable (A-1) to least suitable (A-7). For information on this system, sce Asphalt Institute (1969).

grave1 deposi ted by modem rivers and streams.

Alluvium Material such as Clay, silt, sand, and

Anticline A fold in which layered strata are inclined down and away from the axis.

Atterberg limits See Liquid and Plastic limits

Base saturation (70) The extent to which the absorbed complex of a soil is saturated with exchangeable cations other than hydrogen and aluminum. It is expressed as a percentage of the total cation exchange capacity.

Bulk density (Mg/m3) The mass of dry soil per unit bulk volume measured in megagrams per cubic metre.

CEC Cation exchange capacity is the total amount of exchangeable cations that a soil can absorb. Exchangeable cations are positive ions held or absorbed on negatively charged sites on mineral or organic particles which in total are referred to as the exchange complex of the mil. ln this report CEC is the sum of the exchangeable cations recorded in centimoles per kilogram of soil (cmol/kg soil).

particles greater than 2 mm measured as a percent of the total volume of a soil sample. Coarse fragment classes are described in Day (1983).

Coarse fragment (% volume) Minera1 soil

Consistence The resistance of the soil material to deformation or rupture (i.e., iis strength).

Terms used to describe consistence depend on the moisture of the soil (sec Day 1983).

Edaphic (i) Of or pertaining to the soil. (ii) Resulting from, or influenced by, factors inherent in the soil or other substrate rather than by climatic factors.

remaining in the soil 2 or 3 days after the soil has been saturated and free drainage has practically ceased.

Firm A term describing the consistence of a moist soil that offers distinctly noticeable resistance to crushing, but can be crushed with moderate pressure between the thumb and forefinger. Sec also consistence.

higher bulk density than the solum above; seemingly cemented when dry, but showing moderate to weak brittleness when moist. The layer is low in organic matter, mottled, and slowly or very slowly permeable to water; it usuall y has some po1 ygon-shaped bleached cracks. it is found in profiles of either cultivated or virgin soil but not in calcareous material.

Field capacity The percentage of water

Fragipan A natural subsurface horizon having a

Friable A consistence term pertaining to the ease of cnimbling of soil. Çee also consistence.

Glaaofluvial deposits Material moved by glaciers and subsequently sorted and deposited by streams flowing from the melting ice. The deposits are stratified and may occur in the form of outwash plains, deltas, kames, eskers, and kame terraces.

Gleying A soil forming process, operating under poor drainage conditions, which results in the reduction of iron and other elements and in gray colors, and mottles.

the land surface which differs from other layers in properties such as color, particle size, structure, and consistence and in chemical, biological, and physical properties. For more information on horizons see Agriculture Canada Expert Committee on Soi1 Survey (1 987).

Horizon A soil layer approximately parallel to

69

Page 72: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

Hydraulic canductivity (cmfh) The ability of the soil to transmit water vertically when saturated, expressed as a velocity in centimetres per hour.

Karst A topography formed over limestone, dolomite, or gypsum and characterized by sinkholes, caves, and underground drainage.

Liquid limit The water content, as determined by the standard liquid limit test, at which a soil passes from a plastic to a limit state (see Asphalt Institute 1969).

Moisture retention In mils partially saturated with water there is moisture tension, which is equal in magnitude but opposite in sign to the soil water pressure. Moisture tension is equal to the pressure that must be applied to the soil water to bring it to hydraulic equilibrium. Moisture retention is the percent volume of water left in soil at specific tensions or applied pressures expressed in kilopascals GkPa). Values for moisture retention range from saturation (O -kPa), to field capacity (-6 kPa), to permanent wilting point (-1500 Wa).

humus form distinguished by a matted F layer, often interwoven with fungal hyphae, and an H layer sharply delineated from the underlying mineral Ae horizon. It is generally acid, having a high organic carbon content (52% or more) and a high C:N ratio (25 to 35, sometimes higher).

shades of color interspersed with the dominant (matrix) color. Mottles are common in mils ûhat are periodically saturated with water.

Mor (or raw humus) A nonzoogenous forest

Motties Spots or blotches of different color or

Organic matter (9’0) The organic fraction of the soil as a percentage; including plant and animal iresidues at various stages of decomposition and substances synthesized by the soil population. Calculated as (1.7 X Organic: Carbon %)

which the cementhg material consiSts of illuviated sesquioxides and organic matter.

Parent materiai The unconsolidated and more or less chemically weathered minera1 or

Ortstein hn indurated B horizon in Podzols in

organic matter from which the solum of a soil has developed by pedogenic processes.

