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SOIL AND WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH

AND DEVELOPMENT ROADMAP 2016-2022 Volume 1

ISSN No. 2508-0938

Published by

Department of Agriculture

BUREAU OF SOILS AND WATER MANAGEMENT

SRDC Building, Elliptical Road cor. Visayas Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City

Copyright © 2016

ISSN: 2508-0938

Tel : + 632 9204318

+ 632 9230478

+ 632 9204378

Email : http:\\da.bswm.gov.ph

Bureau of Soils and Water Management

Soil and Water Resources Research

and Development Roadmap




2016 – 2022

Volume 1

2016




Agricultural research and development is a major factor in strengthening the Department of

Agriculture’s competitive advantage. It does not only allow us to identify opportunities for

development, but also enable us to utilize our strengths in technology ge

There is a serious call to look for sustainable technologies and approaches on soil and water

resources management. The Department of Agriculture through the Bureau of Soils and Water

Management presents the BSWM Soil and Water Res

Roadmap (2016-2022), to address global and national challenges on food security and environmental

protection.

As improper type, amount, timing and method of fertilizer application threatens soil fertility, water

quality and food safety, coupled with issues related to water

climate that bring about problems in crop production and food supply; we are now looking for

effective strategies to address these problems. We must present this ro

community development planners and policy makers to enable them to understand the call for

increased budget on soil and water

and policy interface. Extensive involvement of

implementation is also critical in the harmonization of efforts on resources management. It is only

through strengthened collaboration and partnership during the R&D roadmap implementation that

we could fully optimize the utilization of our soil and water resources and ensure that the future

generations could still benefit from the goods and services that these vital resources can provide.

With this, I encourage stakeholders to expand our perception in a

The role of support sectors must be intensified and technology demonstrations maximized. Through

institutionalization, empowerment and capacity building , we could achieve the fruits of our hard

work.

We must think of this as our legacy. And we owe it to our future generation.

As a native American proverb goes,

our children.”

Again, I commend the BSWM for preparing this vital instrument. I would like to

and agricultural centers and all other researchers for actively engaging in the series of consultation

meetings in formulating this R&D roadmap on soil and water resources.

PROCESO J. ALACALA Secretary

Message

gricultural research and development is a major factor in strengthening the Department of


development, but also enable us to utilize our strengths in technology generation and innovation.



Management presents the BSWM Soil and Water Resources Research and Development (R&D)

2022), to address global and national challenges on food security and environmental


ity and food safety, coupled with issues related to water-induced soil erosion and changing


effective strategies to address these problems. We must present this roadmap to researchers,


increased budget on soil and water-related programs and projects and ensure operational science

and policy interface. Extensive involvement of farmers and stakeholders in every stride of program



ully optimize the utilization of our soil and water resources and ensure that the future


With this, I encourage stakeholders to expand our perception in analyzing our present conditions.



s as our legacy. And we owe it to our future generation.

As a native American proverb goes, “We do not inherit the earth from our ancestors, we borrow it from

Again, I commend the BSWM for preparing this vital instrument. I would like to


meetings in formulating this R&D roadmap on soil and water resources.

i

gricultural research and development is a major factor in strengthening the Department of


neration and innovation.



ources Research and Development (R&D)

2022), to address global and national challenges on food security and environmental


induced soil erosion and changing


admap to researchers,


related programs and projects and ensure operational science

farmers and stakeholders in every stride of program



ully optimize the utilization of our soil and water resources and ensure that the future


nalyzing our present conditions.



“We do not inherit the earth from our ancestors, we borrow it from

Again, I commend the BSWM for preparing this vital instrument. I would like to thank the divisions


Research and development (R &

development and modernization of the agriculture and fisheries sector.

Without proper support to this key area, increased agricultural productivity will remain to

be unseen. In particular, R &D initiati

management should be supported intensively considering the following critical concerns:

soil fertility decline, soil erosion, soil pollution, drought, flooding, soil biodiversity loss and

the negative impacts of climate change.

With the internal and external challenges ahead of us that include the completion of

rationalization plan, conflicting land use policies and ASEAN economic integration; the R&

roadmap also addresses these concerns by putting sufficient emphasis on enhancement of

technical capacities of research personnel through comprehensive capacity building

program and development of scientific career system. To complement the development

human resources, I will also give priority on upgrading of field and laboratory equipment

and facilities which is vital if we want to come

quality-tested technologies (SQTs) that will have positive impacts not

community but also in uplifting the quality of life of Filipino farmers.

Let us remember that the formulation of this R&D roadmap is just the beginning. Together,

we should put our hearts and minds to fully realize its envisaged outc

we have the great responsibility to Save Our Soil (S.O.S) and protect its health not only in

this year’s celebration of the International Year of Soils but in the succeeding years to come.

Lastly, I would like to commend Dr. Edna D

and thank all division and research center chiefs, and committed staff for the active

participation and substantial inputs in this significant undertaking.

Magandang Lupa at Buhay sa ating lahat!

DR. SILVINO Q. TEJADA, CESO III

Director

Message

Research and development (R & D) plays a pivotal role in determining the pace of

development and modernization of the agriculture and fisheries sector.


be unseen. In particular, R &D initiatives on sustainable soil and water resources



climate change.


rationalization plan, conflicting land use policies and ASEAN economic integration; the R&



program and development of scientific career system. To complement the development


and facilities which is vital if we want to come-up with novel knowledge and scientific and

tested technologies (SQTs) that will have positive impacts not only to the research

community but also in uplifting the quality of life of Filipino farmers.


we should put our hearts and minds to fully realize its envisaged outcomes. On a larger note,



Lastly, I would like to commend Dr. Edna D. Samar for providing the overall coordination


participation and substantial inputs in this significant undertaking.

Magandang Lupa at Buhay sa ating lahat!

SILVINO Q. TEJADA, CESO III

ii

D) plays a pivotal role in determining the pace of


ves on sustainable soil and water resources




rationalization plan, conflicting land use policies and ASEAN economic integration; the R& D



program and development of scientific career system. To complement the development of


up with novel knowledge and scientific and

only to the research


omes. On a larger note,



. Samar for providing the overall coordination


I would like to congratulate everybody responsible in the conceptualization and realization

of the BSWM R and D Roadmap.

At these trying times when Philippine agriculture is faced with various environmental and

social challenges such as land degradation, climate change, loss of agricultural biodiversity ,

and diminishing productive agricultural lands, among others ; there is

develop appropriate and effective measures and strategies to address such challenges.

The BSWM R & D Roadmap is a result of a series of consultations with the BSWM pool of

technical experts. It aims to identify, harmonize and prioritize researchable areas on soil

and water management, and effectively implement such. It shall serve as a guide of all

scientific researches and other technical activities within the agency in line with the

mandate of the Bureau of Soils and Water Management in particular, and the Department of

Agriculture in general; and, most significantly, in conjunction with the celebrati

International Year of Soils with the theme “Healthy Soils for a Healthy Life”.

The BSWM R & D Road Map aims to be the effective and perfect tool in the BSWM’s pursuit

of its vision to be the center of excellence for soil and water management in

for the years to come. Through its implementation, we expect to be on the right track to

address all these concerns; to offer solutions in sustaining our healthy soils while providing

nutritious food on the table of each and every Filipino

vision a reality.

Again, my warmest greetings to one and all!

SONIA M. SALGUERO

Assistant Director, and

Chairperson, Research and Development Studies Review Committee

Message


of the BSWM R and D Roadmap.



and diminishing productive agricultural lands, among others ; there is


D Roadmap is a result of a series of consultations with the BSWM pool of



entific researches and other technical activities within the agency in line with the


Agriculture in general; and, most significantly, in conjunction with the celebrati



of its vision to be the center of excellence for soil and water management in



nutritious food on the table of each and every Filipino. Let us work together to make this

Again, my warmest greetings to one and all!

