soil physical properties sixth presentation by allah dad khan

50
Natural Resources Conservation Service Helping People Help the Land

Upload: mrallah-dad-khan

Post on 24-Jan-2018

677 views

Category:

Education


2 download

TRANSCRIPT

Natural ResourcesConservation Service

Helping People Help the Land

Natural ResourcesConservation Service

Helping People Help the Land

Soil Physical Soil Physical Properties Properties

Presentation 5 Presentation 5 By Allah Dad khanBy Allah Dad khan

Natural ResourcesConservation Service

Helping People Help the Land

Mass or Weight of Soil Mass or Weight of Soil

weight of soil. Soil mass is derived from: (a) minerals, (b) weight of soil. Soil mass is derived from: (a) minerals, (b) organic matter, (c) water, and (d) gases. Minerals and organic matter, (c) water, and (d) gases. Minerals and organic matter are often lumped together and called “soil organic matter are often lumped together and called “soil solids.” The mass of an air-dried soil sample comes solids.” The mass of an air-dried soil sample comes almost entirely from minerals. almost entirely from minerals.

Volume of SoilVolume of Soil

: amount of “space” it takes up. Volume of soil is derived from its : amount of “space” it takes up. Volume of soil is derived from its solid components (minerals and organic matter) and its pores. Both solid components (minerals and organic matter) and its pores. Both solids and pores are important. The solids determine soil strength solids and pores are important. The solids determine soil strength and many chemical properties. The pores are where water, gases, and many chemical properties. The pores are where water, gases, roots, and other organisms reside. roots, and other organisms reside.

Volumetotal = Volumesolids + Volumepores Volumetotal = Volumesolids + Volumepores

PoresPores

Pores: the volume not filled by solids in soils. Important pore Pores: the volume not filled by solids in soils. Important pore characteristics include: (a) total volume (i.e., % pore volume); (b) characteristics include: (a) total volume (i.e., % pore volume); (b) shape; (c) orientation; (d) continuity; and (e) tortuosity. shape; (c) orientation; (d) continuity; and (e) tortuosity.

Surface Area: Surface Area:

SA = the area of the surfaces on minerals and organic matter per SA = the area of the surfaces on minerals and organic matter per unit weight or volume of soil. It is on the surfaces of soil solids that unit weight or volume of soil. It is on the surfaces of soil solids that many of the important chemical reactions occur. Consequently, many of the important chemical reactions occur. Consequently, increased surface area results in more potential for chemical increased surface area results in more potential for chemical reactions and water adsorption.reactions and water adsorption.

Physical Properties Physical Properties of Soilof Soil

Soil textureSoil texture

Soil structureSoil structure

Soil colorSoil color

Bulk densityBulk density

Definition of Soil Texture Definition of Soil Texture

Soil textureSoil texture is defined as the relative proportion of sand, silt and is defined as the relative proportion of sand, silt and clay. The ranges of diameters of the three separates are: sand (2.0- clay. The ranges of diameters of the three separates are: sand (2.0- 0.05 mm), silt (0.05-.002 mm), and clay (<0.002 mm). 0.05 mm), silt (0.05-.002 mm), and clay (<0.002 mm).

Importance of soil texture Importance of soil texture

Increases infiltration of water, thus reducing runoff and erosion and Increases infiltration of water, thus reducing runoff and erosion and increases the amount of plant available water. increases the amount of plant available water.

Improves seedling emergence, root growth and rooting depth. Improves seedling emergence, root growth and rooting depth.

Large continuous pores increase permeability.Large continuous pores increase permeability.

Class of structure - Describes size of the Class of structure - Describes size of the

aggregatesaggregates. .

very fine very fine

fine fine

medium medium

coarse coarse

very coarsevery coarse

The size of each category varies with the type of structure.The size of each category varies with the type of structure.

