society for american archaeology haig... · speaking of the biennial gordon r. willey symposium on...

H A

I G Volume 3, NumberS 3&4 November 2013

Greetings, I started working on this in July and here it is November. The start of a new semester and a newly funded Department of Defense Legacy Program project, plus a late summer field school at George Washington’s Ferry Farm in Fredericksburg, Virginia made the time vanish….. We certainly can’t blame the Goat People! Some of the work in my Virtual Curation Laboratory during the second half of this year has a history of archaeology component to it—among other sites, we’ve been creating 3D digital models of artifacts from Fort Hill, an American Indian village site excavated by the WPA in 1939 and 1940. These are on virtual exhibit in our Virtual Curation Museum (http://virtualcurationmuseum.wordpress.com/). More directly relevant to the history of archaeology is publication news related to our 2012 SAA Biennial Gordon R. Willey Symposium on the History of Archaeology, which took place in Memphis, and focused on TVA archaeology. David Dye edited and submitted a volume on this session to the University of Alabama Press at the end of last month. If all goes well, it should be out by the end of 2014 and available at the 2015 SAA annual meeting. Speaking of the Biennial Gordon R. Willey Symposium on the History of Archaeology, the 2014 SAA session is chaired by Pat Trader. This session is entitled Explorers in Space and Time: Examining Archaeologist’s Careers Between 1945 and 1970. The session abstract and individual paper abstracts are on the following pages. This is followed by an article from Peter Diderich discussing in detail pioneering archaeologist Zelia Nuttall. Finally, in 2014 SAA HAIG news, our interest group meeting will be at 1 p.m. on April 25, in Austin, Texas, specific location to be determined. I hope to see many of you there! Until next year! Bernard K. Means Director, Virtual Curation Laboratory @ VCU Send contributions to [email protected]

Cover art in the public domain. Goat People sold separately.

Newsletter of the

History of Archaeology

Interest Group

Society for American Archaeology

http://virtualcurationmuseum.wordpress.com/

mailto:[email protected]

Newsletter of the SAA’s History of Archaeology Interest Group

Volume 3, NumberS 3&4 November 2013

Explorers in Space and Time: Examining Archaeologist’s Careers Between 1945 and 1970

Chaired by Patrick D. Trader, Gray & Pape, Inc. and Organized by Bernard K. Means, Virtual Curation Laboratory

Session Abstract

The period between 1945 and 1970 in American Archaeology witnessed a dramatic increase in the number of archaeological investigations. Armed with new tools, such as radiocarbon dating, geophysical survey, and flotation-processing of botanical remains, archaeologists were able to flesh out regional chronologies, focus archaeological investigations, and better understand human-plant-animal relations, which allowed archaeologists to move from describing and classifying past human cultures to explaining and interpreting past human behavior. This symposium examines the careers of archaeologists who worked during this period, following the end of New Deal Archaeology and before the

advent of the National Historic Preservation Act and the rise of Cultural Resource Management. The careers examined here include both professional and avocational archaeologists, who worked for state and federal agencies and academic institutions. Many of the archaeologists examined here played significant roles during this period, while others, played less humble roles; however, their contributions were no less important. These archaeologists made significant strides to the discipline of archaeology, often on shoe-string budgets. The contributions of these archaeologists made significant impacts to our discipline which is still felt today.

Individual Paper Abstracts Notes on an Interview with Tatiana Proskouriakoff Anne S. Dowd (ArcaeoLOGIC USA, LLC) As a graduate student, I interviewed and wrote a research paper on the late, great, Tatiana Proskouriakoff (1909-1985). Trained as an architect, much of her professional work was done in the 1930s though 1970s. Proskouriakoff began her career at the University of Pennsylvania Museum with Linton Satterthwaite and worked at Piedras Negras in Guatemala (ca., 1936-7). Later, she formed part of the Carnegie Institute of Washington's field team to Copán in Honduras (starting in the late 1930s), working with Sylvanus G. Morley and others. For many years, she was affiliated with Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts (ca. 1958-1985). Among her principal contributions to the field of Maya archaeology were establishing unequivocally that Maya hieroglyphic texts communicated history, documenting the reigns of rulers. Additionally, her reconstructions of Maya architecture and recordings of relief sculpture set scientific illustration standards in Mesoamerica. Tatiana Proskouriakoff won a number of prestigious awards, including the Alfred V. Kidder award in 1962, the Pennsylvania State Woman of the Year award in 1971, and Guatemala's Order of the Quetzal in 1984.



“Soon the archaeological world will hear from New England”: Maurice Robbins and the remaking of Massachusetts archaeology Katie Kirakosian (University of Massachusetts Amherst) Although an electrical engineer by trade, Maurice “Doc” Robbins was at the center of Massachusetts archaeology for most of the 20th century. By 1945 he had helped found the Massachusetts Archaeological Society (MAS) and the Bronson Museum. His most notable fieldwork was at the Wapanucket site, where he led intermittent excavations with fellow MAS members from the late 1930s to 1960s. He also published The Amateur Archaeologist’s Handbook (1964), an influential albeit controversial book.

Later in his career, Robbins sponsored legislation that ultimately led to the Massachusetts Historical Commission’s creation in 1969. He served as its first Commissioner (1969-1972) and was also the first Massachusetts State Archaeologist (1972-1979). Throughout his career, he worked to stop looting in the state, which may explain his desire to see an archaeological society started that could connect amateur and professional archaeologists. Robbins’ overall success was due in great part to the personal and professional relationships that he maintained throughout his life. He was not the only influential figure in Massachusetts however, which led to disagreement and conflict on various fronts. Through primary and secondary sources, this presentation offers a glimpse of Robbins the man, who helped begin an important chapter in Massachusetts archaeology. William A. Ritchie: New York Archaeologist and Explorer 1949-1972 Christina Rieth (New York State Museum) William A. Ritchie began his career as a curator and archaeologist at the Rochester Museum. In 1949, he accepted a position as State Archaeologist at the New York State Museum in Albany. He held this position until his retirement in 1972. During his tenure as State Archaeologist, he furthered New York archaeology through the excavation of more than 100 sites and published more than 150 papers in journals, books, and other scholarly publications. These excavations not only contributed to our understanding of regional settlement patterns but also helped to refine the chronology of the state's earliest occupants. In addition, Ritchie also helped develop early laws for the protection of archaeological remains on state owned land, oversaw one of the earliest cultural resource management programs in the state, and worked with state agencies to advocate for the preservation of archaeological sites. His contributions continue to be visible today and his publications continue to be cited in studies of the past. This paper will highlight the many contributions made by Ritchie to the discipline between 1949 and 1970 and their impact on archaeology. C.G. Holland: Archaeological Survey in a Cultural Crossroad Maureen Meyers (University of Mississippi) and Richard Jefferies (University of Kentucky) An important post-World War II archaeologist in Virginia, C.G. Holland is best known for his work on projectile point typology for Virginia and his survey of southwestern Virginia. He was also a long-time editor of the Archaeological Society of Virginia Quarterly Bulletin, and worked on many other sites across the state. This paper will give a review of his archaeological career, and focus on important sites, including the Trigg site and the Carter Robinson Mound site, which he identified in his southwestern Virginia survey. In addition, it will highlight more recent work on these sites, and assess Holland’s theory of southwestern Virginia as a cultural crossroads in light of these more recent studies.