Chairperson, Research and Development Studies Review Committee

iii




and diminishing productive agricultural lands, among others ; there is an urgent need to


D Roadmap is a result of a series of consultations with the BSWM pool of



entific researches and other technical activities within the agency in line with the


Agriculture in general; and, most significantly, in conjunction with the celebration of the



of its vision to be the center of excellence for soil and water management in the Philippines



. Let us work together to make this

iv

BSWM RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT STUDIES (RDS) REVIEW COMMITTEE

Special Order No. 40 s. 2015

Adviser : Director Silvino Q. Tejada, CESO III

Chairperson : Asst. Director Sonia M. Salguero

Vice- Chairperson : Dr. Edna D. Samar Chief, Soil and Water Resources Research Division

Members :

Dr. Gina P. Nilo Chief, Laboratory Services Division Mr. Rodelio B. Carating OIC, Geomatics and Soil Information Technology Division Engr. Samuel M. Contreras Chief, Soil Conservation Management Division Engr. Teresita S. Sandoval Chief, Water Resources Management Division Mr. Dominciano D. Ramos, Jr. Chief, Soils Survey Division Mr. Elmer B. Borre Chief, Agricultural Land Management and Evaluation Division Ms. Mercedes S. Fernando Chief, NSWRRDC LUPEZ Dr. Gavino Isagani P. Urriza Chief, NSWRRDC Hillyland PEZ Mr. Henry A. Apolinares Chief, NSWRRDC-HPEZ Ms. Karen S. Bautista Focal Person, Organic Agriculture

Functions :

1. Recommend areas for priority researches;

2. Review and evaluate proposals for R & D studies;

3. Review and evaluate on-going R & D studies; and

4. Review completed R & D studies and recommend BSWM entries to National

Research Symposium and other inviting organizations.

v

A C K N O W L E D G M E N T

The Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM) recognized the important

contributions of the Research and Development Studies (RDS) Review Committee

members and their staff in crafting this vital document. The inputs of the external

evaluators also provided guidance in the preparation of such. We acknowledge the

inputs the experts who have excelled in their respective fields, they are –

Dr. Candido B. Damo – Consultant, Department of Agriculture

Dr. Antonio G. Gerundio – DA Corn Program

Ms. Reichelle Celerico – DA Planning

Ms. Lina V. Dimal – DA Finance

Dr. Cesar P. Mamaril – Adviser Emeritus, Philippine Society

of Soil Science & Technology

Dr. Rodolfo Ilao – Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural

Resources Research and Development (PCAARRD)

Dr. Santiago R. Obien – DA RICE Program

Mr. Isagani R. Serrano – Philippine Rural Reconstruction Movement

Appreciation also goes to all the partners in the National Soil and Water Research

and Development/ Extension (RD/E) Network for their insights during the

consultation process. Likewise, the support of the academe and the private sector

representatives enriched the finalization of the document.

Moreover, the BSWM highly appreciates the encouragement and valuable support of

Secretary Proceso J. Alcala in the formulation of the Soil and Water Resources

Research and Development Roadmap.

Lastly, the BSWM is thankful to all Filipinos who in one way or another have shown

care for our soil and water resources. Truly, God has given us freely the soil and

water resources for us to become good stewards of these resources, and be a legacy

to the future generations.

vi

VOLUME 1

CONTENTS Page

MESSAGES i

RDS REVIEW COMMITTEE iv

ACKNOWLEDGMENT v

LIST OF FIGURES vii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ix

1. INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………………. 1

1.1 Rationale ………………………………………………………………………. 1

1.2 The State of Soil and Water Resources in the Philippines …………….. 3

1.2.1 Soil Resources

1.2.2 Water Resources

1.3 Framework for the Formulation of Soil and Water Resources

Research and Development Roadmap ……………………………………….… 8

1.4 Process of Formulation of Soil and Water Resources Research

And Development Roadmap ……………………………………………………… 9

2. THE BUREAU OF SOILS AND WATER MANAGEMENT ………………… 11

2.1 Vision, Mandate, and Core Functions

2.2 Soil and Water R & D Equipment and Facilities

2.3 Soil and Water R & D Manpower ………………………………………… 12

2.4 R & D Networking and Linkages ………………………………………….. 13

3. R & D CHALLENGES TO THE BSWM …………………………………………… 15

3. 1 The Approved Rationalization Plan

3.2 R&D Thematic Programs …………………………………………………….. 16

3.3 Updating the Soil and Water Resources Research

and Development/Extension Agenda ………………………………….. 17

3.4 The National Action Plan – Desertification Land Degradation

and Drought (2015-2025) aligned to the UNCCD Strategy …….. 18

3.5 The National SSIP Master Plan 2016-2022 …………………………... 20

3.6 Organic Agriculture ……………………………………………………………… 22

3.7 DA-BSWM Commitment to Supreme Court Ruling

on Manila Bay Clean Up, Rehabilitation and Restoration ………. 24

3.8 Rain Stimulation (Cloudseeding) …………………………………………. 26

3.9 Mainstreaming Gender and Development ……………………………. 27

4 STRENGTHS, WEAKNESSES, OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS …………. 27

5 STRATEGIES ………………………………………………………………………………… 30

6 SOIL AND WATER R & D DIRECTION (2016-2022) ………………………….. 35

Targeted Soil and Water R & D Studies 2016 – 2022

7 REFERENCES

Appendix Table

vii

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 1 - Soil Health as it Affects Crops and Livestock Health and

Quality of Life ………………………………………………………………….. 4

Fig. 2 - The Framework for the Soil and Water Resources R & D Roadmap … 8

Fig. 3 - The Process in the Formulation of the Soil and Water

Resources R & D Roadmap …………………………………………………………… 10

Fig. 4 - BSWM’s Organizational Structure and Staffing ……..………….…………….. 13

Fig. 5 - Organic Agriculture R&D Framework …………………………………………. 23

Fig. 6 - The BSWM R&D Approach to Address Natural Resources

Management and Sustainable Land Management

for Sustainable Agriculture ………………………………………..……………….. 31

viii

VOLUME 2

LIST OF ANNEXES

Annex A Soil and Water Resources Research Division ……………………...……….. A-1

Annex B National Soil and Water Resources Research and Development Center

for Lowland-Upland Pedo-Ecological Zone (NSWRRDC LUPEZ)…….. B-1

Annex C National Soil and Water Resources Research and Development Center

for Hillyland Pedo-Ecological Zone (NSWWRDC Hillyland PEZ) ….….. C-1

Annex D National Soil and Water Resources Research and Development Center

for Highland Pedo-Ecological Zone (NSWRRDC Highland PEZ) ………. D-1

Annex E Soils Survey Division ……………………..…………….. ……..…………. E-1

Annex F Water Resources Management Division ……………….….…………………… F-1

Annex G Soil Conservation Management Division ……………………………..…………. G-1

Annex H Agricultural Land Management Evaluation Division ……………………… H-1

Annex I Laboratory Services Division ……………….………………………………..………. I-1

Annex J Geomatics and Soil Information Technology Division ………………….… J-1

Annex K Summary R&D Budget of BSWM 2016-2022 …………………..……………… K-1

ix

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Soils and water resources are basic resources that have important functions in

ensuring food security and providing essential ecosystem goods and services. The

deteriorating quality of soil and water are serious concerns not just for food and

water security but also for environmental integrity.

The Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM) is the Nationally Mandated

Authority on Soils and Water Management for Agriculture. The core function of

BSWM is Research and Development. Soil survey, fertility mapping, soil/land

evaluation and crop suitability, soil and water conservation and management are

mandated tasks that the Bureau shall continue to pursue cognizant of changing

climate, land degradation and soil biodiversity loss. In recent years, it has inevitably

expanded its role to cover R&D on the soil/ land and water environment in pursuit

of growing concern for healthy soil for a healthy life.

The BSWM Soil and Water Resources Research and Development Roadmap is

formulated as a planning tool to identify and prioritize programs, researchable areas

and specific studies that will be carried out for the next seven (7) years (2016-

2022). Inasmuch as the regular budget is limited to conduct high impact R&D

studies, it is envisioned that this roadmap will give leverage in exploring external

fund sources (local, bilateral and multilateral agencies).

In the formulation of the BSWM SWRR&D Roadmap (2016-2022), several plans and

programs developed at the national level and in response to international

commitment like the NAP-DLDD (2015-2025) were reviewed to assess sectoral gaps

and needs that could be addressed by R&D. Likewise, global initiatives relevant to

soil and water resources R& D were reviewed particularly those tagged/identified as

Global Soil Biodiversity Initiatives and Global/ Asia Soil Partnership. The strengths,

weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) analysis and consultative meetings/

brainstorming were carried out to analyze major soil and water constraints that

need to be addressed for the next seven years. Both top-down and bottom-up

x

approaches were used to come-up with strategic programs, researchable areas and

specific studies that will serve as inputs in the updating of the Soil and Water

Resources RD/E Agenda CY 2017-2022. To firm up the R&D roadmap, sectoral

consultations with the academe, private sector, non-government organizations

(NGOs), and people organizations (POs) were undertaken.

The BSWM Soil and Water R & D Roadmap for 2016 to 2022 covers the following

thematic programs:

1. Soil health mapping, improvement and management;

2. Conservation and management of soil biodiversity;

3. Organic agriculture;

4. Mitigation of soil and water pollution;

5. Effective watershed management for improved agricultural productivity;

6. Assessment of soil erosion and sedimentation;

7. Soil and water conservation and management;

8. Enhancement of rainwater harvesting and utilization;

9. Water resources development and water productivity enhancement;

10. Soil and water resources database and system development;

11. Laboratory test methods validation and verification;

12. Cross-cutting concerns (i.e. conduct of impact assessment studies and

policy researches; climate change mitigation and adaptation)

Soil and Water Resources Research and Development Roadmap 2016-2022 1

1.1 Rationale

SSSoil is a non-renewable resource that has important functions in ensuring food

security and providing essential ecosystem goods and services. It holds a quarter of

the total planet’s biodiversity and store and filter water thereby improving

resilience to droughts and

floods. Moreover, it has an

important role in climate

change mitigation and

adaptation by playing a key

role in the carbon cycle.

Aside from these

ecosystem functions, soils

are the foundation for

vegetation which is

cultivated or managed for food, feed, fuel and medicinal plants.

