singh agronomics

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Detrimental Effect of Soil Zinc Deficiency on Crop Productivity and Human Nutrition in India Indian Institute of Soil Science (ICAR) Bhopal-462 038, India ([email protected]) M. V. Singh Project Coordinator ALL India Coordinated Research Project of Micronutrients and Pollutants Paper presented in First global conference on Biofortification: Discovery to delivery held at Georgetown University, Washington, USA, Nov. 9-11,2010

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Page 1: Singh agronomics

Detrimental Effect of Soil Zinc

Deficiency on Crop Productivity and

Human Nutrition in India

Indian Institute of Soil Science (ICAR)

Bhopal-462 038, India([email protected])

M. V. Singh

Project Coordinator

ALL India Coordinated Research Project of

Micronutrients and Pollutants

Paper presented in First global conference on Biofortification: Discovery to delivery

held at Georgetown University, Washington, USA, Nov. 9-11,2010

Page 2: Singh agronomics

Population 1,168,714,600

Children-under-5 mortality rate 79 per 1000

Vitamin A deficiency, in children 6 to 59

months old

57 per 100

Iodine deficiency 33 per 100

Prevalence of anemia, in children 6 to 59

months old

69 per 100

Prevalence of anemia, in women

Zinc deficiency disorders

62 per 100

33 per 100

India - micronutrient malnutrition

Page 3: Singh agronomics

Trends of population growth in India

0

250

500

750

1000

1250

1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2007

Po

pu

lati

on

in

millio

ns

Per capita cereals availability in India

300

325

350

375

400

425

450

475

1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2007

Ce

rea

l g

/ d

ay

/ c

ap

ita

Per capita pulse availability in India

0

20

40

60

80

1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2007

g p

uls

e/d

ay/c

ap

ita

Influence of Population growth on per capita pulse and

Cereals availability over the years in India

Page 4: Singh agronomics

Demand projections for various food products in India (m t)

Commodity Base year

(2004-05)

Projection

(2020-21)

Cereals 192.8 262.0

Pulse 14.2 19.1

Food grains 207.0 281.1

Edible oilseeds 35.5 53.7

Vegetables 90.6 127.2

Fresh fruits 52.9 86.2

Sugar in terms

of cane

262.3 345.3

Source: Chand (2007)

Page 5: Singh agronomics

Detrimental effect of zinc deficiency on crops

It leads to poor growth, low crop yields or often

entire failure of crops and low input use efficiency

Page 6: Singh agronomics

Crops grown in problem soils suffer more with zinc

deficiency and causing more loss of crop productivitySoil Type Area, m ha

Salt affected soils 5.44

Salt affected water eroded 1.20

Acidic soils ( pH < 5.5) 5.09

Page 7: Singh agronomics

Fertilizer (NPK ) response of food grain crops in irrigated areas attributed

to depletion in soil zinc fertility in India (Source: Biswas and Sharma, 2008)

Page 8: Singh agronomics

State of knowledge* Precise delineation and mapping helps in prescribing site specific

micronutrient use, thereby increasing their MUE and benefits.

• Indian soils are low in total and available micronutrient content.

Page 9: Singh agronomics

Extent of deficiency in soil in India

• Zinc deficiency varied from 21 to 78% among various states.

• About 50% of 260,000 samples were found deficient in zinc

• Zinc deficiency in soil is expected to increase from 49% to 63% by

the year 2025 as most of the marginal soils show hidden hunger.

Page 10: Singh agronomics

Periodic changes in percent zinc deficiency (PSD) in

some northern states of India during four decades

Year 1968-83 1983-89 1988-97 1997-2008

State No. of

Sample

PSD No. of Sample

PSD State No.

of sample

PSD No.

