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Page 1: Soil Environmental Chemistry - SJTUsese.sjtu.edu.cn/web/upload/200752313066491.pdf · Soil Environmental Chemistry YUAN Tao Dr., Associate Professor taoyuan@sjtu.edu.cn 517#, Building

Soil Environmental ChemistrySoil Environmental Chemistry

YUAN TaoYUAN TaoDr., Associate Professor Dr., Associate Professor [email protected]@sjtu.edu.cn517#, Building of Environment , SJTU 517#, Building of Environment , SJTU

Page 2: Soil Environmental Chemistry - SJTUsese.sjtu.edu.cn/web/upload/200752313066491.pdf · Soil Environmental Chemistry YUAN Tao Dr., Associate Professor taoyuan@sjtu.edu.cn 517#, Building

22Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

Perceptions of SoilAgriculture

Environment

Science

Page 3: Soil Environmental Chemistry - SJTUsese.sjtu.edu.cn/web/upload/200752313066491.pdf · Soil Environmental Chemistry YUAN Tao Dr., Associate Professor taoyuan@sjtu.edu.cn 517#, Building

33Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

Course Objectives

• Comprehend the physical, chemical, and biological processes functioning within soils

• Obtain an appreciation for soils as dynamic, non-renewable natural resources

Page 4: Soil Environmental Chemistry - SJTUsese.sjtu.edu.cn/web/upload/200752313066491.pdf · Soil Environmental Chemistry YUAN Tao Dr., Associate Professor taoyuan@sjtu.edu.cn 517#, Building

44Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

Outline Outline

General introduction General introduction Soil components Soil components Soil taxonomy Soil taxonomy Properties of soil Properties of soil Soil pesticides pollution Soil pesticides pollution Soil heavy metal contamination Soil heavy metal contamination Soil remediationSoil remediation

Page 5: Soil Environmental Chemistry - SJTUsese.sjtu.edu.cn/web/upload/200752313066491.pdf · Soil Environmental Chemistry YUAN Tao Dr., Associate Professor taoyuan@sjtu.edu.cn 517#, Building

55Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

General introductionGeneral introduction

Soil developmentSoil developmentSoil roleSoil roleGlobal soil issues Global soil issues Soil pollution and healthSoil pollution and healthResearch briefing Research briefing

Page 6: Soil Environmental Chemistry - SJTUsese.sjtu.edu.cn/web/upload/200752313066491.pdf · Soil Environmental Chemistry YUAN Tao Dr., Associate Professor taoyuan@sjtu.edu.cn 517#, Building

66Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

Soil DevelopmentSoils are formed by the weathering of parent rocks as the result of interactive geological, hydrological and biological process.

Page 7: Soil Environmental Chemistry - SJTUsese.sjtu.edu.cn/web/upload/200752313066491.pdf · Soil Environmental Chemistry YUAN Tao Dr., Associate Professor taoyuan@sjtu.edu.cn 517#, Building

77Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

Page 8: Soil Environmental Chemistry - SJTUsese.sjtu.edu.cn/web/upload/200752313066491.pdf · Soil Environmental Chemistry YUAN Tao Dr., Associate Professor taoyuan@sjtu.edu.cn 517#, Building

88Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

magma

Page 9: Soil Environmental Chemistry - SJTUsese.sjtu.edu.cn/web/upload/200752313066491.pdf · Soil Environmental Chemistry YUAN Tao Dr., Associate Professor taoyuan@sjtu.edu.cn 517#, Building

99Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

Page 10: Soil Environmental Chemistry - SJTUsese.sjtu.edu.cn/web/upload/200752313066491.pdf · Soil Environmental Chemistry YUAN Tao Dr., Associate Professor taoyuan@sjtu.edu.cn 517#, Building

1010Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

Page 11: Soil Environmental Chemistry - SJTUsese.sjtu.edu.cn/web/upload/200752313066491.pdf · Soil Environmental Chemistry YUAN Tao Dr., Associate Professor taoyuan@sjtu.edu.cn 517#, Building

1111Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

?