Despite this significance of soils in sustaining human life, it is often undervalued or

sometimes disregarded. Due to anthropogenic activities such as monoculture,

unsustainable land use and production practices, deforestation, weak land use policy

environment, encroachment of upland areas for human settlement and rapid

urbanization, our soils are now in danger. At the global level, 33% of the soils in the

world are already degraded. At the national level, 38% or 11.44 million hectares of

our soils are moderately to severely degraded while 2.6 million hectares are already

in the advanced state of degradation and could be considered as hotspots.

The Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM) is the Nationally Mandated

Authority on Soils and Water Management for Agriculture. The core function of

Soil in Hands (Source: https://contentzone-bonnieplants1.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/soil-in-hands.jpg)

Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION


BSWM is Research and Development (R&D). The Bureau formulates measures

and guidelines for the effective utilization of soil and water resources as vital

agricultural resources to attain food security and safety, environmental stability

through soil and water resources-based adaptation and mitigation measures that

address multi-environmental concerns on land degradation, climate change, and

agricultural biodiversity conservation. In addition, the BSWM serves as the

Philippine Focal Point Agency of the United Nations Convention to Combat

Desertification (UNCCD) and Chair of the Land and Water Resources Sub-

committees under the Committee of Conservation and Management of Resources for

Development (CCMRD) of the Philippine Council for Sustainable Development

(PCSD).

With the aforementioned significant role of BSWM on soil and water resources

conservation and management and its core function on R&D, it is therefore

imperative to develop an R&D roadmap that will serve as a planning tool to identify

and prioritize programs, researchable areas and specific studies that will be carried

out for the next seven (7) years (2016-2022). Inasmuch as the regular budget is

limited to conduct high impact R&D studies, it is envisioned that this roadmap will

give leverage in exploring external fund sources (local, bilateral and multilateral

agencies).

This document will address major soil constraints such as soil erosion, soil fertility

decline, soil pollution, reduction in soil biodiversity, water degradation, flooding and

drought. In addition, it will be an important input in the updating of the National Soil

and Water Resources RD/E Agenda CY 2017-2022 in collaboration with other

national government agencies, state colleges and universities and civil society

organizations. It is envisioned that the implementation of R&D studies indicated in

this roadmap will contribute to the reduction of extent and intensity of land

degradation in selected areas of the Philippines.


1.2 The State of Soil and Water Resources in the Philippines

The state of Philippine soils is discussed in the BSWM and Bureau of Agricultural

Research publication of the Soil and Water Resources Research and Development/

Extension Agenda 2011-2016. The National Action Plan – Desertification Land

Degradation and Drought (NAP-DLDD) FY 2015-2025 provided more recent update

and is summarized herein.

1.2.1 Soil Resources

The Philippines is well endowed with land/soil resources and is known to host

many interesting habitats that are biologically diverse composed of universally

unique biological plants and animal life. It is a very significant natural resource

that provides productive, ecological and socio-cultural services. In particular, soil

has an excellent carbon sequestration capacity. World’s soils hold more organic

carbon than that held by the atmosphere as CO2 and vegetation combined

(United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification {UNCCD} Thematic Fact

Sheet series no.1).

It is crucial to look at the

quality or health of soils and

undertake strategies for its

sustainable conservation

and management. Soil

health is the integration and

optimization of the physical,

chemical and biological

properties of soil for

Improved productivity and

environmental quality (Canqui et al, 2009). A healthy soil has the following

characteristics: a) good soil tilth; b) sufficient depth; c) sufficient but not excess

supply of nutrients; d) small population of plant pathogens and insect pests; e)

good soil drainage; f) large population of beneficial micro-organisms; g) low

weed pressure; h) free of chemicals and toxins that may harm the crop;

Land Degradation (http://www.unep.org/newscentre/Default.aspx?DocumentID=2756&ArticleID=10681)


i) resistant to degradation and j) resilient even when unfavourable conditions

occur.

The health of crops and livestock; and quality of human life is dependent on the

health of land/soil resources (Figure 1). Higher crop yield and livestock health

could be attained when soils are healthy. When soils are not functioning to its full

capacity, more inputs in the form of chemicals such as herbicides are needed to

suppress weeds; or nematicides to control soil borne pathogens. In the case of

other soil constraints like soil compaction, more fuel is needed to run farm

machineries for increased tillage. Consequently, if these soil constraints are not

addressed properly, degradation would lead to soil productivity decline and

consequently result to food insecurity and increase in poverty incidence in

affected areas.

Figure 1. Soil health as it affects crop and livestock health and quality of life.

Despite the importance of

soils, degradation

continues to occur. Soil

degradation is considered

as one of this century’s

most insidious and under-

acknowledged challenges

(Montgomery, 2012). At

present, 33% of the soils in

Healthy Soils/Lands

Healthy Crops and Livestock

Healthy Life

Soil productivity loss due to land degradation (Source: http://www.isric.org/sites/default/files/Very%20poor%20managed%20maize.JPG)


the world are considered degraded and around two (2) hectares of soils are

converted every minute due to rapid urbanization. In the Philippines, agriculture

alone contributes about 457 million metric tons per year soil loss (FAO database).

Various forms, sources and severity of land/soil degradation occurred in the last

five decades due to natural, anthropogenic and policy-related causes. The Land

Degradation Assessment (LADA) project report (2013) indicated that the major

types of land degradation in the Philippines are water-induced soil erosion and

chemical degradation (soil fertility decline). In this project, land degradation

hotspots were identified based on a set of criteria.

The concept of hotspots was drawn from the context of a recently completed FAO-

funded project called Philippine Land Degradation Assessment and Climate Change

Adaptation (FAO/TCP/PHI/3302), which in turn is part of a LADA initiative under

the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Land use has been identified

as the single most important driver of land degradation, to which LADA adhered to

as its guiding principle. The mapping of Land Use Systems (LUS) therefore turned

out to be one of its major activities as it would become the basis for characterizing

the nature, extent and severity of land degradation. These LUS classes would then

become the basic units where to design, plan and implement interventions to

mitigate the impacts of land degradation processes.

Vulnerable areas to land degradation were identified from the 2010 LUS map

(Appendix Table 1). These were generally the sloping agricultural areas in the

uplands which are not practicing soil and water conservation measures, as most

upland agricultural areas would fit into this category based on available data).

Apparently, it would also include sloping areas with substantially minimal

vegetative cover or those denuded forests, shrubs and grasslands.

Hotspots were then selected from the vulnerable areas, those that were categorized

as requiring immediate interventions or priority areas for conservation measures.

Agricultural LUS characterised with severe erosion and with greater than 18%


slopes were all segregated as hotspots. Denuded forests, shrubs and grasslands with

slopes of more than 18% were also considered as hotspots.

1.2.2. Water Resources

Water resources is discussed in the

NAP DLDD FY 2015-2025 and

summarized herein. Water resources

availability, conservation, and

management greatly affect land use.

For a given use, water may impair or

enhance the potentials of land. For

example, erosion may seriously

decrease the agricultural productivity

of certain lands. Drainage and reclamation may, on the other hand, greatly enhance

the potentials of land resources.

The country obtains its water supply from rainfall, surface water sources (i.e. rivers,

lakes, human-made reservoirs) and groundwater. Rainfall serves as an important

water resource not only for rainfed but also for irrigated crops. However, it is highly

unpredictable and governed by chance phenomenon. Meanwhile, groundwater is a

reliable source as long as an efficient aquifer management is practiced. Rainfall and

groundwater are usually of good quality. Surface water remains as the most

important source of water to satisfy the total water demand due to its accessibility

and greater quantity. However, it is extremely variable and relatively poorer in

quality as it is easily affected by soil

erosion and agricultural, industrial and

domestic wastes.

The country is endowed with 421

principal rivers, whose watersheds

constitute 70% of the country's

terrestrial area. Of these, 18 with

Water resources (Source : http://southwestfarmpress.com/site-files/southwestfarmpress.com/files/imagecache/medium_img/uploads/2012/08/water1.jpg)

River system (http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_i-

Aj4SdUPRw/THvAPmWgyyI/AAAAAAAAAHs/WX_6CGKkRh8/s1600/loboc.jpg)


drainage area greater than 1,400 sq. km are considered as major river basins by the

River Basin Control Office (RBCO). These major river basins already comprises 36%

of the total land mass of the country. The country also has 79 natural lakes and

several man-made reservoirs formed from the construction of large storage dams.

The country also has an extensive groundwater reservoir with an aggregate area of

about 50,000 sq. km (Greenpeace Southeast Asia, 2007). This value, however, is only

equivalent to the shallow well areas estimated by NWRC (1982) and does not

include the 123,000 sq. km classified as deep well areas. Replenishment of

groundwater comes from rain and seepage from rivers, lakes and reservoirs.