Pioneering Archaeology in the Mountain State: The Career of Edward V. McMichael Patrick Trader (Gray & Pape, Inc.) Between 1960 and 1967, Edward V. McMichael served as the Head of the Section of Archeology at the West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey in West Virginia. As West Virginia State Archeologist, McMichael was responsible for surveying, documenting, and excavating archaeological sites throughout the state; however, the focus of much of his work was concentrated on the central and southern portions, particularly the Kanawha River Basin. Through collaboration with members of the West Virginia Archeological Society, McMichael excavated significant sites throughout the region including Mount Carbon Village and the Buffalo Site. Equally important were a series of salvage operations at numerous mounds in Boone, Kanawha, and Putname counties. Through these investigations, McMichael developed a chronological framework for the state, particularly the Woodland period that has change little over the past 40 years. McMichael's contributions to the archaeology of West Virginia and the surrounding regions were significant and are widely cited today. Bettye Broyles (1928–2011): A Woman in a Man’s World Darla Spencer (West Virginia University/Cultural Resource Analysts, Inc.) The archaeological community lost one of its most talented, prolific members when Bettye Jean Broyles died on March 27, 2011. In West Virginia, Bettye is probably best known for her influential fieldwork at numerous sites during her years with the Archaeology Section of the West Virginia Geological Survey, and particularly her work at the St. Albans site that put West Virginia on the archaeological map. Most of her archaeological accomplishments occurred at a time when few women entered the field of archeology. This paper will address Bettye’s life, major accomplishments, her many talents, and details of her work at St. Albans. The Cave Research Foundation Archaeological Project and the Eastern Agricultural Complex George Crothers (University of Kentucky) In 1963, Patty Jo Watson began systematically recording archaeological remains in the extensive, dry passages of Salts Cave, Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky. This was an official project of the recently organized Cave Research Foundation, a multidisciplinary group of cave explorers and scientists interested in caves and karst environments. With the expertise and logistical support of CRF, Watson--a specialist in Near Eastern prehistory--initiated an interdisciplinary scientific research project in Salts Cave. A central focus of the CRF Archeological Project for Watson and collaborator Richard A. Yarnell was the relationship between indigenous squashes and gourds--abundantly present and beautifully preserved in the dry passages of Salts Cave--to their presumed Mesoamerican antecedents. The CRF Archeological Project refocused interest on the Eastern Agricultural Complex, and helped establish Eastern North America as one of the few world regions where an independent, indigenous, prehistoric agricultural system was created.



James Kellar, Indiana’s Mid-Century Modern Archaeologist Cheryl Ann Munson (Indiana University) and April K. Sievert (Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology) James Kellar (1922-2003) discovered anthropology while serving in the Navy during World War II. Educated at Indiana University, he turned to archaeology after Glenn Black’s field school at the Mississippian Angel site. His early research focused on county-wide surveys and Woodland stone mounds of the Ohio Valley. His most notable work was directed to Hopewell sites, Mandeville (Georgia) and Mann (Indiana), and an overview of the one million plus artifacts that Black had excavated at Angel. Wearing many hats – teacher, administrator, preservationist, museum visionary, scholar – Kellar saw his greatest professional challenge to be saving the Mann site from industrial development. Archaeology Large and Small: The Foundation of Stuart Struever’s Legacy Michael Wiant (Illinois State Museum--Dickson Mounds) Introduced to archaeology in the 1950s, Stuart Struever advanced in the 1960s revolutionary ideas including flotation, settlement subsistence, and the organization, scale, and sustainability of archaeological inquiry. Drawing on his family’s industrial heritage, Struever formed the Foundation for Illinois Archaeology with a vision of large-scale, integrated, inter/multi-disciplinary research underwritten by a diverse combination of public and private funds. The experiment soon turned into an institution that attracted a critical mass of academic colleagues from the earth, life, and social sciences, a curriculum of coursework ranging from method and theory to natural science and archaeology, and the opportunity presented by public interest in archaeological exploration. The course of development drew Struever from the halls of the academy into the world of grants and contracts and philanthropy, but through it all his goal was to transform how we conduct archaeological research.

From Squares to Sites – Exposing the Archeological Record in Illinois Thomas E Emerson (Illinois State Archaeological Survey) and Dale McElrath (Illinois State Archaeological Survey) In the 1930s and 40s Fay Cooper-Cole and the University of Chicago played key roles in the introduction of standardized archaeological field techniques and the professionalization of the discipline. But by the early 60s UC had abandoned Midwestern archaeology and institutions such as the University of Illinois, the Illinois State Museum, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, and the newly created professional organization, the Illinois Archaeological Survey, took a leadership role in creating a new archaeological approach to field investigations – the switch from test squares to excavation blocks, from sampling sites to excavating sites. This change recognized that the primary driver of

investigations in the state were development projects tied to road and reservoir construction. Archaeologists from as diverse a background as Lewis Binford, Charles J. Bareis, and Warren Wittry employed heavy equipment to clear large portions of archaeological sites for recovery. This approach caused a sea change in research agendas from those focused on artifact typologies and chronologies to broader issues of community spatial and social organization, inter- and intrasite-level analyses of assemblage homogeneity and variation, and household and landscape archaeology – a focus that continues to dominate the region to this day.



