TL 3106

PENCEMARAN TANAH

(SOIL CONTAMINATION)

Pengajar: Ir. Yuniati, MT, MSc, PhD

PRODI TEKNIK LINGKUNGAN

Fakultas Teknik Sipil dan Lingkungan

Institut Teknologi Bandung

SLIDE -2

SOIL CHARACTERISTIC

Peraturan Pemerintah no 150/2000, tentang PENGENDALIAN KERUSAKAN TANAH UNTUK PRODUKSI BIOMASSA

Tanah adalah salah satu komponen lahan, berupa lapisanteratas kerak bumi yang terdiri dari bahan mineral dan bahanorganik serta mempunyai sifat fisik, kimia, biologi, danmempunyai kemampuan menunjang kehidupan manusia danmakhluk hidup lainnya;

Biomassa adalah tumbuhan atau bagian-bagiannya yaitubunga, biji, buah, daun, ranting, batang, dan akar, termasuktanaman yang dihasilkan oleh kegiatan pertanian, perkebunan, dan hutan tanaman;

Produksi biomassa adalah bentuk-bentuk pemanfaatan sumberdaya tanah untuk menghasilkan biomassa;

APA ITU TANAH?

WHAT IS SOIL?

A layer of natural materials on the earth’s surface containig both organic and inorganic materials and capable of supporting plant life.

The material covers the earth’s surface in a thin layer

It may be covered by water, or it may be exposed to the atmosphere.

Ideal soil should contain about 50% solid material and 50% pore space.

About half of the pore space should contain water and half of the space should contain air.

PARENT MATERIAL

Soil parent materials are those materials underlying the soil and from which the soil was formed.

There are five major categories of parent material:

1. minerals and rocks,

2. glacial deposits,

3. loess deposits,

4. alluvial and marine deposits and

5. organic deposits.

1. MINERALS AND ROCK

Minerals are solid, inorganic, chemically uniform substance occurring naturally in the earth.

Some common minerals for soil formation are feldspar, micas, silica, iron oxides, and calcium carbonates.

Rocks are different from minerals because they are not uniform.

Feldspar: (KAlSi3O8 – NaAlSi3O8 – CaAl2Si2O8) are a group of rock-forming tectosilicate minerals that make up as much as 60% of the Earth's crust

WHAT IS FELDSPAR?

MINERALS AND ROCK

There are three types of rocks:

1. igneous, formed by the cooling of molten rock (magma).

2. sedimentary , formed by the solidification of sediment.

3. metamorphic, igneous or sedimentary rocks which have been reformed because of great heat or pressure.

1 2 3

2.GLACIAL, 3.LOESS AND 4.ALLUVIAL DEPOSIT

During the ice age, glaciers moved across areas of the northern hemisphere.

They ground, pushed, piled, gouged, and eventually deposited great amounts of rocks, parent material, and already formed soil material.

Loess deposits are generally thought of as windblown silt.

Alluvial and marine deposits are water borne sediments.

- Alluvial deposits are left by moving fresh water.

- Marine deposits are formed on ancient ocean floors.

5. ORGANIC DEPOSITS

Organic deposits are partially decayed plants that live plants are able to root and grow in.

These are found in swamps and marshes.

THE SOIL PROFILE

Soil Horizon, they are the layers of the different types of soil found at different depths in the soil profile.

Soil Profile, a vertical section through the soil extending into the un-weathered parent materials and exposing all the horizons .

MASTER HORIZONS

Are the A, B and C horizons.

Typically found in most soils

They are a part of a system for naming soil horizons in which each layer is identified by a code O, A, E, B, C & R.

MASTER HORIZONS

Soil Profiles

The O Horizon

The organic layer made of wholly or partially decayed plant material and animal debris.

Normally found in a forest with fallen leaves, branches and other debris.

THE HORIZONS

The A Horizon

Also called the topsoil.

The most fertile layer of soil.

Contains the most organic matter.

Usually the top or first layer.

THE HORIZONS

The E Horizon

Also called the layer of eluviation.

This is the zone of the greatest leaching of clay, chemicals and organic matter.

THE HORIZONS

The B Horizon

Also called the subsoil.

Called the zone of accumulation where chemicals leached out of the A horizon.

Reason why most subsoil has an increase in clay content.

THE HORIZONS

The C Horizon

Called the parent material.

Lacks the properties of the A & B horizon.

Less touched by soil forming processes.

THE HORIZONS

R Horizon

Is the underlying bedrock such as….

Limestone

Sandstone

Granite

THE HORIZONS

SOIL TEXTURE

Refers to the size of particles.

Three types are….

