soil and land iafnr module 4 natural resources. let’s review… what is soil? how is soil formed?...

23
Soil and Land IAFNR MODULE 4 NATURAL RESOURCES

Upload: norma-leonard

Post on 29-Jan-2016

223 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Soil and Land IAFNR MODULE 4 NATURAL RESOURCES. Let’s Review… What is soil? How is soil formed? What is the soil profile? How is soil classified? Look

Soil and LandIAFNR MODULE 4NATURAL RESOURCES

Page 2: Soil and Land IAFNR MODULE 4 NATURAL RESOURCES. Let’s Review… What is soil? How is soil formed? What is the soil profile? How is soil classified? Look

Let’s Review…

• What is soil?

• How is soil formed?

• What is the soil profile?

• How is soil classified?

Look Familiar? Let’s see what you remember from the Plant and Soil Science

Module!

Page 3: Soil and Land IAFNR MODULE 4 NATURAL RESOURCES. Let’s Review… What is soil? How is soil formed? What is the soil profile? How is soil classified? Look

What is soil?

• Traditionally, Soil is defined as…– The material that nourishes

and supports growing plants. It can include rocks, water, snow, and even air, all of which are capable of supporting plant life.

Image retrieved from: http://bonnieplants.com/library/articles/soil-soil-building/

Page 4: Soil and Land IAFNR MODULE 4 NATURAL RESOURCES. Let’s Review… What is soil? How is soil formed? What is the soil profile? How is soil classified? Look

Formation of Soil

• Five Factors of Soil Formation– Parent Material-The rock or

other material in which soil is formed• Glaciers• Wind• Water• Gravity

– Time– Climate– Organisms– Topography

SOIL PICTURE W/ Grass

Organisms

Time

Topography

Climate

Parent Material

Page 5: Soil and Land IAFNR MODULE 4 NATURAL RESOURCES. Let’s Review… What is soil? How is soil formed? What is the soil profile? How is soil classified? Look

The Soil Profile

Image retrieved from: http://clu-in.org/ecotools/seq.cfm

Page 6: Soil and Land IAFNR MODULE 4 NATURAL RESOURCES. Let’s Review… What is soil? How is soil formed? What is the soil profile? How is soil classified? Look

Soil Classifications

• Soils are classified just like plants

• They are grouped according to their– Agronomic Use- good/ poor soil for certain crops– Color– Organic Matter Content- mineral soil or peat soil– Texture- sand or loam– Moisture Condition-wet or dry

• Scientific Classification– 12 soil orders- used worldwide

• Broken down into suborders, great groups, subgroups, families, and series

– Soil series- used locally

Page 7: Soil and Land IAFNR MODULE 4 NATURAL RESOURCES. Let’s Review… What is soil? How is soil formed? What is the soil profile? How is soil classified? Look

Image retrieved from: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SoilTexture_USDA.png

Page 8: Soil and Land IAFNR MODULE 4 NATURAL RESOURCES. Let’s Review… What is soil? How is soil formed? What is the soil profile? How is soil classified? Look

More about Soil:

Erosion

What is Erosion?• The process of wearing

away or removal of the surface layer of anything. Especially in natural resources management, erosion refers to the loss of surface soil to water and wind.

Image retrieved from: http://www.tn.gov/agriculture/water/arcf.shtml

Page 9: Soil and Land IAFNR MODULE 4 NATURAL RESOURCES. Let’s Review… What is soil? How is soil formed? What is the soil profile? How is soil classified? Look

When is Erosion a problem?

• Soil Erosion is Normal– Natural erosion, called geological erosion, is happening on all types of

soils at all times at a slow pace– It is a normal part of the soil formation process, but becomes a

problem in these three cases:• Accelerated Erosion

– The normal rate of erosion is sped up when land is cleared or vegetation removed

• Water Caused Erosion– Water causes

• Splash Erosion-caused by the striking of rain upon the earth’s surface• Runoff Erosion-more destructive, caused by moving surface water

• Wind-Caused Erosion– Damage from both drying out and moving soil particles

Did you know a raindrop

strikes earth at about 20

mph?!

Page 10: Soil and Land IAFNR MODULE 4 NATURAL RESOURCES. Let’s Review… What is soil? How is soil formed? What is the soil profile? How is soil classified? Look

Types of ErosionSheet

• Gradual, somewhat uniform removal of surface soil

• Results in gradual reduction of topsoil thickness and lower soil productivity

• Advanced cases show discolored places in fields

Rill

• Rapid and more visible kind of erosion

• Streamlet cuts in the soil surface from running water

– Larger rills are considered gullies

Image example of sheet and rill erosion in one field

Image retrieved from: http://luirig.altervista.org/pics/index4.php?search=Severe+sheet+and+rill+erosion+on+highly+erodible+soils+in+Cas...&page=1

Page 12: Soil and Land IAFNR MODULE 4 NATURAL RESOURCES. Let’s Review… What is soil? How is soil formed? What is the soil profile? How is soil classified? Look

Non-Farm Erosion Control

• Erosion doesn’t just occur in agriculture!– It is important to control when

• Buildings are constructed• Highways or road are built• Mining or any underground

work is being done

• Erosion control through mechanical techniques and vegetation

Image retrieved from: http://www.ch2m.com/corporate/europe/projects/coastal-erosion-uk.asp#.VSVAnU3wuHs

Page 13: Soil and Land IAFNR MODULE 4 NATURAL RESOURCES. Let’s Review… What is soil? How is soil formed? What is the soil profile? How is soil classified? Look

Non-Farm Erosion Control

Mechanical

• Ditches– Used to direct the flow of runoff

– Secured with concrete, rocks, or sod

• Waterways– Collect excess soil water and move

it somewhere else to be disposed of

• Bank Protection– Stabilization for steep banks in

construction areas

– Mulch, concrete, rocks typically used

Vegetative

• Lawns– More than just your front yard!

