social media and the social identity & knowledge gap theory

S O C I A L I D E N T I T Y & K N O W L E D G E G A P T H E O R YD A V I D O N O U E , A L A N T A Y L O R J R , S A N D E E P G O U R K A N T I & H O N G Y U E G U O

S O C I A L I D E N T I T Y T H E O R YD A V I D & A L A N

😴L E T ’ S G E T T H E B O R I N G S T U F F O U T T H E W A Y …

H E N R I T A J F E L

J O H N T U R N E R

Social Identity Theory (1979)

C R E A T O R S

Retrieved From: http://www.easp.eu/about/awards/henri-tajfel-medals/Retrieved From: http://psychology.anu.edu.au/about-us/people/john-charles-turner

H I S T O R YU N D E R S T A N D T H E P S Y C H O L O G I C A L B A S I S O F I N T E R G R O U P D I S C R I M I N A T I O N

U N I V E R S I T Y O F T W E N T E . “ S O C I A L I D E N T I T Y T H E O R Y . ” R E T R I E V E D F R O M : H T T P S : / / W W W . U T W E N T E . N L / C W / T H E O R I E E N O V E R Z I C H T / T H E O R Y % 2 0 C L U S T E R S / I N T E R P E R S O N A L % 2 0 C O M M U N I C A T I O N % 2 0 A N D % 2 0 R E L A T I O N S / S O C I A L _ I D E N T I T Y _ T H E O R Y /

H I S T O R YA P E R S O N H A S N O T O N E , “ P E R S O N A L S E L F , ”B U T R A T H E R S E V E R A L S E L V E S T H A TC O R R E S P O N D T O W I D E N I N G C I R C L E S O F G R O U PM E M B E R S H I P .


H I S T O R YS O C I A L I D E N T I T Y T H E O R Y A S S E R T S T H A T G R O U PM E M B E R S H I P C R E A T E S I N - G R O U P / S E L F -C A T E G O R I Z A T I O N A N D E N H A N C E M E N T I N W A Y S T H A TF A V O R T H E I N - G R O U P A T T H E E X P E N S E O F T H E O U T -G R O U P .


H I S T O R YA F T E R B E I N G C A T E G O R I Z E D O F A G R O U PM E M B E R S H I P , I N D I V I D U A L S S E E K T O A C H I E V EP O S I T I V E S E L F - E S T E E M B Y P O S I T I V E L YD I F F E R E N T I A T I N G T H E I R I N - G R O U P F R O M AC O M P A R I S O N O U T - G R O U P O N S O M E V A L U E DD I M E N S I O N .


W H A T D O E S A L L T H I S M E A N ?

🤔

H T T P S : / / Y O U T U . B E / R R T E O K W 7 M 8 0

M E A N G I R L S

M I S S B M A S E . ( 2 0 1 2 , O C T 2 0 ) M E A N M E A N G I R L S - C L I Q U E S G I R L S . R E T R I E V E D F R O M : H T T P S : / / Y O U T U . B E / R R T E O K W 7 M 8 0

McLeod, S. A. (2008). Social Identity Theory. Retrieved from www.simplypsychology.org/social-identity-theory.html

“ G R O U P S G I V E U S A S E N S E O FS O C I A L I DENT I TY ; A S E N S E O FBELONG ING T O T H E S O C I A L W O R L D . ”

— M C L E O D , S . A . ( 2 0 0 8 ) . S O C I A L I D E N T I T Y T H E O R Y


“ I N O R D E R T O I N C R E A S E O U R S E L F -I M A G E W E ENHANCE T H E S T A T U S O F T H EG R O U P T O W H I C H W E B E L O N G . ”



W E A C H I E V E T H I S “ B YD ISCR IM INAT ING A N D H O L D I N GPREJUD ICE V I E W S A G A I N S T T H E O U T -G R O U P ( T H E G R O U P W E D O N ’ TB E L O N G T O ) . ”


🗣 🗣V S

IN - G R O U P V S OUT - G R O U P


“ T H E R E F O R E , W E D IV IDED T H E W O R L DI N T O ‘ T H E M ’ A N D ‘ U S ’ B A S E D T H R O U G H AP R O C E S S O F S O C I A L C A T E G O R I Z A T I O N( I . E . W E P U T P E O P L E I N T O S O C I A LG R O U P S ) . ”


I S T H I S T H E O R Y R E L E V A N T I N S O C I A L M E D I A ?

C A N Y O U T H I N K O F A N Y S O C I A L G R O U P S O N L I N E ?

E X A M P L E S O F O N L I N E S O C I A L G R O U P S ?

S W I F T I E ST A Y L O R S W I F T ’ SF A N B A S E

B E L I E B E R SJ U S T I N B I E B E R ’ S

F A N B A S E

S O U R C E : F A C E B O O KS O U R C E : T W I T T E R

Marioto, Claudio. “Beyonce Live at Roseland Ballroom in New York” Permission to reprint by Claudio Marioto.

