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Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)

Oromia Irrigation Development Authority (OIDA)

Small Scale Irrigation

Water Management Guideline

May, 2014

The Project for Capacity Building in Irrigation Development (CBID)

Foreword Oromia Irrigation Development Authority (OIDA) is established on June, 2013, as a responsible body for all irrigation development activities in the Region, according to Oromia National Regional Government proclamation No. 180/2005. The major purposes of the establishment are to accelerate irrigation development in the Region, utilize limited resources efficiently, coordinate all irrigation development activities under one institution with more efficiency and effectiveness. To improve irrigation development activities in the Region, the previous Oromia Water Mineral and Energy Bureau entered into an agreement with Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) for “The Project for Capacity Building in Irrigation Development (CBID)” since June, 2009 until May, 2014. CBID put much effort to capacitate Irrigation experts in Oromia Region through several activities and finally made fruitful results for irrigation development. Accordingly, irrigation projects are constructed and rehabilitated based on that several Guidelines & Manuals and texts produced which can result in a radical change when implemented properly. Herewith this massage, I emphasize that from Now on, OIDA to make efforts to utilize all outputs of the project for all irrigation activities as a minimum standard, especially for the enhancement of irrigation technical capacity. I believe that all OIDA irrigation experts work very hard with their respective disciplines using CBID outputs to improve the life standard of all people. In addition, I encourage that all other Ethiopian regions to benefit from the outputs. Finally, I would like to thank the Japanese Government, JICA Ethiopia Office, and all Japanese and Ethiopian experts who made great effort to produce these outputs.

Feyisa Asefa Adugna

General Manager

Oromia Irrigation Development Authority

Addis Ababa, Ethiopia May, 2014

Introductory Remarks

“Growth and Transformation Plan” (GTP) from 2011 to 2015 intensifies use of the country’s water and other natural resources to promote multiple cropping, better adaptation to climate variability and ensure food security. Expansion of small scale irrigation schemes is given a priority, while attention is also given to medium and large scale irrigation.

In Oromia Region, it is estimated that there exists more than 1.7 million ha of land suitable for irrigation development. However, only 800,000 ha is under irrigation through Traditional and Modern irrigation technology. To accelerate speed of Irrigation Development, the Oromia National Regional State requested Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) for support on capacity building of Irrigation Experts under Irrigation Sector.

In response to the requests, JICA had conducted "Study on Meki Irrigation and Rural Development" (from September 2000 to January 2002) and Project for Irrigation Farming Improvement (IFI project) (from September 2005 to August 2008). After implementation of them there are needs to improve situation on irrigation sector in Oromia Region.

JICA and the Government of Ethiopia agreed to implement a new project, named “The project for Capacity Building in Irrigation Development” (CBID). The period of CBID is five years since June, 2009 to May, 2014 and main purpose is to enhance capacity of Irrigation Experts in Oromia Region focusing on the following three areas, 1) Water resources planning, 2) Study/Design/Construction management, 3) Scheme management through Training, On the Job Training at site level, Workshops, Field Visit and so on and to produce standard guidelines and manuals for Irrigaiton Development.

These guidelines and manuals (Total: fourteen (14) guidelines and manuals) are one of the most important outputs of CBID. They are produced as standards of Irrigation Development in Oromia Region through collecting different experiences and implementation of activities by CBID together with Oromia Irrigation Experts and Japanese Experts.

These guidelines and manuals are very useful to improve the Capacity of OIDA Experts to work more effectively and efficiently and also can accelerate Irrigation Development specially in Oromia Region and generally in the country.

Finally, I strongly demand all Irrigaiton Experts in the region to follow the guidelines and manuals for all steps of Irrigation Development for sustainable development of irrigation.

Adugna Jabessa Shuba

D/General Manager & Head, Study, Design, Contract Administration & Construction Supervision

Oromia Irrigation Development Authority

Addis Ababa, Ethiopia May, 2014

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 1

2 DEFINITION ....................................................................................... 1

3 OBJECTIVE ....................................................................................... 2

4 SCOPE ............................................................................................... 2

5 DOCUMENT SETUP ........................................................................... 2

6 IRRIGATION WATER SUPPLY ............................................................. 3

6.1 Irrigation water management ....................................................... 3

6.2 Basics of irrigation water management ........................................ 3

6.3 Irrigation water source ................................................................ 3

6.4 Main components of small scale irrigation ................................... 4

6.5 Irrigation water use right ............................................................. 4

6.6 Water delivery criteria .................................................................. 5

6.7 Abstraction system ...................................................................... 5

6.7.1 Lift abstraction ...................................................................... 6

6.7.2 Headwork .............................................................................. 6

6.8 Canals ......................................................................................... 7

6.8.1 Main canal ............................................................................ 8

6.8.2 Secondary canal .................................................................... 8

6.8.3 Tertiary canal ........................................................................ 8

6.8.4 Field canal ............................................................................ 8

6.9 Flow scheduling at canals ............................................................ 8

6.10Change in water demand ............................................................. 10

7 FIELD IRRIGATION WATER MANAGEMENT ....................................... 11

7.1 Cropping plan and selection of irrigation methods ....................... 11

7.1.1 Crop selection and pattern .................................................... 11

7.1.2 Selection of irrigation method ................................................ 12

7.2 Irrigation systems and methods ................................................... 12

7.2.1 Furrow irrigation ................................................................... 12

7.2.2 Basin irrigation ..................................................................... 14

7.2.3 Drip or Trickle irrigation ........................................................ 15

i

7.3 Crop water requirement (CWR) .................................................... 15

7.3.1 Factors affecting evapotranspiration ...................................... 16

7.3.2 Irrigation water requirement (IWR) ......................................... 18

7.3.3 Methods of determining crop consumptive use of water ......... 18

7.3.4 Gross irrigation water requirement ........................................ 19

7.4 Irrigation scheduling ................................................................... 20

7.4.1 General requirements for irrigation scheduling ...................... 20

7.4.2 Determination of irrigation scheduling ................................... 20

7.5 Principles of scheduling irrigation water ...................................... 23

7.6 Irrigation efficiencies ................................................................... 27

Annex-1 Sensitivity of various field crops to water shortage ................ 30

Annex-2 Periods sensitive to water shortage ....................................... 31

List of Authors/Experts/Editors/Coordinators ....................................... 32

ii

1 INTRODUCTION

Sustainable Irrigation has crop water supply, irrigation agronomy and

scheme administration, which in turn the scheme administration can be

classified as facility management, operation, water management and

organizational management.

An irrigation which fails to address all the above properly will endanger the

scheme and negatively impacts the environment. Specially, if the water is

not managed properly the impact will be irreversible, salinity can develop,

water logging affects the crops, erosion can impact the plots, and conflicts

can arise between upstream and downstream and also among beneficiaries.

This manual intends if possible to prevent or to minimize the above listed

and other possible damages which can arise from poor irrigation water

management. In addition but also as main objective the manual address the

result of good water management.

2 DEFINITION

In this document Irrigation is defined as the supply of water to agricultural

crops (Plants) by artificial means, designed to permit farming (growing

plants) in moisture stressed areas. The objective of the irrigation process is

to store the applied water by human in the soil reservoir to be used in

succeeding days when the plant needs it.

According to different literature and experience, Irrigation Water

management:

Is timely, fair and efficient distribution of sufficient and necessary

water to the command area.

Is to adjust irrigation water and moisture in the field to optimize crop

cultivation and production.

