Smart Grid Implementation and Behavior

NERC Smart Grid Workshop

2/23/2012

Rick Meekermeeker@caps.fsu.edu

Center for Advanced Power Systems (CAPS)

Florida State University2000 Levy Avenue, Building A, Tallahassee, FL 32310

http://www.caps.fsu.edu/

2/28/2012 22/28/2012 2

Smart Grid Definitions

• NERC SGTF

• DOE SG Roadmap

2/28/2012 32/28/2012 3

Smart Grid OriginsModern Grid Characteristics1, 2

• Enables active participation by consumers

• Accommodates all generation and storage options

• Enables new products, services and markets

• Provides power quality for the digital economy

• Optimizes asset utilization and operate efficiently

• Anticipates & responds to system disturbances (self-heal)

• Operates resiliently against attack and natural disaster

Smart Grid Characteristics3

• Enables informed participation by

customers

• Accommodates all generation and

storage options

• Enables new products, services, and

markets

• Provides power quality for the range of

needs in the 21st century

• Optimizes assets and operates

efficiently

• Addresses disturbances – automated

prevention, containment, and

restoration

• Operates resiliently against physical

and cyber attacks and natural disasters

1. http://www.netl.doe.gov/moderngrid/ 2005-2008.

2. Miller J., Pullins, S., Bossart, S., “The Modern Grid”, presentation to the Wisconsin Public Utility Institute and UW Energy Institute, April 29, 2008.

3. “Smart Grid R&D Multi-Year Program Plan, 2010-2014”, U.S. Dept. of Energy, Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability, September 2010.

2/28/2012 42/28/2012 4

Smart Grid – A Definition for the Bulk Power System1

1. “Reliability Considerations from Integration of Smart Grid”, Smart Grid Task Force, North American Electric Reliability Corp. (NERC), draft, August 2010.

“The integration and application of real-time monitoring, advanced sensing, communications, analytics, and control, enabling the dynamic flow of both energy and information to accommodate existing and new forms of supply, delivery, and use in a secure, reliable, and efficient electric power system, from generation source to end-user.”

2/28/2012 52/28/2012 5

The Future Grid?

2/28/2012 62/28/2012 6

The Future Grid?

• Power Electronics (PE)

• DC

• HTS

• DG

• Microgrids / Microenergy / CHP

• Information – msmt, data, decision support

• Communications

• Control

2/28/2012 72/28/2012 7

Modeling and

Simulation Effort• Notional Florida

system– PSS/E load-flow (also in

MATLAB for 14-bus version)

– Representative dynamic PSS/E model

– Seeking to create “notional” models for the research community (as done with electric war-ship IPS)

– 14 and 154 bus versions developed

– Structured and scripted for model and scenario changes

– Coordinating with FRCC and member utilities

2/28/2012 8

154 Bus

Model

0219

0813

0902

0803

1201

1202

1203

E 0405

E 0406 E

0404

G 0501

0502

0901 1401 G

G 0504

0503

0505

0506 G

G

G

E

G

G

G

0507

0508

0509

0519 0903

0904

0701

0702

0703

0704

0705

0706

0707

0708

0709

0710

0711

0112

0113

0114

0115

0116

1402

G

G

0924 0905

0906

0907

0908

0909

0910

G

G

G

G

G

1302

G

G

0804

0805

0806

0807

G

G

0809

0808 0606 G G

G G

0916

0914

0915

0912

0913 0911

0917

0218

1403

1502

1304

0801

1305

0802

0810

0601

0602

0603

0605

1503

G

G G

G

G

G

0811

0812

1504

1505

1511

G

1501 1301

1515

1506 1507

1508

1509

1510

1303

G

G

G

1101

1102

1103

1104

1105 1106

0604

1107

1110

1111

1112

1113

1114

1109

1108

G

G

1001 1002

1003

1004

1005

1006 1007

1008

1009 0814

0815

1404

G

G G

G G G G 0327

0326 1023

1024

1021

1022

1020

1019

1018 1013

1017

1016 1015

1014

1012

1011

0951 0952

0953

1405 1406

G 0958

0956

0957 0954

0265

0266

0959 0955

0960

0961 0963

0962

1407 1408

1409

1410

G

Duval

2/28/2012 9

Models: 154 Bus Base Model

• 154 Busses at 500, 230, 138,

and 115 kV voltage levels

• 46 generation plants, with

multiple units at each plant

• All generation units employ

round rotor machine models

(GENROU), steam turbine-

governor models (TGOV1),

and simplified excitation

system models (SEXS)

• Model development

continuation in cooperation

with FERC – validation plan in

place and started (early

stages)

0 2 4 6 8 10

59.2

59.4

59.6

59.8

60

60.2

60.4

60.6

Time (s)F

requency (

Hz)

Southeast

Southwest

Central

Northeast

Frequency (Hz)

