soil and water conservation through a climate-smart landscape approach

IFPRI Conference

Building Resilience for Food and Nutrition Security

Addis Ababa, 15 - 17 May 2014

Petra Jacobi, GIZ

Georg Deichert, GIZ

Soil and water conservation through a climate-smart landscape approach -

Experiences from the Sahel and East Africa

Landscape approach16/05/2014

Territorial development


Territory: as spatially cohesive area.

Boundaries can be defined in different ways.

National Policies

Climate change

Global economy

Natural Resources

Institutio-nal

Setting

Economicactivities Social

Setting

Territorial development – Landscape approach


Territorial approaches

Economicdelimitation

- Developmentcorridors

- Protecteddesignationof origin(champagne)

Administrative delimitation

Development of:- Villages- Municipalities- Provinces

Ethical/culturaldelimitation

- Indigenousterritories

- Tribalareas

Eco-geographicaldelimitation

- Watershed- Transfrontier conservationareas

- Eco-systembasedadaptation

- Landscapeapproaches

Case Study 1: 20 years of watershed management in Niger


Case Study 1: Niger`s challenges for agricultural development


Agriculture and pastoralism are key sectors in the rural economy, but

periodic droughts, increasing desertification and environmental

degradation are huge challenges

80% of the population live in rural areas, combined with high population

growth (more than 3.5%) pressure on natural resources, e.g. land, water

and vegetation is high

Only 15% of the land is arable, but 53% of the population are engaged in

crop production, mostly subsistence

Case Study 1: 20 years of watershed management in Niger


Several programmes funded by BMZ, implemented by GIZ / KfW / Government since early 1990ies till date.

Over 400,000 ha treated with Soil and Water Conservation at a rhythm of 20.000 ha/year.

More than 200 water-spreading weirs with > 10.000 ha with flood irrigation (last 13 years)

700 villages, around 0.5 million people reached

Work approach Niger


Programme support only after active request and approval.

Rolling approach to work with about 100 villages in parallel.

Population provides: free labour, local materials and maintenance.

Programme provides: training, basic tools and material, trucks and tractors.

Year 1: organizing population, training, pilot activities.

Years 2 to 5: Intensive implementation.

Years 5 and 6: Progressive shift of responsibilities to the communities. End of support autonomy.

Techniques (Niger)


Waterspreadingweirs

600–1,500 €/ha

Stonebunds Planting pits

30 – 45 €/ha40-90% contrib.

Trenches Dykes Stonebunds

Nardi trenches (Half-moons)

130 €/ha55 % contribution


Nardi trenches

Water spreading weirs

Niger: Impact so far


Plateaus (Nardi-trenches): Yields of herbaceous biomass increases (from ~ 0 to 600/700 kg/ha*yr). Slow production of wood (generally around 1 stere/ha*yr). Improved biodiversity and protection of lower areas.

Fields (stone bunds): Increased / more stable yields (millet > x 2 or around 200 kg/ha*yr more). Straw increased by x 1.6 (520 kg/ha*yr more).

Valleys: Increase of millet yields x 2 and increase of production x 5.8 Strong increase in vegetable production, employment and income Heightening of groundwater levels

Case Study 2: Ethiopia`s Challenges for Agricultural Development




Agriculture and pastoralism are key sectors for economic growth and

long-term food security in Ethiopia

44 % share in GDP (Industry: 13.7%)

84.4 % share in total exports

85 % share in employement

High population growth rate (2.7%) resulting in high population pressure on natural resources, eg land, water and vegetation



Loss of natural resources as result of deforestation and overgrazing

Expansion of cultivation into un-terraced steep slopes (>30%)

Soil loss due to rain and wind induced degradation

Reduction of soil fertility due to inadequate land management practices

Low agricultural productivity (50% of Kenia / Morocco)

Lowland: overgrazing of marginal areas

Case Study 2: Ethiopia`s Responses to the Challenges


AgriculturalGrowth (AGP)

Sustainable Land Management

(SLMP) Drought Resilience

Productivity SafetyNet (PSNP)The Ministry of Agriculture

addresses the challenges with

4 topical areas and these

programs have synergies and

complement each other.

Case Study 2: The SLM Watershed Management Approach


Three phases of the watershed approach

Identifying micro-watersheds, mobilizing and organizingcommunities and planning

Implementating soil and waterconservation measures

Implementating climatesmart income generatingactivities (IGA)

1

2

3



Identifying micro-watersheds, mobilizing andorganizing communities and planning

Creating awareness for soil degradation in thecommunity and the local administration

Setting up local committees and user groups Preparing watershed management plans with strong

community participation Get approval and secure funding for plan

implementation

31 2



Implementating soil andwater conservation measures

Watershed management starts from top ofwatershed

First priority: reduce energy of run-off water andincrease water infiltration into soil

Situation specific SWC measures (type of terraces, type of trenches, gully structures, etc.)

Combined Physical and bilogical SWC measures, e.g. forage planting on bunds

Combination of various SWC measures to improvewater retention, soil fertility and reducing soildegradation, stocking rate, deforestation

Utilization of water at foot hill / in valley

1 32



Implementating climate smart incomegenerating activities (IGA)

• Identifying income generating and climate smart crop, livestock and forest production activities• Screening and rating of climate smartness with regard

to adaptation, mitigation and income generatingpotentials• Promotion of regular compost making, intercropping,

mulching, etc. • Integrate forage production with SWC measures• Improve post-harvest measures and fodder

conservation

31 2

Case Study 2: SLMP impacts so far


Around 180,000 ha of degraded land rehabilitated through SLM measures benefiting around 194,000 households in total.

Since 2008 the irrigated area increased to 1,800 ha and is utilized by small farmers for increasing productivity and income generation.

Planning and implementation capacities of governmental structures are improved. So far 678 watershed management plans were developed and implemented with active community participation.

Institutional capacities on commune level and self-responsibility of the communities are significantly improved. Around 60,000 farmers and producers, who are organized in 500 user groups manage watersheds with SLM measures.

Landscape approaches and the right mix of interventions offer multiple benefits:

Conclusions


powerful concept to improve food security and incomes;

positive environmental effects i.e. on biodiversity and water cycle;

Very suitable to mainstream CC adaptation and mitigation;

large scale impact potential;

also low-cost technologies are available

Conclusions


Landscape approaches

improve governance in rural areas by implying all stakeholders andintegrate know-how across sectors;

.mobilise and strengthen the local population;

But: sufficient time for implementation is required.


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Thank you very much !

soil and water conservation through a climate-smart landscape approach

Education

case study

s challenges

watershed approach

years of watershed management

high population pressure

huge challenges

giz soil

rural areas