BEYH IVE??

1 2 B E Y H I V E A T T A C K S :

• RACHEL ROY

• RACHEL RAY

• RITA ORA

• PIERS MORGAN

• AZEALIA BANKS

• KID ROCK

• WENDY WILLIAMS

• RAVEN-SYMONÉ

• KARRUECHE TRAN

• RIHANNA

• KIM KARDASHIAN

• LULULEMON

U S M A G A Z I N E ( 2 0 1 6 , M A Y 2 3 ) . 1 2 T I M E S T H E B E Y H I V E A T T A C K E D T O D E F E N D B E Y O N C E . R E T R I E V E D F E B R U A R Y 0 8 , 2 0 1 7 , F R O M H T T P : / / W W W . U S M A G A Z I N E . C O M / E N T E R T A I N M E N T / P I C T U R E S / 1 2 - T I M E S - T H E - B E Y H I V E - A T T A C K E D - T O - D E F E N D - B E Y O N C E - W 2 0 6 0 1 4 / K I M - K A R D A S H I A N -W 2 0 6 0 9 6

T H E B E Y H I V E “ S W A R M ” B E T S Y M C C A U G H E Y

S W A R T Z , A . ( 2 0 1 6 , O C T O B E R 1 1 ) . B E Y O N C É F A N S C A M E F O R B E T S Y M C C A U G H E Y A F T E R S H E U S E D B E Y O N C É L Y R I C S T O D E F E N D T R U M P . R E T R I E V E D F E B R U A R Y 0 8 , 2 0 1 7 , F R O M H T T P S : / / M I C . C O M / A R T I C L E S / 1 5 6 5 4 7 / B E Y O N C - F A N S - C A M E - F O R - B E T S Y - M C - C A U G H E Y - A F T E R - S H E - U S E D - B E Y O N C - L Y R I C S - T O - D E F E N D -T R U M P # . O H E V C 9 F 9 L

# E P I C F A I L

S O U R C E : I N S T A G R A M

W O U L D T H E B E Y H I V E E X I S T W I T H O U T S O C I A L M E D I A ?

Y E S , T H E Y C O U L D S T I L L E X I S T .

T H E B E Y H I V E W O U L D R E L Y O NT R A D I T I O N A L M E D I A ( I . E . T V , R A D I O ,P R I N T ) F O R I N F O R M A T I O N A N DR E S O R T T O O L D S C H O O L T A C T I C SO F H A T E M A I L . B U T W H O D O E ST H A T ?

H O W E V E R …

S O C I A L M E D I A P R O V I D E S APLATFORM F O R T H E B E Y H I V E T OORGAN IZE A N D “ S T I N G ” T H E O U T -G R O U P .

H E R E A R E A F E W O T H E R E X A M P L E S :

T E N N E S S E E T I T A N SF A N B A S E

# T I T A N U P# C O D E B L U E

S O U R C E : F A C E B O O K

D A N + S H A Y

VS

Sense of belonging

Dan + Shay. “How Not To.” (2016, Dec 26). Retrieved From: https://www.facebook.com/DanAndShay/photos/a.555882624464356.1073741824.548874401831845/1398958690156741/?type=1&theater

W H A T A B O U T#⃣’ S ?

Y E SU S I N G H A S H T A G S I S O N E W A Y O F U S I N G S O C I A LM E D I A T O I D E N T I F Y W I T H A G R O U P . P E O P L EW H O I D E N T I F Y A S N O N - T R U M P S U P P O R T E R S :

# N O T M Y P R E S I D E N TS O U R C E : T W I T T E R

P R O - T R U M P # A M E R I C A F I R S T

S O U R C E : T W I T T E R

#NOTMYPRES IDENTV S

#AMER ICAF IRST

S O C I A L M E D I A STRENGTHENS T H E S O C I A LI D E N T I T Y T H E O R Y B Y P R O V I D I N G AP L A T F O R M F O R T H E S E S O C I A L G R O U P S T OE X I S T , A N D F O R P E O P L E T O B E A B L E T OI D E N T I F Y W I T H .

Sandeep Gourkanti & Hongyue Guo

THEORYGAKNOWLE DGE

PTHE

Creators

Philip J Tichenor George A. Donohue

“As the infusion of mass media information into a social system increases higher socioeconomic status segments tend to acquire this information faster than lower socioeconomic status population segments so that gap in knowledge between the two tends to increase rather than decrease.”

-Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien (1970)

Clarice. N Olien

Tichenor, P.J., Donohue, G.A. and Olien, C.N. (1970). Mass Media Flow and Differential Growth in Knowledge, Public Opinion Quarterly 34: Colombia University Press.

http://www.infoamerica.org/teoria/tichenor1.htm

Hierarchy of Knowledge

The knowledge gap exists between information and knowledge.

Weng, Sho-chi (2000). Mass Communication Theory and Practice. Taipei: San-ming.