Includes headwork’s conveyance, regulation measurement,

distribution and application of irrigation water to soil as well as

drainage of excess water.

Is the process of determining and controlling the volume, frequency,

and application rate of irrigation water in planned and efficient

manner.

1Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) & Oromia Irrigation Development Authority (OIDA)


Small Scale Irrigation Water Management Guideline

From this we can understand that irrigation water management can be seen

from two general perspectives, Irrigation water supply (more of engineering)

and Irrigation water application (more of irrigation agronomy).

3 OBJECTIVE

To improve use, efficiency, particularly, increase the crop productivity per

unit volume of water used in the agricultural sector; and Achieving full

reliability of water supplies and integration of main system operations with

those at the farm level is a prerequisite for efficient water use by farmers.

If irrigation is not well managed it negatively affect the environment. Over

irrigation, poor water management and leaky canals may cause water

logging and drainage problems and which intern can impact health and

result loss of agriculture land.

The objective of this manual is to show for irrigation frontline experts how

good water management can be achieved in an irrigation scheme in

irrigation water supply and irrigation agronomy.

4 SCOPE

The manual is limited only in typical conventional small scale irrigation

experience.

5 DOCUMENT SETUP

The manual has two sections, one engineering or irrigation water supply

section and second section on field irrigation water management.

The first section deals with on irrigation water source, abstraction system,

distribution and related matters, whereas section two explains more on field

water management based on crop water requirement.




SECTION I:

6 IRRIGATION WATER SUPPLY

6.1 Irrigation water management

Irrigation water management is the practice of conveying water efficiently

from the source and applying to the part of the soil profile that serves as the

root zone, for immediate and subsequent use of crops (plants) in known

amounts and at frequencies calibrated not to waste water and energy,

deplete or pollute crops and/or pose the danger of soil degradation.

Irrigation water management implies the involvement of water users,

farmers’ system operators, extended service departments of irrigation,

drainage and agriculture. The mutual interests of all parties involved, as

well as their interrelationships, interactions and organization are of vital

importance to make efficient use of structural improvements in irrigation

and drainage systems. Research, extension, development work in the social,

economic and institutional areas is also an essential part of water

management.

6.2 Basics of irrigation water management

For any irrigation scheme to attain sound water management two main

criteria’s has to be fulfilled:

1. Irrigation hard wares (facilities) has to be in place

2. Software (systems, organizations or institutions and technologies for

operating and maintaining the facilities) should be established.

As we have explained in the introduction this section focus only on the hard

ware based water management. The software part is discussed on the other

manual (refer to Guidance for Preparation of Operation and Maintenance

Manual).

6.3 Irrigation water source

In general speaking irrigation water source can be classified as:

Surface water

o River or streams

o Stored water

Dam




Pond

Lakes

Tanker

Ground water

Nonconventional water

o Blue water1

o Desalinated water

6.4 Main components of small scale irrigation

Small scale irrigation can have an abstraction facility (pump, simple intake,

weir), canals (main, secondary, tertiary, field canal) and other irrigation

structures.

6.5 Irrigation water use right

In any irrigation the water management depend upon the water use right of

the country, local area and the beneficiaries. The main water right in many

SSI2 schemes can be described as follows:

1. Natural : This is implemented by one of the following;

Share per unit area (Q ≈ A) –

Engineering controlling system – fixed intake

1 The water in rivers and lakes, groundwater and glacial water reserves are called "blue

water".

2 Small Scale Irrigation

A (ha)

Basic Layout of Small Scale Irrigation

Off takes /Turnout

Division Box

Secondary Canal

Main Canal

Tertiary Weir Field Canal




Share per person or household irrespective of land owned

No engineering controlling system, only trust and

water control policy

Fixed discharge per unit area

Fixed intake system

2. Fixed volume

Gate can be designed

3. Instantaneous demand – as much as they want

Gate can be designed

4. Conditionality – related to scarcity of water

Gate with locker

5. Duration – the water right can be permanent or temporary

6. Ownership & transferability – water right can be transferred /

sold/ lend or water right cannot be transferred or rented by any

means.

In general there is no single model of water rights that can be recommended

as bullet proof solution, but it is very important first to understand the

water use right of the community.

6.6 Water delivery criteria

Water delivery in irrigation scheme depends on adequacy, reliability, equity

and efficiency. Reliable, equitable and predictable water supply is a

confidence for sustainable irrigation agronomy, if one of these fails, the

farmer will not be encouraged to plant crops.

6.7 Abstraction system

Water for irrigation can be abstracted by gravity or lift systems from

different sources. Gravity abstraction is done directly by diverting the river

water with or without regulating structure based on the elevation difference

between the river bed and the command area. Whereas lift system is an

abstraction of water from the source (river, storage or ground water) using

different lifting devices, such as diesel, benzene, electric, man power or other

energy driven pumps.




6.7.1 Lift abstraction

Lift abstraction is common when the command area elevation higher than

the source of water, underground, reservoir or river. The commonly known

lifting system for small scale irrigation is engine pump, treadle, rope &

washer and other small pumps can be used for micro irrigation.

6.7.2 Headwork

According to the International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage

(ICID), headworks are defined as ” A collective term for all works (weirs or

diversion dams, head regulators, upstream and downstream river training

works and their related structures) required at intakes of main or principal

canals to divert and control river flows and regulate water supplies”. In this

manual we focus on the gravity system specially weir and simple intakes.

(1) Simple intakes

We call simple intakes structures which have only intakes to the canal

without other complicated structures like sluice gate, aprons and other

structures.

(2) Weir

Weir is a structure constructed across the river to effect local storage and

rise water level locally to divert part or all water in the river to a canal. It can

have an obstruction body across the river, wing (retaining) walls, sluice gate

(s), aprons, and other parts.

A weir is crucial point to start with water management in irrigation. The

intakes of weir are designed to take maximum fixed water which is required

to irrigate the intended irrigation land. It can be regulated based on the

irrigation schedule or demand and the availability of water in the river. Over

or under exploitation of the water at the intake causes water management

crisis at downstream of the river and also among the irrigation users.

Water release at headwork depends on two major things:

1. Availability of water in the river based on the water balance at U/S

and D/S (QA)

2. Demand of water from irrigation (QD)

Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) & Oromia Irrigation Development Authority (OIDA) The Project for Capacity Building in Irrigation Development (CBID)

6


Whenever the first one is positive or excess (considering environmental flow

also) water is available in the river the governing variable will be the second

one.

6.8 Canals

Irrigation Canals are structures whose main functions are to get water

around the scheme up to the field level. Canals can be classified and named

according to the local context, but in general can be classified as conveyance

and distribution canals. Further, it can be classified as primary canal, main

canal, branch, secondary canal, tertiary, quaternary and field canal.

Canals can be rectangular, trapezoidal, semicircular or circular in shape

and also can be earthen, masonry, concrete or geo-membrane lined or other

type. These characteristics of the canal- producing mechanical forces

between the water and walls and the bottom of the canal due to its rubbing

against them and reaction with the weather- can affect the water

management and its efficiency.

According to FAO, Canal conveyance efficencies are expalined as below in

the table:

Soil type Sand Loam ClayCanal length

Long (> 2000m) 60% 70% 80% 95%Medium (200-2000m) 70% 75% 85% 95%Short (< 200m) 80% 85% 90% 95%

Earthen canals Lined canals

Source: FAO, Irrigation Water Management Training manual no. 4 Irrigation scheduling

Remarks: This table is considered as the adequately maintenance level. So, if the

maintenance of the canals is bad, the conveyance efficiency may lower the values

by as much as 50%.