Access to safe and sufficient water is regarded as a fundamental human right and

therefore it must be equitably distributed to all. Yet, water insecurity remains

prevalent in some areas particularly in rural farming communities. Water-related

problems are considered as the most complex constraints to increasing food

production and socio-economic development. There are ‘pollution hotspots’ or areas

that generate the highest volume of water pollution and/or are severely affected by

water pollution. The discharge of domestic and industrial wastewater and

agricultural runoff has caused pollution of the receiving water bodies. The rapid

increases in population, urbanization and industrialization over the years have put

so many pressures on the biological and physical well-being of our water resources.

Human activities affect water resources in terms of water availability and

subsequent socio-economic risks. As water demand increases, water withdrawal

from both surface and groundwater sources and discharge of wastewater increases,

which cause the deterioration of water quality and a decrease in water availability

per capita and therefore more competition among sectors for every drop of water.

Meanwhile, these growth trends and human habitation patterns result to land use

changes that continuously degrade our watersheds and alter the hydrologic

processes. More overland flow or surface runoff and soil erosion and reduced

replenishment of groundwater become more prominent resulting to more floods

and siltation of water bodies and water scarcity during dry months, respectively.


1.3 Framework for the Formulation of the Soil and Water Resources

Research and Development Roadmap

The development of the Soil and Water Resources R&D Roadmap is guided by the

framework presented in Figure 2. R&D studies could be categorized based on

ecosystem, discipline or specialized concerns/needs. The National Soil and Water

Resources Research and Development Centers (NSWRRDCs) focus largely on R&D

studies which aim to generate and validate technologies which are specific to a given

pedo-ecological zone (i.e. lowland-upland, hillyland and highland).

In addition, R&D studies could also be carried out on generating novel

information/knowledge that will contribute to advancement of soil science

disciplines (i.e. soil biology, soil and water chemistry, soil physics and mineralogy).

Emerging and special concerns such as organic agriculture, soil/land & water

degradation, soil & water pollution reduction, SSIP and cloudseeding could also be

addressed by targeted R&D studies funded by DA banner programs, local and

foreign funding agencies.

Figure 2. The Framework for the Soil and Water Resources R & D Roadmap


1.4 Process of Formulation of the Soil and Water Resources Research and

Development Roadmap

In the formulation of the BSWM SWRR&D Roadmap (2016-2022), several plans and

programs developed at the national level and in response to international

commitment like the NAP-DLDD (2015-2025) were reviewed to assess sectoral gaps

and needs that could be addressed by R&D. Likewise, global initiatives relevant to

soil and water resources R& D were reviewed particularly those tagged/identified as

Global Soil Biodiversity Initiatives and Global/ Asia Soil Partnership.

The strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) analysis and

consultative meetings/ brainstorming were carried out to analyze major soil and

water constraints that need to be addressed for the next seven years. Both top-down

and bottom-up approaches were used to come-up with strategic programs,

researchable areas and specific studies that will serve as inputs in the updating of

the Soil and Water Resources RD/E Agenda CY 2017-2022. To firm up the R&D

roadmap, sectoral consultations will be undertaken to include the academe, private

sector, non-government organizations (NGOs), and people organizations (POs).


Figure 3. The Process in the Formulation of the Soil and Water Resources R&D Roadmap

INPUT 1. BSWM RP &

Existing organization & facilities

2. SWRRD/E 2011-2016

3. DA-RDEAP 2011-2015

4. NAP-DLDD 2015-2025

5. SSIP Masterplan 2014-2022

6. OPMBCS 2013-2017

7. DA-OA Program 8. Rice Industry

Roadmap 9. Medium Term

Proposed Soil and Water Resources Researches 2017-2022

Global/ Asia

initiatives &

partnership

OUTPUT

BSWM Soil & Water R & D Roadmap

(2016-2022)

Soil & Water R & D/E Agenda 2017-2022

PROCESS • Top-down • Bottom-up

Approach • Consultative

meetings – brainstorming

• SWOT Analysis • Workshops • Sectoral

consultations

Top-down – direct R & D based on national & international commitments

Bottom up - draw collegial commitment of researchers in the operating units


The Bureau of Soils was created under Republic Act No, 622. It was reorganized

through Executive Order 116 in January 1987 renaming it as the Bureau of Soils and

Water Management.

Currently, BSWM is a staff bureau of the Department of Agriculture tasked to

provide advisory and support to the development of policies and strategic objectives

of the government including the Medium Term Public Investment Program (MTPIP).

BSWM also supports the implementation of national projects on sustainable use of

soil and water resources consistent with the DA national food production and rural

development programs.

With the current and emerging global concerns on land degradation, biodiversity

and climate change, soil and water resources management plays a key role in

addressing national commitments to the Rio conventions. The proper management

of these resources is one of the basic requirements to provide sustainable

livelihoods to rural agricultural communities and sufficient food for the Filipino

people while addressing current environmental challenges and protecting these

vital agricultural resources. In the above context, the approval and implementation

of the Rationalization Plan (EO 366) in October 2013 strengthened the BSWM.

2.1 Vision, Mandate, and Core Functions

Vision: Sustainable management of soil and water resources for agricultural

production systems that are in harmony with nature where food is

health-safe and food resource production is economically viable and

socially acceptable.

Mandate: Formulate measures and guidelines for the effective utilization of soil

and water resources as vital agricultural resources to attain food

Chapter 2 : THE BUREAU OF SOILS AND WATER MANAGEMENT


security and safety, environmental stability through soil and water

resources-based adaptation and mitigation measures that address

multi-environmental concerns on land degradation, climate change,

and agricultural biodiversity conservation.

Core Function: As the nationally mandated authority on soils and water

management for agriculture, the core function of the strengthened

Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM) is to provide the

leadership in the pursuit of Research and Development (R & D)

function for these two vital agricultural resources; and thus provide

recommendations to the Office of the Secretary of the Department of

Agriculture.

2.2 Soil and Water R & D Equipment and Facilities

Most of the equipment belonging to Bureau were acquired between 1990-1995,

through the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Project. Though

most of the equipment are functional and continues to serve the needs of the

Bureau, some of these are in dire need of repair or special cleaning services.

Since the equipment models are now outdated, concerns may arise during

repairs especially in terms of availability of spare parts. An inventory of

available major equipment including the use of each, and its status

(functional/non-functional) is presented in Annexes A to D:

The Bureau has analytical laboratories located at the 3rd and 4th floor of the SRDC

building. These laboratories need upgrading to ensure occupational safety.

2.3 Soil and Water R & D Manpower

The BSWM has an approved manpower complement of 260 distributed in seven

(7) divisions, and three (3) centers. The distribution of these R & D staff is

presented in Figure 4. The existing manpower is composed of specialists from


various disciplines (such as agriculture, soils, agronomy, agricultural economics,

agricultural education, and agricultural extension, agricultural engineering,

mechanical and civil engineering, chemistry, biology, geologist, environmental

science, IT specialists, among others).

As of 2015, the Bureau has 131 S & T eligible as certified by the Department of

Science and Technology (DOST Certificate No. MC 2016-016; DOST Certificate No.

MC 2016-010). A number of them are members of the Philippine Association of

Agriculturists (PAA), and the Philippine Society of Soils Science and Technology

(PSSST).

Figure 4. BSWM’s Organizational Structure and Staffing

NATIONAL

SOIL & WATER

RESOURCES RESEARCH AND DEV’T. CENTER FOR HILLYLAND

PEDO-ECOLOGICAL

ZONE

13

NATIONAL

SOIL & WATER

RESOURCES RESEARCH AND DEV’T. CENTER FOR HIGHLAND

PEDO-ECOLOGICAL

ZONE

13

NATIONAL

SOIL & WATER

RESOURCES RESEARCH AND DEV’T. CENTER FOR LOWLAND-

UPLAND PEDO-

ECOLOGICAL ZONE

13

OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR

(25)

SOIL AND

WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH DIVISION

29

AGRICULTURAL

LAND MGT & EVALUATION

DIVISION

24

SOIL

CONSERVATION MGT DIVISION

23

WATER

RESOURCES MGT

DIVISION

33

SOILS

SURVEY DIVISION

24

LABORATORY

SERVICES DIVISION

30

GEOMATICS &

SOIL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

DIVISION

26


2.4 R & D Networking and Linkages

Through the assistance of the Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) in 1998, the

BSWM spearheaded the creation of the National Soil and Water Resources RD/E

Network which has two important components: the soil conservation and

management sub-network and the water conservation and management sub-

network to develop the soil and water conservation and management strategies

geared to achieve the sustainability of soil and water resources for agriculture,

land productivity, soil resilience and water security. This existing network is

composed of soil and water resources scientists and researchers from the

academe and other government and private research institutions. The members

of the SWRRD/E were tapped in CY 2010 in the formulation of the National Soil

and Water Resources RD/E Agenda (2011-2016).

The Bureau is into R&D partnership with the following agencies: Department of

Science and Technology (DOST) – Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and

Natural Resources Research and Development (PCAARRD), DA-BAR, DA-

Regional Field Office 3 (DA-RFO3), DOST-Philippine Nuclear Research Institute

(PNRI), Department of Environment and Natural Resources – Environmental

Management Bureau (DENR-EMB), and DENR-Manila Bay Coordinating Office

(MBCO).