Soil Profile Development

Page 12: Soil Environmental Chemistry - SJTUsese.sjtu.edu.cn/web/upload/200752313066491.pdf · Soil Environmental Chemistry YUAN Tao Dr., Associate Professor taoyuan@sjtu.edu.cn 517#, Building

1212Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

The BeginningThe Beginning

Page 13: Soil Environmental Chemistry - SJTUsese.sjtu.edu.cn/web/upload/200752313066491.pdf · Soil Environmental Chemistry YUAN Tao Dr., Associate Professor taoyuan@sjtu.edu.cn 517#, Building

1313Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

Soil Forming Factors

•Time

•Parent Material

•Climate

•Biota

•Topography

•Time

•Parent Material

•Climate

•Biota

•Topography

Page 14: Soil Environmental Chemistry - SJTUsese.sjtu.edu.cn/web/upload/200752313066491.pdf · Soil Environmental Chemistry YUAN Tao Dr., Associate Professor taoyuan@sjtu.edu.cn 517#, Building

1414Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

Soil roleSoil role(open system that undergo continual exchange (open system that undergo continual exchange

of matter and energy with atmosphere, of matter and energy with atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. )hydrosphere, and biosphere. )

1.1. Most fundamental requirement for agriculture Most fundamental requirement for agriculture

2.2. Receptor of large quantities of pollutants Receptor of large quantities of pollutants

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1515Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

Global soil issuesGlobal soil issuesSoil acidification Soil acidification Soil Soil salificationsalification and and alkalificationalkalificationDesertification Desertification Soil loss and degradation Soil loss and degradation

Page 16: Soil Environmental Chemistry - SJTUsese.sjtu.edu.cn/web/upload/200752313066491.pdf · Soil Environmental Chemistry YUAN Tao Dr., Associate Professor taoyuan@sjtu.edu.cn 517#, Building

1616Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

Acid Soils

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1717Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

Salt Affected Soils

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1818Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

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1919Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

Soil pollution and health Soil pollution and health Sources of soil pollution Sources of soil pollution Human activitiesHuman activities: wastewater, solid waste , : wastewater, solid waste ,

pesticide , fertilizer, recycling of wastes pesticide , fertilizer, recycling of wastes atmospheric sedimentation atmospheric sedimentation

Natural sourcesNatural sources : mine areas, mineral : mine areas, mineral degradation and weathering degradation and weathering

Page 20: Soil Environmental Chemistry - SJTUsese.sjtu.edu.cn/web/upload/200752313066491.pdf · Soil Environmental Chemistry YUAN Tao Dr., Associate Professor taoyuan@sjtu.edu.cn 517#, Building

2020Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

Soil pollution and healthSoil pollution and healthHealth concern Health concern

Crop growth and nutrients loss Crop growth and nutrients loss Food chain Food chain Pollutants releasing to water body Pollutants releasing to water body

Page 21: Soil Environmental Chemistry - SJTUsese.sjtu.edu.cn/web/upload/200752313066491.pdf · Soil Environmental Chemistry YUAN Tao Dr., Associate Professor taoyuan@sjtu.edu.cn 517#, Building

2121Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

Research briefing Research briefing

Some topics of soil researchSome topics of soil research–– Degradations and behaviors of toxic Degradations and behaviors of toxic

organics organics –– Forms and transformations of heavy metals Forms and transformations of heavy metals –– SolidSolid--liquid interface actions of pollutants liquid interface actions of pollutants –– Emissions and fates of green houseEmissions and fates of green house–– Chemical remediation Chemical remediation –– BioBio--remediation remediation

Page 22: Soil Environmental Chemistry - SJTUsese.sjtu.edu.cn/web/upload/200752313066491.pdf · Soil Environmental Chemistry YUAN Tao Dr., Associate Professor taoyuan@sjtu.edu.cn 517#, Building