Gates has to function properly (Open – Close), obstructions has to be

removed, leakages must be avoided and water has to be measured

just at the intake for proper distribution.

In most small scale irrigation Main, secondary, tertiary and field

canals are the dominant classification.




6.8.1 Main canal

Main canal is the main water conveying system of small scale irrigation

system which is responsible for carrying the water directly from the river to

the irrigation system. Sometimes it can feed small canals like tertiary

without secondary. Most of the time main canals recommended being

contour canal for the sake of maximum command area and gentle slope and

minimum structures.

The design and efficiency of main canal is the main decisive variable for

sound water management. In SSI main canals are designed at continuous

flow scenario for full demand flow.

6.8.2 Secondary canal

Secondary canal is a part of conveying and distributing canal based on the

size and length. In SSI it can be classified in distribution canal and can be

designed as continuous or rotation based on the system but it has to be

clear.

6.8.3 Tertiary canal

Tertiary canals the main vein of SSI and the heart of the irrigation water

management. Most of the time, they are managed by nearby beneficiaries.

They are designed most of the time in rotation base.

6.8.4 Field canal

The canals are the blood vein of the irrigation system which feed the furrow.

Most of the water loss in distribution canal is viewed at these canals. They

are fully managed by one or two beneficiaries.

6.9 Flow scheduling at canals

There are three main variables for irrigation scheduling; Frequency, flow

rate and duration. Frequency is how often – time interval-, flow rate is the

amount- quantity -, and duration is time – in second, minutes, etc. -. Based

upon these variables three irrigation forms can be designed for a scheme;




1. Continuous flow: This type of scenario describes flow is continuous

at all times throughout the system. The governing variable will be

the flow rate.

2. Rotational flow: This scenario is to rotate water coming from the

main or conveying canal among other canals, secondary, tertiary

and field canals.

3. On-demand flow: This can be one of the above or both at different

canals but depend on the demand at delivery point.

Each of the above scenarios has its own merits and de-merits as example

rotation flows requires relatively big size canals, whereas continuous flow

requires small. For effective and efficient water management one has to

understand how the scheme was designed.

Having all these in mind we can say that irrigation schedule can be

generally categorized as;

Rigid schedules

Flexible schedules

Rigid schedules Flexible schedules Constant-amount, constant-frequency Demand Constant-amount, variable-frequency Limited-rate, demand Varied-amount, constant-frequency Arranged (as to date) Limited-rate, arranged Restricted-arranged Fixed-duration, restricted-arranged schedule

The schedule scenario can be selected on the availability of water, crop type,

crop stage, beneficiary consensus or agreement, or scheme administration

authorities decision or by other forms as it sweets to the local condition.

Description for flexible schedule is listed below in table:

No Flexible Schedules Description

1 Demand No restriction on frequency, rate or duration, storage can play big role

2 Limited-rate, demand Flow rate may be restricted, no restriction of frequency or duration.

3 Arranged (as to date) No restriction on frequency, rate or duration but prior request important.

4 Limited-rate, arranged Flow is restricted and prior request is important

5 Restricted-arranged Strict agreement and stick to agreement by the provider and farmer

6 Fixed-duration, restricted-arranged schedule

Duration is fixed, rate & date are arranged.




6.10 Change in water demand

Water demand change in irrigation can occur due to many reasons, water

scarcity, crop stages, and other reasons. Good irrigation water management

can try to give a solution by;

Manipulating controlling structures – only to release fixed

amount

Adjusting flow duration decrease or increase from/for canal and

also from/for individuals

Exercising deficit irrigation approach

And other agronomical measures

1 2

3 4

Different scenarios of Water conveyance and Distribution

MC- Continuous

TC- Rotation

FC- Rotation

MC- Continuous

TC- Rotation

FC- Rotation

MC- Continuous

TC- Continuous

FC- Continuous

MC- Continuous

TC- Continuous

FC- Rotation

SC- Continuous SC- Rotation

SC- Continuous SC- Continuous




SECTION 2:

7 FIELD IRRIGATION WATER MANAGEMENT

Irrigation can help to ensure stable production. It raises the yields of specific

crops, and prolongs the effective crop-growing period in areas with dry

seasons, thus permitting multiple cropping (two or more crops per year). The

end use of irrigation production is to sustain food self-sufficiency or to solve

the problem of food insecurity and to make commercial crops for markets.

7.1 Cropping plan and selection of irrigation methods

In general, irrigation is the application of water to the soil for any number of

the following purposes:

To add water to soil to supply the moisture essential for plant

growth

To provide crop insurance against short duration droughts

To cool the soil and atmosphere, thereby making more favorable

environment for plant growth

To reduce the hazard of frost

To wash out or dilute salts in the soil

To soften tillage

7.1.1 Crop selection and pattern

A) Physical factors - (Climatic factors (temperature, rainfall, frost)

Length of Growing Period (LGP)

Land quality- (Topography particularly slope of the land as it affects

drainage and influences soil and water management practices ,Soil

depth and fertility

Water resource (quantity and quality)

B) Socioeconomics - (Preference of beneficiaries, Market availability and

Experience of users)

Once the crops are selected, one can determine the seasonal cropping

pattern and prepare cropping calendar for each crop considering the crop




rotation requirements. The time needed for land preparation and for harvest

should not be included.

7.1.2 Selection of irrigation method

Each irrigation method has advantages and disadvantages that should be

taken into consideration when choosing the most suitable method. The

factors influencing selection of the type of irrigation methods are natural

conditions (land slope, soil type, field shape, water quantity); types of crops

grown; farmer's previous experience; and capital and operation cost. The

objectives of selecting good method are:

Adequate amount of water should be stored in the root zone

Ensure uniform application of water on the land

Should not cause soil erosion

Efficient (minimum wastage of water)

Maximum land availability for cultivation (less waste land)

Ease surface drainage after irrigation

Minimize salt problem, water logging problems

Fit to the land boundary

Less costly

7.2 Irrigation systems and methods

Most common irrigation methods

Surface Irrigation: (Furrow, basin, boarder irrigation)

Sprinkler Irrigation:- Applying water under pressure

Drip or Trickle Irrigation:- Applying water slowly to the soil ideally at

the same rate with crop consumption

7.2.1 Furrow irrigation

This is the most widely used method for row crops such as vegetables,

cotton, sugar beet, potatoes and orchards. It is usually practiced on gently

sloping land and in most types of soil except those, which are permeable

and easily erodible. Flow in furrows must avoid too fast water advance that

create excessive runoff losses, or too slow advance which induces excessive




infiltration in the upper part of the field. Short blocked furrows with

manually controlled water applications are practiced by traditional irrigators

in third world while Long and precisely leveled furrows with automated or

semi-automated control are popular in developed countries.

Furrow irrigation is one in which the entire plot is not flooded. The wetted

area ranges from 20-50% of the plot unlike other irrigation methods. This

enables to reduce the evaporation losses and increase the water application

efficiency. A tail channel is made to collect excess tail water and used for

reuse at lower levels. On the basis of the alignment, the furrow may be

classified into two: straight furrow and contour furrow.

The straight furrows are aligned along more or less parallel straight lines

laid along the general slope of the land. This is used in fields relatively flat

(<=0.75%).

Contour furrows, are aligned across the general slope of the land along the

contour. It is used when the slope of the land is relatively steep. Furrows

Irrigation depends on Shape and spacing of furrows, the advance furrow

stream, Field slope, Furrow length, Field width and Cut-back stream.