Sand (Large)

Silt (Medium)

Clay (Small)

RELATIVE SIZE OF SOIL PARTICLES

RELATIVE SIZE OF SOIL PARTICLES

brangkal

kerakal

Kerikil kasar

Kerikil halus

Pasir sangat kasar

Pasir kasar

Pasir medium

Pasir halus

Lanau kasar

Liat

SPECIFIC SURFACE AREA

Mineral soil S m2/g

Montmorilonite 300-800

Mica-smectite 57

Kaolinite 17

Illite 80

Vermiculite 100-700

Chlorite 80

Alofan 484

Luas permukaan spesifik

SOIL TEXTURE - SANDY

The largest of the soil particles.

Individual particles can be seen with the naked eye.

Low moisture-holding capacity.

SOIL TEXTURE - LOAMY

About equal parts of….

Sand

Silt

Clay

Ideal texture for most non-container outside plants.

SOIL TEXTURE - CLAY

The smallest of the soil particles.

Clay particles stick to one another.

Has a high water-holding capacity.

TEXTURAL CLASSES

There are 12 textural classes.

Represented on the Soil Texture Triangle.

Textural class determined by the percentage of sand, silt, & clay (pasir, lanau, liat)

Loam (lempung)

TEXTURAL CLASSES

There are 12 textural classes.

Represented on the Soil Texture Triangle.

Textural class determined by the percentage of sand, silt, & clay (pasir, lanau, liat)

Loam (lempung)

SOIL STRUCTURE

Refers to the way soil particles cling together to form soil units or aggregates, while leaving pore space to….

Store air.

Store water.

Store nutrients.

Allow root penetration.

TYPES OF SOIL STRUCTURES

There are five types of soil structures.

They are:

Single grain

Granular

Platy

Blocky

Prismatic

SOIL STRUCTURE – SINGLE GRAIN

Associated with sandy soils.

SOIL STRUCTURE - GRANULAR

Is the best for most plants.

Particles cling together to form rounded aggregates.

It is commonly found in A horizons.

Peds are small usually between 1 to 10 millimeters.

SOIL STRUCTURE - PLATY

Usually found in E horizons.

Large, thin peds.

Plate-like & arranged in overlapping horizontal layers.

SOIL STRUCTURE - BLOCKY

Particles cling together in angular aggregates.

Typical of soils with high clay content.

Typical of B horizons.

Peds are large about 5 to 50 millimeters.

SOIL STRUCTURE - MASSIVE

Soil has no visible structure.

Hard to break apart & appears in very large clods.

SOIL COMPOSITION

About 50% of the soil should be solid particles.45% - Minerals

5% - Organic Matter

About 50% of soil should be pore space.25% - Air/Pore Space

25% - Water

SOIL PH

pH has the most impact on the availability of nutrients in the soil/media.

pH Scale

Ranges from 0 to 15.

Indicates the level of acidity or alkalinity.

7 is considered neutral.

Everything greater than 7 is considered alkaline (basic).

Everything less than 7 is considered acidic.

IDEAL PH

The ideal pH of most ornamental plants & lawn/turfgrasses is 5.5 to 7.0.

LAND CAPABILITY CLASSES

Land capability class categorize the productive potential of the soil.

The classes generally range from class 1, the best land for agricultural production, to class VIII, the least productive

Class I to IV can be cultivated.

V to VIII tend to have high slope or are low & wet.

LAND CAPABILITY CLASSES

Class I - Very good land.

Very few limitations.

Deep soil and nearly level.

Can be cropped every year as long as land is taken care of.

Class II - Good land

Has deep soil.

May require moderate attention to conservation practices.

LAND CAPABILITY CLASSES

Class III - moderately good land. Crops must be more carefully selected.

Often gently sloping hills.

Terraces and strip-cropping are more often used.

Class IV - fairly good land. Lowest class cultivated.

On hills with more slope than class III.

Class V - Unsuited for cultivation. Can be used for pasture crops and cattle grazing, hay crops or

tree farming.

Often used for wildlife or recreation areas.

LAND CAPABILITY CLASSES

Class VI - Not suited for row crops.Too much slope.Usually damaged by erosion with gullies.Can be used for trees, wildlife habitat, and

recreation.

Class VII - Highly unsuited for cultivation.Has severe limitations.Best used for planting trees.Steeply sloping.Large rock surfaces and boulders may be found.Very little soil present.

LAND CAPABILITY CLASSES

Class VIII – Cannot be use for commercial plants.

Cannot be used for row crops or other crops.

Often lowland covered with water.

Soil maybe wet or high in clay.

Best suited for wildlife & recreation.

WHICH ONE IS YOUR CHOICE??