Formation of soil structureFormation of soil structure

1.1.

freeze / thaw freeze / thaw

wetting / drying wetting / drying

root pressure root pressure

microorganisms microorganisms

cementing by clay, organic matter, iron and aluminum compoundscementing by clay, organic matter, iron and aluminum compounds

What affects soil texture?What affects soil texture?

The parent material, as modified by weathering The parent material, as modified by weathering and soil- forming processes, determines a soil and soil- forming processes, determines a soil horizon’s texture. horizon’s texture.

http://soils.ag.uidaho.edu/soilorders/aridisols_07.htm

http://soils.ag.uidaho.edu/soilorders/ultisols_01.htm

Residuum (or bedrock)

Marine Sediments

Can soil texture be altered?Can soil texture be altered?

Texture is a relatively Texture is a relatively permanent physical property permanent physical property under natural conditions, under natural conditions, and, for most agricultural or and, for most agricultural or forestry uses, it is not forestry uses, it is not practical to change soil practical to change soil texture. texture.

In intensely managed In intensely managed systems texture can be systems texture can be changed by adding coarser changed by adding coarser or finer material.or finer material.

http://www.gov.mb.ca/iedm/profiles/images/alfalfa_lg.jpg

Soil Textural ClassSoil Textural Class

Soil textural classes are based on the Soil textural classes are based on the relative proportions of the various soil relative proportions of the various soil separates (sand, silt, and clay). separates (sand, silt, and clay).

There are 12 different soil textural classes.There are 12 different soil textural classes. We use the texture triangle to determine We use the texture triangle to determine

the textural class. the textural class.

Texture TriangleTexture Triangle

The percentage units The percentage units (0-100%) of sand, silt, (0-100%) of sand, silt, and clay are listed and clay are listed along the sides of the along the sides of the triangle. triangle.

Also notice that the Also notice that the relative proportion of relative proportion of sand, silt, and clay sand, silt, and clay always adds up to always adds up to 100%. 100%. http://www.public.iastate.edu/~

arossi/texture%20triangle.jpg

Soil Particle SizeSoil Particle Size

The terms sand, silt, and clay refer to particle size; sand is the The terms sand, silt, and clay refer to particle size; sand is the largest and clay is the smallest. Gravel particles are larger than 2 largest and clay is the smallest. Gravel particles are larger than 2 millimeters (mm), sand particles are 0.05–2 mm, silt particles are millimeters (mm), sand particles are 0.05–2 mm, silt particles are 0.002–0.05 mm, and clay is smaller than 0.002 mm. To put this in 0.002–0.05 mm, and clay is smaller than 0.002 mm. To put this in perspective, if a particle of clay were the size of a BB, then a particle perspective, if a particle of clay were the size of a BB, then a particle of silt would be the size of a golf ball and a grain of sand would be of silt would be the size of a golf ball and a grain of sand would be the size of a chair (FAO 2007).the size of a chair (FAO 2007).

Soil separate particle diameter (mm)____________________________

Sand . . . . . . . . . 2.0 - 0.05

Silt . . . . . . . . . . 0.05 - 0.002

Clay . . . . . . . . . . <0.002

SAND

SILT CLAY

Soil properties are influenced by texture Soil properties are influenced by texture including:including:

1.1. DrainageDrainage

2.2. Water holding capacityWater holding capacity

3.3. AerationAeration

4.4. Susceptibility to erosionSusceptibility to erosion

5.5. Organic matter contentOrganic matter content

6.6. Cation exchange capacity (CEC)Cation exchange capacity (CEC)

7.7. pH buffering capacitypH buffering capacity

8.8. Soil tilth Soil tilth

Soil Texture TestSoil Texture Test Purpose: Purpose: Soil texture refers to the relative proportion of mineral Soil texture refers to the relative proportion of mineral

particles of various sizes (soil fractions): sand, slit, and clay particles of various sizes (soil fractions): sand, slit, and clay expressed as a percentage. The basis of the test is the particle size expressed as a percentage. The basis of the test is the particle size and its mass, as related to settling time when dispersed in solution. and its mass, as related to settling time when dispersed in solution. Size classes according to their particle diameter are listed in the Size classes according to their particle diameter are listed in the table below:table below:

Size Class Particle Diameter (mm)

Very coarse sand 2.0-1.0

Coarse sand 1.0-0.5

Medium sand 0.5-0.25

Fine sand 0.25-0.10

Very fine sand 0.10-0.05

Silt 0.05-0.002

Clay Less than 0.002

Definition of Soil Structure Definition of Soil Structure

The arrangement and organization of primary and secondary particles The arrangement and organization of primary and secondary particles in a soil mass is known as soil structure.in a soil mass is known as soil structure. Soil structure controls the amount of water and air present in soil. Soil structure controls the amount of water and air present in soil. Plant roots and germinating seeds require sufficient air and oxygen Plant roots and germinating seeds require sufficient air and oxygen for respiration.for respiration. Bacterial activities also depend upon the supply of water and air in Bacterial activities also depend upon the supply of water and air in the soilthe soil..

Mechanism of Aggregate Formation: Mechanism of Aggregate Formation:

The bonding of the soil particles into structural unit is the genesis of The bonding of the soil particles into structural unit is the genesis of soil structure. The bonding between individual particles in the soil structure. The bonding between individual particles in the structural units is generally considered to be stronger than the structural units is generally considered to be stronger than the structural units themselves.structural units themselves. In aggregate formation, a number of primary particles such as sand, In aggregate formation, a number of primary particles such as sand, silt and clay are brought together by the cementing or binding effect silt and clay are brought together by the cementing or binding effect of soil colloids. The cementing materials taking part in aggregate of soil colloids. The cementing materials taking part in aggregate formation are colloidal clay, iron and aluminium hydroxides and formation are colloidal clay, iron and aluminium hydroxides and decomposing organic matter. Whatever may be the cementing decomposing organic matter. Whatever may be the cementing material, it is ultimately the dehydration of colloidal matter material, it is ultimately the dehydration of colloidal matter accompanied with pressure that completes the process of accompanied with pressure that completes the process of aggregationaggregation

Colloidal clay: Colloidal clay:

By virtue of high surface area and surface charge, clay particles By virtue of high surface area and surface charge, clay particles play a key role in the formation of soil aggregates. Sand and silt play a key role in the formation of soil aggregates. Sand and silt particles can not form aggregates as they do not possess the power particles can not form aggregates as they do not possess the power of adhesion and cohesion. These particles usually carry a coating of of adhesion and cohesion. These particles usually carry a coating of clay particles; they are enmeshed in the aggregates formed by the clay particles; they are enmeshed in the aggregates formed by the adhering clay particles. Colloidal particles form aggregates only adhering clay particles. Colloidal particles form aggregates only when they are flocculated. There is vast difference between when they are flocculated. There is vast difference between flocculation and aggregation. flocculation and aggregation. Flocculation is brought about by coalescence of colloidal particles Flocculation is brought about by coalescence of colloidal particles and is the first step in aggregation.and is the first step in aggregation.

Classification of Soil Structure:Classification of Soil Structure:

The primary particles sand, silt and clay usually occur grouped The primary particles sand, silt and clay usually occur grouped together in the form of aggregates.together in the form of aggregates.