Wisdom

Knowledge

Information

Data

Knowledge is not distributed equally throughout society.

People with higher socioeconomic status have better ability to acquire information.

Why does the gap exist?

Communication Skills Stored information Relevant Social Contact

Selective Exposure Media Target Markets

Bonfadelli, H. (2002). The Internet and knowledge gaps: A theoretical and empirical investigation. European Journal of Communication, 17(1), 65–84.Donohue, G. A., Olien, C. N., & Tichenor, P. J. (1987). Media access and knowledge gaps. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 4(1), 87–92.Eveland, W. P., Jr., & Scheufele, D. A. (2000). Connecting news media use with gaps in knowledge and participation. Political Communication, 17(3), 215-–237.

Media Use and HIV/AIDS Knowledge in Ethiopia

Does media use open and widen or narrow and close gaps in HIV/AIDS-related knowledge between urban and rural Ethiopian residents?

Bekalu, M. & Eggermont, S. (2013). Media use and HIV/AIDS knowledge: a knowledge gap perspective. Oxford Academic.

A household survey was conducted between March and June 2011 in two urban towns and two rural villages located in northwestern Ethiopia.

The data was collected from 995 respondents between the ages of 15–34.


Regression plot for the interaction between media use and urbanity versus rurality

The knowledge gap between urban residents and rural residents tends to widen as media use increases.


Who has more authority?

Source: Twitter

Source: Sysomos MAP

Average Twitter follower authority

Source: FiveThirtyEight

“Having the president-elect on our service — using it as a direct line of communication — allows everyone to see what’s on his mind in the moment. We’re definitely entering a new world where everything is on the surface and we can all see it in real time and we can have conversations about it. Where does that go? I’m not really sure. But it’s definitely been fascinating to learn from.”

-Jack Dorsey, Twitter CEO

How to test young people’s civic online reasoning?

Source: Icon Finder

Source: Stanford History Education Group

Why might this tweet be a useful source?

Source: Stanford History Education Group

What are ways to educate young people to judge the credibility of social media information?

Discussion:

Bekalu, M. & Eggermont, S. (2013). Media use and HIV/AIDS knowledge: a knowledge gap perspective. Oxford Academic. Retrieved 8 February 2017, from https://academic.oup.com/heapro/article/29/4/739/565818/Media-use-and-HIV-AIDS-knowledge-a-knowledge-gap

Bonfadelli, H. (2002). The Internet and knowledge gaps: A theoretical and empirical investigation. European Journal of Communication, 17(1), 65–84.

Donohue, G. A., Olien, C. N., & Tichenor, P. J. (1987). Media access and knowledge gaps. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 4(1), 87–92.

Eveland, W. P., Jr., & Scheufele, D. A. (2000). Connecting news media use with gaps in knowledge and participation. Political Communication, 17(3), 215-–237.

Silver, N. (2016). Education, Not Income, Predicted Who Would Vote For Trump. FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved 8 February 2017, from http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/education-not-income-predicted-who-would-vote-for-trump/

Stanford University. Evaluating information: The cornerstone of civic online reasoning. (2016). Stanford History Education Group. Retrieved 8 February 2017, from https://sheg.stanford.edu/upload/V3LessonPlans/Executive%20Summary%2011.21.16.pdf

Tichenor, P.J., Donohue, G.A. and Olien, C.N. (1970). Mass Media Flow and Differential Growth in Knowledge, Public Opinion Quarterly 34: Colombia University Press.

University of Twente. Knowledge Gap. (2016). Utwente.nl. Retrieved 8 February 2017, from https://www.utwente.nl/cw/theorieenoverzicht/Theory%20Clusters/Mass%20Media/knowledge_gap/

Weng, Sho-chi (2000). Mass Communication Theory and Practice. Taipei: San-ming

References

ReferencesUniversity of Twente. “SOCIAL IDENTITY THEORY.” Retrieved from: https://www.utwente.nl/cw/theorieenoverzicht/Theory%20Clusters/Interpersonal%20Communication%20and%20Relations/Social_Identity_Theory/

Missbmase. (2012, oct 20) MeanMean Girls - CliquesGirls. Retrieved from: https://youtu.be/RRteokw7m80


Swartz, A. (2016, October 11). Beyoncé fans came for Betsy McCaughey after she used Beyoncé lyrics to defend Trump. Retrieved February 08, 2017, from https://mic.com/articles/156547/beyonc-fans-came-for-betsy-mc-caughey-after-she-used-beyonc-lyrics-to-defend-trump#.oHEVC9f9L

Dan + Shay. “How Not To.” (2016, Dec 26). Retrieved From: https://www.facebook.com/DanAndShay/photos/a.555882624464356.1073741824.548874401831845/1398958690156741/?type=1&theater

Retrieved From: http://psychology.anu.edu.au/about-us/people/john-charles-turner

Retrieved From: http://www.easp.eu/about/awards/henri-tajfel-medals/