Longhouses and Peace Medals: Elaine Bluhm Herold and the Beginning of Contact Period Archaeology in Illinois Mark Wagner (Southern Illinois University) The study of the types of cultural entanglement that occurred between late eighteenth to early nineteenth century Native and Euro-American societies in eastern North American has become an increasing area of study over the past two decades. Elaine Bluhm Herold began investigating such sites in Illinois, however, as early as the 1950s, at a time when others in the state regarded them as unimportant. This paper reviews her contributions to the development of contact period archaeology within Illinois including her excavations at the Crawford Farm site, which was a major Native village associated with the famous Sac leader Black Hawk. Discussant Bernard K. Means (Virtual Curation Laboratory @ Virginia Commonwealth University)

News from the History of Archaeology Research Network Bart Wagemakers ([email protected]) writes that: "Recently, the Non-Professional Archaeological Photographs-project (NPAPH) has been initiated. The aim of this project is to stimulate archaeological institutions to trace former students, volunteers, journalists, VIP's who joined or visited an archaeological expedition in the past (with the emphasis on the period 1950-1980), then to digitise and publish their photographic material so as to make it accessible to both scholars and the general public. Furthermore, the project pleads for an international collaboration between archaeological institutions in order to connect these digital archives and bring them under the attention of the public by the use of the NPAPH-project's site (www.npaph.com). There the NPAPH-project is looking for archaeological photographic documentation made by people who were participating in an excavation prior the 1980s, it is really important that this initiative will be communicated into the archaeological and museum world in several ways. We need to trace as many people as possible in a short notice (because most of them are at the age now). Social media can be a very useful medium (the target group may not be on Facebook, but people who know them might). So, we have a Facebook page, but it is only useful when the this page is shared by many persons. Therefore I hope that you are willing to like/share our page (facebook.com/npaph) and maybe Twitter as well (@npaph). It would even be fantastic if you would refer at your facebook-page to our project, facebook-page, twitter account and website (www.npaph.com)." To see more of what HARN is doing, or to join, go to: http://harngroup.wordpress.com/

http://www.npaph.com)/

http://harngroup.wordpress.com/



Assessing Ross Parmenter’s unpublished biography about Zelia Nuttall and the Recovery of Mexico’s Past.

Peter Diderich University of Rostock

In 1926 English novelist D.H. Lawrence, who today is best known for his book Lady Chatterley’s Lover (1928), published his novel The Plumed Serpent. In it Lawrence tells the story of Kate Leslie, a widow of 40, who embarks on a journey travelling through Mexico. Besides the main protagonist Lawrence also describes the character of a Mrs. Norris:

She was an archaeologist, and she had studied the Aztec remains for so long, that now some of the black-grey look of the lava rock, and some experience of the Aztec idols, with sharp nose and slightly prominent eyes and an expression of tomb-like mockery, had passed into her face. A lonely daughter of culture, with a strong mind and a dense will, she had browsed all her life on the hard stones of archaeological remains, and at the same time she had retained a strong sense of humanity, and a slightly fantastic humorous vision of her fellow men.1

This Mrs. Norris is the literary embodiment of

pioneering archaeologist Zelia Nuttall.2 Prolific author D.H. Lawrence had been a regular visitor to Nuttall’s home where he “immersed himself in her library of local mythology, history, and research.”3 With the description of Nuttall’s doppelganger Lawrence immortalized her and furthermore exhibits her fame at the time.4

Born in 1857, Zelia Magdalena Nuttall was a key figure in nineteenth century American archaeology and anthropology. She was one of the earliest women archaeologists5 engaged in the field of Mexican archaeology. From the 1880s up until the 1930s – a career spanning almost five decades – she was working in the United States, in various countries across all of Europe, in Russia, but foremost in Central America, where she studied and explored Aztec, Maya, Olmec and other cultures. Throughout her career, Zelia Nuttall attended anthropological and archaeological congresses all over

America and Europe, gave far-reaching presentations on her latest findings and discoveries, and

1 Lawrence, 32f. 2 In the Cambridge critical edition of The Plumed Serpent, editor L.D. Clark mentions the fact that Zelia Nuttall was the inspiration

behind the character of Mrs. Norris (Clark, 449); a claim also made by Levine (1999, 146), Parmenter (19—, 1266; 1971, 641), and

Reeve (330). Moreover, L.D. Clark states that Lawrence had familiarized himself with many books about Mexico, including Nuttall’s

Fundamental Principles of Old and New World Civilizations (see Clark, xxxii); Parmenter (19—) goes further and remarks that

Nuttall’s book was also influential on The Man Who Died, Etruscan Places, and Apocalypse (see 1267). 3 Adams, 66. 4 According to Parmenter, Nuttall was however not delighted by Lawrence’s portrait of her: “The stroke her daughter Nadine recalled

as enraging her most was the statement that she looked like the Aztec idols she had gathered in Casa Alvarado (1266). 5 Other examples are Matilda Stevenson (1849-1915), with whom Nuttall was friends (see 274), Alice Fletcher (1838-1923) or Mary

Hemenway (1820-1894).

Zelia Nuttall (1857-1933), American archaeologist and anthropologist In the public domain. Obtained from http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/tf267nb2kg&brand=calisphere/



engaged in scholarly discussions with the most prominent figures in American archaeology, such as Franz Boas, Alfred Kroeber, Leopoldo Batres, Eduard Seler, or Frederic Ward Putnam, with whom she kept a long and close friendship. She also was affiliated with many institutions and was well integrated in a vast social network of friends and benefactors.6 Her great achievements include uncovering several ancient documents and codices as well as a detailed publication about Sir Francis Drake’s travels in the sixteenth century around the globe and the Spanish Chroniclers in Mexico. Apart from classical archaeology, Nuttall also made valuable achievements in archaeoastronomy, mainly her historical analyses of the ancient Mexican calendar system. In her later years, until her death in 1933, she worked and published in the fields of archaeo- and ethnobotany. Toward the end of her career she also trained well-known Manuel Gamio who “was to become one of Mexico’s famous archaeologists and the first to use modern scientific methods.”7 In view of the fact that women “have played a major role in the history of American archaeology though their contributions often are overlooked and undervalued,”8 consequentially up to today there has been no major publication concerning pioneering Zelia Nuttall.9

Ross Parmenter, who was a renowned music critic for the New York Times, author of multiple books10 and reputed to have been “a meticulous researcher and a true gentleman,”11 had a keen interest in Mexico and its history. Shortly before he finished his book about the French explorer Alphonse Pinart in the 1960s,12 he developed interest in the life and work of Pinart’s wife, Zelia Nuttall.13 In contrast to most studies that had “focused on the second generations of women archaeologists – women born early in the twentieth century who launched their careers in the inter-war years, the 1920s and 1930s,”14 Parmenter put in the center of his attention one of the earliest American woman archaeologists who belongs to the first generation.15 With the biography Parmenter

6 Concerning her social network Ross Parmenter asserts that Nuttall was not merely a scientist; she was also a socialite and moved

among the wealthy and the fashionable as a peer (see Parmenter 1966, 94). She had excellent connections to Mrs. Phoebe Apperson

Hearst, Mrs. Reid and Ethel Crocker, and was even introduced to three presidents of the United States during her active career.