Natural aggregates are called peds where as clod is an artificially Natural aggregates are called peds where as clod is an artificially formed soil mass. Structure is studied in the field under natural formed soil mass. Structure is studied in the field under natural conditions and it is described under three categoriesconditions and it is described under three categories 1. Type - Shape or form and arrangement pattern of peds 1. Type - Shape or form and arrangement pattern of peds 2. Class - Size of Peds 2. Class - Size of Peds 3. Grade - Degree of distinctness of peds3. Grade - Degree of distinctness of peds

Types of Soil StructureTypes of Soil Structure

:: There are four principal forms of soil structure There are four principal forms of soil structure Plate-like (Platy):Plate-like (Platy): In this type, the aggregates are arranged in relatively thin In this type, the aggregates are arranged in relatively thin

horizontal plates or leaflets. The horizontal axis or dimensions are larger horizontal plates or leaflets. The horizontal axis or dimensions are larger than the vertical axis. When the units/ layers are thick they are called platy. than the vertical axis. When the units/ layers are thick they are called platy. When they are thin then it is laminar.When they are thin then it is laminar. Platy structure is most noticeable in the surface layers of virgin soils but Platy structure is most noticeable in the surface layers of virgin soils but may be present in the subsoil.may be present in the subsoil.

This type is inherited from the parent material, especially by the action of This type is inherited from the parent material, especially by the action of water or ice.water or ice.

Prism-like:Prism-like: The vertical axis is more developed than horizontal, giving a The vertical axis is more developed than horizontal, giving a pillar like shape. Vary in length from 1- 10 cm. commonly occur in sub soil pillar like shape. Vary in length from 1- 10 cm. commonly occur in sub soil horizons of Arid and Semi arid regions. When the tops are rounded, the horizons of Arid and Semi arid regions. When the tops are rounded, the structure is termed as columnar when the tops are flat / plane, level and structure is termed as columnar when the tops are flat / plane, level and

clear cut prismaticclear cut prismatic..

Block likeBlock like

:: All three dimensions are about the same size. The aggregates All three dimensions are about the same size. The aggregates have been reduced to blocks. Irregularly six faced with their three have been reduced to blocks. Irregularly six faced with their three dimensions more or less equal.dimensions more or less equal. When the faces are flat and distinct and the edges are sharp When the faces are flat and distinct and the edges are sharp angular, the structure is named as angular blocky. When the faces angular, the structure is named as angular blocky. When the faces and edges are mainly rounded it is called sub angular blocky. These and edges are mainly rounded it is called sub angular blocky. These types usually are confined to the sub soil and characteristics have types usually are confined to the sub soil and characteristics have much to do with soil drainage, aeration and root penetration.much to do with soil drainage, aeration and root penetration.

Spheroidal (Sphere like):Spheroidal (Sphere like):

All rounded aggregates (peds) may be placed in this category. Not All rounded aggregates (peds) may be placed in this category. Not exceeding an inch in diameter. These rounded complexes usually loosely exceeding an inch in diameter. These rounded complexes usually loosely arranged and readily separated. When wetted, the intervening spaces arranged and readily separated. When wetted, the intervening spaces generally are not closed so readily by swelling as may be the case with a generally are not closed so readily by swelling as may be the case with a blocky structural condition.blocky structural condition.

Therefore in sphere like structure, infiltration, percolation and aeration are Therefore in sphere like structure, infiltration, percolation and aeration are not affected by wetting of soil. not affected by wetting of soil. The aggregates of this group are usually termed as granular which are The aggregates of this group are usually termed as granular which are relatively less porous. When the granules are very porous, it is termed as relatively less porous. When the granules are very porous, it is termed as crumb. This is specific to surface soil particularly high in organic matter/ crumb. This is specific to surface soil particularly high in organic matter/

grass land soilsgrass land soils..

Classes of Soil StructureClasses of Soil Structure::   Each primary structural type of soil is differentiated into 5 size classes Each primary structural type of soil is differentiated into 5 size classes depending upon the size of the individual peds.depending upon the size of the individual peds.

The terms commonly used for the size classes are:The terms commonly used for the size classes are: 1. Very fine or very thin1. Very fine or very thin 2. Fine or thin2. Fine or thin 3. Medium3. Medium 4. Coarse or thick4. Coarse or thick 5. Very Coarse or very thick5. Very Coarse or very thick The terms thin and thick are used for platy types, while the terms fine and The terms thin and thick are used for platy types, while the terms fine and coarse are used for other structural types.coarse are used for other structural types.