2222Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

Outline Outline

General introduction General introduction Soil componentsSoil taxonomy Soil taxonomy Properties of soil Properties of soil Soil pesticides pollution Soil pesticides pollution Soil heavy metal contamination Soil heavy metal contamination Soil remediationSoil remediation

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2323Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

Soil Profile DevelopmentSoil Profile Developmentcontains characteristic contains characteristic

layers called layers called horizonshorizons

BedrockBedrock

A

EE

B

C

BedrockBedrock

soil

development

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2424Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

Soil profileSoil profile

B

C

BedrockBedrock

soilA

A horizon, topsoil (typically several inches in thickness, maximum biological activity, contains most of the soil organic matter, metal ion

and clay particles leaching )

B horizon, subsoil (receives material such as organic matter, salts and clay particles

leached form topsoil)

C horizon, weathered parent rock (composed of weathered parent rocks

from which the soil originated)

Bedrock

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2525Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

Soil componentsSoil components

Major components Major components Solid phaseSolid phaseLiquid phaseLiquid phaseGas phaseGas phase

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2626Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

Major ComponentsMajor Components

mineral45%

air25%

water25%

organic 5%

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2727Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

Major ComponentsMajor Components

mineral45%

air25%

water25%

organic 5%

Other populations in soils: bacteria, virus, fungi, animals such as earthworm

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2828Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

Soil components Soil components

Minerals Minerals Original: physical weathering Original: physical weathering Secondary: chemical weatheringSecondary: chemical weathering

Depends on chemical element and Depends on chemical element and crystal structure crystal structure

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2929Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

Organic matterOrganic matterHumusHumus : the residue left when bacteria and : the residue left when bacteria and fungi biodegrade plant material.fungi biodegrade plant material.

BaseBase--soluble , soluble , humichumic acid, acid, fulvicfulvic acid acid Insoluble , Insoluble , huminhumin

NonNon--humus:humus:Fats, resins and waxes Fats, resins and waxes SaccharideSaccharide (cellulose, starches, (cellulose, starches, hemicellulosehemicellulose, gums), gums)NN--organics (Norganics (N--humus, amino acid, amino sugars)humus, amino acid, amino sugars)PP--compounds (phosphate ester, compounds (phosphate ester, inositolinositol phosphate, phosphate,

phospholipids ) phospholipids )

Soil components Soil components

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3030Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

Organic matter Organic matter –– Determines soil productivity Determines soil productivity –– Serves as food for microorganism Serves as food for microorganism –– Undergoes chemical reactions Undergoes chemical reactions –– Sorbs solutes in soilSorbs solutes in soil

Soil components Soil components

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3131Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

Soil solution Soil solution

WaterWater →→ plants (Rain , snow, irrigation , plants (Rain , snow, irrigation , groundwater (2groundwater (2--3m) )3m) )

Solutes Solutes ↔↔ soil particles soil particles

Note: Plant root nutrients Note: Plant root nutrients ↔↔ solid soilsolid soil(waterlog)(waterlog)

Soil components Soil components

Page 32: Soil Environmental Chemistry - SJTUsese.sjtu.edu.cn/web/upload/200752313066491.pdf · Soil Environmental Chemistry YUAN Tao Dr., Associate Professor taoyuan@sjtu.edu.cn 517#, Building

3232Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

Soil componentsSoil components

Soil air Soil air Basic components are same with atmosphere Basic components are same with atmosphere

((NN22, O, O22, CO, CO22))Differences to atmosphere Differences to atmosphere

Uneven and Uneven and incontinuousincontinuousHigher COHigher CO22, lower O, lower O22, higher moisture, higher moistureReductive gases, such as CHReductive gases, such as CH44, H, H22S, HS, H22

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3333Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

Other components in soilsOther components in soils

Plant nutrients Plant nutrients Macronutrient Macronutrient CC, , HH, , OO, N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S , N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S Micronutrient Micronutrient B, B, ClCl, Cu, Zn, , Cu, Zn, MnMn, iron. , iron. Pollutants (details will be discussed in Soil Pollutants (details will be discussed in Soil pollution section)pollution section)

NEXT

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3434Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

Fertilizer

H2O

Nitrogen,Phosphorus,Potassium...