Aside from the existing network which is composed of members from local

research agencies, the BSWM continues to forge partnership and collaboration

with bilateral and multi-lateral funding agencies such as the World Bank, United

Nations Development Program (UNDP), Food and Agriculture Organization

(FAO), Japan International Research Center on Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS),

Japan Agricultural Exchange Council (JAEC), Korea International Cooperation

Agency (KOICA) and Australian Center for International Agriculture Research

(ACIAR). Linkages with international partners contributed to enhancement of

technical capacities of research personnel and upgrading of research laboratory

facilities and equipment.


The BSWM is faced with several challenges that influences pursuit of soil and water

resources R&D as discussed below.

3.1 The Approved Rationalization Plan

The Rationalization Plan of the Bureau of Soils and Water Management is anchored

on its mandate to formulate measures and guidelines for the effective utilization of

soil and water resources as vital agricultural resources to attain food security and

safety, environmental stability through soil and water resources-based adaptation

and mitigation measures that address multi-environmental concerns on land

degradation, climate change, and agricultural biodiversity conservation.

The rationalized functions of the BSWM are as follows:

1. Provide continuing assessment of the sustainability of the country’s

agricultural production systems, particularly the soil and water resources as

vital agricultural resources;

2. Sustain Philippine agriculture through the promotion of sustainable

agricultural land management practices in the croplands as well as the

marginal uplands, hillylands, and highlands;

3. Formulate through a participatory process a national research and

development agenda on sustainable agricultural land management;

undertake upstream and midstream researches including location-specific

and targeted researches in the generation of public goods and services in

critical areas outside of comparative advantage of various specialized

research institutes of the Department and the country’s SUCs; provide

leadership in the development and operation of a network of institutions on

soil and water resources research and development;

Chapter 3 : R&D CHALLENGES TO THE BSWM


4. Strengthen the convergence efforts of concerned agencies (DAR, DENR, DA)

on sustainable rural development to include climate change, land degradation

and bio diversity concerns;

5. Render assistance and advice on policy matters related to the mitigation of

the effects of extreme climate events on agricultural lands; design and

develop rainwater harvesting (small water impounding) and other related

small-scale infrastructures; and formulate recommendations on waste water

use and reuse;

6. Provide technical support services through the conduct of laboratory analysis

on soils, water, and plant tissues; provide fertilization guides and

recommendations; provide soil inoculants, compost fungus activators (CFA)

and other microbial agents;

7. BSWM shall continue to engage in rainmaking projects for agricultural areas

and watersheds to address the problems of prolonged droughts and minimize

their effects to standing agricultural crops;

8. Recommend appropriate soil and water management policies to address

issues on food security, environment, biodiversity, and climate change,

including vulnerability/disaster risk assessment relative to agriculture.

3.1 R&D Thematic Programs

THEMATIC PROGRAMS

ISSUES/PROBLEMS DEVELOPMENT / RESEARCHABLE

AREAS

SPECIFIC STUDY

Soil and water conservation management

Improper Land Use Allocation

Improvement of present cropping system / income in efficient expansion areas

Identification of site specific cropping system, critical development & soil conservation requirement in agricultural expansion areas


THEMATIC PROGRAMS

ISSUES/PROBLEMS DEVELOPMENT / RESEARCHABLE

AREAS

SPECIFIC STUDY

Land Use Reclassification/ Conversion

Integration of SAFDZs into the CLUP as efficient land allocation for Agriculture

Monitoring and assessment of land use changes in reclassified agricultural areas (SAFDZ)

Effective watershed management for improved agricultural productivity

Land degradation

Bio-physical Resources Evaluation of Principal / Major Watersheds

Assessment of Agro-Hydro Ecological Conditions and Utilization of Critical Watershed

Soil health improvement and management

Low Farm productivity due to inappropriate fertilizer application

Promotion of site specific fertilizer recommendation

Soil Fertility assessment and fertilization; Field verification of various BFS “Fertilizer Group”

3.2 Updating the Soil and Water Resources Research & Development/

Extension Agenda

The SWRRD/E agenda sets the direction of soil/land and water resources research

in the Philippines for the next five (5) year period. It serves as planning tool to

prioritize and allocate resources for agricultural R & D.

With assistance from the Bureau of Agricultural Research in CY 2010, the BSWM

spearheaded the development of the Soil and Water Resources Research and

Development/Extension (RD/E) Agenda (2011-2016) involving the members of Soil

and Water Resources RDE Network (i.e. national government agencies, academe,

and civil society organization. It is supplemental to the RDEAP 2011-2016.


The SWRRD/E agenda addresses the following thematic areas that are subject of

international and national commitments:

o Poverty alleviation (PA) – contributing to improve the quality of lives of the

farmers and fisher folks and their families

o Food security (FS) – increasing land productivity to improve availability of

safe food in the table

o Sustainable resource use (SR) - conserving soil and water resources for

sustainable agriculture

o Adaptation to climate change (CC) including mitigation – “climate proofing”

(i.e. responding to changing climate) of facilities, tools and technologies

o Enhancing soil biodiversity (BD) – soil biological resources are valuable

resources that needs to be explored and enhanced for effective utilization

o Combating land degradation (LD) – combating land degradation is a major

concern to address agricultural productivity while protecting the resource-

base.

In the crafting of the BSWM R &D roadmap, the identified major soil and water

constraints and corresponding thematic programs and researchable areas were

reviewed. Inasmuch as the implementation of the SWRRD/E Agenda is for

completion in 2016, the next step is to review the progress of implementation of

various soil and water resources R&D programs, examine the challenges

encountered and prepare for the updating of the Agenda to consider emerging

concerns/problems like soil pollution and water degradation. The next national

SWRRD/E agenda will cover 2017-2022.

3.3 The NAP-DLDD (2015-2025) Aligned to the UNCCD Strategy

The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), as the legally

binding agreement on poverty reduction and environmental sustainability, obliged

Country Parties to develop their National Action Plan (NAP) as the central element

of the strategy to combat desertification and mitigate the impacts of drought.


To address the Convention’s key challenges at the strategic and operational levels, at

the 8th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP8) to the UNCCD in September

2007, Parties to the Convention adopted the 10-year Strategic Plan and Framework

or The Strategy 2008-2018 to enhance the implementation of the Convention. The

Strategy is a tool to effectively respond to new challenges and opportunities in the

global context. Its purpose is “to establish a global partnership to halt and prevent

desertification and land degradation and to mitigate the effects of drought in

affected areas in order to support poverty reduction and environmental

sustainability”.

The Philippines as a Country Party and the BSWM as the Philippine Focal Point

Agency of the UNCCD is obliged to align the Philippine National Action Plan to

Combat Desertification, Land Degradation and Drought (NAP-DLDD) to the UNCCD’s

Strategy. In the NAP –DLDD alignment process, a participatory approach was carried

out in accordance with the UNCCD requirement. Articles 9 and 10 of the UNCCD

state that the affected country party shall prepare and make public the NAP and

specify the respective roles of government, local communities and land users, as well

as the resources that are available and needed. Stakeholders such as concerned

national government agencies (NGAs), local government units (LGUs), civil society

organizations (CSOs), and academe were invited to participate and provide inputs in

the alignment process.

In the aligned NAP-DLDD (2015-2025) to the UNCCD Strategy, the over-all goal of

the NAP is to support the national agenda on poverty reduction and ensuring

environmental sustainability through strengthened partnership and convergence of

actions to prevent land degradation and mitigate the impacts of droughts.

The five (5) major thematic programs of NAP-DLDD (2015-2025) are the following:

a) Agro-ecosystem Management through Improved Soil Health and Vegetative

Cover and Efficient Water Management – improvement of soil fertility and


vegetative cover, protection of ecological water reserve, and enhancement of

agro-ecosystem services.

b) Sustainable Land Management for Climate-Smart Agriculture – reduce

impacts of climate change, increase productivity and resilience (adaptation),

improve livelihoods of farmers and fisherfolks, and contribute to climate

change mitigation.

c) Watershed Landscape Management and Rehabilitation – provide multiple

environment benefits (i.e. biodiversity conservation, climate change

mitigation, and prevention of land degradation) at a landscape scale for

increased ecosystem services in agriculture.

d) Scaling-up Best-bet SLM through a landscape approach - promote and adopt

new innovations for improving soil health, water resources management and

vegetative cover in production landscapes and within multiple use zones of

protected areas.

e) Mainstreaming SLM in Local Agricultural Landscape – develop strategies

and mechanism to integrate and mainstream SLM in the local government

units’ (LGUs) regular agricultural programs.

To achieve this goal, appropriate resource mobilization strategies through the

identification of priority areas are necessary. R&D projects could also be targeted

and implemented in these areas to generate site-specific sustainable land

management strategies and contribute to the decrease in intensity or magnitude of

land degradation.

3.4 National Master Plan for Small Scale Irrigation Projects 2014-2022

The National Master Plan for Small Scale Irrigation Projects 2014-2022 was

developed to guide planning, investments and development of all types of SSIPs in

the country. Sustained investments on SWIP and other SSIP is vital for the country

to reach the resource poor farmers in marginal areas, complementary to national

irrigation systems.