However, Parmenter does not give this as much attention and focuses more on her professional work. 7 Parmenter 1966, 113. 8 Reyman, 69. 9 Despite the lack of a major elaboration on Zelia Nuttall’s life and work, other sources on her include Amanda Adams’ chapter on

Zelia Nuttall in her book Ladies of the Field (2010), parts of Nancy O. Lurie’s (1966) article on women in early American

anthropology; also the articles by Parmenter (1962, 1971), Philip A. Means (1933), and Beverly N. Chiñas (1988). However these are

rather short entries for dictionaries on early women anthropologists. Regarding Nuttall’s engagement in Mexican Archaeology

Carmen Ruiz’ book on Insiders and Outsiders in Mexican Archaeology, 1890-1930 (2003) is a good account on Nuttall’s professional

career, particularly her involvement in Mexican archaeology. Mary Ann Levine, in her article "Uncovering a Buried Past" (1999),

bases most of her statements on Zelia Nuttall on her obituary by Alfred Tozzer, which Parmenter (19—) sees critically and points out

mistakes Tozzer made through careful research: “after Zelia’s death he [George Nuttall] made a point of amending Alfred M. Tozzer’s

obituary in the American Anthropologist on when Zelia’s interest in archaeology began. It was not, as Tozzer wrote, in her childhood.

‘Her interest in archaeology,’ George averred in a page of printed corrections, ‘dated from 1880, her husband being keen on the

subject’” (90). 10 For example Lawrence of Oaxaca: A Quest for the Novelist in Mexico (1984), Four Lienzos of the Coixtlahuaca Valley (1982), The

Awakened Eye (1968), The Plant in my Window (1949), or A House for Buddha (1994). 11 Henderson, 8f. 12 Parmenter, Ross. Explorer, Linguist, and Ethnologist: A Descriptive Bibliography of the Published Works of Alphonse Louis Pinart.

With Notes on His Life. Los Angeles: Southwest Museum, 1966. 13 Parmenter explains that he started earliest investigations back in 1958 and worked intermittently until 1975 (Parmenter 1981, 3). 14 Levine 1994, 25f. 15 Nancy O. Lurie sees her as “the last of the great pioneers of Mexican archaeology” (Lurie, 68), alongside other pioneers such as

Sara Yorke Stevenson or Alice Fletcher.



accomplished a vast and important manuscript, a detailed biographical reconstruction (over 1,500 pages), entitled Zelia Nuttall and the Recovery of Mexico’s Past (19—).16

At the age of 88, Ross Parmenter died in 199917 before he was able to finish the manuscript about Nuttall. In his will he stipulated three copies to the Latin American Library at Tulane University, to the Harvard University Library at Cambridge, and to the University of California at Berkeley.18 As for the literary rights, Ross Parmenter’s heirs19 donated these to the Latin American Library.20 There the Latin American Library established the Ross Parmenter Collection, comprising not only the manuscript but also 100 boxes with vast material that Parmenter had accumulated about Nuttall, mostly but not exclusively, for the biography.21

The manuscript itself is not only a mere narrative about Zelia Nuttall as an important figure in archaeology and anthropology at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth century. This manuscript is also a reflection on the archaeological scene at the turn of the century. In that regard Ross Parmenter succeeded in piecing together many details into a broad narration about the institutionalization and professionalization of American archaeology and anthropology at this time.

Ross Parmenter’s starting point and underlying guiding principle for the biography is “one of archaeology’s great stories – the recovery of Mexico’s pre-Columbian past – which provides a framework for the leading events of her biography” (1). He argues that “through her discoveries, her researches, her theories, her controversies and the impact of her personality she played an important role in that major narrative” (1).

The manuscript was intended to be published in three separate volumes, each reflecting different stages in Zelia Nuttall’s life and work: “America and Mexico, 1857-1902” (volume I), “Mexico: Rooted and Uprooted, 1902-1917” (volume II), and “Casa Alvarado, 1917-1933” (volume III).

In the first volume, “America and Mexico, 1857-1902,” Parmenter begins by giving background information on Nuttall’s family, as well as the academic incipiencies of Nuttall herself. Apart from genealogical information about Zelia Nuttall’s family history, Parmenter begins with introductory remarks on the historical and academic backgrounds in the nineteenth century. He includes side information on fellow researchers, explorers and adventurers in American archaeology, for example Augustus Le Plongeon.22 Parmenter depicts Zelia Nuttall’s childhood and early adulthood which

16 Due to its unpublished nature, in finding aids and library catalogues it is referred to as “19—”. For various reasons dating tends to

be a difficult matter. Parmenter himself states that he started investigations about Nuttall in 1958 and that he was about to finish the

manuscript in 1981 (cf. Parmenter 1981, 1). Contextual information support a dating prior to 1981, when Parmenter argues that as of

“late 1975 [emphasis added] the complex calendars of the ancient Mexicans were still not fully understood” (309). Parmenter also

cites state-of-the-art information on Ancient Mexico, hence indicating the time of writing: “The belief held by Marshall Saville and

other that Tizoc commissioned the stone has held up, but the idea that the stone recorded only his own victories was overturned by

Charles R. Wicke at the 1974 International Congress of Americanists, when he showed the victories extended over many years, and

interpreted the ‘captives’ as the deities of the places brought under Aztec dominance” (423). In other words, at least parts of the

manuscript were begun in 1974/75 or earlier. However, last handwritten annotations on the typescript were added in April 1999 (e.g.

pp. 12a, 36a.), which effectively leaves a time window of approximately 40 years and renders an exact dating of the manuscript

virtually impossible. 17 See Honan. 18 See Náñez Falcón. 19 His niece Sandra Campbell, Charlotte Isler (a close friend) and Parmenter’s colleague Haig Nalbantian (cf. ibid). 20 Ibid. 21 Latin American Library, 2. Apart from this collection, Parmenter during his lifetime also organized parts of the Zelia Nuttall