Particle size distribution (%) Percentages of the various primary soil particles in a soil sample. The names, abbreviations used in the profile analyses, and sizes of the separates are as follows: Sand (S)

Very coarse Sand (VCS) Coarse sand (CS) Medium sand (MS) Fine sand (FS) Very fine Sand (VFS)

Silt (Si) Clay (C)

2-0.05mm 2-1 mm 1-0.5 mm 0.5-0.25 mm 0.25-0.1 mm 0.1-0.05 mm 0.05-0.002 mm less than 0.002 mm

Particle size classes The following classes (see Fig. 2-1) used in this report are modified from Day (1983). Class codes used in the mil symbol and interpretive tables 12 to 18 are in parentheses. Fine ioamy (O) - contains 18-359’0 Clay and less than 15% coarse fragments by volume; includes fine silty. Fine Zonmy-grmeZZy (1) - fine loamy class with 1535% coarse fragments by volume. Course Zoumy (2) - contains less than 18% clay and l e s than 15% coarse fragments by vol- ume; includes coarse silty. Course Zoumy-gruoe22y (3) - coarse loamy class with 5 3 5 % coarse fragments by volume. Fine sudy (4) - contains 50% or more fine sand, or l e s than 25% very coarse, coarse, and medium sand and less than 5070 very fine sand. Sundy (5) - contains more than 70% Sand and the percentage silt plus twice the percentage clay does not exceed 30. Sundy-graoeZZy (6) - sandy or fine sandy classes with 1535% coarse fragments by volume. Loamy-skZehZ (7) - fine or coarse loamy classes with greater than 35% coarse frag- ments by volume. Sundy-skeletaI (8) - sandy or fine sandy classes with greater than 35% coarse frag- ments by volume. Fragmental (9) - Stones, cobbles, and gravel, with too little fine earth (particles less than 2 mm) to fili interstices larger than 1 mm.

70

Page 73: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No

Ped A unit of soil structure such as a prism, block, or granule, which is formed by natural processes, in contrast with a clod, which is formed artificially.

Pedology The aspects of soil science dealing with the origin, morphology, genesis, distribution, mapping, and taxonomy of soils, and their classification in terms of use.

Perched water table A water table due to the "perching" of water on a relatively impermeable iayer at some depth within the soil. The soi1 within or below the impermeable layer is not saturated with water. On level to very gentle slopes, perched water tables can saturate the rooting zone, restrict infiltration, and promote surface runoff or ponding during the wetter periods of the year when soils are not frozen.

and liquids penetrate or pass through a bulk mass or layer of soil.

pH The negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion activity of the soil. The degree of acidity or alkalinity of the soil measured in water (&O) or a solution of calcium chloride (CaC12).

Permeability, soil The ease with which gases

Plastic limit The lowest water content, as determined by the standard plastic limit test, at which a soil remains plastic (see Asphalt institute 1969).

Seepage The escape of water downward through the soil. if downward movement is obstructed b y impermeable subsoil, çeepage water will move laterally downslope over the subsoil through permeable surface soil material (i.e., solum).

Solum The upper horizons of a soil in which the parent material has been modified and in which most plant roots are contained. It usually consists of friable A and B horizons.

Structure Refers to the aggregation of primary particles into compound particles, units, or peds. Peds are classified on the basis of size, shape or kind, and degree of distinctness or grade.

Syncline A fold having stratigraphically younger rock material in its core; it is concave upward.

separates (Sand, silt, and Clay) in a soil as described by the classes of soil texture s h o w in the textural triangle (see Fig. 2-1 ).

Texture Relative proportions of the soil

S Lç SL L SiL Si SCL CL SiCL sc Sic C

Sand loamy Sand sandy loam loam silt loam si1 t sandy Clay loam Clay loam silty Clay loam sandy Clay silty Clay Clay

The names of textural classes may be modi- fied by adding the following terms when sig- nificant amounts of coarse fragments are present (particles >2 mm):

G

VG

grave11 y (15-35% by volume) very gravelly (3540% by volume)

Till Unstratified glacial drift deposited directly by the ice and consisting of Clay, silt, Sand, gravel, and boulders intermingled in any proportion.

classifies soils according to their value as construction material. In this system soils are grouped on the basis of particle sue distribution, plasticity, liquid limit, and organic matter content. For information on this system, see Asphalt Institute (1969).

USLE K factor The Universal Soi1 Loss Equation (USLE) soil erodibility factor (K) is the soil loss rate per erosion index unit for a specified mil as measured on a unit plot, which is defined as a 22.1 m length of uniform 9% dope continuously in clean tilled fallow. The K factor has been determined by use of the soil-erodibility nomograph (Wischmeier and Smith 1978).

Unified The Unified soil classification system

71

Page 74: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No
Page 75: Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotiasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/ns/ns20/ns20... · 2012-01-20 · Soils of the Nappan Research Farm, Nova Scotia Report No