of

Samp

le

Punjab 13341 53 6641 37 3142 27 3790 22.6

Haryana 14472 77 13350 52 7376 28 1702 19.4

Uttar

Pradesh

6093 69 5570 62 2003

3

39 1259 35.5

Mean

northern

India

33906 66 25561 50 3055

1

35 6751 24.2

Page 11: Singh agronomics

Periodic changes in percent zinc deficiency (PSD) in some

Middle parts of country during four decades

Year 1968-83 1983-89 1988-97 1997-2008

State No. of

Sample

PSD No. of

Sample

PSD State No. of

sample

PSD No. of

Sample

Bihar 10779 54 6746 49 8435 66 721 57.0

Gujarat 21994 26 18944 22 8158 18 943 36.5

Madhya

Pradesh

7643 63 8069 66 25224 37 1804 63.8

Mean

middle states

of country

40416 41 33759 38 41817 53 3468 55.0

Page 12: Singh agronomics

Periodic changes in percent zinc deficiency (PSD) in

some southern states of India during four decades

Year 1968-83 1983-89 1988-97 1997-2008

State No. of

Sample

PSD No. of Sample

PSD State No. of

sample

PSD No. of

Sample

Andhra

Pradesh

4405 51 3304 52 3753 47 685 45.0

Tamil Nadu 7540 36 19433 48 2547 67 4581 73.9

Mean southern

states of India

11945 42 22737 49 6300 55 5266 70.1

Source : Singh (2009)

Page 13: Singh agronomics

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

North states Central states South states Overall

Assessment year

% Z

n d

efi

cie

nt

sam

ple

1968-83 1983-89 1988-97 1997-2008

Periodic changes in zinc deficiency in

soils of India

Page 14: Singh agronomics

Percentage of cases in different categories of response

to zinc over years in farmer’s fields

Source: Singh (2005)

Years No. of

trials

Percent distribution of experiments in

different response range, kg /ha

< 200 200-500 500-1000 >1000

1975-76 250 44 41 15 0

1978-80 413 46 30 17 7

1981-84 489 22 40 30 8

1984-85 277 16 43 35 6

1985-86 103 21 44 27 8

1986-90 222 13 65 14 8

1990-2000 236 29 49 15 7

Page 15: Singh agronomics

Current trend of Per cent micronutrients

deficiencies in Soils Punjab

District Zn Cu Fe Mn B

Ludhiana 7 2 7 22 7

Muktsar 37 1 31 8 5

Patiala 12 1 5 5 36

Amritsar 22 0 4 12 -

Hoshiarpur 31 6 24 25 4

Page 16: Singh agronomics

Crop No. of

Experi-

ments

Grain

yield in

NPK,

kg/ha

Mean grain response over

NPK

B:C

Ratio

Rs.:Re% incre-

ase

kg

grain/

ha

kg

grain/

kg Zn

Rice 1252 3483 6.3 219 39.9 3.0 : 1

Wheat 5172 2353 8.8 208 37.8 2.8 : 1

Maize 601 2987 7.6 226 41.1 3.1 : 1

Barley 209 2734 9.3 254 46.2 3.5 : 1

Over all 7234 2612 8.3 213 38.7 2.9 : 1

Source: Singh M. V. (2001c)

Mean response to zinc application over NPK in experiments on

cultivator's Fields.

Page 17: Singh agronomics

Estimates of detrimental effects of zinc deficiency for

major cereal crops economic crop production in India

Crop Area sown

Under major

Cereals (m ha)

Average yield

loss compare to

NPKZn (t/ha)

Total grain loss in

Cereal production

(million ton/year)*

Rice 43.77 0.219 5.272

Wheat 28.15 0.208 3.220

Maize 8.26 0.226 1.027

Total 80.18 0.212 9.350

•On an Average 55% of 7960 field trials showed yield loss if

zinc deficiency is not corrected at country level

**Country as whole needs 169, 535 tonnes zinc or 403, 654 t

zinc sulphate/ year) considering 49% soils deficient in zinc and

50% soils needs fertilization.