Grades of Soil StructureGrades of Soil Structure

  Grades indicate the degree of distinctness of the individual peds. It Grades indicate the degree of distinctness of the individual peds. It is determined by the stability of the aggregates. Grade of structure is determined by the stability of the aggregates. Grade of structure is influenced by the moisture content of the soil. Grade also is influenced by the moisture content of the soil. Grade also depends on organic matter, texture etc. Four terms commonly used depends on organic matter, texture etc. Four terms commonly used to describe the grade of soil structure are:to describe the grade of soil structure are:

Structure less: There is no noticeable aggregation, such as Structure less: There is no noticeable aggregation, such as conditions exhibited by loose sand.conditions exhibited by loose sand.

Weak Structure: Poorly formed, indistinct formation of peds, which Weak Structure: Poorly formed, indistinct formation of peds, which are not durable and much unaggregated material.are not durable and much unaggregated material.

Moderate structure: Moderately well developed peds, which are Moderate structure: Moderately well developed peds, which are fairly durable and distinct.fairly durable and distinct.

Strong structure: Very well formed peds, which are quite durable Strong structure: Very well formed peds, which are quite durable and distinct.and distinct.

Granular

Platy

Blocky

(Angular)(Subangular)

Wedge

ColumnarPrismatic

Examples of Soil StructureExamples of Soil Structure

Aspects of Soil StructureAspects of Soil Structure

The arrangement into aggregates of The arrangement into aggregates of desirable shape and sizedesirable shape and size

The stability of the aggregateThe stability of the aggregate

The configuration of the poresThe configuration of the pores

Factors that Affect Aggregate StabilityFactors that Affect Aggregate Stability

Kind of clayKind of clay

Chemical elements associated with the clayChemical elements associated with the clay

Nature of the products of decomposition or organic matterNature of the products of decomposition or organic matter

Nature of the microbial populationNature of the microbial population

Factors that Affect Factors that Affect Soil StructureSoil Structure

Kind of clayKind of clay

Amount of organic matterAmount of organic matter

Freezing and thawingFreezing and thawing

Wetting and dryingWetting and drying

Action of burrowing organismsAction of burrowing organisms

Growth of root systems of plantsGrowth of root systems of plants

Maintaining Soil StructureMaintaining Soil Structure Till soil only at the proper moisture contents. Never till when the soil is too wet. This Till soil only at the proper moisture contents. Never till when the soil is too wet. This 

will cause the soil to become cloddy. Aggregates are easily destroyed. will cause the soil to become cloddy. Aggregates are easily destroyed. 

Add the proper amounts of lime and fertilizer. Proper plant growth will lead to the Add the proper amounts of lime and fertilizer. Proper plant growth will lead to the development of good soil structure. development of good soil structure. 

Grow grasses and legumes. These plants may help form unstable aggregates and Grow grasses and legumes. These plants may help form unstable aggregates and their organic matter will help stablize the aggregate. their organic matter will help stablize the aggregate. 

Growth of legumes will also give the soil more microorganisms which give certain Growth of legumes will also give the soil more microorganisms which give certain beneficial fungi which will stabilize peds. beneficial fungi which will stabilize peds. 

Maintain or increase organic matter contents of Ap horizon. Maintain or increase organic matter contents of Ap horizon. 

– plant cover crops in fall and winter plant cover crops in fall and winter 

plant more grasses plant more grasses 

– turn under crop residue turn under crop residue 

– add manureadd manure

Bulk Density Definition Bulk Density Definition

Density, as applied to any kind of homogeneous monophasic Density, as applied to any kind of homogeneous monophasic material of mass material of mass MM and volume  and volume VV, is expressed as the ratio , is expressed as the ratio of of MM to  to VV. Under specified conditions, this definition leads to unique . Under specified conditions, this definition leads to unique values that represent a well-defined property of the material. For values that represent a well-defined property of the material. For heterogeneous and multiphasic materials, however, such as porous heterogeneous and multiphasic materials, however, such as porous media, application of this definition can lead to different results, media, application of this definition can lead to different results, depending on the exact way the mass and volume of the system are depending on the exact way the mass and volume of the system are defined.defined.

