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FORESTRY AND VEGETATION MANAGEMENT SPECIALISTS W F C I 3601943-1 723 FAX 3601943-4 1 28 1919 Yelm Hwy SE, Suite C Olympia, WA 98501 URBANIRURAL FORESTRY TREE APPRAISAL HAZARD TREE ANALYSIS RIGHT-OF-WAYS VEGETATION MANAGEMENT ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES CONTRACT FORESTERS Member of International Society of Arboriculture and Society of American Foresters I. SILVER CREEK HOA – Forest Management Plan Site Address: Greenbelt Common Areas, Silver Creek Tracts Puyallup, WA 98375 Property Information: Forested Acres: ~62 Legal Description: The greenbelt common areas referred to in this plan include 5 forested areas on 6 tax parcels owned by the Silver Creek Homeowners Association. They include parcel numbers 6021961490, 6024664760, 6024654810, 6025231560, 6023133600, and 0419334016 of Country Hollow Division 2/Silver Creek and are located in different parts of Section 33, Township 19 North, Range 4 East, W.M., Pierce County, Washington. The parcels are all accessible from Gem Heights Drive East. Prepared for: Silver Creek Homeowners Association c/o Higgins & Associates P.O. Box 731029 Puyallup, WA 98373-0030 253-209-6436 (Bob Schultz – HOA President) [email protected] Prepared by: Galen M. Wright, Certified Forester Washington Forestry Consultants, Inc. 1919 Yelm Hwy. SE Olympia, WA 98501 360/943-1723 [email protected] Date of Plan: February 20, 2017

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Page 1: Silver Creek Homeowners Association Forest …silvercreekwa.com/images/Silver Creek HOA_Forest... · Silver Creek Homeowners Association Forest Management Plan Washington Forestry

FORESTRY AND VEGETATION MANAGEMENT SPECIALISTS W F C I

3601943-1 723 FAX 3601943-4 1 28

1919 Yelm Hwy SE, Suite C Olympia, WA 98501

URBANIRURAL FORESTRY TREE APPRAISAL HAZARD TREE ANALYSIS RIGHT-OF-WAYS VEGETATION MANAGEMENT ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES CONTRACT FORESTERS

Member of International Society of Arboriculture and Society of American Foresters

I. SILVER CREEK HOA – Forest Management Plan

Site Address: Greenbelt Common Areas, Silver Creek Tracts

Puyallup, WA 98375

Property Information: Forested Acres: ~62

Legal Description: The greenbelt common areas referred to in this plan include 5 forested areas on 6 tax parcels owned by the Silver Creek Homeowners Association. They include parcel numbers 6021961490, 6024664760, 6024654810, 6025231560, 6023133600, and 0419334016 of Country Hollow Division 2/Silver Creek and are located in different parts of Section 33, Township 19 North, Range 4 East, W.M., Pierce County, Washington. The parcels are all accessible from Gem Heights Drive East.

Prepared for:

Silver Creek Homeowners Association c/o Higgins & Associates

P.O. Box 731029 Puyallup, WA 98373-0030

253-209-6436 (Bob Schultz – HOA President) [email protected]

Prepared by:

Galen M. Wright, Certified Forester Washington Forestry Consultants, Inc.

1919 Yelm Hwy. SE Olympia, WA 98501

360/943-1723 [email protected]

Date of Plan:

February 20, 2017

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II. Landowner Objectives The HOA’s objectives are to improve the health and longevity of the forests, ensure long term slope stability within these forested areas, and maintain the safety of the residents. III. Introductory Overview of the Property Site History and Description The Silver Creek master plan was designed and developed in the early 2000’s. Two wetlands were protected on site, as well as 3 forested greenbelts. The greenbelts are located between neighborhoods on hillsides consisting of 10% to 40% slopes. Some of the trees within one of the greenbelts have been ‘crown reduced’ (‘topped’) in the past. This has resulted in some mortality, top-breakage, and blowdown. In addition, the relatively high density of trees in some spots has resulted in long, weak stems that are prone to top-breakage during high winds. Lastly, it appears that root disease has infected many patches of Douglas-fir trees in recent years, also resulting in tree mortality and blowdown. The primary tree species throughout each greenbelt common area is Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). Western red cedar (Thuja plicata) trees are also present, with lessor numbers of western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) trees. In addition, red alder (Alnus rubra) and black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) trees can be found in hardwood patches and scattered throughout the forest. There appears to be multiple pockets of laminated root rot (Phellinus sulphurascens) infection that is killing the Douglas-fir trees nearby. The understory is comprised of a dense layer of salal (Gaultheria shallon) and sword fern (Polystichum munitum). Other major understory species include bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum), ocean spray (Holodiscus discolor), western hazelnut (Corylus cornuta), salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis), trailing blackberry (Rubus ursinus), and American holly (Ilex opaca). IV. Greenbelt Descriptions and Suggested Management Practices There are 5 forested areas (Appendix I) that were evaluated for the purposes of developing management prescriptions which includes two wetlands and 3 greenbelt common areas. The following is a description of these areas: Type I – Central Greenbelt This is a narrow strip of trees approximately 4,000 feet long and 250 feet wide on average, for an approximate total of 24 acres of forest. It is dominated by Douglas-fir with patches of hardwoods including red alder and black cottonwood. Western red cedar and western hemlock trees are also found throughout the type. The diameters of the dominant and codominant trees range from 10 to 24 inches DBH. The trees range from approximately 25 to 40 years old with a variable stocking level that ranges from 100 to 600 stems per acre. The stand is growing on a

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slope that ranges from 10% on the lower (southeast) side, to up to 40% on the upper, northwest side. Stand Condition. -- The stand canopy coverage is mostly contiguous, and well-stocked to over-stocked in some areas. Most of the mortality is limited to the intermediate and suppressed canopy layer which is not unusual since we commonly see 1-2% annual mortality in native forest stands. There are up to 12 small pockets of laminated root rot with diseased Douglas-fir trees in these pockets. Previous ‘topping’ of trees to increase the views for homes on top of the hill have resulted in many trees having multiple tops that are susceptible to breakage, or dead trees. Understory Shrubs. -- The understory is dense with 2-3 foot tall salal and sword fern. Salmonberry, bracken fern, ocean spray, and western hazelnut are also prevalent. Suggested Management. -- The pockets of Douglas-fir trees infected with laminated root rot disease and those within 15 to 30 feet of any infected trees should be marked by a professional forester and removed. Western red cedar trees can then be planted on a 10 foot centers in the gaps in the canopy. This species is resistant to laminated root rot and shade tolerant, but irrigation may be necessary in order to perpetuate establishment. Clearing planting spots in the understory for planting will also be necessary.

Photo A. View of laminated root rot damage near the southwestern end of Type I.

The dense areas of this type could potentially benefit from a thinning operation to reduce the numbers of tall, slender, weak trees that are prone to breakage. This would open up the canopy

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and allow for more room for the remaining trees to grow. Dominant and co-dominant trees should be selected to be saved. A professional forester will be able to identify the best save trees.

Photo B. View of high tree density within Type I.

Many of the previously topped trees should be removed to avoid any hazardous conditions. If this creates any large, open areas, Douglas-fir trees can be replanted in areas not affected by laminated root rot, and western red cedar trees can be planted anywhere. In general, topping trees is not a recommended practice, and should be avoided. Type II – Southwest Greenbelt This narrow 6.6-acre, 30 year old type near the southwest corner of Silver Creek is also dominated by Douglas-fir ranging in diameter from 8 to 20 inches DBH. Other species included in this type are western red cedar, western hemlock, red alder, and black cottonwood. These secondary species are scattered throughout the type. This stand is growing on a slope ranging from 5% on the top (west side of type) to nearly 40% on the east-facing slope. The stocking level is variable, but generally is between 100 and 300 trees per acre, with some denser areas similar to Type I. This type also contains a few pockets of laminated root rot that is killing the Douglas-fir trees.

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Photo C. View of dead Douglas-fir trees potentially killed by laminated root rot in Type II.