Furrow length: Furrow length depends on soil type, stream size, irrigation

depth and land slope and ranges from 30 to 300 m or more but farm (or

field) size and shape put practical limits on furrow length.

Shape: The shape of furrows depends largely on slope of the land, and soil

type although type of crops (depth) and spacing influences it: the larger the

slope the broader the furrow in order to increase the wetted soil area.

Furrows are generally V-shaped with the top width varying from 24 - 40 cm

and depth from 15-30 cm. Generally, furrow shape is wide and shallow on

clay soils and narrow and deep on sandy soils.

Slope: Furrows should have a uniform longitudinal slope between 0.05 and

2 percent for drainage and minimizing soil erosion respectively.

Furrow spacing: The spacing of furrows depends mainly on the type of

soils as the latter influences the wetting pattern. Sandier soils have almost

vertical wetting pattern while clay soils have both vertical and lateral wetting

patterns. Hence, sandier soils should have closer furrow spacing than clay

soils. Furrow spacing also depends on type of crops to be planted. In

general, furrow spacing varies from 0.3 to 1.8 with the commonly used

spacing being 0.5 m on sandy soils and 1.2 m on clay soils.




Most crops grown by furrow irrigation are (Vegetables, cotton, sugarcane

and sugar beet and for orchards and vineyards). When there is water

shortage, irrigation can be applied by using alternative “furrow irrigation”

Furrow irrigation in Ketar Irrigation Scheme, Arsi Zone

7.2.2 Basin irrigation

In basin irrigation, water is flooded in wider areas. It is ideal for irrigating

rice.

The area is normally flat. In basin irrigation, a very high stream size is

introduced into the basin so that rapid movement of water is obtained.

Water does not infiltrate a lot initially. At the end, a bond is put and water

can pond the field. The opportunity time difference between the upward and

the downward ends are reduced. Most crops are grown in basin including

field and orchard crops.

Basin irrigation




7.2.3 Drip or Trickle irrigation

In Drip or Trickle irrigation system the Water is applied directly to the crop

i.e. entire field is not wetted, but the Water is conserved. Weeds are

controlled because only the places getting water can grow weeds. There is a

slow rate of water application somewhat matching the consumptive use. The

application rate mostly less than soil infiltration rate and there is no need

for a drainage system.

Drip irrigation

7.3 Crop water requirement (CWR)

It is the amount of water required by the plant to fulfil its consumptive use

and is expressed in mm/day. An important element in the introduction of

effective water use technologies will be the timely supply of water in the right

Pipes




quantities to famers. It is an adequate knowledge of crop water use and

irrigation requirements for the various crops in the given climatic condition

will be essential in the planning, implementation and monitoring of

irrigation demonstration.

The irrigation requirement determine for specific crop is not universally

applicable to a variety of environmental condition. Even within a given and

or semi arid zone, the variation in climatic condition are so great that

difference evapotranspiration are appreciable. Under the same climatic

conditions different crops requires different amount of water and quantity of

water used by particular crop variety with its stage of growth.

Initially during seeding, sprouting and early growth a crop uses water at a

relative slow rate. The rate will increase with growth of crop reaching the

maximum in most crops as it approaches flowering and then decline

towards maturity. Evapotranspiration or consumption use is the amount of

water evaporate from the soil and the amount of water transpired by the

crop.

7.3.1 Factors affecting evapotranspiration

(1) Climatic Factors Influencing Evapotranspiration

Temperature, Solar radiation and Wind

A certain crop grown in a sunny and hot climate needs more water than the

same crop grown in a cloudy and cooler humid climate. There are however,

apart from sunshine and temperature, other climatic factors, which

influence crop water needs. These factors are the humidity and wind speed.

When it is dry the crop water needs are higher than when it is humid. In

windy climates the crop uses more water than in calm climates.

The value of Kc largely depends on the types of crops grown /as annual and

perennial/, their growing stages, level of ground cover, root depth and their

total growing period etc. For most crops, Kc increases from a low value (0.5–

0.9) during the initial stages of growth, to a maximum value (0.9–1.2) during

the period when the crop reaches full development, and declines again (0.3–

0.9) as the crop matures. This is true for most annual crops. Once the total

growing period is known, then the duration of the various stages of growth

of a given crop can be determined. The crop growing period, in general is

divided into four stages:




initial stage , crop development stage , mid- season stage and late-

season stage

Description the four crop growth stages

Crop growth stage Description

Initial stage Germination and early growth, little of the soil (less than 10%) is covered with crop.

Crop development Up to when the crop achieves full ground cover.

Mid-season From full cover is achieved to maturity, when leaves start to dis-colour or fall off. Flowering and fruit setting occurs during this phase.

Late-season From mid-season until harvest.

Crop Coefficient (Kc)

Crops Initial Crop

development Mid-

season Late & harvest

Depth of Root system

(cm)

Depletion level (%)

Seasonal

Bean (dry) 0.35 (20)

0.70(30)

1.00(40)

0.90(20)

50-70 0.45

Cabbage 0.45 (20)

0.75(25)

1.05(60)

0.90(15)

40-50 0.45

Carrot 0.45 (20)

0.75(30)

1.05(30)

0.90(20)

50-100 0.35

Cotton 0.45 (30)

0.75(50)

1.15(55)

0.75(45)

100-170 0.65

Cucumber 0.45 0.7 0.90 0.75 70-120 0.50

Groundnut 0.45 (25)

(35)

1.00 (50)

0.75 (20)

50-100 0.40

Lettuce 0.45 (20)

0.60(30)

1.00(15)

0.90(10)

30-50 0.30

Maize 0.40 (20)

0.75(35)

1.15(40)

0.75(30)

100-200 0.60

Onion 0.50 (20)

0.75(45)

1.05(20)

0.85(10)

30-50 0.25

Pea 0.45 (20)

0.80(25)

1.15(35)

1.05(15)

60-100 0.35

Pepper 0.35 (30)

0.75(35)

1.05(40)

0.90(20)

50-100 0.25

Potato 0.45 (25)

0.75(30)

1.15(30)

0.75(20)

40-60 0.25




Crops Initial Crop

development Mid-

season Late & harvest

Depth of Root system

(cm)

Depletion level (%)

Sorghum 0.35 (20)

0.75 (30)

1.11 (40)

0.65 (30)

100-200 0.55

Sugar beet 0.45 (25)

0.80(45)

1.15(60)

0.80(45)

70-120 0.50

Tomato 0.45 (25)

0.75(40)

1.15(40)

0.80(25)

70-150 0.40

Wheat 0.35 (15)

0.75(30)

1.15(65)

0.70(40)

100-150 0.55

Permanent Young Mature Alfalfa 0.35 0.85 100-200 Banana 0.50 1.1 50-90 Citrus 0.30 0.65 120-150

Sugar cane 0.45-0.85

1.15-0.65 120-200

Source: FAO I & D paper 24 (1977) and I & D 33 (1979)

Remarks: ( ) shows the number of days for each crop growth stage.

7.3.2 Irrigation water requirement (IWR)

IWR is the water that must be supplied through the irrigation system to

ensure that the crop receives its full crop water requirement. For

Complementary irrigation, IWR >= CWR while IWR < CWR for

supplementary irrigation.