Papers, 1896-1912 at the Peabody Museum in Harvard; and made valuable notes on the archive material. 22 Augustus Le Plongeon remains a critical figure in American archaeology, rooted in the antiquarian movement in the late nineteenth

century. According to Parmenter it was Augustus Le Plongeon’s book Sacred Mysteries among the Mayas and the Quiches, 11,500

Years Ago (1886) that initially “started her [Nuttall’s] interest in the existence of round temples in the New World” (157). Detailed

information on Augustus Le Plongeon can be found in Lawrence G. Desmond’s book A Dream of Maya: Augustus and Alice Le

Plongeon in Nineteenth-Century Yucatan. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1988.



proved to be highly transnational, having lived all over Europe.23 After a brief chapter on Nuttall’s short marriage with Alphonse Pinart,24 Parmenter primarily focuses on her scholarly career; in this first volume on her early beginnings in American archaeology which go back as far as 1886 with her debut study on "The Terra Cotta Heads of Teotihuacan"25 that paved her way in American archaeology.

The second volume, titled “Mexico: Rooted and Uprooted, 1902-1917,” is mainly a reflection on an internationally active career and opens with an important step in Nuttall’s life: the acquisition of Casa Alvarado, “a historical old place having been built by Pedro de Alvarado in 1525 and inhabited by him while the capital was being built” (559). Nuttall made the decision to make her house a space to practice archaeology26 and was thus sometimes referred to as “stay at home archaeologist.”27

The garden of Casa Alvarado was made famous when author and friend of Nuttall Marian Storm included a description of it in her book Prologue to Mexico.28 Again Parmenter reports about personal events and their relation to Nuttall’s professional work, for example the difficult task of raising her daughter Nadine as a single mother whilst traveling and working; but Parmenter prominently focuses on her scholarly achievements, e.g. her work on the publication of the Codex Magliabechiano, her shift in professional interest towards archaeo-astronomy,29 her paper on the island of Sacrificios and the subsequent contestation with Leopoldo Batres about him claiming her discoveries as his own (see 819), and consequently Nuttall’s historical account New Light on Drake: A Collection of Documents Relating to His Voyage of Circumnavigation 1577-1580 (London: Hakluyt Society, 1914), in which she compiled, translated and edited hundreds of documents relating to Sir Francis Drake’s oceanic travels.

In “Casa Alvarado, 1917-1933,” as the third and final volume is named, Parmenter describes Nuttall settling down in Mexico after the acquisition of Casa Alvarado in Coyoacán; the latter years of her life also her work in archaeobotany and ethnobotany, as well as her involvement in Rosalie Evans’ “unsuccessful struggle to hold back the tide of the Mexican Revolution, […] her efforts to protect her hacienda, San Pedro Coxtocán.”30 Moreover in this final volume Parmenter gives an account of Nuttall’s achievement in ancient sun myths: her publication "Fresh Light on Ancient American Civilizations and Calendars" caused, according to Parmenter, “a scholarly sensation” (1289). In it Nuttall demonstrated that the calendar, “based on the 260 day period, was invented at 14 degrees north of the equator, where 260 was the number of days between the sun’s passing through the zenith as it moved south and its new passage as it again crossed the zenith moving north” (1289). Toward the end of her life Nuttall tried to establish a revival of the “Shadowless Moment Festival” (1329) to commemorate the aforementioned zenith moment, an attempt of fostering cultural identity among Mexicans.

23 E.g. France, Germany, England, Italy, Switzerland, etc. These travels fostered her multilingual abilities: Nuttall was known for

speaking French, German, and Italian (40, 67). Later on Nuttall also familiarized herself with Spanish and Nahuatl, even mastered

some Russian (Pezzati, 7). 24 The Frenchman Alphonse Pinart was an explorer, anthropologist, and linguist, who spent his fortune pursuing scholarly interests

and participating in expeditions, for example in the Pacific (see Adams, 69). 25 Published in the American Journal of Archaeology 2 (1886): 157-178, 318-330. 26 See Ruiz, 218. 27 Ruiz, 217. 28 See Ruhl, 203. 29 Parmenter refers to Nuttall’s interest in ancient Mexican calendar studies as archaeoastronomy. Her most important papers were

"The Periodical Adjustments of the Ancient Mexican Calendar," published in the American Anthropologist (1904) and "The

Astronomical Methods of the Ancient Mexicans," published in the Franz Boas Anniversary Volume (1906). 30 Brewster.



Also in the final volume, Parmenter explains Nuttall’s late interest in ethnobotany and archaeobotany. In her paper “Ancient Mexican Gardeners and Flower Lovers”31 she explored the various ways gardens were planted and used in ancient Mexican cultures. Here Parmenter documents another eponymous moment in Nuttall’s life: William Edward Safford of the Bureau of Plant Industry in the U.S. Department of Agriculture (1058) took huauhtzontli samples Nuttall had sent him to the U.S. National Herbarium, found it unrepresented there, and subsequently realized that it had been a specimen unknown to science; thereafter he published these findings, crediting Nuttall in naming the new plant chenopodium nuttalliae.32 (1059)

The manuscript primarily tells the story of a woman who wanted to be recognized in the emerging academic disciplines of American archaeology and anthropology; disciplines where numerous obstacles had been erected to full participation by women.33 And although women are absent from much of the literature on the early history of the discipline, they have been contributing to the development of Americanist archaeology since at least the 1870s; at roughly the same time that archaeology was becoming professionalized, women not only played an active but a leading role in shaping the discipline.34 Nuttall began her professional academic work at a time of gradual change for women in Victorian society in regard to tertiary education. Before the 1880s women were usually excluded from universities and academic societies35 and the first women with training equal to their male colleagues in universities appeared in the 1880s.36 Interestingly, despite being a renowned archaeologist, member of many institutions and societies,37 Nuttall on the other hand never studied or possessed a university degree throughout her life.

