soil testing, soil sampling, & soil fertility

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Soil Testing, Soil Sampling, and Soil Fertility Warren Roberts George Kuepper

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Warren Roberts Oklahoma Beginning Farmer & Rancher Program 2013 Horticulture #1: March 9

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Page 1: Soil Testing, Soil Sampling, & Soil Fertility

Soil Testing, Soil Sampling, and Soil Fertility

Warren RobertsGeorge Kuepper

Page 2: Soil Testing, Soil Sampling, & Soil Fertility

Self Diagnosis

• Plants• Soil

Page 3: Soil Testing, Soil Sampling, & Soil Fertility

Nutrient Deficiencies

• Nitrogen (N)• Light Green Leaves, Older Leaves

• Phosphorus (P)• Purple Leaves, Stunted Plants

• Potassium (K)• Yellow Margins on Older Leaves

Page 4: Soil Testing, Soil Sampling, & Soil Fertility

Nutrient Deficiencies

• Micro Nutrients• Stripes• Mottling• Chlorosis• Bleached

Page 5: Soil Testing, Soil Sampling, & Soil Fertility

Excess N-P-K

• Nitrogen (N)• Dark Green Foliage, Poor Fruit Set

• Phosphorus (P)• Iron, Zinc Deficiencies

• Potassium (K)• Magnesium, Calcium Deficiencies

Page 9: Soil Testing, Soil Sampling, & Soil Fertility

Fertility Management

•Nutrient Movement• Nitrogen• Phosphorus• Potassium

Page 10: Soil Testing, Soil Sampling, & Soil Fertility

Fertility Management

•Soil Particles are Negatively Charged

Page 11: Soil Testing, Soil Sampling, & Soil Fertility

Fertility Management

• Nitrogen• Exists as NO3 Anion

• (Negative Charge)

• Does Not Bond with Soil Particles• Moves Rapidly in Water• Leaches Readily in Sandy Soils• Leaches More Slowly in Clay• Can be Lost in One Heavy Rain

•Sulfur Behaves Similarly to Nitrogen

Page 13: Soil Testing, Soil Sampling, & Soil Fertility

N (lbs / acre)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70 Before After

Page 14: Soil Testing, Soil Sampling, & Soil Fertility

S (lbs / acre)

0

5

10

15

20

25

Desired Range

Before After

Page 15: Soil Testing, Soil Sampling, & Soil Fertility

Fertility Management

•Phosphorus• Bonds with Soil Iron, Aluminum

• Movement is Very Limited• Movement is Very Slow

• Takes Months or Years to Move

Page 16: Soil Testing, Soil Sampling, & Soil Fertility

P Index

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Desired Range

Before After

Page 17: Soil Testing, Soil Sampling, & Soil Fertility

Fertility Management

•Potassium• Has a Positive Charge• Bonds to Negatively Charged Soil

• Moves Slightly Due to Water

Page 18: Soil Testing, Soil Sampling, & Soil Fertility

K Index

0

50

100

150

200

250

Desired Range

Before After

Page 19: Soil Testing, Soil Sampling, & Soil Fertility

Zn (ppm)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

Desired Range

Before After

Page 20: Soil Testing, Soil Sampling, & Soil Fertility

B (ppm)

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

Desired Range

Before After

Page 21: Soil Testing, Soil Sampling, & Soil Fertility

Copper (ppm)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

Desired Range

Before After

Page 22: Soil Testing, Soil Sampling, & Soil Fertility

0 5 10 15 20 25 300

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450N (pounds per acre)

raw1Polynomial (raw1)raw2Polynomial (raw2)raw3Polynomial (raw3)raw4Polynomial (raw4)syn1Polynomial (syn1)syn2Linear (syn2)

Sample Date

Page 23: Soil Testing, Soil Sampling, & Soil Fertility

0 5 10 15 20 25 300

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400P (lbs per acre)

raw1Polynomial (raw1)raw2Polynomial (raw2)raw3Polynomial (raw3)raw4Polynomial (raw4)syn1Polynomial (syn1)syn2Polynomial (syn2)

Samples Date

Page 24: Soil Testing, Soil Sampling, & Soil Fertility

0 5 10 15 20 25 300

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900K (lbs per acre)

raw1Polynomial (raw1)raw2Polynomial (raw2)raw3Polynomial (raw3)raw4Polynomial (raw4)syn1Polynomial (syn1)syn2Polynomial (syn2)

Sample Date

Page 30: Soil Testing, Soil Sampling, & Soil Fertility

Soil Sampling• Random Variability

Page 33: Soil Testing, Soil Sampling, & Soil Fertility

Number of Samples

• Depends on Soil• Depends on Soil History• Depends on Soil Treatments

• Usually 20 or more samples per field

Page 34: Soil Testing, Soil Sampling, & Soil Fertility

Sampling Depth

• Root Zone• Plow Layer

Page 37: Soil Testing, Soil Sampling, & Soil Fertility

Eastern Oklahoma

• Acid pH in Soil

• Add Lime

Page 38: Soil Testing, Soil Sampling, & Soil Fertility

Bentley, Oklahoma

Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium ph Organic matter

3 45 174 5.5 1.14

2 27 147 5.4 0.76

2 13 176 5.2 1.01

3 20 130 5.5 0.98

4 17 171 5.7 1.48

9 15 417 4.8 1.34

Page 42: Soil Testing, Soil Sampling, & Soil Fertility

Points to Remember

• Don’t Guess – Soil Test• Sample thoroughly – 20 or more samples per field

• Sample root zone – normally 6 – 7 inches

Page 44: Soil Testing, Soil Sampling, & Soil Fertility

Soil Aspects of Organic Farming

Warren Roberts