1 Lecture 12 (Software Cost Estimation) (Project Planning) (Effort) () () () 12.1 Software Cost Estimation (Project Cost) 1. (Hardware, Software and Maintenance Cost) 2. (Travel and Training Cost) 3. (Effort Cost: ) Effort (Overhead) 2 (Software Pricing) (Market Opportunity) (Contractual Term) (Requirement Volatile) (Financial Health) (Cost Estimation) 12.2 (Productivity) Productivity ( Effort ) Person-Hours Man-Day Man-Month (Software Size) Productivity Productivity = Size / Effort 2 (Line of Code: LoC) (Function Point: FP) 12.2.1 (Line of Code) COBOL, ASSEMBLY, FORTRAN 1 (Source Line Code) Comment Simple Line Count Source File Comment Physical Lines (LINES) () Physical Line Of Code Comment Source Line Code (sLOC) Logical Lines of Code (LLOC) Logical Physical Logical Lines _ 3 Statements (STMT) 1 1 (Project Metric) ( Project Analyzer 7.1 ) (UNIX http://sarovar.org/projects/kloc Windows http://www.anologx.com/contents/download/program/kloc.htm Physical C, Java, COBL, Fortran C# http://www.geronesoft.com) Hello World C Programming LanguageCOBOL Programming Language #include #include void main() { printf(Hello, World); getch(); } 100 IDENTIFICATION DIVISION. 200 PROGRAM-ID. EXAMHELLO. 300 ENVIRONMENT DIVISION. 400 CONFIGURATION SECTION. 500 SOURCE-COMPUTER. KTP. 600 OBJECT-COMPUTER. KTP. 700 DATA DIVISION. 800 FILE SECTION. 900 PROCEDURE DIVISION. 1000 MAIN-DISPLAY SECTION. 2000 BEGIN. 3000 DISPLAY Hello World LINE 10 POSITION 10 4000 STOP RUN. 4 () Effort 12.1 Productivity Assembly4 6 10 12 2 4 6 5 7 2 SizeEffortProductivity Assembly6,000 34 705 / 2,500 24 416 / Effort 4 LoC COBOL, FORTRAN 12.1 (Function Point: FP) 12.2.2 (Function Point: FP) (Function Point: FP) (International Function Point User Group: IFPUG) FP = UFP*VAF FP (Unadjusted Function Point: UFP) (Value Adjustment Factor: VAF)

5 FP FP 3 FP (UFP) (VAF) FP 1. FP (UFP) 5 Internal Logical Files (ILF), External Interface Files (EIF), External Inputs (EI), External Outputs (EO) External Queries (EQ) 12.1 12.1 External Inputs (EI) () ILF External Outputs (EO) External Queries (EQ) ( Query ) Internal Logical Files (ILF) (EI) External Interface Files (EIF) EIF

(Transaction) (Data Element Type: DET) (Record Element Type: RET) (File Type Reference: FTR) Transaction DET, RET FTR 3 (Low) (Average) (High) UFP ( FP ) 6 12.2 UFP (EI) 2 (FTR) 15 (DET) EI EI Average 10 ( ) Low 2 Average 5 High 3 EI 44 UFP 2.(VAF) FP 14 0 () 5 () 7 12.3 14 0 () 5 () 1 (Data Communication) 8(Online Update) 2 (Distribution Data Processing) 9 (Complex Processing 3 (Performance)10(Reusability) 4 (Configuration)11 (Installation Ease) 5 (Transaction)12 (Operational Ease) 6(Online Data Entry) 13(Multiple Sites) 7(End-user Effciency) 14 (Change Requirement) 14 VAF VAF = 0.65 + [0.01 * 14 ] 3. FP UFP VAF FP FP = UFP * VAF LoC FP Productivity Effort Effort LoC FP LoC 12.4 FP LoC QSM (Quantitiative Software Management: www.qsm.com) LoC 1 FP AverageMediumLowHigh Access35381547 Ada154-104205 ASP596232127 C1481049704 C++605329178 C#59595166 Clipper38392770 8 COBOL73778400 FoxPro32352535 HTML43423553 Informix42312457 J2EE615050100 Java60591497 JavaScript56544465 JSP59--- Oracle38294122 Perl60--- PL/159592292 PL/SQL463114110 Powerbuilder30247105 SQL393515143 VBScript45342750 Visual Basic504214276 12.3 Effort Effort Effort 12.5 Effort Algorithm Cost Modeling Expert Judgment Estimation by Analogy Parkinsons Law 12 5 5 60 Person-Month Pricing to Win 9 COCOMO Model 12.4 COCOMO COCOMO (Constructive Cost Model) Effort Dr. Barry Boehm .. 1981 (Object-oriented Design: OOD) Effort COCOMO COCOMO (Exponential) Dr.Barry Boehm Effort Effort ( Overhead) Effort Effort Platform Effort COCOMO 2 COCOMO II .. 1997 161 (Bayesian Statistical Analysis) COCOMO II 3 1. Application-composition Model (Component-based Development) Concept Object Point 2. Early Design Model FP 3. Post-architecture Model