One of the major aspects of Nuttall’s life directly connected to her professional career that Parmenter elaborates is her close and highly influential friendship to Frederic Ward Putnam,38 luminary in American archaeology and ethnology, long-standing director of the Peabody Museum for Ethnology and Archaeology in Harvard,39 which runs like a common thread through Parmenter’s manuscript. Putnam, eighteen years Nuttall’s senior, was to help most in fostering her career, and every step in his rise to power was to prove an advantage to her (84). As Parmenter puts it, “Putnam had a sharp eye for talent among investigators outside academia” (101). It is therefore that this friendship plays a pivotal role in the reconstruction of Nuttall’s personal and professional life.40

31 Published in the Journal of the International Garden Club 3.3 (1918). 32 The article by Safford "Chenopodium Nuttalliae, A Food Plant of the Aztecs" was published in the Journal of the Washington

Academy of Science 8 (1918): 521-527. 33 See Reyman, 72. 34 Levine 1999, 133. 35 See Fara, 10. 36 In 1885 Bryn Mawr founded the first women’s college that had the aim for a similar degree of education than men’s colleges (see

Mazón, 121). And it was only in the 1960s that Princeton, Yale, Harvard and Columbia accredited women as regular students. (see

Harders, 262). Despite this, “fortunately, restrictions placed on gaining access to higher education, joining scientific associations, and

obtaining employment did not stop all women from contributing to science, including archaeology, during the 1880s and 1890s”

(Levine 1999, 138). 37 Peabody Museum for Ethnology and Archaeology in Harvard, National Museum of Mexico, Museum of Natural History in Vienna,

American Anthropological Association, American Ethnological Society, American Geographical Society, American Association for

the Advancement of Science, Hispanic Society of America, Royal Anthropological Institute, American Philosophical Society, etc. 38 The other important friendship Nuttall kept was with Franz Boas, key figure in the institutionalization of American Anthropology at

the turn of the century. Before turning to the biography project Parmenter had already published the paper on the Nuttall-Boas

correspondence in 1966. 39 He served in this position for than thirty years, between 1875 and 1909 (Encyclopædia Britannica). 40 A vast collection, spanning two decades of their correspondence, can be found in the Zelia Nuttall Papers, 1896-1912 in the

archives of the Peabody Museum for Ethnology and Archaeology at Harvard University in Cambridge.



And although “fellow anthropologists obviously had so much respect for her work that they did not dismiss her as an interfering society woman,”41 there seemed to have been a border Nuttall could not cross. Amanda Adams expresses it in her book Ladies of the Field (2010) as follows: in 1876 Nuttall had significant knowledge of the world, she was worldly and she was wealthy.42 Despite coming from a wealthy family background, during her life Nuttall was often forced to live of her own money, paying for publications herself, making her more and more dependent on external funding, for example the Crocker-Reid fund,43 established for expeditions in Mexico, as well as her growing dependency on patrons like Mrs. Phoebe Apperson Hearst. Parmenter’s biography in that regard also tells about the not only monetary hardships of a woman in a domain ruled by men. In spite of Nuttall being affiliated with a variety of different institutions, most of her positions were honorary in nature and she never gained a salaried position throughout her life.44 Especially in her later years, Parmenter reports about her financial distress and how it affected her work.45

Throughout the manuscript Parmenter addresses the issue of the evaluation of Nuttall’s work: how it was influenced, which ideas might have stimulated her work, and also the effects it had in the international scientific community.46 Unfortunately, sometimes his reasoning about the influences on her work remains speculative.47 But he provides meticulous narratives about scholarly disputes Nuttall engaged in with several internationally acclaimed scientists:48 “Next to making a discovery or finding confirmation of a theory, there was nothing she enjoyed so much as catching a male scholar in error” (11), Parmenter states, thereby indicating that “when Zelia was provoked to further research she had a gift for running down fresh evidence that enabled her to clinch her cases more securely” (223f.).

Over the course of the manuscript Parmenter crystallizes Nuttall’s major achievements: “she stirred to compete for more the richness of the barely explored archives which held promise of many

41 Parmenter 1966, 94. Mary Ann Levin remarks on the two-fold situation for women: “Although some nineteenth-century male

researchers were loath to treat female scientists as equals, others were quite sympathetic to the involvement of women in archaeology”

(Levine 1999, 138). 42 See Adams, 69. 43 “Mrs. Crocker would put up money that Zelia could use for travelling expenses on her trip to Mexico, while Mrs. Hearst agreed to

provide funds for purchases for the Peabody Museum” (520). 44 Nuttall declined the only salaried position she had been offered as curator of the archaeological section of Mexico’s National

Museum in 1907, and Genaro García turned to Eduard Seler, Nuttall’s old rival, who then was brought to Mexico, where he reviewed

its archaeological collection (see 796). 45 By 1928 Nuttall’s financial situation was growing worse (see 1344): she had debts of the amount of $9,000 (see 1344f.). Because of

her bad financial situation she had to sublet her house, Casa Alvarado, for which she could not find a permanent renter (see 1455). 46 One source reappears frequently: Bernardino de Sahagún’s Historia general de las cosas de la Nueva España (General History of

the Things of New Spain). Sahagún was a Franciscan friar and missionary in the sixteenth century who supervised a group of

indigenous scholars to chronicle Aztec beliefs, language and culture in the then New Spain. Parmenter correlates Sahagún’s book with

a couple of Nuttall’s works, often citing him as possible source of inspiration for Nuttall. 47 Despite the enormous effort Parmenter invested in this manuscript, its voluminous size, detailed storytelling of Nuttall’s life and the

complexity of American Anthropology as well as the reconstruction of Mexico’s ancient past, in general the manuscript suffers from a

problem due to Parmenter passing away shortly before completion, (several pages contain handwritten notes and notes on the text,

indicating Parmenter was in the stage of proof-reading): Despite the orderly formulation there is no bibliography and although

Parmenter cites a vast amount of primary and secondary sources, there is no bibliographical reference throughout the manuscript,

regrettably reducing its authority and resulting in seemingly speculative assertions. Parmenter earlier stated that compiling the

bibliography and footnotes, and indexing are tasks he blenched from in connection with his manuscript (see Parmenter 1985). 48 One example is the dispute Nuttall had with the German Americanist Eduard Seler, by Parmenter referred to as “Zelia’s arch rival”

(570), about a piece of ancient Mexican featherwork (in her publication "Standard or Head-Dress?") which Seler claimed to be a

standard rather than a piece of featherwork. This contestation continued over a period of almost two decades. Parmenter summarizes

that “repeatedly he cut her work apart in public, and in her retorts she showed her skill in retaliation by how she sliced back” (8).

Nuttall also engaged in lively disputes with Leopoldo Batres, who later “reduced her funding, demoted her, and tried to take credit for

her discoveries” (Levine 1999, 148) and Henry Raup Wagner, who harshly criticized Nuttall’s book New Light on Drake.