0 2 4 6 8 10

59.2

59.4

59.6

59.8

60

60.2

60.4

60.6

Time (s)F

requency (

Hz)

Southeast

Southwest

Central

Northeast

Frequency (Hz)

2/28/2012 10

FSU CAPS: Power Systems Simulation

REAL-TIME – RTDS

• Large-scale electromagnetic transient simulator

• EMTP type simulation covers load-flow, harmonic, dynamic, and transient regime

• Real-time simulation, with time steps down to <2 s.; 111,200 MFLOPS; 14 “racks”, parallel processing

• Real-time simulation of 924 electrical nodes, plus hundreds of control and other simulation blocks

• Extensive digital and analog I/O for interfacing hardware to simulation (>2500 analog, >200 digital). Can connect in real-time to any electrical node within the simulation.

• MODBUS TCP, DNP 3.0 and IEC 61850 interfaces also available.

• Capability for remote access over VPN link

• Recent upgrade activity:

– 2 RISC GPC’s in every rack for small time step (1-2 s)

– Backplane upgrades - bus transfer rate improved from 125 to 60 ns

– Increase electrical nodes per rack from 54 to 66

REAL-TIME – Opal RT, recently added

Other simulation tools in-use at CAPS:

• PSS/E, PSCAD/EMTDC, MATLAB/Simulink, ATP, PSPICE, ANSYS, DSPACE

14-rack RTDS at CAPS

Zone 4LoadCenter

Zone 1Load

Center

Zone 2LoadCenter

Port Propulsion

MotorDrive InverterCapacitor

Bank

DC/DC Converter

Energy Storage GT

Main AC Generator 1

AC Circuit Breaker

AC/DC Converter

GT

Auxilary AC Generator 1

AC Circuit Breaker

AC/DC Converter

DC Disconnect

DC Disconnect

MVDC Port Bus

MVDC Starboard Bus

Starboard Propulsion

MotorDrive Inverter

GT

Auxilary AC Generator 2

AC Circuit Breaker

AC/DC Converter

GT

Main AC Generator 2

AC Circuit Breaker

AC/DC Converter

Zone 3LoadCenter

Zone 5 Deck house

ATG1

ATG2 MTG2

MTG1

DC/DC Converter

Radar

Pulse Charging

Circuit

DC/DC

Conv erter

Pulsed Load

Stern Cross-hullDisconnect

Bow Cross-hullDisconnect

See separate f igure for details

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IEEE 30-bus System

• 5 racks, dt=65 μs

• 6 machines incl. governor & v-regulator

• 36 transmission lines

• 70 breakers

Ship zonal integrated power system

2/28/2012 112/28/2012 11

Dynamic HIL Testing of large PV Inverters

Highly dynamic testing

of PV converters is

possible today!