* Soils act as a storagebank for plant nutrients

* retain water

* filter contaminants

Retention within Soils

BACK

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3535Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

Outline Outline

General introduction General introduction Soil components Soil components

Soil taxonomySoil taxonomyProperties of soil Properties of soil Soil pesticides pollution Soil pesticides pollution Soil heavy metal contamination Soil heavy metal contamination Soil remediationSoil remediation

Page 36: Soil Environmental Chemistry - SJTUsese.sjtu.edu.cn/web/upload/200752313066491.pdf · Soil Environmental Chemistry YUAN Tao Dr., Associate Professor taoyuan@sjtu.edu.cn 517#, Building

3636Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

Long history Long history Many pathways ( application, color, texture, Many pathways ( application, color, texture, hardness, region, etc. )hardness, region, etc. )Trend, Q, S, I, Trend, Q, S, I,

Soil taxonomySoil taxonomy

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3737Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

Soil Color Originates from the Molecular Framework

Page 38: Soil Environmental Chemistry - SJTUsese.sjtu.edu.cn/web/upload/200752313066491.pdf · Soil Environmental Chemistry YUAN Tao Dr., Associate Professor taoyuan@sjtu.edu.cn 517#, Building

3838Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

Soft soil

Mollisol

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3939Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

Grey soil

SpodosolSpodosol

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4040Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

Oxide soil

(Soils of the Tropics)

Oxisol

Page 41: Soil Environmental Chemistry - SJTUsese.sjtu.edu.cn/web/upload/200752313066491.pdf · Soil Environmental Chemistry YUAN Tao Dr., Associate Professor taoyuan@sjtu.edu.cn 517#, Building

4141Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

Organic soil

(Soils from Wetlands )

Histosol

Page 42: Soil Environmental Chemistry - SJTUsese.sjtu.edu.cn/web/upload/200752313066491.pdf · Soil Environmental Chemistry YUAN Tao Dr., Associate Professor taoyuan@sjtu.edu.cn 517#, Building

4242Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

Inception (initial) soil

Soils from Recent Landscapes

InceptisolInceptisol

Page 43: Soil Environmental Chemistry - SJTUsese.sjtu.edu.cn/web/upload/200752313066491.pdf · Soil Environmental Chemistry YUAN Tao Dr., Associate Professor taoyuan@sjtu.edu.cn 517#, Building

4343Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

Arid soil (Soils Near Recent Volcanic Activity)

AridisolsAridisols

Page 44: Soil Environmental Chemistry - SJTUsese.sjtu.edu.cn/web/upload/200752313066491.pdf · Soil Environmental Chemistry YUAN Tao Dr., Associate Professor taoyuan@sjtu.edu.cn 517#, Building

4444Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

Soil classification Soil classification

Soil texture:Soil texture:Soil condition represented by the different Soil condition represented by the different

degrees of fine and rough particles degrees of fine and rough particles

Physical properties are influenced by particle size

Size Classification (USDA):

Soil < 2 mm

Sand, 2 - 0.05 mm

Silt, 0.05 - 0.002 mm

Clay, <0.002 mm

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4545Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

Sandy Soils(coarse textured)

SandLoamy

Sand

Sandy Loam

20

10

70 50

Page 46: Soil Environmental Chemistry - SJTUsese.sjtu.edu.cn/web/upload/200752313066491.pdf · Soil Environmental Chemistry YUAN Tao Dr., Associate Professor taoyuan@sjtu.edu.cn 517#, Building