10 Application-composition Model Application-composition Model COCOMO II Object Point 3 (Screen) (Report) 3GL (Third Generation Language) (Object-oriented Technology) 3 12.6 (Simple) (Complex) (Very Complex) Screen123 Reports256 3GL Modules410- Revised Object Point (ROP) Revised Object Point (ROP) = Object Point x [(100 - %reuse)/100] ROP Effort MME (Man Month Effort) = [ROP / Productivity Constant] Effort Man-Month ROP (Productivity Constant) 12.7 (Very Low) (Low) (Nominal) (High) (Very High) Productivity Constant (NOP per Month) 47132550 11 (Number of Object Point per Month) 40 OP 10% (Nominal/Normal) Effort = 40 100 10100= 40 0.90 = 36 = 3613= 3 Effort Concept Early Design Model COCOMO II = ()

MMEEffort Man-Month (Man Month Effort) A (Nominal) B Effort (Exponential) Scaling Factor Economics Scale Cost Driver Size KLoC (Kilo of Line of Code = Loc x 1000) COCOMO II Effort Scaling Factor B B B Size of Software Effort - B = 1 Scaling Factor () - B > 1 B < 1 Scaling Factor Early Design Model 5 (Rating) B 12 = 0.91 +0.01()51 5 4 (Very Low) (Low) (Nominal) (High) 12.8 (Value of Rating for Scaling Factor) Factor Code (Very Low) (Low) (Nominal) (High) Factor Name PREC6.204.963.722.48Precedentness FLEX5.074.053.042.03Flexibility RESL7.075.654.242.83Risk Resolution TEAM5.484.383.292.19Team Cohesion PMAT7.806.244.683.12Process Maturity 5 12.9 COCOMO II Early Design PREC ( )FLEX ( )RESLTEAMPMAT 1 5 12.2 5 (Very Low) LoC 10 KLoC (Nominal) B B = 0.91 + 0.01 x (6.20 + 5.07 + 7.07 +5.48 + 7.80) = 0.91 + 0.01 x 31.62 = 1.2262 B 1 Effort Effort MME = A x (Size)B = 13 x (10)1.2262**A = 13 12.7 ** = 13 x 16.8344 = 218.84 219Man Month 13 12.3 12.2 5 (High) (Nominal) B = 0.91 + 0.01 x (2.48 + 2.03 + 2.83 + 2.19 + 3.12) = 0.91 + 0.01 x 12.65 = 1.0365 1.04 MME = A x (Size)B = 13 x (10)1.04**A = 13 12.7 ** = 13 x 10.9647 = 142.54 143Man Month B 1 10 10.9647 143 Man Month Post Architecture Model 5 Effort (Product Factor) Platform (Platform Factor) (Personnel Factor) (Project Factor) 16 Effort Multiplier Effort MME (Modified) Effort 16 (Very Low) (Low) (Nominal) (High) 16 Effort Multiplier Effort MME (Modified) = MME x (EM) EMEffort Multiplier Effort EM1 x EM2 x Em3 x .. x EM16 16 4 14 12.10 COCOMO II Post Architecture (Product) RELY: Software ReliabilityDATA: Database Size CPLX: Software ComplexityRUSE: Required ReusabilityDOCU: Documentation (Platform) TIME: Time Constraint on ExecutionSTOR: Main Storage Constraint PVOL: Platform Volatility (Personnel) ACAP: Analyst Capability PCAP: Programmer CapabilityPCON: Personnel ContinuityAEXP: Analyst Experience PEXP: Programmer ExperienceLTEX: Language and Tools Experience (Project) TOOL: Use of Software Tools SITE: Site Environment Effort 16 12.11 Effort 16 Post Architecture FactorLevels and Ratings (Very Low) (Low) (Nominal) (High) Product Factor 1. RELY0.820.921.001.10 2. DATA0.800.901.001.14 3. CPLX0.730.871.001.17 4. RUSE0.850.951.001.07 5. DOCU0.810.911.001.11 Platform Factors 1. TIME--1.001.11 2. STOR--1.001.05 3. PVOL--1.001.15 Personnel Factors 1. ACAP1.421.191.000.85 2. PCAP1.341.151.000.88 3. AEXP1.221.101.000.88 4. PEXP1.191.091.000.91 5. LTXP1.201.091.000.91 15 6. PCON1.291.121.000.90 Project Factors 1. TOOL1.171.091.000.90 2. SITE1.221.091.00093 12.4 12.2 12.3 MME (Effort) Effort 16 10 KLoC MME 2 1 16 Very Low 2 16 High 1 16 Very Low Effort Multiplier 1 = EM1 x EM2 x .. EM16 = 0.82 x 0.80 x 0.73 x 0.85 x 0.81 x 1.42 x 1.34 x 1.22 x 1.19 x 1.20 x 1.29 x 1.17 x 1.22 = 2.01 2 16 High Effort Multiplier 2= EM1 x EM2 x .. EM16 = 1.10 x 1.14 x 1 17 x 1.07 x 1.11 x 1.11 x 1.05 x 1.15 x 0.85 x = 0.88 x 0.88 x 0.91 x 0.91 x 0.90 x 0.90 x 0.93 = 0.96 MME (Modified) 2 MME (Modified) = MME x (EM) MME ( 12.2)= 219 x 2.01440 Man Month MME ( 12.3)= 143 x 0.96137 Man Month Effort (Man Month Cost) MME (Man Month Rate) (Software Cost Estimation) 16 (Effort) (Productivity) (Size) (Line of Code: LoC) (Function Point: FP) FP COCOMO (Constructive Cost Model) 161