Bulk Density:Bulk Density:

  The oven dry weight of a unit volume of soil inclusive of pore spaces is The oven dry weight of a unit volume of soil inclusive of pore spaces is called bulk density. The bulk density of a soil is always smaller than its called bulk density. The bulk density of a soil is always smaller than its particle density. The bulk density of sandy soil is about 1.6 g / cm3, whereas particle density. The bulk density of sandy soil is about 1.6 g / cm3, whereas that of organic matter is about 0.5. Bulk density normally decreases, as that of organic matter is about 0.5. Bulk density normally decreases, as mineral soils become finer in texture. The bulk density varies indirectly with mineral soils become finer in texture. The bulk density varies indirectly with the total pore space present in the soil and gives a good estimate of the the total pore space present in the soil and gives a good estimate of the porosity of the soil. Bulk density is of greater importance than particle porosity of the soil. Bulk density is of greater importance than particle density in understanding the physical behavior of the soil. Generally soils density in understanding the physical behavior of the soil. Generally soils with low bulk densities have favorable physical conditions.with low bulk densities have favorable physical conditions.

Soil Density PhasesSoil Density Phases

1) the solid phase or the soil matrix (formed by mineral particles and 1) the solid phase or the soil matrix (formed by mineral particles and solid organic materials);solid organic materials);

  (2) the liquid phase, which is often represented by water and which (2) the liquid phase, which is often represented by water and which could more properly be called the soil solution; (3) the gaseous could more properly be called the soil solution; (3) the gaseous phase, which contains air and other gasesphase, which contains air and other gases

Factors affecting bulk densityFactors affecting bulk density

1. Pore space:1. Pore space: Since bulk density relates to the combined volume of the solids and  Since bulk density relates to the combined volume of the solids and pore spaces, soils with high proportion of pore space to solids have lower bulk pore spaces, soils with high proportion of pore space to solids have lower bulk densities than those that are more compact and have less pore space. Consequently, densities than those that are more compact and have less pore space. Consequently, any factor that influences soil pore space will affect bulk density.any factor that influences soil pore space will affect bulk density.

2. Texture:2. Texture: Fine textured surface soils such as silt loams, clays and clay loams  Fine textured surface soils such as silt loams, clays and clay loams generally have lower bulk densities than sandy soils. This is because the fine textured generally have lower bulk densities than sandy soils. This is because the fine textured soils tend to organize in porous grains especially because of adequate organic matter soils tend to organize in porous grains especially because of adequate organic matter content. This results in high pore space and low bulk density. However, in sandy content. This results in high pore space and low bulk density. However, in sandy soils, organic matter content is generally low, the solid particles lie close together and soils, organic matter content is generally low, the solid particles lie close together and the bulk density is commonly higher than in fine textured soils.the bulk density is commonly higher than in fine textured soils.  3. Organic matter content:3. Organic matter content: More the organic matter content in soil results in high  More the organic matter content in soil results in high pore space there by shows lower bulk density of soil and vice-versa.pore space there by shows lower bulk density of soil and vice-versa.

Density concept informs Density concept informs 

(1) (1) Density of solids or soil particle densityDensity of solids or soil particle density

(2) Bulk or dry density, (2) Bulk or dry density, 

(3) Total or wet density.(3) Total or wet density.