• Sod– A living layer of grass and topsoil

– Quick fix to erosion problem

• Mulch– Maintains surface moisture and

holds grass seeds in place

Page 14: Soil and Land IAFNR MODULE 4 NATURAL RESOURCES. Let’s Review… What is soil? How is soil formed? What is the soil profile? How is soil classified? Look

Land Fills and Solid Waste Management

Image retrieved from: http://thetrashblog.com/2013/02/19/landfill-tourism/

Page 15: Soil and Land IAFNR MODULE 4 NATURAL RESOURCES. Let’s Review… What is soil? How is soil formed? What is the soil profile? How is soil classified? Look

What is Solid Waste?

• Solid Waste– Nonliquid, non soluble, materials ranging from municipal

garbage to industrial wastes that contain complex, and sometimes hazardous, substances.

– Includes • Municipal Waste

– Urban and rural trash disposal to landfills

• Industrial Waste– Trash from industrial processes that is not disposed of in landfills

• Sewage, sludge, agricultural refuse, demolition wastes and mining residues

• Liquids and gases in containers

Image retrieved from: http://cliparts.co/clipart/25954

Page 16: Soil and Land IAFNR MODULE 4 NATURAL RESOURCES. Let’s Review… What is soil? How is soil formed? What is the soil profile? How is soil classified? Look

Types of Solid Waste

Hazardous Waste

• Waste with properties that make it dangerous or potentially harmful to human health or the environment– Considered hazardous if

• Ignitable, corrosive, reactive, or toxic

Nonhazardous Waste

Image retrieved from: https://www.westlanddc.govt.nz/hazardous-waste

Image retrieved from: http://www.nreresearch.com/home/index.php/us/msw-treatment

• Municipal and industrial waste– Does not meet definitions of

hazardous or radioactive waste

Page 17: Soil and Land IAFNR MODULE 4 NATURAL RESOURCES. Let’s Review… What is soil? How is soil formed? What is the soil profile? How is soil classified? Look

Types of Solid Waste

Radioactive Waste

• Three types– Low-level waste

• Medical wastes from hospitals

– High-level waste• Used nuclear reactor fuel

– Uranium mill tailings• Residues leftover after uranium

ore is processed

Image retrieved from: http://www.tophazardouswaste.com/chemicalwaste.php

Page 18: Soil and Land IAFNR MODULE 4 NATURAL RESOURCES. Let’s Review… What is soil? How is soil formed? What is the soil profile? How is soil classified? Look

Waste Disposal

• Humans have disposed of waste for centuries by burying it– Large-scale disposal hauls waste to a rural landfill – Up until the 1960’s this was still how waste was disposed of

• Effects of waste disposal– Studies revealed that significant amounts of water percolate through

landfills• This water transports contaminants such as bacteria and viruses

– Water, usually comes from rain or melting snow, is called leachate

– Leachate then enters groundwater for human use

Page 19: Soil and Land IAFNR MODULE 4 NATURAL RESOURCES. Let’s Review… What is soil? How is soil formed? What is the soil profile? How is soil classified? Look

Where Does Your Trash Go?

Page 20: Soil and Land IAFNR MODULE 4 NATURAL RESOURCES. Let’s Review… What is soil? How is soil formed? What is the soil profile? How is soil classified? Look

Landfills• An open area into

which garbage is placed, to be covered by a layer of some other material, typically soil.

• Natural attenuation landfills• Holds waste in a covered

area and allows percolation through soil

• Three shapes; grade, canyon, or trench

• Containment landfills• Designed with a liner to

minimize seepage of leachate into soil and groundwater

Image retrieved from: http://www.johnstonnc.com/recycling/swcontent.cfm?pageid=landfill

Page 21: Soil and Land IAFNR MODULE 4 NATURAL RESOURCES. Let’s Review… What is soil? How is soil formed? What is the soil profile? How is soil classified? Look

Recycling

• Why Recycle?– Solid Waste disposal is wasteful and costly– Recycling centers employ over 1 million Americans– Savings in energy

• Energy required to recycle a pound of reusable metal is only 5% of what it takes to produce a pound of aluminum from raw ore

• Do you recycle?– What’s happening in Indianapolis

• http://wishtv.com/2014/08/06/controversial-indy-recycling-plant-gets-green-light/

Page 22: Soil and Land IAFNR MODULE 4 NATURAL RESOURCES. Let’s Review… What is soil? How is soil formed? What is the soil profile? How is soil classified? Look

Covanta- Energy from Waste

Page 23: Soil and Land IAFNR MODULE 4 NATURAL RESOURCES. Let’s Review… What is soil? How is soil formed? What is the soil profile? How is soil classified? Look

References

Barras, D. (2014, Aug. 6). Controversial Indy recycling plant gets green light. Retrieved from: http://wishtv.com/2014/08/06/controversial-indy-recycling-plant-gets-green-light/

Camp, W., & Heath-Camp, B. (2009) Managing our Natural Resources. New York: Delmar.

CBSTV20. (2011, March 7). Where does your trash go? Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ermDZy6Flr0

Covanta. (2013, June 11). Animated Video: Learn How Trash Turns Into Renewable Energy at Covanta. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o0_0ePXlJ44