4646Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

Outline Outline

General introduction General introduction Soil components Soil components Soil taxonomy Soil taxonomy

Properties of soil Properties of soil Soil pesticides pollution Soil pesticides pollution Soil heavy metal contamination Soil heavy metal contamination Soil remediationSoil remediation

Page 47: Soil Environmental Chemistry - SJTUsese.sjtu.edu.cn/web/upload/200752313066491.pdf · Soil Environmental Chemistry YUAN Tao Dr., Associate Professor taoyuan@sjtu.edu.cn 517#, Building

4747Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

Properties of soil Properties of soil

Physical propertiesPhysical propertiesAdsorption (colloid)Adsorption (colloid)AcidAcid--base base RedoxRedox (reduction(reduction--oxidation)oxidation)

Page 48: Soil Environmental Chemistry - SJTUsese.sjtu.edu.cn/web/upload/200752313066491.pdf · Soil Environmental Chemistry YUAN Tao Dr., Associate Professor taoyuan@sjtu.edu.cn 517#, Building

4848Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

Ion exchange adsorptionIon exchange adsorption

Keynotes Keynotes –– Same charge exchangeSame charge exchange–– Dynamic balance (or kinetic equilibrium)Dynamic balance (or kinetic equilibrium)–– Mass balance Mass balance –– Equivalent exchange based on ionic valenceEquivalent exchange based on ionic valence

Page 49: Soil Environmental Chemistry - SJTUsese.sjtu.edu.cn/web/upload/200752313066491.pdf · Soil Environmental Chemistry YUAN Tao Dr., Associate Professor taoyuan@sjtu.edu.cn 517#, Building

4949Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

Cation exchange adsorptionCation exchange adsorptionWhat is What is cationcation? ?

----Any element with a positive chargeAny element with a positive chargeTwo groups of Two groups of cationscations in soilsin soils----Basic (electropositive )Basic (electropositive )cationscations: Ca: Ca+2+2, Mg, Mg+2+2, K, K+1+1 and and

NaNa+1+1

----Acidic Acidic cationscations: H: H+1+1 and Aland Al+3 +3

Ion exchange adsorptionIon exchange adsorption

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5050Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected]) BACK

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5151Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

Notes for CECNotes for CECAn indication of the soils potential to hold plant nutrients An indication of the soils potential to hold plant nutrients ( the larger this number, the more ( the larger this number, the more cationscations the soil can the soil can hold)hold)Including both mineral and organic portions (e.g., clay Including both mineral and organic portions (e.g., clay and humus)and humus)Different Different cationscations with different exchange ability (e.g., with different exchange ability (e.g., higher charges with higher exchange ability, Fehigher charges with higher exchange ability, Fe3+ 3+ > Ca> Ca2+2+))Factors affecting CECFactors affecting CEC–– Soil colloid, e.g., organic colloid > Soil colloid, e.g., organic colloid > kaolinekaoline–– Soil texture, e.g., fine particles with higher CEC Soil texture, e.g., fine particles with higher CEC –– Soil condition, e.g., low pH Soil condition, e.g., low pH ------hydroxyl ( OH) dissociation hydroxyl ( OH) dissociation

decreaseddecreased------ negative charge reducednegative charge reduced------CEC decreased CEC decreased

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5252Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

A related concept to CECA related concept to CECPercent base saturationPercent base saturation (electropositive (electropositive saturabilitysaturability ))--------tells what percent of the exchange sites are occupied tells what percent of the exchange sites are occupied

by the basic by the basic cationscations. .

PBS (%)= (exchangeable basic PBS (%)= (exchangeable basic cationscations/ CEC) / CEC) ××100%100%FYI: FYI: ☺☺----Basic (electropositive )Basic (electropositive )cationscations: Ca: Ca+2+2, Mg, Mg+2+2, K, K+1+1 and Naand Na+1+1

----Acidic Acidic cationscations: H: H+1+1 and Aland Al+3 +3

Note: PBS depends on matrix of soil and the climate, etc. Note: PBS depends on matrix of soil and the climate, etc. WHY ? WHY ?