7.3.3 Methods of determining crop consumptive use of water

There are various methods adopted for determining crop consumptive use of

water. These are broadly classified under: -

Direct measurement

Use of Empirical formula

The Empirical formula approached broadly attempts to estimate reference

evapotranspiration (ETo) by empirical method from climatic data (solar

radiation, humidity, wind speed and temperature). Most commonly used

methods are:

Pan evaporation method;- The pan method makes use of the evaporation

data (Epan) which is measured with evaporation pan.




Blaney-Criddle method;- This method is suggested for areas where only air

temperature and general levels of relative humidity, sunshine hours and

wind speed are available and is recommended for periods of one month or

longer.

Penman method:- Penman-Monteith method is considered to be the most

accurate method for estimating ETo but it requires relatively more data than

others. The method is considered to offer the best results with minimum

possible error in relation to a living grass reference. ETo values that are

more consistent with actual crop water use data in all regions and climates.

7.3.4 Gross irrigation water requirement

The gross irrigation requirements account for losses of water incurred

during conveyance and application to the field. This is expressed in terms of

efficiencies when calculating project gross irrigation requirements from net

irrigation requirements as shown below:

Gross irrigation water depth (GIR) = E

NIR

Where, E = Irrigation efficiency

There are three basic irrigation efficiency concepts. These are:

Conveyance efficiency (Ec) = Water received at inlet to block of fields Water released from the headwork

Distribution efficiencies(Ed) = Water received at field inlet Water received at inlet to block of fields

Application efficiency (Ea) = Water stored in the root zone Water received at field inlet

Project efficiency (E) = Ec × Ed× Ea

Typical Surface Irrigation Efficiencies

Description %

Conveyance efficiency (Ec) 65 - 90 Field canal efficiency (Eb) 70 - 90 Distribution efficiency (Ed = Ec.Eb) 30 - 65 Application efficiency (Ea) 40 - 50 Project efficiency (E) 30 - 40

Assume/select application efficiency of 50%.



19

7.4 Irrigation scheduling

7.4.1 General requirements for irrigation scheduling

At the end of this lesson, the following questions can be answered:

Why to irrigate?

What is irrigation scheduling?

What are the different prospective of Irrigation scheduling?

What are the different management approaches?

What are the components of Scheduling Irrigation Water?

Why to irrigate?

Prior to learning how can irrigation water be managed effectively, the

importance of water to the plant and how a plant uses water must be

understood. Irrigation is not done to retain the soil wet. Irrigation will not be

practiced just because the neighbors irrigate or because our ancestors

irrigate. It will be done for one target, which is to fulfill the needs of a crop of

economic or aesthetic value.

The objective of the irrigation process is to store the applied water by human

in the soil reservoir to be used in succeeding days when the plant needs it.

However, not all the applied water is stored in accessible spot which enables

the plant to recover it in the succeeding days. It can be imagined that the

soil water reservoir is a tank with certain capacities and levels that differ

from one soil type to another.

7.4.2 Determination of irrigation scheduling

Irrigation scheduling is a tool to efficiently apply water to improve the

performance of the irrigation system. Irrigation scheduling may be assorted

depending on different views. Regarding time frame, irrigation scheduling

may be done for a long term or short term. Long term scheduling is usually

done in the design stage or in the resource allocation stage, before the

beginning of the season. Short term scheduling deals with the daily decision

of operation or in other-wards, the immediate stage Long term scheduling,

may also be used to make an irrigation time table in arid area. As the

rainfall may be neglected and the long term weather condition nearly

uniform, from year to year, regarding the frequency of irrigation, irrigation

scheduling may be dynamic or static. A dynamic irrigation scheduling tries




to modify the scheduling process to improve the system performance

according to the expected or unexpected constraints to finally satisfy the

required objective.

In static scheduling, each field and irrigation is viewed independently and

no change in the predetermined schedule is usually made. Regarding the

concept of scheduling, it may be traditional, reactive or predictive. The

traditional method, based on

a known rotation of field in sequence,

availability of water or

by practice.

Reactive scheduling, depends on some indicators which explain that

irrigation water is needed. These indicators may be

the crop appearance,

or soil water status.

The crop appearance as an indicator is inferior for modern agricultural,

because of its low accuracy. The crop yield may be affected as the plant may

suffer from water stress before the appearance of any visual indicators. It

also does not determine the amount of needed water. The soil water status

as an indicator may be either the soil water content or the soil water

depletion. Both of them can be measured directly or estimated and transfer

direct feedback from the soil. Using water content as an indicator enables

the irrigator to know how much water to apply.

This indicator is also not applicable in long term scheduling or short

dynamic where the forecasted profile of the water stress is needed Predictive

method of irrigation scheduling predicts the crop water use in the near

future to foresee the water need and schedule irrigation before water stress

affects the crop growth. The predictive method depends on the root zone

water balance equations (Jensen, et al., 1971; Heermann, 1980; Harrington

and Heermann, 1981).The method of irrigation,

surface, drip or sprinkle

and the nature of cultivation; single crop, multi-crop or multi-field, dictates

the irrigation scheduling strategy. For example, for multi- field operation,

the irrigation scheduling gives a range of irrigation dates for each field. The

earliest data recommended, is when the calculated depletion reaches the

applied net irrigation depth. The latest date is the day that the soil water

content reaches the predetermined water content, that will not affect the




crop yield. The range of dates allows the farmer to arrange other farming

requirements.

Hence a dynamic short term predictive scheduling is the suitable strategy.

Irrigation scheduling may also have different concepts and definitions

according to an individual’s perspective of an irrigation system. For the

operator of an irrigation water delivery system, irrigation scheduling is,

when he has to supply water for how long and what rate for each delivery

point of the distribution system. For the individual irrigator, irrigation

scheduling is, predicting when he starts the next irrigation and what is the

suitable irrigation depth Irrigation scheduling is also defined as utilizing

the calculated crop water requirements to manage different fields under a

single entity.

What is the target?

The target is to manage all the fields to achieve an overall management

objective. the management objective may be

– maximizing production,

– maximizing profits,

– Minimizing energy cost, minimizing labor, or many other things.

Institutions, where energy cost represents a major cost of providing water,

minimizing energy will be the main objective of the management. Maximizing

profits sometimes will not be the main target, since minimizing the risk may

be required for financial reasons.

Load Management

One of the problems facing power suppliers in irrigating areas, is the high

peak electrical demand. These short term peaks require generation and

transmission facilities that will not be fully used during much of the year.

Thus the cost of supplying power will increase. Some power suppliers

imposed penalties on the peak annual demand. Other power suppliers ask

for voluntary shut-offs of electrical irrigation pumps during periods of

expected peak power usage. With the increase of the load, it is difficult to

determine the peak load reduction magnitude.




Water Management

Since the scheduling of many fields requires repetitious calculations and

detailed accounting, it is favorable to being computerized. Irrigation

scheduling with the use of computers was initiated with the development of

the USDA irrigation scheduling program (Jensen et al., 1971). This program

uses climatic data as input to predict the crop water use and maintain soil-

water budget.

Integrated Load and Water Management

Water management through irrigation scheduling alone will tend to cause

peak electrical demands when the irrigation responds to peak demands of

crop water use. On the other hand, load management that is controlled by

the power supplier will tend to increase total pumping as the irrigator will

tend to apply more water than required to be safe if power is shut off.

Irrigation scheduling has been integrated with electric load management to

reduce energy cost and water conservation without decreasing the crop yield

significantly.