LV ride through

Anti islanding

Fault current contribution

Unbalanced voltage condition

SubstationB1

T1

B2

S10

B15 4.16kV

T9.1

4.16kV AC Bus

T10.1

B13

B14

DC Bus: 0-1150VDCI max = +/- 2.5 kA

T9.2

=

~

~

=

=

~

=

=

PV Inverter

Power Grid Simulation

PV Array Simulation

6.3 MVA Variable Voltage Source (VVS)

Real Time Simulator RTDS

Real Time Simulator RTDS

VVS 1 VVS 2

=

~

4160/480V1.5MVAZ=5.86%

T5

466/4160V3.93MVA Z=5.6%

B11

AC Bus1: 0-4.16 kVI max = 0.433 kA

AC Bus2: 0-0.48 kVI max = 1.8 kA

SubstationB1

T1

B2

S10

B15 4.16kV

T9.1

4.16kV AC Bus

T10.1

B13

B14

DC Bus: 0-1150VDCI max = +/- 2.5 kA

T9.2

=

~

~

=

=

~

=

=

PV Inverter

Power Grid Simulation

PV Array Simulation

6.3 MVA Variable Voltage Source (VVS)

Real Time Simulator RTDS

Real Time Simulator RTDS

VVS 1 VVS 2

=

~

4160/480V1.5MVAZ=5.86%

T5

466/4160V3.93MVA Z=5.6%

B11

AC Bus1: 0-4.16 kVI max = 0.433 kA

AC Bus2: 0-0.48 kVI max = 1.8 kA

up to

1.5 MW

SubstationB1

T1

B2

S10

B15 4.16kV

T9.1

4.16kV AC Bus

T10.1

B13

B14

DC Bus: 0-1150VDCI max = +/- 2.5 kA

T9.2

=

~

~

=

=

~

=

=

PV Inverter

Power Grid Simulation

PV Array Simulation

6.3 MVA Variable Voltage Source (VVS)

Real Time Simulator RTDS

Real Time Simulator RTDS

VVS 1 VVS 2

=

~

4160/480V1.5MVAZ=5.86%

T5

466/4160V3.93MVA Z=5.6%

B11

AC Bus1: 0-4.16 kVI max = 0.433 kA

AC Bus2: 0-0.48 kVI max = 1.8 kA

SubstationB1

T1

B2

S10

B15 4.16kV

T9.1

4.16kV AC Bus

T10.1

B13

B14

DC Bus: 0-1150VDCI max = +/- 2.5 kA

T9.2

=

~

~

=

=

~

=

=

PV Inverter

Power Grid Simulation

PV Array Simulation

6.3 MVA Variable Voltage Source (VVS)

Real Time Simulator RTDS

Real Time Simulator RTDS

VVS 1 VVS 2

=

~

4160/480V1.5MVAZ=5.86%

T5

466/4160V3.93MVA Z=5.6%

B11

AC Bus1: 0-4.16 kVI max = 0.433 kA

AC Bus2: 0-0.48 kVI max = 1.8 kA

up to

1.5 MW

2/28/2012 122/28/2012 12

01202403604806007208409601080120013201440156016801800192020000

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5x 10

7

Period [min.]

Pow

er

Power SpectrumLakeland Center,July 2010, 1-min data

PV Variability

01202403604806007200

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10x 10

4

Period [min.]

Pow

er

Power SpectrumLakeland Center,July 2010, 1-min data

Lakeland Center

7/1/2010 PV output

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

7/1

/20

10

4:5

9

7/1

/20

10

6:0

0

7/1

/20

10

7:0

0

7/1

/20

10

8:0

0

7/1

/20

10

9:0

0

7/1

/20

10

10

:00

7/1

/20

10

11

:00

7/1

/20

10

12

:00

7/1

/20

10

13

:00

7/1

/20

10

14

:00

7/1

/20

10

15

:00

7/1

/20

10

16

:00

7/1

/20

10

17

:00

7/1

/20

10

18

:00

7/1

/20

10

19

:00

AC

Po

we

r [k

W]

July PV output

[1] Berani, H., “Robust Power System Frequency Control”, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, NY, 2009.

[1]

2/28/2012 132/28/2012 13

High-penetration PV Studies

Substation

JSI PV plant

Feeder conductor characterization

Load points

PV controls

RTDS

PSCAD / EMTDC

JEA – Jacksonville Solar

• 15 MW; 12.6 MW AC

• Online Nov. 2009

• Owner: PSEG; under PPA to JEA

• 100 acres

• 24kV Distr. Feeder

• Feeder length ~5.6 miles

• Max. ckt. load <12.6 MW

• Inverters: SMA Sunny Central

• Panels: First Solar

2/28/2012 142/28/2012 14

PV Projects in SUNGRIN Partner Service Areas

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8 9

2/28/2012 152/28/2012 15

Center for Advanced Power Systems

at Florida State University2000 Levy Ave., Building A, Tallahassee, FL 32310

http://www.caps.fsu.edu/

Rick Meeker, P.E.850.645.1711

meeker@caps.fsu.edu

2/28/2012 162/28/2012 16

Supplemental

2/28/2012 172/28/2012 17

FREEDM• NSF Engineering Research Center

– North Carolina State University (Lead)

– Arizona State University

– Florida State University

– Florida A&M University

– Missouri S&T University

• An efficient and revolutionary power grid

• Integrating distributed and scalable alternative energy sources and storage with existing power systems

• Facilitating a green-energy-based economy

• Mitigating the growing energy crisis; and

• Reducing the impact of carbon emissions.

2/28/2012 18

DDG-1000 Zumwalt / DD(X)

Multi-Mission Surface Combatant

- Integrated Power System

Specifications

Displacement 14,264 tons

Builder Northrop Grumman

Power Plant Integrated Power System (IPS)

78 megawatts Installed power

two large 35-megawatt generators

two small 4-megawatt generators

Length 600 feet [Panama Canal transit capability]

Beam 79.1 feet [Panama Canal transit capability]

Draft 27.6 feet

Armament 2 - 155mm Advanced Gun System

920 - 155mm Long Range Land Attack Projectile

[600 Threshold / 1200 Objective]

80 - PVLS cells

Evolved Sea Sparrow Missile

Tactical Tomahawk Block IV

Advanced Land Attack Missile

Systems SPY-3 Multi-Function Radar (MFR)

Volume Search Radar (VSR)

Acoustic Sensor Suite

EO/IR System

Naval Surface Fire Support Weapon Control System

(NWCS)

Speed 30 knots (Threshold)

30+ knots (Objective)

Endurance 4500 nm(Threshold)

6000 nm

Crew Design: 120

[vice traditional = 348, DDG-51 flight IIA]

Aircraft 2 SH-60 LAMPS helicopters or

1 MH-60R helicopter

3 RQ-8A Fire Scout VTUAV

Costs $1.2 billion - $1.4 billion procurement cost objective

$2.5 billion first unit cost

NGIPS for DDG-1000, CG(X) cruiser and other future surface combatants…