Ion exchange adsorptionIon exchange adsorption

Page 53: Soil Environmental Chemistry - SJTUsese.sjtu.edu.cn/web/upload/200752313066491.pdf · Soil Environmental Chemistry YUAN Tao Dr., Associate Professor taoyuan@sjtu.edu.cn 517#, Building

5353Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

Ion exchange adsorptionIon exchange adsorption

Cation exchange adsorption Cation exchange adsorption Anion exchange adsorptionAnion exchange adsorption

Page 54: Soil Environmental Chemistry - SJTUsese.sjtu.edu.cn/web/upload/200752313066491.pdf · Soil Environmental Chemistry YUAN Tao Dr., Associate Professor taoyuan@sjtu.edu.cn 517#, Building

5454Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

Ion exchange adsorptionIon exchange adsorption

Anion exchange adsorptionAnion exchange adsorption

{Soil colloid{Soil colloid++} A} A-- + {Soil solution} B+ {Soil solution} B--

{Soil colloid{Soil colloid++} B } B -- + {Soil solution} A + {Soil solution} A --

Anions exchanges occur between positively charged soil colloid Anions exchanges occur between positively charged soil colloid and soil solutionand soil solution

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5555Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

Ion exchange adsorptionIon exchange adsorption

Anion exchange adsorptionAnion exchange adsorption–– Strongly adsorptionStrongly adsorption----precipitationprecipitation------

{ PO{ PO4433-- , HPO, HPO44

22-- }+ {Ca}+ {Ca2+2+, Fe, Fe3+3+, Al, Al+3+3}}

–– Less adsorption Less adsorption ClCl--, NO, NO33

--, NO, NO22--, hard to form insoluble salt , hard to form insoluble salt

(any indication? )(any indication? )

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5656Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

CationCation exchangeexchangeNitrification Nitrification OM. DecompositionOM. DecompositionBasic Basic cationscationsAcid rain Acid rain Hydrogen and aluminum Hydrogen and aluminum cationscationsOxidation of sulfur (S) or pyrite (FeS2) Oxidation of sulfur (S) or pyrite (FeS2) Acid residue of inorganic fertilizer Acid residue of inorganic fertilizer

……

Sources of acidSources of acid--base in soil base in soil

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5757Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

Soil Soil acidacid--base scalebase scale

Page 58: Soil Environmental Chemistry - SJTUsese.sjtu.edu.cn/web/upload/200752313066491.pdf · Soil Environmental Chemistry YUAN Tao Dr., Associate Professor taoyuan@sjtu.edu.cn 517#, Building

5858Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

AcidAcid--base property base property

Overview Overview –– Why acidWhy acid--base property occurs in soil?base property occurs in soil?–– Grades of acidGrades of acid--base scalebase scale–– Significance of acidSignificance of acid--base in soilbase in soil

Page 59: Soil Environmental Chemistry - SJTUsese.sjtu.edu.cn/web/upload/200752313066491.pdf · Soil Environmental Chemistry YUAN Tao Dr., Associate Professor taoyuan@sjtu.edu.cn 517#, Building

5959Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

AcidAcid--base property base property

Overview Overview –– Why acidWhy acid--base property occurs in soil?base property occurs in soil?–– Grades of acidGrades of acid--base scalebase scale–– Significance of acidSignificance of acid--base in soilbase in soilAcidity and Acidity and basicitybasicity of soilof soil

(several concepts and buffering effect )(several concepts and buffering effect )

Page 60: Soil Environmental Chemistry - SJTUsese.sjtu.edu.cn/web/upload/200752313066491.pdf · Soil Environmental Chemistry YUAN Tao Dr., Associate Professor taoyuan@sjtu.edu.cn 517#, Building

6060Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

Acidity and Acidity and basicitybasicity of soilof soilActive acidity– is that acidity found in the soil solution or [H+]. Active

acidity is measured by the glass electrode and pH meter.