Fertilizer Management

As a result of managing both water and energy, an additional benefit may be

achieved. This benefit is fertilizer saving. Looking to the soil as a tank, once

it is full, any additional water will go out as a deep percolation. Some

fertilizers, like nitrogen, are easily dissolved in water and tends to go with

the water.

7.5 Principles of scheduling irrigation water

Irrigation scheduling is a process of determining

1. when to irrigate ?

2. how much water is required to meet the specified irrigation

objectives?

The amount replaces the water lost from the crop in the form of

evapotranspiration (ET) less the effective precipitation. The amount of losses

is mainly dependent on the energy produced by the atmosphere. Any crop

takes its needs of water from the soil in the root zone. The soil data

necessary for irrigation scheduling and how to obtain them as well as into




the soil-water-plant relationship. The soil acts as a reservoir of water in the

soil. This reservoir is filled through irrigation and rainfall and emptied by

the plant (transpiration), evaporation from the soil surface and deep

percolation beyond the root zone. Each soil type has its own storage capacity

determined by its texture. The storage capacity is relatively small in sandy

soils as compared to that for clays.

Soil water content can be maintained in a favorable range. Therefore, it is

the soil water reservoir that is managed rather than crop stress in most

cases. To effectively manage soil water content and answer the second

question which is when to irrigate? Some soil parameters must be

discussed. The higher level of the tank represents the saturation capacity

(SC) the water content of the soil if the applied water fills all the voids in the

soil and there is almost no air. At this level, the soil particles cannot hold all

that amount of water, some water will exit from the tank by gravity.

This amount of water that exit from the tank represents the deep

percolation.

After some time according to the soil type, most of the gravity water will be

removed from the soil reservoir and at this point the existing water level

represents the field capacity (FC). When plants use water in different

activities, mainly in transpiration to avoid over-heating, the level of the

water in the tank will decrease till it reaches a low level. The plant roots

cannot use it or in other words the plants cannot overcome the gravitational

forces between the soil particles and the surrounding water. This water

stress results in a permanent injury or death of the plant, so it is called

permanent wilting point (PWP).

The maximum useful capacity of the tank is the difference between the field

capacity and the permanent wilting point; This represents the water holding

capacity (WHC) of the soil reservoir. When water content is below a certain

level, a crop will show some degree of water stress that will adversely affect

the crop growth and the yield. This water content is termed as critical or

optimum water content.

It is usually used in a different way in practice, which is the fraction of the

available water that can be depleted without damaging the crop. It is usually

called management allowable depletion (MAD). The management allowable

depletion is a function of the degree of maturity of the crop and the crop

type itself. All these levels are usually expressed as depth of water per depth

of soil in field practice.




When to start irrigation?

In traditional irrigation process, when water is available, irrigation starts

when the soil reaches the critical level, and ends when it raises the soil

water back to the field capacity within the root zone. The capacity of the

tank is not constant during the growing season, as it begins with a small

capacity after planting and increases with time till the plant reach the

effective cover. This means that the rooting depth (RD) of the plant differs

according to the stage of growth of the plant. Knowing the rooting depth will

help to determine the amount of water to be applied without causing deep

percolation losses.

When water is applied rapidly even by a poorly designed sprinkler system or

poorly managed furrow irrigation or vigorous rains, the infiltration rate will

be less than the application rate and that water may be redistributed or

even leave the field as run off.

As a result of that, the applied water or the so called gross irrigation depth

(Idg) is usually greater than necessary. The percentage of water which is

beneficially used by crop to the applied water is usually called application

efficiency (EA).

Before starting irrigation, the current soil water content (SWC) is supposed

to be estimated. Then the actual amount of water that will be required to

raise the water content to the field capacity will be calculated. Irrigation

frequency is defined as the frequency of applying water to a particular crop

at a certain stage of growth and is expressed in days. In equation form it

reads:

Depth of irrigation (d), including application losses, applied to the soil in one

irrigation application and which is needed to bring the soil water content of

root zone to field capacity; mm. The depth of irrigation application (d)

including application losses is:

Ea

DSapd

*)*(

Where :

d = depth of irrigation application (mm)

p = fraction of available soil

Sa = total available soil water (mm/m) :soil depth

D = Rooting depth (m)




Ea = application efficiency, fraction

Since P,D and Etcrop will vary over growing season, the depth in mm and

interval of irrigation in days will vary.

Irrigation Interval (i)

Irrigation frequency is defined as the frequency of applying water to a

particular crop at a certain stage of growth and is expressed in days. In

equation form it reads:

Irrigation interval (days) (i) =ETc

RZDPSa

Where:

(i) = Irrigation interval (days)

Sa = Total available soil moisture = (FC – PWP) (mm/m)

P = Allowable depletion (decimal)

RZD = Effective root zone depth (m)

ETc = Crop evapotranspiration or crop water requirement (CWR) (mm/day)

Estimation of soil water contents

Estimation of soil water contents may be done using soil based

measurements like direct gravitational method, tension meters, resisting

blocks, neutron probes and remote sensing. A limitation of these methods is

that the soil water content cannot be correctly forecasted in the near future.

Probably, the most effective and convenient methods for managing irrigation

today, is to estimate the water requirements using soil water accounting.

Deep percolation and surface runoff are usually small compared to

evapotranspiration in the pressurized irrigation systems. Moreover, by

keeping soil water content below field capacity, runoff and deep percolation

could be minimized. Groundwater contribution can be computed from

Darcy law, but in general it is negligible unless a high groundwater table is

existing. Effective rainfall can be estimated by a simple infiltration formula,

but it is generally small compared to evapotranspiration in arid and semi-

arid areas. Hence, evapotranspiration (ET) is the most important component

in estimating the crop water requirements.




7.6 Irrigation efficiencies

Not all water taken from source to be used for irrigation, reaches its

destination by plants. Part of the water is lost during transport through the

canals and the fields. The remaining part is stored in the root zone and use

by plants. In other words, only part of the water is used efficiently, the rest

of the water is lost. These lost occurs:

1. Evapotranspiration from the water surface

2. Deep percolation to soil layers underneath the canals

3. Seepage through bund of the canals

4. Overtopping the bunds

5. Bund breaks

6. Run off in the drain

7. Rat holes in the canal bunds.

The losses mentioned above are shown on the following figure.

Different loses of water in the scheme

To express which percentage of the irrigation water is used efficiently and

which percentage is lost, the term irrigation efficiency is used. The scheme




irrigation efficiency (e in %) is the part of the water pumped or diverted

through the scheme inlet which is used efficiently by the plants. The scheme

irrigation efficiency divided in

A) The conveyance efficiency (ec)

which represents the efficiency of water transport in canals and;

• The conveyance efficiency mainly depend on:

• The length of the canals

• The soil type or permeability of the canal banks

• The condition of the canals.

B) The field application efficiency (ea)

Application efficiency (ea) represents the efficiency of water application in

the field. In large irrigation scheme more water is lost than in small

schemes, due to a longer canal system. From canals in sandy soils more

water is lost than from canals in heavy clay soils. Deep percolation and

surface runoff are usually small compared to evapotranspiration in the

pressurized irrigation systems. Moreover, by keeping soil water content

below field capacity, runoff and deep percolation could be minimized.

Groundwater contribution can be computed from Darcy law, but in general

it is negligible unless a high groundwater table is existing. Effective rainfall

can be estimated by a simple infiltration formula, but it is generally small

compared to evapotranspiration in arid and semi-arid areas. Hence,

evapotranspiration (ET) is the most important component in estimating the

crop water requirements.