‘discoveries’ that would bring fame to those who reached them first” (8). One of Nuttall’s major contributions is the eponymous pre-Columbian, 11th-century Codex Nuttall (or Zouche-Nuttall), an up to that point entirely unknown ancient codex she published with a detailed introduction in 1902.49 However, Nuttall’s achievements transgressed disciplinary boundaries, for she changed her field of interest multiple times throughout her career and life. About her legacy Parmenter remarks:

It was in postulating the Archaic Horizon – later designated as the Lower Preclassic – that Mrs. Nuttall played her most important part, but she had a hand in the other developments too. The larger story of pre-Columbian recovery, therefore, remains a useful framework for the last years of her career, as well as for the first. But Zelia overflowed the frame. She did significant work as a Spanish Colonial historian; helped widen knowledge of Elizabethan seamen, and she contributed to the study of Mexican botany. Within the larger story, too, besides her contributions which remain unchallenged, there are her theories about the various Mexican calendars, and her reconstruction of the religious beliefs of the Mesoamerican people which are so seriously open to question that many anthropologists dismiss them as nonsense (10).

Parmenter, besides acknowledging her work as historian, also points toward another achievement of Nuttall:

[N]ot only was Zelia an historian, but she had begun work in an area of history in which as yet very little work had been done; indeed, it was still unrecognized as one of history’s distinctive provinces, certainly by historians writing in English. Hispanic-American history, and perhaps more commonly, Latin American history, are now its accepted designations. This is another scholastic area in which Zelia was a front runner, and to which she was to make notable contributions. (857)

As is mentioned in the previous quotes, the focus of Nuttall’s work changed over the course of her life and she engaged in vastly different academic disciplines. Contextualizing this information it appears that, as Alison Hennegan asserts, a “woman who seeks to inhabit so many different worlds must expect to get caught in the cross-fire.”50 Anthropology, having a complicated history51 as Peter Hulme and Russell McDougall formulate, in its beginning moment “was particularly concerned to discount the contributions of any possible precursors who were non-professionals in the formal sense of not holding paid positions as anthropologists.”52 It is perhaps due to Nuttall’s shifts in academic focus, her lack of salaried positions throughout her career, and her sometimes harsh public debates with fellow researchers that led to her scholarly alienation at the end of her life and eventually caused her to fail being included in the disciplinary historiography of science since her scholarship transgressed the then accepted limitations and would have necessitated an academic-epistemological structure with a more interdisciplinary outreach.

About the work on Zelia Nuttall Ross Parmenter remarks: “When I began Zelia’s biography, I had a fair idea of her whole life, but every biography has subsidiary characters too.”53 More importantly, he discovered that there were many of these subsidiary characters and a lot of his later work has been on these minor characters.54 These, what he calls, ‘minor’ or ‘subsidiary’ characters,’ are an important aspect of the whole manuscript. Aside from following Nuttall’s academic career in anthropology, Parmenter employs a second paradigm – around these ‘minor characters’ – in his seemingly only biographical work: “From the start, Zelia’s role in recovering the Mexican past has been presented as the major framework in her biography. Less explicitly, another framework has appeared the development of anthropology” (580). It is this second paradigm, Nuttall’s “pivotal role

49 It belongs to the Mixtec Group, together with the codices Codex Seldon, Codex Colombino-Becker, Codex Waecker Götter, Codex

Vindobnensis. 50 Hannegan, 101. 51 Hulme/McDougall, 1. 52 See ibid., 3. 53 Parmenter 1990, 2. 54 Ibid.



in laying the foundations for the future of American anthropology,”55 which makes this manuscript a valuable source for the history of the discipline. Parmenter handles an enormous ensemble of influential persons, institutions and academic streams throughout the biography, stitching together different threads into a narrative about the academic roots of US-American anthropology.

One example of Nuttall’s involvement in the process of anthropology becoming an academic discipline is the case of the International School for Archaeology and Ethnology in Mexico. In the beginning of the twentieth century Franz Boas, F.W. Putnam and Zelia Nuttall were involved in establishing this US-American archaeological school in Mexico. The International School served the purpose to conduct rigorous anthropological investigations in Mexico.56 Founded in 1910, the International School only existed four years, “before it received a death blow, when the United States forces invaded Veracruz in April 1914” (834). Boas, because he was “obsessed with professionalizing the discipline, […] failed to take into account the turbulent political climate of Mexico when planning the school.”57 The design of the school was “devised so that many diverse talents could be brought to bear on archaeological and ethnological problems of the Americas at the same time as the science of archaeology could be fostered throughout the world” (834). Carmen Ruiz also incorporates this aspect of Nuttall’s life and her involvement in the process of institutionalization of Mexican anthropology and archaeology in her elaborations on Insiders and Outsiders in Mexican Archaeology, 1890-1930 (2003). Although “Nuttall had initially been skeptic[al] about the school project in Mexico” (821), she was actively involved in it. It is at this point about the story of the International School that Parmenter utilizes his double framework approach in this manuscript to link Nuttall’s professional career with the processes of institutionalization of anthropology.58 Parmenter eventually summarizes about the school that it “was a far-sighted, generous and ingenious plan which deserves to be better known” (834).

Towards the end of her career Nuttall experienced more and more alienation from other researchers and scientists at the time.59 Parmenter partly explains this with her exceptionally long career, outliving most of her early colleagues and important benefactors. Furthermore, as already mentioned, she experienced increasing financial difficulties, e.g. paying for her house, Casa Alvarado, expeditions or publications.

As Alfred M. Tozzer put it in Zelia Nuttall’s obituary, she “had a vivid personality and was the very last of the great pioneers of Mexican archaeology.”60 It is Ross Parmenter’s achievement to employ this vividness into his detailed biography as well as capturing the complicated streams during the process of institutionalization of anthropology.

55 Adams, 73. 56 See Godoy, 228. 57 Ibid. 58 For example: “The two behind-the-scenes events – Zelia’s showing her early figurines and the foundation of the International

School – were to be closely linked” (834). 59 A part of her life during which Nuttall is sometimes referred to as “home archaeologist” (see Ruiz, 217). However, towards the end

of her life, financial aids breaking away were more influential on her professional career than individual choice. 60 Tozzer, 480.