Research and development (R & D) is a vital component of the National SSIP Master

Plan together with the three other components, namely: Infrastructure, Watershed

and Extension Support, Education and Training Services. Specifically, R & D is geared

towards the attainment of the following:

a) design and development of appropriate and efficient small scale irrigation

infrastructure;

b) rational investment for small-scale irrigation infrastructure; enhanced

productivity and income especially of resource-poor and marginalized

sector dependent on agriculture;

c) identified factors contributing to improved socio-economic conditions, and

impacting on the society and the environment;

d) rational use of soil and water as basic agricultural resources for

sustainable agriculture.

Small Scale Irrigation Projects support wide range of commodities in different

landscapes, and an array of ecological and economic services. The R & D component

shall be guided primarily by the twin Millennium Development Goals (MDG) on a)

eradicating extreme poverty and hunger, and b) ensuring environmental

sustainability. These twin issues are realities associated to productivity

enhancement specifically of the core poor rural households located in marginal

areas where appropriate SSIP are needed with priority.

In the past, the R & D efforts have focused on rice-based systems served by SWIP.

Future R & D studies should expand to corn, High Value Commercial Crops, livestock

and fishery, as well as services. Furthermore, R & D for other types of SSIP are

wanting and these are vital to serve a number of purposes.

The R & D shall be multi-disciplinary/trans-disciplinary in approach requiring

teamwork in the fields of agricultural engineering, agro-hydrology, environmental

planning, environmental science, sociology, resource economics, knowledge

management, research management, among others.


A total of 94 R & D studies are proposed for conduct from 2015 to 2022. The studies

cover all types of SSIP, namely, Small Water Impounding System, Diversion Dam,

Small Farm Reservoir, Shallow Tube Wells, Pressurized Irrigation Systems from

Open Sources, spring development and alternative systems like solar, wind and ram

pump. These SSIP shall serve farms not served by the National Irrigation

Administration irrigation systems, and areas located across the different pedo-

ecological zones, particularly the marginal areas.

The R & D studies shall support the National Programs on Rice, Corn and High Value

Crops and Development (HVCD). Also, the various studies shall address national

issues on food and water security, climate change, disaster prevention, minimizing

land and water degradation, poverty alleviation and sustainable use of basic

agricultural resources.

3.5 Organic Agriculture

In 2010, the Republic Act 10068 was signed to promote and further develop the

practice of organic agriculture in the Philippines. Several provisions of the law

emphasized soil quality and health and organic fertilizer production as the basis of

sustainability of organic agriculture. In Section 2 of the Organic Agriculture Act, the

policy statement highlights the importance of enriching the fertility of soil and the

need to undertake a comprehensive program for the promotion of community-based

organic fertilizers together with a nationwide educational and promotional

campaign for the use and processing, as well as the adoption of organic agricultural

system as a viable alternative to conventional production system. Moreover, in

Section 4, it is encouraged to establish facilities, equipment and processing plants

that would catalyze the production and commercialization of organic fertilizers.

With these provisions in the law, the BSWM plays a pivotal role in conducting

researches and promoting different soil management strategies and production

inputs, particularly, fertilizers, microbial inoculants and soil amendments. It is an

active implementing agency of the National Organic Agriculture Program (NOAP). In


terms of R&D, a Long-Term Research on Soil Fertility and Nutrient Management and

Monitoring of Changes in Soil Properties under Organic Production System. New

R&D projects on soil health assessment, organic inputs like bio-char and mokusaku

and soil conservation strategies in organic cropping system will be implemented in

CY 2015.

Fig. 5 Organic Agriculture R&D Framework

Priority Research Areas on Soil and Water Management in Organic Agricultural

Production Systems

Soil Management

a) Identification of substrate/raw materials for organic fertilizer production;

b) Research on development of quality organic fertilizers;

c) Microbial-based inoculants;

d) Efficacy of different source of organic fertilizer on crops

e) Effects of organic fertilizer to the environment


Water Management

Source (facilities – water tanks, filter ponds, settling ponds) of uncontaminated

water for organic farming; irrigation facilities; development of local drip lines

Policy Research

a) Evaluation of organic farming technologies for combating land degradation,

conserving biodiversity and climate change mitigation/adaptation;

b) Safety evaluation of organic fertilizers;

c) Policy research on OA implementation and the adoption of standards for

organic products and processes;

d) Impact assessment of composting facility project

Based on the BAR’s OA RDE Framework, priority research areas of the BSWM OAP

on soil and water management in organic agricultural production systems were

identified.

Soil Health Assessment

Soil Biodiversity Assessment and Microbial Diversity Analysis

Crop Rotation Systems

Green Manuring and Cover Cropping

Long-term Research on Soil Fertility Management Systems

Fertilizer Recommendations in Organic Crop Production

Different Composting Methods

Mokusaku, Biochar and other Soil Amendments

Use of Genetically Modified Crop Residues as Raw Material for Organic

Fertilizer Production;

System of Rice Intensification (SRI)

Effect of Use of Filter Ponds and Plants for Phyto-remediation

(sequestering pesticide residues and heavy metals)

Organic Aquaculture in SWIPs (in collaboration with BFAR)


3.6 DA-BSWM Commitment to Supreme Court Ruling on Manila Bay Clean Up,

Rehabilitation and Restoration

Supreme Court Ruling in G.R. Nos. 171947-48 directed 13 government agencies

including the Department of Agriculture (DA) to clean up, rehabilitate and restore

the Manila Bay into class SB. The deliverables are embodied in the Operational Plan

for the Manila Bay Coastal Strategy (OPMBCS) 2011-2015 and in the Comprehensive

Implementation Plan 2012-2017. The key performance indicators are a) reduction

in pollution loading, and b) number of IEC activities. Specifically, the commitments

of BSWM are: a) to reduce pollution from croplands into Manila Bay; b) to reduce

agricultural wastes contributing to pollution of Manila Bay; and, c) to conserve,

rehabilitate and manage micro-watersheds and soil resources. Along these

commitments, the BSWM activities and interventions are as follows:

a) Conduct of researches for the refinement of the estimation of baseline data

on pollution loading from croplands

b) Reduction of pollution load (crop and animal wastes) thru recycling of

wastes into liquid fertilizer and methane capture via fermentation

(Portable Biogas Technology in Techno-demonstration)

c) Reduction of pollution load thru recycling of wastes into vermicompost

d) Reduction of pollution load thru establishment of Integrated Upland

Conservation (IUCF) Guided Farms via soil & water conservation

technologies in techno-demonstration

e) To rehabilitate micro-watershed of existing small water impounding

systems & other SSIP

f) Monitoring soil & water pollution

In 2011, the DA-BSWM was tasked to submit an estimate of pollution loading from

croplands into the Manila Bay with funding support from the Department of

Environment and Natural Resources. Soil and water samples from representative

sites within the watersheds of Manila Bay were collected in the last quarter of 2011

and analyzed. Results from these samples serve as baseline data for quarterly

monitoring of water samples relative to bacteriological, heavy metals, nutrients and


pesticides residues. Additionally, soil samples were collected twice a year in

representative sites for heavy metals, nutrients and pesticides residues analyses.

Refinement of the estimate on pollution loading is due by 4th quarter of 2015 using

empirical basis from concluded researches on nitrogen use efficiencies using tracer

technique. Areas of coverage are Regions 3 and 4A – Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Bulacan,

Pampanga, Bataan, Laguna, Cavite, Rizal. Nueva Ecija is included in the geographical

focus.

The challenge to R&D is to be able to identify and trace the sources of pollution using

multiple isotopic techniques - 13C, 15N, 2H and 18O from point and non-point sources

along the entire stretch of the River Basin draining into the Bay.

3. 8 Rain Stimulation (Cloudseeding)

The Philippines is not spared from El Nino phenomenon. Records in 1997 showed

that it has caused great damages to Philippine economy. Specifically, El Nino affected

almost 74,000 hectares of agricultural lands in 18 provinces of the country

(PCARRD, 2001). The most affected areas were farmlands devoted to rice, corn,

sugarcane, coconut and banana plantations. In 2010, the DA reported damages

caused by El Niño, close to 356,000 hectares devoted to rice , corn, High Value

Commercial Crops (HVCC) and fisheries were affected with damages estimated to be

almost 570,000 MT valued at PhP8,401 million. This 2015, the Department of

Science and Technology – Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical

Services Administration (DOST-PAGASA) advisory reported a weak El Nino present

in the tropical ocean that would affect the country.

Administrative Order No. 174, s. 1990 established the expanded rain stimulation

program. Rain stimulation in agricultural areas and watersheds has become an

intervention of the Philippine government to address the problems of prolonged

droughts and minimize their effects to standing agricultural crops. The rationalized

BSWM retained its function to engage in rainmaking activities. However, due to


difficulties in maintaining the aircrafts and facilities needed for operations, the

BSWM shall outsource the services of private aviation companies, at the same time

establish strong collaboration with the Department of Agriculture – Regional Field

Offices (DA-RFOs), Local Government Units (LGUs), Philippine Air Force (PAF),

Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration

(PAGASA), and other concerned agencies for the effective implementation of the

same.