Page 18: Singh agronomics

Estimates of detrimental effects of zinc deficiency on

economic loss from three major cereal crops in India

Crop Economic

Total loss

due to Zn**

deficiency

equivalent

(mUS $)***

Economic

Net loss

annual

from Zn

deficiency

( m US $ )

Net benefit

lost from

nonsupply of

Zn (costing

for each US $

(B:C ratio)

As BONUS

benefits lost

from residual

Zn fertility

& overcoming

malnutrition

Rice 1226 792.8 1.83:1 Zn enriched

food grain &

yield increase

by Zn residual

fertility for 3

Major crops

Wheat 899 620.0 2.23:1

Maize 175 93.2 1.14:1

Total 2200 1506 1.90:1

*Cost: fertilizer US$ 18 for 5 kg Zn/ ha, **Produce cost (US $)

for 1 ton Paddy 232.56 , Wheat 279.07 , Maize 186.04

Page 19: Singh agronomics

Influence of soil mineral status on nutritional disorders in animals emanated in various zones of India

State Zone Mineral deficiency Madhya Pradesh Northern Hill zone P, Zn

Central Narmada Valley P, Zn, Mn

Rajasthan Semi arid zone Ca, P, Zn

Arid zone Zn, Cu

Haryana Irrigated Ca, P, Cu, Zn, Mn

Himachal Pradesh Shivalik Hill zone Ca, Zn, K

Maharashtra North Konkan Coastal Ca, P, Mg, Fe

Karnataka North East Transition zone Ca, P

North East Dry zone Ca, Zn

Northern Dry zone Ca, P, Mg, Cu, Zn

Southern Transition zone Ca, Cu, Zn

Coastal zone Cu, Zn

Kerala Northern zone Ca, P, Mg, Cu, Mn

Tamil Nadu Rainfed Ca, P, Cu, Zn

Irrigated Cu, Zn, Mn

Andhra Pradesh Rainfed zone Ca, P, Cu, Zn, Mn

Bihar Zone-I Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn , Co

Page 20: Singh agronomics

District Deficiency (%)

based on

serum mineral

Deficiency (%)

based on hair

mineral basis

Deficiency (%)

based on milk

mineral basis

Ca P Cu Ca Zn Mn Ca P Zn Cu

Gurgaon 80 19 42 27 44 -- 30 28 51 48

Faridabad 73 06 07 41 34 -- 35 24 64 71

Kurukeshtra 21 45 -- 32 57 -- 4 69 54 65

Bhiwani 35 -- 37 27 96 99 66 62 90 29

Rohtak 29 -- 46 55 81 67 71 80 63 25

Hisar 37 13 34 36 31 30 24 51 30 6

Jhajjar 40 33 -- 1 61 12 51 97 37 90

Source: CCSHAU, Hisar

Detrimental effect of soil mineral deficiencies on

nutritional disorders in animals in Haryana

Page 21: Singh agronomics

Micronutrient prescription for healthy live stockComposition of a mineral mixture for live stock

( 3 kg mixture / 100 kg feed) in Karnataka

Ingredients Amounts added in

g/ 3 kg mixture

Dicalcium Phosphate 1650

Sodium chloride 900

Calcium carbonate 312

Magnesium carbonate 90

Ferrous sulphate 15

Zinc sulphate 7.5

Manganese dioxide 2.1

Copper sulphate 2.1

Sodium fluoride 1.5

Potassium iodide 0.3

Nutrient deficiencies in soils

of Karnataka from animal

health point of view

Prasad et al (1999), NIANP

Page 22: Singh agronomics

Influence of soil zinc deficiency on zinc

content in crops and in human blood serum

Mean zinc status

Blood

serum µg/ml

District

(A.P.)

Category No.of

Subject

tested Soil

mg/kg

Plant

mg/kg

Men Women

Deficient 18 0.37 18.2 0.49 0.52 Rangga

reddy Sufficient 44 0.69 26.7 0.55 0.65

Deficient 16 0.45 13.6 0.84 0.97 East

Godavary Sufficient 44 1.12 25.9 1.08 1.06

Page 23: Singh agronomics
Page 24: Singh agronomics

Selection of efficient plants:

Wheat varieties

Response to zinc

BIOFORTIFICATION OF CROPS

WITH ZINC

Page 25: Singh agronomics

Zinc concentration enrichment in grain

It varied with crops and crop varieties

Soil Zn status yield Zinc enrichment in

grain

Zn deficient Soil application Foliar spray

Zn moderate Soil or foliar Foliar sprays

Zn adequate Foliar sprays Foliar sprays

Zn sources All Zn sources (

So4/P04/ chelates/

ZnO ) are good

Zn sulphate/ Zn

chelate

Time of application Tillering Flowering

Doses 5-20kgZn/ha 0.5% spray twice

Page 26: Singh agronomics

Effect of zinc application on zinc enrichment in grain of wheat

varieties

0

20

40

60

80

JW

3020

GW

273

JW

3173

MP

373

DL

7882

PDW

233

PDW

291

P 550 PBW

343

HW

2004

HI

1544

Zn

co

nc

. m

g/k

g

No Zn Zn Sprays

Foliar Sprays of 0.5% zinc sulphate solution twice at

blooming stage gave higher zinc enrichment in wheat

seed than soil application

Page 27: Singh agronomics

Effect of zinc soil and foliar application on zinc enrichment in

wheat varieties

0

20

40

60

80

Var

ietie

s

JW 302

0

GW

273

JW 317

3

MP 373

DL 78

82

PDW

233

PDW

291

P 550

PBW

343

HW

200

4

Zn

co

nc

., m

g/k

g

Page 28: Singh agronomics

Micronutrient content in Rice VarietiesRice

Variety

1000 Grain

wt.(gm)

Zn

ppm

Fe

ppm

Mn

ppm

Cu

ppm

B

ppm

S

%

Kanak 24.2 14.2 45.9 51.1 8.2 41.9 0.077

Bhagwati 24.0 19.6 42.5 21.0 8.6 15.8 0.051

Rajshree 19.3 12.2 41.2 18.1 4.7 13.9 0.060

Gautam 18.2 18.5 47.6 21.1 12.8 17.8 0.063

Subhasini 17.5 14.7 45.9 32.3 12.9 10.7 0.049

Santosh 15.9 18.6 58.2 19.8 6.1 13.9 0.059

RAU 3036 11.4 13.6 76.2 30.8 16.4 23.9 0.088

Kasturi 10.8 11.4 56.0 22.8 5.9 23.7 0.061

Saroj 9.8 28.5 61.0 40.4 14.4 31.9 0.092

Page 29: Singh agronomics

Zinc concentration in grain varied in

crops and crop varieties

Zinc enrichment or agronomic biofortification

Paddy 5-8 ppm over No Zn Less than 1 time

Maize/ bajra 7-18 ppm over no Zn 1-2 times

Wheat/ chickpea 16-66 ppm over no Zn 2-4 times

Majority of Indians have rice or maize based diet so zinc

deficiency in children and human is wide spread

Page 30: Singh agronomics

Detrimental effect of rice-red gram diet produced in zinc deficient soil (ZDS) compared to diet produced in Zinc sufficient soil (ZSS) on the apparent mineral nutrient absorption and their content in tissues of model animal (Guinea pig)

Zn Fe Ca Diet

ZDS ZSS ZDS ZSS ZDS ZSS

Intake (mg /3 days) 517.5 777.16 1.04 0.67 5.87 7.85

Apparent absorption

(mg/3day)

164.6 295.4 0.36 0.23 1.79 2.42

Percent of Intake 31.8 38.2 34.6 34.3 30.5 30.8

Liver (µg/g) 64.3 68.14 425.6 418.2 - -

Femur (µg/g) 154.0 174.15 93.0 80.6 210 212

Serum (µg/g) 1.05 1.34 - - 90.1 91.1

Haemoglobin

(gm %)

- - 12.93 13.41 - -

Source: AICRP MNS, ANGRAU

Page 31: Singh agronomics

A. Multinutrient deficiencies in wheat

B. Healthy wheat crop

• Farmers are advised not to waste

money on spurious materials

and apply genuine zinc or

manganese

• Awareness of zinc or manganese

deficiency to farmers is must

Field day in Haryana

Page 32: Singh agronomics

G : Popularization of technology

Widely adopted technology at grassroot level.

• Real constraint is genuine supply of micronutrient

• material to farmers.

Page 33: Singh agronomics

Summary and conclusions

1. Among micronutrients, Zn deficiency is the most common and widespread in soil and crops of India.

2. Zinc deficiency has extensive detrimental effect on crop yields (200-1000 kg/ha). Thus India is loosing 9.35 million tonnes food grains ( rice, wheat and maize) worth of US $ 1.506 billion annually.