Measuring of Density Measuring of Density

Density = Mass / VolumeDensity = Mass / Volume Soil density is expressed in two well accepted concepts as particle Soil density is expressed in two well accepted concepts as particle

density and bulk density. In the metric system, particle density can density and bulk density. In the metric system, particle density can be expressed in terms of mega grams per cubic meter (Mg/m3). be expressed in terms of mega grams per cubic meter (Mg/m3). Thus if 1 m3 of soil solids weighs 2.6 Mg, the particle density is 2.6 Thus if 1 m3 of soil solids weighs 2.6 Mg, the particle density is 2.6 Mg / m3 (since 1 Mg =1 million grams and 1 m3 =1 million cubic Mg / m3 (since 1 Mg =1 million grams and 1 m3 =1 million cubic centimeters) thus particle density can also be expressed as 2.6 g / centimeters) thus particle density can also be expressed as 2.6 g / cm3.cm3.

Particle DensityParticle Density :: The weight per unit volume of the solid portion of soil is called The weight per unit volume of the solid portion of soil is called

particle density. Generally particle density of normal soils is 2.65 particle density. Generally particle density of normal soils is 2.65 grams per cubic centimeter. The particle density is higher if large grams per cubic centimeter. The particle density is higher if large amount of heavy minerals such as magnetite; limonite and hematite amount of heavy minerals such as magnetite; limonite and hematite are present in the soil. With increase in organic matter of the soil the are present in the soil. With increase in organic matter of the soil the particle density decreases. Particle density is also termed as true particle density decreases. Particle density is also termed as true density.density.

Table Particle density of different soil textural classes Table Particle density of different soil textural classes Textural Classes Particle density ( g/ cm3)

Coarse sand 2.655

Fine sand 2.659

Silt 2.798

Clay 2.837

Bulk density of different textural classesBulk density of different textural classes

Textural class Bulk density (g/cc)

Pore space %

Sandy soil 1.6 40

Loam 1.4 47

Silt Loam 1.13 50

Clay 1.1 58

Bulk DensityBulk Density

Determined by dividing the weight of oven-dry soil in grams by its Determined by dividing the weight of oven-dry soil in grams by its volume in cubic centimetersvolume in cubic centimeters

The variation in bulk density is due largely to the difference in total The variation in bulk density is due largely to the difference in total pore spacepore space

Effects of Bulk DensityEffects of Bulk Density

Engineering propertiesEngineering properties

Water movementWater movement

Rooting depth of plantsRooting depth of plants

Soil ColorSoil Color

Indicator of different soil typesIndicator of different soil types

Indicator of certain physical and chemical characteristicsIndicator of certain physical and chemical characteristics

Due to humus content and chemical nature of the iron Due to humus content and chemical nature of the iron compounds present in the soilcompounds present in the soil

SOIL COLORSOIL COLOR

Useful tool for providing Useful tool for providing information about other information about other soil propertiessoil properties – Organic matter contentOrganic matter content– Soil mineralsSoil minerals

– Seasonal high water Seasonal high water tablestables

Appling Series, Granville Co, NC

SOIL COLORSOIL COLOR

Useful tool for providing Useful tool for providing information about other information about other soil propertiessoil properties – Organic matter contentOrganic matter content– Soil mineralsSoil minerals

– Seasonal high water Seasonal high water tablestables

Englehard Series, Hyde Co, NC

High

Low

SOIL COLORSOIL COLOR

Useful tool for providing Useful tool for providing information about other information about other soil propertiessoil properties – Organic matter contentOrganic matter content– Soil mineralsSoil minerals

– Seasonal high water Seasonal high water tablestables

Creedmoor Series, Chatham Co, NC

SOIL COLORSOIL COLOR

Redoximorphic Redoximorphic FeaturesFeatures – Soil colors formed by the Soil colors formed by the

repeated chemical repeated chemical oxidation and reduction oxidation and reduction of iron and manganese of iron and manganese compounds resulting compounds resulting from saturation.from saturation.

– Useful for predicting the Useful for predicting the presence and depth of presence and depth of seasonal high water seasonal high water tables in the soil.tables in the soil.

Mattaponi Series, Chatham Co, NC