While damages are monitored and reported, there remains a need to determine

impacts of cloudseeding not just to crops but also to the soil and water resources.

Also, alternative to salt for cloud seeding must be explored and compared.

3.9 Mainstreaming Gender and Development

The passing of gender-based laws, policies, programs and commitments aims to

reshape the role of women as “partner” in agricultural, rural development, and

nation-building. In the field of research and development, gender equality and

women empowerment should be integrated in the project design and planning.

These should include GAD-initiatives on thematic programs and projects that will

cover occupational safety, and capacity building, among others.


4. STRENGTHS, WEAKNESSES, OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS

STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES

Human Resources Expertise in soils survey, soil/land

resources mapping and evaluation, soil and water management and conservation, soil and water resources research, cloud seeding, soil analytical services

97 staff are S & T eligible for Magna Carta Benefits as certified by the Department of Science and Technology

Willingness of staff to long-term assignments and adaptability to wide range of field conditions

Infusion of younger and newly hired technical staff

Infrastructure and Equipment Upgraded laboratory services

equipment Specialized field equipment favor

conduct of specific soil researches ICT infrastructure and connectivity

is in place with large data and map holdings (thematic maps and databases link to the national geoportal)

Mobile soil laboratories in selected regions enhanced accessibility of services to farmers and facilitate delivery of laboratory results

Physical Environment Strategic landscape of NSWRRDC

to showcase best practices on soil and water management and conduct techno-demonstrations of different technologies suitable to

Human Resources Majority of the staff are near retirement

age; senior staff with limited computer literacy and limited knowledge and command on new methodologies/ techniques

Lack of training on modeling, statistical analyses, technical writing and presentation especially for new staff

Newly hired technical staff have limited experiences on soil survey and investigation, and soil/land resources evaluation

Limited manpower on planning, monitoring and coordination resulting to relatively poor project planning, monitoring and coordination that impacts on timescale and resources utilization

Health exposure to hazardous substances for laboratory activities

Financial Resources Limited funds from the regular budget

(GAA)

Infrastructure, Equipment and Vehicles Several equipment are old but still

functional; limited field survey instruments and ICT equipment

A number of research laboratory equipment needs upgrading/replacement while others are for disposal

No functional laboratory for sample preparation and analysis in NSWRRDCs

Condition of greenhouse requires repair/ upgrading

Limited vehicles appropriate for field surveys in rugged terrain, and for conduct of field experiments

No stable electricity at NSWRRDC in Rizal

Communication problem at NSWRRDC Bulacan, Rizal and Bukidnon

Limitations on toxic and hazardous waste treatment and disposal


STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES

site-specific conditions; and greenhouse for basic/ pot experiments

Processes & Activities Sole government institutional that

conducts soil survey activities Low cost of conducting surveys and

soil/ land resources mapping and evaluation

Regular conduct of review and evaluation of R & D proposals, completed and on-going studies

Publication of Soils and Water Bulletin for completed R & D

Institutional Linkage & Partnership Established collaboration and

networking with national and international research and funding institutions and partners at sub-national and local levels

Policy and Legislation Regulation and control in the

establishment and operation of all soil laboratories in the Philippines (Presidential Decree No. 1435)

ISO 17025 implementation

Processes & Activities Lack of in-house Intellectual Property

Rights (IPR) System to secure data holdings and knowledge products

Protocols/ methodologies/ techniques need to be revised/upgraded considering advances in science and technologies, and challenges of climate change

Lack of knowledge management system Limited publication in refereed journal


OPPORTUNITIES THREATS

Demographics Rising consciousness on climate

change, sustainable agriculture, sustainable land management among LGUs, farmers’ organizations and the general public

Science and Technology Availability of new and

technologically advanced methods/ techniques for soil survey/ investigation and infrastructure development

In-situ technologies for soil analyses State of the art technologies on soil

and water R&D that promotes occupational safety and quick turn-around of results

Knowledge products management

Institutional Linkages and Partnership Increasing and continued support

from financial institutions/ organizations for programs/ projects, capacity building, and institutional development, among others

Research training programs invitation to participate in local and international training courses

Collaboration with members of the National Soil and Water Resources RD/E Network, Philippine Society for Soil Science and Technology, and other professional partners

Global initiatives and recognition of BSWM in Asia Soils Partnership provides the linkages for access to resources mobilization

Increased demand from LGUs for technical assistance and willingness for counterpart funding support

Political and technical support for the passage of Soil and Water Conservation policy

Demographics Decreasing number of students taking

up agriculture (esp. majoring in soil sciences)

Increasing number of consultancy firm/group working on domain of soil survey

Low environmental concerns/ lack of appreciation on the ecological/ environmental services from soil and water resources

Land conversion and conflicting land uses result to changing landscape, and impacts on existing water infrastructure and ecosystem services

Lack of awareness and advocacies on soil conservation

Lack of respect for intellectual property rights

Financial Resources Delay in the release of external funds

affect conduct of R & D

Institutional Linkages and Partnership Project collaborator may not be

cooperative and committed in fulfilling its duties

Commitment of service provider for the transport, storage, treatment and disposal of toxic and hazardous wastes


OPPORTUNITIES THREATS

Physical Environment Exposure to different risks during field

work Extreme climate events brought crop

damages in experimental areas due to flood, typhoons and drought

Fire and stray animals affect experimental areas

Unstable peace and order condition in some areas

Lack of access road (and other infrastructures) in some areas

Theft of R & D equipment installed on-site

Policy and legislation Stringent procurement process, rules

and regulations

4. STRATEGIES

A strategy is a general statement of the direction, focus and priority. It is the brand

architecture of the future (Plana, 2015). Moving on, the BSWM strategies are

summarized into four pathways, namely:

a. Natural resources management pathway

b. Employee development pathway

c. Infrastructure development pathway

d. Client empowerment pathway

As a guiding post, BSWM crafted a framework that clearly illustrates the approach in

addressing the seven major sustainable development thrusts in four program areas

utilizing a multi-disciplinary team of revitalized technical and support divisions

(Figure 6). It should be noted that the role of the three (3) National Soil and Water

Resources Research and Development Centers (NSWRRDC) strategically located in

the highland, hillyland and lowland-upland pedo-ecological zones are crucial in

achieving the goals of the targeted R & D.


Figure 6. The BSWM R&D Approach to address Natural Resources Management

and Sustainable Land Management for Sustainable Agriculture

The following are the strategies considering the strengths, weaknesses,

opportunities and threats.

1) Strong and lasting partnership and linkages (international, national,

and sub-national levels)

a) Strengthen partnership and linkages particularly with the RD/E

Network, and research consortia

b) Establish partnership and support to Global Biodiversity Initiatives and

Asia Soils Partnership

c) Synergy/complementation of SWRRD with the National Soil and Water

Resources R&D Centers and Regional Soils Laboratories

d) Assignment of Soil & Water Area Coordinators as Focal Person to the DA

Regional Field Offices

e) Continuing support to existing international commitments like UNCCD,

WOCAT


2) Science and technology capacity enhancement – manpower and

beneficiaries

a) Engage in scientific conferences of the Philippine Association of

Research Managers (PHILARM), Philippine Society of Soil Science and

Technology (PSSST), Philippine Association of Agriculturists (PAA),

Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE), Integrated

Chemists of the Philippines (ICP), Philippine Alliance of Laboratory

Equipment Union (PALEU), and other R&D consortia for capacity

building locally and internationally of BSWM manpower

b) Continuing education on environmental training and occupational

safety training for all S & T personnel; retooling on statistical analyses

c) Develop an S&T personnel career development plan

d) Promote scientific exchange program (e.g. scientific visit, etc.)

e) Enhancing capacities of Soils Regional laboratories, farmer-

beneficiaries particularly SWISA’s, LGU partners, and other

stakeholders.

3) Soils and Water R&D infrastructure development/ upgrading

a) Procurement of state of the art equipment both for field survey,

agricultural engineering, in-situ and laboratory analyses to replace

non-functional equipment, upgrade existing old equipment and

rehabilitate laboratories

b) Upgrade ICT infrastructure and connectivity for enhanced

communication and access to research databases, tools and resources

c) Procure licensed softwares for modeling statistical and related

analyses

d) Upgrade wastewater and solid wastes disposal systems


4) Compliance to environmental rules and regulation

a) Secure permits/licenses as wastes generator

b) Accreditation of services provider for transport, treatment, storage

and disposal

c) Strict monitoring and evaluation of service providers

d) Upgrade wastewater and solid wastes disposal systems

e) Quality assurance of analytical testing, and control of soil laboratory

establishments

a) Procurement of standards

b) Laboratory exchange program for proficiency testing

c) ISO accreditation for soil and water

d) Review of guidelines on the establishment of soil laboratories

f) Soil and Water R&D databases development, maintenance, and build-

up; dissemination of outputs

a) Web-based soil and water R & D databases development, and

maintenance

b) Organize scientific conferences, symposia, workshops, roundtable

discussions, consultative meetings

c) Registration of R&D outputs (e.g. Intellectual Property Rights, etc.)

d) Publication of bulletins, refereed journals

g) R&D resources generation and mobilization

a) Co-financing with international, national, regional, and local units

b) Public-and-private partnership

c) Payment for environmental services

h) Agro-technology development and transfer

a) Use of innovative/ smart tools, techniques to generate new and

alternative soil and water technologies


b) Promote technology transfer through cross visits, multi-media, social

media

i) S&T awards and incentives

a) Consistent implementation of the Magna Carta for S&T Personnel on

the grant of benefits including hazards pay

b) Establish the BSWM scientific career system for professional

advancement

c) In-house awarding of best paper for a) research, and b) development

studies

d) Incentives for awards granted by scientific/ professional group (e.g.