Exchangeable acidity– is that acidity found on colloid surfaces in soil that are

displaced into solution by a salt solution (usually 1 MKCl).

E.g. Al3+, Al(OH)2+, Al(OH)2+ and other hydroxy compounds on clay surfaces

Al complexed by soil OM carboxyl groups on soil OM

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6161Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

Acidity and Acidity and basicitybasicity of soilof soilNon-exchangeable acidity– is acidity (H+, Al3+) that is not displaced or displaced

very slowly by a salt solution. E.g., weak acid groups on soil OM

organically complexed Al Al- hydroxy cations retained strongly on colloid surfaces

Reserve acidity– is all titratable acidity associated with the solid phase.

It is equal to the sum of exchangeable and non-exchangeable acidity and represents the buffer capacity of a soil.

Percent base saturation vs. reserve acidityWhen PBS =100%, there is no reserve acidity

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6262Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

Acidity and Acidity and basicitybasicity of soilof soil

Active acidity Vs. reserve acidity reserve acidity >> active acidity

e.g., in sand soil, 1000 timesin clay soil (with organic matters), 5X104-1X105 times

Buffering effect{Soil colloid {Soil colloid -- } Na} Na+ + ++HClHCl {Soil colloid {Soil colloid -- } H+ +} H+ +NaOHNaOH

{Soil colloid {Soil colloid -- } H} H+ + + + NaClNaCl {Soil colloid {Soil colloid -- } Na} Na+ + + H+ H22O O

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6363Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

AcidAcid--base property base property

Overview Overview Acidity and Acidity and basicitybasicity of soilof soilAdjustment of soil pH (supplement)Adjustment of soil pH (supplement)

–– Adding acid: FeAdding acid: Fe+3+3, Al, Al3+3+, S, S–– Adding alkali: liming (CaCOAdding alkali: liming (CaCO33))

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6464Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

Oxidant and reductants

Oxidants Oxidants i.i. OO22

ii.ii. NONO33--

iii.iii. MMxx+ + (with higher ionic valences)(with higher ionic valences)

ReductantsReductantsi.i. Organic mattersOrganic mattersii.ii. MMy+ y+ (with lower ionic valences)(with lower ionic valences)

OthersOthersplant roots ; soil biota plant roots ; soil biota ……

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6565Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

RedoxRedox property property

Redox reaction Oxidant and reductantsEEh of soil h of soil

Potential of soil Potential of soil redoxredox ( to evaluate the condition ( to evaluate the condition of of redoxredox ))

Factors affecting redox condition

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6666Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

RedoxRedox property property

Redox reaction Oxidant and reductantsEEh of soil h of soil

Factors affecting redox condition

Significance

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6767Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

Properties of soil Properties of soil

Physical propertiesPhysical properties

AdsorptionAdsorptionAcidAcid--base base RedoxRedox (reduction(reduction--oxidation)oxidation)

Biological property (supplement)Biological property (supplement)

Page 68: Soil Environmental Chemistry - SJTUsese.sjtu.edu.cn/web/upload/200752313066491.pdf · Soil Environmental Chemistry YUAN Tao Dr., Associate Professor taoyuan@sjtu.edu.cn 517#, Building

6868Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])

Just for fun Just for fun ☺☺Aoccdrnig to a rscheearch at Cmabrigde

Uinervtisy, it deosn't mttaer inwaht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are, the olny

iprmoetnt tihng is tahtthe frist and lsat ltteer be at the rghit pclae. The

rset can be a totalmses and you can sitll raed it wouthit porbelm.

Tihs is bcuseae thehuamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef,

but the wrod as a wlohe.