Crop water use = ETc = ETo×Kc

ETc: Crop evapotranspiration

ETo: Reference crop evapotranspiration in mm/day

Kc: Crop coefficient




Crop Coefficient Curve Typical Shape of Crop Coefficient Curve

Stress coefficient

The water stress coefficient justifies the reduction in evapotranspiration.

This reduction happens, when the soil water depletion is increased and the

leaf cell becomes exposed to dehydration and damage. As a defense

mechanism, the stomata close to limit water loss and leaf temperature

begins to rise. A second mechanism is also used to reduce the amount of

heating by wilting of the leaves. If the depletion still increases, the plant may

reach to the permanent death.

It is necessary to assume a certain minimum rooting depth for germination

and emergence, before the development of the roots. This minimum rooting

depth is assumed to be constant till the development date and then

increases linearly till it reaches a maximum value at the effective cover date

and be constant after that date.

0

0 .1

0 .2

0 .3

0 .4

0 .5

0 .6

0 .7

0 .8

0 .9

1

0 0 .1 0 .2 0 .3 0 .4 0 .5 0 .6 0 .70 .8 0 .9 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

F rac t ion o f Tim e to F u ll C over D ay s A fte r F u ll C over




Annex-1

Sensitivity of various field crops to water shortage

Sensitivity Low Low-Medium Medium-High High

Crops Cassava Alfalfa beans Banana

Cotton Citrus cabbage fresh green

Millet Grape maize vegetables

pigeon pea Groundnuts onion paddy rice

Sorghum Soybean peas Potato

Sugarbeet pepper sugarcane

Sunflower tomato

Wheat (water)melon





Annex-2

Periods sensitive to water shortage

Crop Sensitive period

Alfalfa just after cutting

Alfalfa (for seed prod.) Flowering

Banana Throughout

Bean flowering and pod filling

Cabbage head enlargement and ripening

Citrus flowering and fruit setting more than fruit enlargement

Cotton flowering and boll formation

Grape vegetative period and flowering more than fruit filling

Groundnut flowering and pod setting

Maize flowering and grain filling

Olive just prior to flowering and yield formation

Onion bulb enlargement

Onion (for seed prod.) Flowering

Pea/fresh flowering and yield formation

Pea/dry ripening

Pepper Throughout

Pineapple vegetative period

Potato stolonization and tuber initiation

Rice head development and flowering

Sorghum flowering and yield formation

Soybean flowering and yield formation

Sugarbeet first month after emergence

Sugarcane vegetative period (tillering and stem elongation)

Sunflower flowering more than yield formation

Tobacco period of rapid growth

Tomato flowering more than yield formation

Watermelon flowering and fruit filling

Wheat flowering more than yield formation





List of Authors

Name of Guidelines and Manuals Name Field Affiliation

Guideline for Irrigation Master Plan Study Preparation on Surface Water Resources

Mr. Nobuhiko Suzuki Water resources planning

Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

Mr. Roba Muhyedin Irrigation Engineer OIDA Head Office

Manual for Runoff Analysis Mr. Yasukazu Kobayashi Runoff Analysis LANDTEC JAPAN, Inc.

Manual of GIS for ArcGIS (Basic & Advanced Section)

Mr. Ron Nagai GIS Application KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD.

Manual on Land Use Classification Analysis Using Remote Sensing

Mr. Kazutoshi Masuda Remote Sensing KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD.

Guidance for Oromia Irrigation Development Project Implementation

Mr. Kenjiro Futagami Facility Design/Construction Supervision


Study and Design Technical Guideline for Irrigation Projects (Irrigaiton Engineering Part)

Mr. Naoto Takano Facility Design/ Construction Supervision


(Socio-Economy, Community, Financial and Economic analysis Part)

Mr. Tafesse Andargie Economist OIDA Head Office

(Agronomy and Soil Part) Mr. Abdeta Nate'a Agronomist OIDA Head Office

Technical Guideline for Design of Headworks

Mr. Motohisa Wakatsuki Head works design Sanyu Consultants Inc.

Technical Guideline for Small Scale Reservoir

Mr. Haruo Hiki Project Management/ Planning/Reservoir

Sanyu Consultants Inc.

Technical Guideline for Irrigation Canal and Related Structures



Construction Control Manual Mr. Yoshiaki Otsubo Construction Supervision (Bura SSSIP)

Tokura Corporation

Guidance for Preparation of Operation and Maintenance Manual

Mr. Kenjiro Futagami Facility Design/Construction Supervision


Irrigation Water Users Association Formation and Development Manual


Strengthening Irrigation Water Users Association (IWUA) Guideline

Mr. Yasushi Osato Strengthening of WUA

Nippon Koei Co.


Small Scale Irrigation Water Management Guideline (Irrigation Water Supply Part)

Mr. Yohannes Geleta Irrigation Engineer OIDA Head Office

(Field Irrigation Water Management Part)

Mr. Abdeta Nate'a Agronomist OIDA Head Office

Remarks: Affiliation is shown when he work for CBID project.



32

List of Experts who contributed to revise guidelines and manuals (1/5)

