soil. soils soil is a dynamic system of living and nonliving components. dirt is soil out of place

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Page 1: Soil. Soils SOIL is a dynamic system of living and nonliving components. DIRT is soil out of place

soil

Page 2: Soil. Soils SOIL is a dynamic system of living and nonliving components. DIRT is soil out of place

Soils• SOIL is a dynamic system of living and

nonliving components.

• DIRT is soil out of place

Page 3: Soil. Soils SOIL is a dynamic system of living and nonliving components. DIRT is soil out of place

Soil components

• Mineral

• Organic

• Water

• Air

• Living Organisms

Page 4: Soil. Soils SOIL is a dynamic system of living and nonliving components. DIRT is soil out of place

Mineral components

• Derived from rock

• The nature of the soil depends on the kind of rock and the degree of weathering

• Mineral soil is quite permanent

Page 5: Soil. Soils SOIL is a dynamic system of living and nonliving components. DIRT is soil out of place

Mineral components

• Texture- the name of a soil is based on the mineral components if soil is less than 20% organic , it is called a mineral soil.

• Particle size:– coarse SAND .2 - 2 mm– SAND 20 - 200 um (microns)– SILT 2 - 20 um– CLAY less than 2um

Page 6: Soil. Soils SOIL is a dynamic system of living and nonliving components. DIRT is soil out of place

The name of a soil is based on its mineral components.

Page 7: Soil. Soils SOIL is a dynamic system of living and nonliving components. DIRT is soil out of place

Water

Page 8: Soil. Soils SOIL is a dynamic system of living and nonliving components. DIRT is soil out of place

Soil structure

• How soil clumps or aggregates– Determines pore space– Aggregates are classified by shape

• Flat, prism-shaped, block-like, plate-like, and spheroid

• Spheroid is optimal but the clay in Duluth is plate-like

Page 9: Soil. Soils SOIL is a dynamic system of living and nonliving components. DIRT is soil out of place
Page 10: Soil. Soils SOIL is a dynamic system of living and nonliving components. DIRT is soil out of place

Physical forces that result in aggregation

• Freezing and thawing

• Wetting and drying

• Action of worms, and other organisms

• Root growth

Page 11: Soil. Soils SOIL is a dynamic system of living and nonliving components. DIRT is soil out of place

Organic componentsHumus, litter, duff

• Plant, animal, bacterial, fungal remains

• Always disappearing due to decay

• % of organic matter depends on– Rate of accumulation– Rate of or resistance to decay– Climate

• Cold /dry = minimal decay• Hot/ damp = fast decay

Page 12: Soil. Soils SOIL is a dynamic system of living and nonliving components. DIRT is soil out of place

Importance of Organic material

• Holds available minerals and nutrients

• Increases water holding in sandy soil

• Increases drainage by aggregating clay

• Inhibits erosion

Page 13: Soil. Soils SOIL is a dynamic system of living and nonliving components. DIRT is soil out of place

Sources of organic material for the garden

• Manure from farm animals ( composted)

• Green manure crops

• Sewage sludge

• compost

Page 14: Soil. Soils SOIL is a dynamic system of living and nonliving components. DIRT is soil out of place

Soil Water

Page 15: Soil. Soils SOIL is a dynamic system of living and nonliving components. DIRT is soil out of place

Capillary Water = available to plants

• Maximum Cap water = field capacity

• The amount of water available to plants is determined by:– Texture of the mineral component

– % organic material

Page 16: Soil. Soils SOIL is a dynamic system of living and nonliving components. DIRT is soil out of place

Water holding capacity = field capacity - wilt

» SANDY SOILSILT/LOAM

• FIELD CAP 7.6 30.4• % WILT 3.7

20.6

• AVAILABLE H2O 3.9 9.8

• Soil texture and % organic mater determines the amount of water available to plants

Page 17: Soil. Soils SOIL is a dynamic system of living and nonliving components. DIRT is soil out of place

Soil Atmosphere

• High in CO2, low in O2

• O2 necessary for cellular respiration in roots

• Aquatic plants have special adaptations

Page 18: Soil. Soils SOIL is a dynamic system of living and nonliving components. DIRT is soil out of place

Soil Organisms

• Bacteria, Fungi, algae = 75% of the dry weight of organisms

• Worms = 12% dry weight

• Invertebrates = 13%

Page 19: Soil. Soils SOIL is a dynamic system of living and nonliving components. DIRT is soil out of place

• A– Leaching

– Most plant growth

– Humification

• B– Deposition

– Less organics

– N+K

C.

Parent material

Horizons

Page 20: Soil. Soils SOIL is a dynamic system of living and nonliving components. DIRT is soil out of place

NutrientsMacronutrients

• % dry weight of plant• Ca .5%• Mg .2%• S .1%• O 45%

• H 6%• C 45%• N 1.5%• P .02%• K 1.0%

Page 21: Soil. Soils SOIL is a dynamic system of living and nonliving components. DIRT is soil out of place

NutrientsMicronutrients .01% to .00001%

• % dry weight of plant• Mo• B• Fe• Cl

• Cu• Zn• Mn

Page 22: Soil. Soils SOIL is a dynamic system of living and nonliving components. DIRT is soil out of place

C HOPKINS CAFÉ MIGHTY GOOD, BUT MANY

MORE PREFER CLARA’S ZANY CUP

Page 23: Soil. Soils SOIL is a dynamic system of living and nonliving components. DIRT is soil out of place

Nitrogen Fixation

Page 24: Soil. Soils SOIL is a dynamic system of living and nonliving components. DIRT is soil out of place

Oats as a green manure crop

Page 25: Soil. Soils SOIL is a dynamic system of living and nonliving components. DIRT is soil out of place

Soil fertilization

• Chemical N:P:K – comes from industry– Very concentrated– Easy to apply

• Organic– Comes from animals plants or rocks– Without a lot of processing– Low nutrient, heavy– Comes with a lot of organic material bulk

Page 26: Soil. Soils SOIL is a dynamic system of living and nonliving components. DIRT is soil out of place

Fertilizer analysisis the % by weight of a nutrient

• N in the form of elemental Nitrogen

• P is Phosphorus as P2O5

• K is Potassium as K2O

• All commercial fertilizer must have N:P:K: on the bag.

Page 27: Soil. Soils SOIL is a dynamic system of living and nonliving components. DIRT is soil out of place

analysis ratioN P K33 0 0 Ammonium Nitrate 1:0:02 1 2 Sheep Manure 2:1:225 5 10 Lawn Fertilizer 5:1:210 10 10 Vegetable Fertilizer 1:1:1

The ratio is important, grass needs lots of N, veggies will not produce if they get lots of N.

Page 28: Soil. Soils SOIL is a dynamic system of living and nonliving components. DIRT is soil out of place

A soil test will tell you what your soil is lacking

• Call or visit the ag extension office and get a soil test kit

• Follow the directions, send it in, and the results take about 2 weeks.

• Add the nutrients as listed on your test report

• Look at table 14-9 pg 437-439

Page 29: Soil. Soils SOIL is a dynamic system of living and nonliving components. DIRT is soil out of place
Page 30: Soil. Soils SOIL is a dynamic system of living and nonliving components. DIRT is soil out of place