PSAE, PSSST, DA-BAR, etc.)

j) Integration of Gender and Development concerns in Soil and Water

Resources Research and Development

a) Employee-based

Occupational safety on health

Capacity-building

Establishment of GAD related facilities

b) Organization-based

Soil and Water Resources Research and Development Review of

Proposals and Projects

Soil and Water Resources Research and Development Formulation

of Roadmap and Agenda

c) Client-based

Conduct and Profiling of Gender-Analyses

Integration of GAD topics into Thematic Programs and Projects

Agri-based Livelihood for Economic Empowerment


5. SOIL AND WATER R & D DIRECTION (2016-2022)

Thematic Programs

a) Soil health mapping, improvement and management;

b) Conservation and management of soil biodiversity;

c) Organic agriculture;

d) Mitigation of soil and water pollution;

e) Effective watershed management for improved agricultural productivity;

f) Assessment of soil erosion and sedimentation;

g) Soil and water conservation and management;

h) Enhancement of rainwater harvesting and utilization;

i) Water resources development and water productivity enhancement;

j) Soil and water resources database and system development;

k) Laboratory test methods validation and verification;

l) Cross-cutting concerns (i.e. conduct of impact assessment studies and

policy researches; CC mitigation and adaptation)


Targeted Soil and Water R & D Studies 2016 – 2022

DISCIPLINE SOILS

No. PROGRAM PROBLEMS/ISSUES RESEARCHABLE AREAS

1 Soil Health Improvement

Soil fertility decline and physical constraints

Improvement in the efficiency of fertilizer use

Updating of fertilizer recommendation for conventionally grown crops and development of fertilizer recommendation for organically grown crops

System of rice intensification

2

Conservation and Management of Soil biodiversity

Decreasing level of soil biodiversity

Soil biodiversity analysis in different types of production system and climatic conditions

Identification of beneficial soil micro-organisms for improving crop productivity

Impacts of invasive alien species (IAS) on soil quality

3 Organic Agriculture

Soil fertility decline (macro and micro-nutrient deficiency)

- leaching, crop removal - Improper disposal of

agricultural, market and food wastes

Low quality/non-compliance of organic soil amendments with the minimum requirements specified in the Philippine National Standard

Microbial-based inoculants/ bio-fertilizers Efficacy of different source of organic fertilizer on crops

Composting methods/processes

Improvement in the quality of organic fertilizers, compost and plant supplements

4 Mitigation of Soil and Water Pollution

Soil pollution - Long-term and

inappropriate timing & method of fertilizer application

- Improper waste

disposal;

- Heavy metal accumulation in soils due to proximity of crop production areas from agro-industries and mining sites

Effects of organic and inorganic fertilizer to the environment

Management of agricultural wastes and other types of solid wastes being used as fertilizers

Impacts of accumulation of heavy metals and pesticide residues in agricultural production areas and development of management strategies to mitigate the negative impacts (e.g. Phyto or bio-remediation)


DISCIPLINE SOILS


5

Effective Watershed Management for Improved Agricultural Productivity

Uplands are being depleted and their qualities are fast deteriorating due to human-induced interventions aggravated by increasing population and migration and high poverty incidence

Development of resilient and cost effective soil conservation cropping system and management practices in critical areas (i.e. Uplands – highlands being used for agriculture and swip watersheds) for productivity enhancement and environmental sustainability

6 Assessment of Soil Erosion and Sedimentation

Soil erosion Soil erosion measurement Soil erosion control

7 Soil and Water Conservation and Management

Lack of awareness and advocates on soil consortium and its impacts to environment

Impacts of soil conservation measures

8

Enhancement of Rainwater Harvesting and Utilization

Surface water harvesting

Innovations in design of SSIP that will include climate-resilient designs

Assessment & Development of Farmer training modules (for enhanced water use utilization)

Wastewater reuse for irrigation

9

Water Resources Development and Water Productivity Enhancement

Lack of information on available water management technologies for upland/ non-irrigated farmland Low water-use efficiency in irrigated agriculture Need for sustainable development and management of groundwater Competing water use between and among agriculture, domestic and other purposes Uncertainties of water supply availability due to climate change

Water resource assessment Performance and Impact Evaluation of Small Scale Irrigation Systems (SSIS) Raw water pricing and modalities Watershed Management Cloudseeding operation and application of recent methodologies in rain stimulation to mitigate drought Technologies for enhanced conservation of soil and water resources that will include water conservation techniques, renewable and non-conventional energy for small-scale irrigation, water saving technologies, methods to minimize seepage and percolation in Small Farm Reservoirs (SFR).


DISCIPLINE SOILS


10

Management and Fertility Rehabilitation of Problem Soils

Soil salinity - saltwater intrusion Soil Acidity Heavy cracking clays Poorly drained soils

Fertilization Scheme (sources, methods, timing and volume) Soil Amelioration (compost, manure, liming materials like calcite, dolomite, gypsum) Residue Management (method and timing of application) Bio-remediation (inoculation)

11

Soil and water resources database and system development

Large data holdings require systematize storage and retrieval

Development of soil health information system Data warehousing and online reporting system

12 Laboratory test methods validation and verification

Regulation and control for the establishment and operation of all soil laboratories

Development of rapid test methods needs assessment of all soil and water analytical laboratories


DISCIPLINE WATER

PROGRAM PROBLEMS/ISSUES RESEARCHABLE AREAS

1 Water quality and availability Enhancement of rainwater harvesting and utilization

Inadequate water for agricultural use - poor water quality - inefficient water use - over extraction of groundwater

supply

- inadequate rainwater harvesting facilities and technologies

- competing water use between and among agricultural, domestic and other purposes

- uncertainties of water supply availability due to climate change

Reducing contamination/ pollution Re-use of wastewater from agricultural industries Appropriate technologies to minimize system wastes and optimize crop water use Cost –efficient and robust design of rainwater harvesting facilities; Development of other runoff management technologies Climate change adaptation options/strategies focusing on water resources management and utilization

2

Effective watershed management for improved agricultural productivity

Inundation of agricultural land - Flooding - Too much water in the wrong time

and wrong place

Flood Mitigation and management Development of drainage technologies & system Watershed development and management


REFERENCES

Bureau of Agricultural Research. Research and Development Extension Agenda Programs (2011-2016) Bureau of Soils and Water Management. National Soil and Water Resources RD/E Agenda (2011-2016) Bureau of Soils and Water Management. 2010. Rationalization Plan

Bureau of Soils and Water Management. Soil and Water Resources RD/E Agenda (2011-2016)

Canqui, Humberto B.; R. Lal. C. “Crop Residue Removal Impacts on Soil Productivity and Environmental Quality”. Available at : http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07352680902776507

Department of Agriculture - Administrative Order No. 174, s. 1990 (Expansion of the Rain Stimulation Program) Department of Agriculture. 2014. National Master Plan for Small Scale Irrigation Projects 2014-2022. Department of Agriculture – Bureau of Soils and Water Management. The Updated Philippine National Action Plan to Combat Desertification Land Degradation and Drought (FY 2015-2025). Department of Science and Technology - Certificate No. MC 2016-010 Department of Science and Technology - Certificate No. MC 2016-016; Gender and Development. Available at : http://pcw.gov.ph/sites/default/files/documents/resources/harmonized-gad-guidelines-2nd_ed_0.pdf Greenpeace Southeast Asia. 2007 Montgomery, Heather L. January 1, 2010. How is Soils Made (Everybody Digs Soil). Operational Plan for Manila Bay Coastal Strategy 2011-2015 Organic Agriculture Act of 2010 Philippine Land Degradation Assessment and Climate Change Adaptation (FAO/TCP/PHI/3302)


WEB SOURCES

https://contentzone-bonnieplants1.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/soil-in-hands.jpg http://www.unep.org/newscentre/Default.aspx?DocumentID=2756&ArticleID=10681 https://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/74435/looking-at-soils-through-the-natural-capital-and-ecosystem-services-lens.pdf http://www.isric.org/sites/default/files/Very%20poor%20managed%20maize.JPG http://southwestfarmpress.com/site-files/southwestfarmpress.com/files/imagecache/medium_img/uploads/2012/08/water1.jpg http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_i-Aj4SdUPRw/THvAPmWgyyI/AAAAAAAAAHs/WX_6CGKkRh8/s1600/loboc.jpg)

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