3. Micronutrient deficiency leads to low zinc, iron, manganese and copper concentration in edible parts of crop produce which has detrimental effect on nutrition and health. As a consequence, it is reported that, India is spending nearly US $ 2.5 billion to prevent various diseases aroused from micronutrient malnutrition.

4. Foliar sprays of 0.5% solution is more beneficial and economical in enhancing zinc content in seed than 20 kg Zn/ha to soil.

Page 34: Singh agronomics

Improving ZINC fertility of ALL SOILS reduces detrimental effect of zinc on crop productivity and nutrition of humans and live stock. Location and crop specific micronutrient supply is important to save US $ 4.00 billion annually and thereby reducing drug dependence of millions of poor rural population of India.

• Soil application of zinc and/or foliar sprays of zinc sulphate at

blooming of crops reduces detrimental effect of zinc on YIELDS

and zinc concentration in edible parts, it provides economic

BENEFIT of US $ 2.00 for US $ 1.0 spent on zinc fertilization.

• The increase in ZINC CONCENTRATION by 5-20 mg/kg in seed is

a BONUS besides yield gains so government policy should intent

to promote zinc fertilization in ALL CROPS to reduce zinc

malnutrition and serve humans and animals.

Page 35: Singh agronomics

Summary Crop species and variety showed wide differences in

zinc efficiency and their ability for absorption and

translocation of micronutrient in seed and thus

biofortifying efficient varieties needs promotion.

Zinc deficiency in soil is decreasing in northern part of

India due regular use of zinc fertilizers while in southern

parts of India it is increasing. Still zinc fertilization

policy needs more attention to produce high

micronutrient enriched agriculture produce.

• Holistic approach and better options including efficient

crop plants, suitable agronomic interventions along

with favourable government policy is must to reduce

detrimental effect of Zn deficiency on crop productivity,

produce quality, nutrition and well being of Indians.

Page 36: Singh agronomics

Thank You

Page 37: Singh agronomics

Thank You

Page 38: Singh agronomics

Future Research Needs• Developing holistic approach and better options to produce high

micronutrient enriched agriculture produce for reducing drug

dependence in treating micronutrient .

• Identify efficient crops and varieties as master plant type having

capability to produce high micronutrients enriched seed /fodder .

• Better understanding of physiological mechanisms, as an marker or

indicator, controlling micronutrient efficiency in crop plants at root, shoot

and grain level.

• Investigating plant anatomical and rhizospheric factors responsible for

the variability in absorption, and translocation of micronutrient in seed

and fodder of important food crops.

Page 39: Singh agronomics

Delineation of micronutrient deficient areas &

mapping

Based on 2.70 lakh soil samples, micronutrient deficient areas have been

delineated & mapped. As much as 49, 12, 3, 5, 33,13 soils are low in

available Zn, Fe,Cu, Mn, B, and Mo, leading to lower crop productivity,

production and and profits.

Zinc deficiency is most common and wide spread problem. Zinc

deficiency is likely to increase from 49 to 63% by the year 2025 as crops

in marginal soils are showing hidden hunger.

Multi nutrient deficiencies are emerging widely affecting plant, animal

and human health, directly on loss in productivity, working days, high

susceptibility to diseases.

Page 40: Singh agronomics

Periodic changes in zinc deficiency in various

states during four decades in IndiaState Per cent Zn deficient soil samples ( PSD)

Year 1968-83 1983-89 1988-97 1997-2008

State No. of

sample

PSD No. of

Sample

PSD No. of

Sample

PSD No. of

sample

PSD

Punjab 13341 53 6641 37 3142 27 3790 22.6

Haryana 14472 77 13350 52 7376 28 1702 19.4

U.Pradesh 6093 69 5570 62 20033 39 1259 35.5

Bihar 10779 54 6746 49 8435 66 721 57.0

M.Pradesh 7643 63 8069 66 25224 38 1804 63.8

Gujarat 21994 26 18944 22 8158 18 943 36.5

Andhra Pradesh

4405 51 3304 52 3753 47 685 45.0

Tamil Nadu 7540 36 19433 48 2547 67 4581 73.9

Overall 86267 51 82057 45 53126 39 15545 43.3

Source:Singh 2009