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History. Ed. Maroula Joannou. Edinburgh: University Press. 100-112. Henderson, Timothy J. 1998 The Worm in the Wheat: Rosalie Evans and Agrarian Struggle in the Puebla-Tlaxcala Valley of Mexico,

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Recent or Noteworthy Publications Editor’s note: As is usual and very much appreciated, Marlin Hawley has worked diligently and most of the references below result from his efforts. Apple, Rebecca 2012 Malcolm Rogers: Ancient Trails and Rock Features. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly

48 (3&4). Berg, Ingrid 2013 Dumps and ditches. Prisms of archaeological practice at Kalaureia in Greece. In Making

Cultural History: New Perspectives on Western Heritage, edited by Anna Källén, pp. 173-183. Nortic Academic Press, Lund, Sweden. Available at: http://www.academia.edu/4346885/Dumps_and_ditches._Prisms_of_archaeological_practice_at_Kalaureia_in_Greece.

Bohrer, Frederick N. 2011 Photography and Archaeology. Reaktion Books, London. Browman, David L. 2012 History of Anthropology at Washington University, St. Louis, 1905-2012. Books and Monographs.

Book1. http://openscholarship.wustl.edu/books/1 2013 Cultural Negotiations: The Role of Women in the Founding of Americanist Archaeology. Lincoln:

University of Nebraska Press. Browman, David L. and Stephen Williams 2013 Anthropology at Harvard, 1790-1940 – a biographical history. Peabody Museum Monographs 11.

Cambridge: Peabody Museum Press of Harvard University. Burton, Margie M. and Patrick S. Quinn 2012 Malcolm J. Rogers on Archaeological Ceramics: Foundations and Current Studies in the San

Diego Region. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 48 (3&4). Dennett, Carrie L. and Geoffrey G. McCafferty 2012 Canadian Institutions and Lower Central American Archaeology: An Historical Overview of

Research along the Southern Mesoamerican Periphery. Canadian Journal of Archaeology 36(1). Dommasnes, Liv Helga and Sandra Montón-Subías 2012 European Gender Archaeologies in Historical Perspective. European Journal of Archaeology

15(3): 367–391. Hanna, Jr., David C. 2012 Malcolm J. Rogers’ Career and Context. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 48 (3&4).

http://www.academia.edu/4346885/Dumps_and_ditches._Prisms_of_archaeological_practice_at_Kalaureia_in_Greece

http://www.academia.edu/4346885/Dumps_and_ditches._Prisms_of_archaeological_practice_at_Kalaureia_in_Greece

http://openscholarship.wustl.edu/books/1



Hawley, Marlin F., Matthew G. Hill, and Christopher C. Widga 2013 New Deal Era Discovery and Investigation of Middle Holocene Bonebeds in the Upper

Midwest. The SAA Archaeological Record 13 (4):29-35. Available online at:

http://www.saa.org/Portals/0/SAA/Publications/thesaaarchrec/September2013.pdf

Gramsch, Alexander and Ulrike Sommer, eds. 2011 A History of Central European Archaeology:Theory, Methods, and Politics. Archaeolingua Series

Minor 30, Budapest: Archaeolingua, Hedges, Ken 2012 Malcolm Rogers and Rock Art Research in the Far Southwest. Pacific Coast Archaeological

Society Quarterly 48 (3&4). Laylander, Don and Julia Bendímez Patterson 2012 Malcolm Rogers in Baja California. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 48 (3&4). Morris, Alan G. 2013 Philip Valentine Tobias (1925-2012). American Anthropologist 115(3):539-541. Moshenska, Gabriel 2013 Unrolling Egyptian Mummies in Nineteenth-Century Britain. British Journal for the History of

Science, September, 1-27. Available at: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=9000122

Musser-Lopez, Ruth, Don Laylander, and David C. Hanna, Jr. 2012 Introduction: The Contributions of Malcolm J. Rogers to the Development of California

Archaeology. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 48 (3&4). Panich, Lee M. and Michael Wilken-Robertson 2012 Malcom J. Rogers As an Ethnoarchaeologist: Reflections from Santa Catarina, Baja California

Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 48 (3&4). Pigniolo, Andrew R. 2012 Malcolm Rogers: Geoarchaeologist. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 48 (3&4). Reese-Taylor, Kathryn 2012 The Contributions of the University of Calgary to the Field of Maya Archaeology. Canadian

Journal of Archaeology 36(1). Reybrouck, David Van 2012 From Primitives to Primates: A History of Ethnographic and Primatological Analogies in the Study of

Prehistory. Sidestone Press Dissertations.

http://www.saa.org/Portals/0/SAA/Publications/thesaaarchrec/September2013.pdf

http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=9000122



Schaefer, Jerry 2012 Malcolm Rogers’ Arizona Fieldwork, 1926–1956. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 48

(3&4). Schneider, Joan S. 2012 Malcolm J. Rogers in the Mojave and Colorado Deserts. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society

Quarterly 48 (3&4). Sheppard, Kathleen 2013 The Life of Margaret Alice Murray: A Woman's Work in Archaeology. Lexington Books. Solometo, Julie and Joshua Moss 2013 Picturing the Past: Gender in National Geographic Reconstructions of Prehistoric Life. American

Antiquity 78:123-146. Sommer, Marianne 2011 Human Tools of the European Tertiary? Artefacts, Brains and Minds in Evolutionist

Reasoning, 1870–1920. Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 65:65-82. Sparks, R.T. 2013 Flinders Petrie Through Word and Deed: Re-evaluating Petrie’s Field Techniques and their

Impact on Object Recovery in British Mandate Palestine. Palestine Exploration Quarterly 145(2): 143-159.

Sutton, Mark Q. 2012 The Development of Cultural Sequences in the Mojave Desert: The Contributions of Malcolm J.

Rogers. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 48 (3&4). Tantaleán, Henry 2014 Peruvian Archaeology: A Critical History. Left Coast Press. Thornton, Amara 2011 The Allure of Archaeology: Agnes Conway and Jane Harrisonat Newnham College, 1903–

1907. Bulletin of the History of Archaeology 21 (1):37-56. Warren, Claude N. 2012 Malcolm J. Rogers’ 1938 Excavation Techniques at the C. W. Harris Site (CA-SDI-149). Pacific

Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 48 (3&4). Wood, Bernard 2012 Philip Valentine Tobias (1925-2012). Nature 487(40). Young, Charlotte 2013 Inside Gaddafi's Libya: Photographing Lepcis Magna in the 1970s and 1980s. Pegasus, the

Journal of the Department of Classics and Ancient History, University of Exeter, UK 56:31-39.