Office Name Specialty

OIDA Head office Mr. Abdeta Nate'a Agronomist

OIDA Head office Mr. Kibrom Driba Irrigation Engineer

OIDA Head office Mr. Kurabachew Shewawerk Agronomist

OIDA Head office Mr. Lemma Adane Irrigation Engineer

OIDA Head office Mr. Roba Muhyedin Irrigation Engineer

OIDA Head office Mr. Shemeles Tefera Agronomist

OIDA Head office Ms. Sintayehu Getahun Irrigation Engineer

OIDA Head office Mr. Tafesse Andargie Economist

OIDA Head office Mr. Tafesse Tsegaye Irrigation Engineer

OIDA Head office Mr. Tatek Worku Irrigation Engineer

OIDA Head office Mr. Teferi Dhaba Irrigation Engineer

OIDA Head office Mr. Terfasa Fite Irrigation Engineer

OIDA Head office Mr. Tesfaye Deribe Irrigation Engineer

OIDA Head office Mr. Yohannes Dessalegn Economist

OIDA Head office Mr. Yohannes Geleta Irrigation Engineer

OWMEB Mr. Girma Etana Irrigation Engineer

OWMEB Mr. Kedir Lole Irrigation Engineer

Arsi Mr .Dedefi Ediso Agronomist

Arsi Mr. Birhanu Mussie Irrigation Engineer

Arsi Mr. Dinberu Abera Sociologist

Arsi Mr. Hussen Beriso Economist

Arsi Mr. Mulat Teshome Surveyor

Arsi Mr. Segni Bilisa Agronomist

Arsi Mr. Shewngezew Legesse Irrigation Engineer


33




Arsi Mr. Tamerwold Elias Irrigation Engineer

Arsi Mr. Tesfaye Gudisa Irrigation engineer

Arsi Mr. Teshome Eda'e Irrigation Engineer

Arsi Ms. Worknesh Kine Geologist

Bale Mr. Abboma Terresa Irrigation Engineer

Bale Mr. Abdulreshed Namo Irrigation Engineer

Bale Mr. Beyan Ahmed Economist

Bale Mr. Diriba Beyene Irrigation Engineer

Bale Mr. Firew Demeke Teferi Irrigation engineer

Bale Mr. Gosa Taye Debela Irrigation engineer

Bale Mr. Zeleke Agonafir Agronomist

Borena Mr. Dida Sola Irrigation Engineer

East Harerge Mr. Abdi Abdulkedar Irrigation Engineer

East Harerge Mr. Elias Abdi Irrigation Engineer

East Harerge Mr. Shemsedin kelil Irrigation Engineer

East Harerge Ms. Eskedar Mulatu Economist

East Shewa Mr. Andaregie Senbeta Economist

East Shewa Mr. Bekele Gebre Irrigation Engineer

East Shewa Mr. Dilibi ShekAli Sociologist

East Shewa Mr. Ejara Tola Agronomist

East Shewa Mr. Girma Niguse Irrigation Engineer

East Shewa Mr. Kebebew Legesse Irrigation Engineer

East Shewa Mr. Mulatu Wubishet Agronomist

East Shewa Mr. Tadesse Mekuria Agronomist


34




East Shewa Ms. Tigist Amare Irrigation Engineer

East Shewa Mr. Zerfu Seifu Irrigation Engineer

East Welega Mr. Benti Abose Economist

East Welega Mr. Birhanu Yadete Agronomist

East Welega Mr. Dasalegn Tesema Economist

East Welega Mr. Gamachis Asefa Irrigation Engineer

East Welega Mr. Getachew Irena Agronomist

East Welega Mr. Kidane Fekadu Irrigation Engineer

East Welega Mr. Milikesa Workeneh Irrigation Engineer

East Welega Ms. Mulunesh Bekele Irrigation Engineer

East Welega Mr. Samson Abdu Irrigation Engineer

East Welega Mr. Tulam Admasu Irrigation Engineer

East Welega Ms. Yeshimebet Bule Economist

Guji Mr. Abadir Sultan Sociology

Guji Mr. Dawud Menza Irrigation Engineer

Guji Mr. Fikadu Mekonin Geologist

Guji Mr. Megersa Ensermu Irrigation Engineer

Guji Mr. Wandesen Bakale Economist

Horoguduru Welega Mr. Seleshi Terfe Economist

Horoguduru Welega Mr. Temesgen Mekonnen Irrigation Engineer

Horoguduru Welega Mr. Tesfaye Chimdessa Economist

Illubabor Mr. Ahmed Sani Irrigation Engineer

Jimma Mr. Lebeta Adera Irrigation Engineer

Kelem Welega Mr. Ayana Fikadu Agronomist


35




Kelem Welega Mr. Megarsa Kumara Hydrologist

Kelem Welega Mr. Oda Teshome Economist

Northe Shewa Mr. Henok Girma Irrigation Engineer

South West Shewa Mr. Bedasa Tadele Irrigation Engineer

South West Shewa Mr. Gemechu Getachew Irrigation Engineer

West Arsi Mr. Abebe Gela Irrigation Engineer

West Arsi Mr. Demissie Gnorie Irrigation Engineer

West Arsi Mr. Feyisa Guye Irrigation Engineer

West Arsi Mr. Hashim Hussen Economist

West Arsi Mr. Jemal Jeldo Economist

West Arsi Mr. Mekonnen Merga Environmentalist

West Arsi Mr. Mohamedsafi Edris Irrigation Engineer

West Arsi Mr. Molla Lemesa Agronomist

West Arsi Mr. Tamene Kena Sociologist

West Arsi Mr. Tibaho Gobena Irrigation Engineer

West Harerge Mr. Alemayehu Daniel Agronomist

West Harerge Mr. Dereje Kefyalew Irrigation Engineer

West Harerge Mr. Ferid Hussen Irrigation Engineer

West Harerge Mr. Nuredin Adem Irrigation Engineer

West Harerge Mr. Seifu Gizaw Economist

West Shewa Mr. Jergna Dorsisa Irrigation Engineer

West Shewa Mr. Solomon Mengistu Agronomist

West Shewa Mr. Zerhun Abiyu Irrigation Engineer

West Welega Mr. Belaye kebede Irrigation Engineer


36




West Welega Mr. Busa Degefe Economist

West Welega Mr. Temesgen Runda Irrigation Engineer

Ministry of Agriculture Mr. Amerga Kearsie Irrigation Engineer

Ministry of Agriculture Mr. Zegeye Kassahun Agronomist

Amhara Agriculture Bureau

Mr. Assefa Zeleke Economist

OWWDSE Mr. Damtew Adefris Irrigation Engineer

OWWDSE Mr. Demelash Mulu Irrigation Engineer

OWWDSE Mr. Teshoma Wondemu Irrigation Engineer

Latinsa SC. Mr. Aschalew Deme Irrigation Engineer

Latinsa SC. Mr. Daba Feyisa Agronomist

Metaferia Consulting Engineers

Mr. Getu Getoraw Irrigation Engineer


Mr. Hassen Bahru Sociologist


Ms. Nitsuh Seifu Irrigation Engineer

Remarks: Office Name is shown when he/she works for CBID project.


37


List of Editors

Name of Guidelines and Manuals Name Field Affiliation

Guideline for Irrigation Master Plan Study Preparation on Surface Water Resources

Mr. Ermias Alemu Demissie Irrigation Engineer Lecturer in Arba Minch University

Mr. Zerihun Anbesa Hydrologist Lecturer in Arba Minch University


Technical Guideline for Irrigation Canal and Related Structures

Mr. Ermias Alemu Demissie Irrigation Engineer Lecturer in Arba Minch University

Mr. Bereket Bezabih Hydraulic Engineer (Geo technical)

Lecturer in Arba Minch University

Construction Control Manual Mr. Eiji Takemori Construction Supervision (Hirna SSIP)

LANDTEC JAPAN, Inc.

Construction Control Manual Dr. Hiroaki Okada

Construction Supervision (Sokido/Saraweba SSIP)

Sanyu Consultants Inc.

Construction Control Manual Mr. Shinsuke Kubo Construction Supervision (Shaya SSIP)

Independent Consulting Engineer


Construction Control Manual Mr. Toru Ikeuchi

Chief Advisor/Irrigation Technology

JIID (The Japanese Institute of Irrigation and Drainage)


Construction Control Manual Mr. Kenjiro Futagami

Facility Design/Construction Supervision


All Guidelines and Manuals Mr. Hiromu Uno Chief Advisor/Irrigation Technology


Manual for Runoff Analysis Manual of GIS for ArcGIS

(Basic & Advanced Section) Manual on Land Use

Classification Analysis Using Remote Sensing

Mr. Nobuhiko Suzuki Water resources planning


Guidance for Oromia Irrigation Development Project Implementation

Study and Design Technical Guideline for Irrigation Projects


Technical Guideline for Small Scale Reservoir

Construction Control Manual Guidance for Preparation of

Operation and Maintenance Manual

Irrigation Water Users Association Formation and Development Manual

Strengthening Irrigation Water Users Association (IWUA) Guideline






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List of Coordinators

Name Field Affiliation

Mr. Ryosuke Ito Coordinator/Training Independent

Mr. Tadashi Kikuchi Coordinator/Training Regional Planning International Co.



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Contact Person

Mr. Yohannes Geleta (Irrigation Engineer; Environmentalist)

(Tel: 0911-981665, E-mail: [email protected]) Mr. Tafesse Andargie (Economist)

(Tel: 0911-718671, E-mail:[email protected]) Mr. Abdeta Nate'a (Agronomist)

(Tel: 0912-230407, E-mail: [email protected])

Oromia Irrigation Development Authority (OIDA) Tel: 011-1262245 C/O JICA Ethiopia Office Mina Building, 6th & 7th Floor, P.O.Box 5384, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Tel : (251)-11-5504755 Fax: (251)-11-5504465

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