Photo D. View of fallen Douglas-fir root ball potentially killed by laminated root rot in Type II.

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Stand Condition. -- The stand canopy coverage is mostly contiguous, and well-stocked to over-stocked in some areas. Most of the mortality is limited to the intermediate and suppressed canopy layer. There are 5 pockets of diseased and dying Douglas-fir trees, likely due to laminated root rot, that have created some openings in the canopy. Understory Shrubs. -- The understory is similar to Type I. It is stocked with salal and swordfern under the canopy, and by ocean spray, western hazelnut, and salmonberry in the more open areas. Suggested Management. – Have a professional forester mark all trees within 15 to 30 feet of known laminated root rot infected trees, and remove those trees. Replant with western red cedar on 10 foot centers. Clearing planting spots in the understory will be necessary. As with Type I, the higher density areas of this type could benefit from some thinning to reduce the numbers of tall, slender, weak trees that are more susceptible to wind breakage. Type III – Southeast Greenbelt This type consists of a more even mix of conifers and hardwoods, characterized by red alder, cottonwood, and bigleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum) dominating the middle of the type, and Douglas-fir and western red cedar dominating the outer edges of the type. The hardwood trees range in diameter from 10 to 24 inches DBH, with the conifers between 12 and 26 inches DBH.

Photo E. View of the mix of hardwoods and conifers in Type III.

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Stand Condition. -- This greenbelt is much wider than the previous two, with similar slopes, between 10% and 40%. There were no laminated root rot, or other disease patches identified within the type. The conifers grouped around the edges of the type are not overstocked, and appear generally healthy. The hardwoods in the middle of the type are also generally healthy, with some decline that is typical with a hardwood forest. Understory Shrubs. -- The understory is mostly comprised with sword fern, salal, salmonberry, and bracken fern, as well as other native broadleaf species. Suggested Management. -- Aside from hazardous tree maintenance, no other management is suggested at this time. Type IV – Wetlands This type consists of two separate wetlands owned by the HOA. They both consist of an open canopy wetland area near the middle of the type, surrounded by a buffer of 50 – 60 year old Douglas-fir, western red cedar, black cottonwood, and red alder trees. The hardwood trees range in diameter from 10 to 24 inches DBH, with the conifers between 12 and 30 inches DBH. Stand Condition. -- The buffer areas are generally well stocked with a closed canopy. There were no laminated root rot, or other disease patches identified within the type. The conifers and hardwoods around the edges of the type appear generally healthy with some decline that is typical in an older forest. Understory Shrubs. -- The understory is mostly comprised with sword fern, salal, ocean spray, western hazelnut, salmonberry, and bracken fern, as well as other native broadleaf species. Suggested Management. -- Aside from hazardous tree maintenance, no other management is suggested at this time. General Management Prescriptions The laminated root rot infected trees should be removed in order to eliminate the spread of the disease. Where laminated root rot pockets will be harvested, western red cedar seedlings (Plug+1 stock) should be replanted. Site preparation will need to be conducted in order to remove and treat competing vegetation. The trees should be planted in late February or March on 10-foot centers. In the denser patches of Douglas-fir, an option is to thin (selectively remove) the tall, narrow, weak trees that will be susceptible to wind breakage. This will speed up the natural competition process and allow the remaining trees more room to grow, improve taper, and strengthen their stems.

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The previously topped trees that are not within reach of a potential target could be left alone. Their tops are susceptible to wind breakage, but are unlikely to cause damage if not within range of a target. Further topping of any existing trees is not recommended. Resource Category II – Soils Soils Description There are 3 soil types associated with the forested common areas within the Silver Creek HOA. According to the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Web Soil Survey, they are the Everett very gravelly sandy loam (0-30% slopes), Kapowsin gravelly ashy loam (0-65% slopes), and the Nielton gravelly loamy sand (8-25% slopes) (Figure 1). Soil descriptions are as follows: The Everett very gravelly sandy loam is a very deep, somewhat excessively drained soil found on terraces and outwash plains. It formed in glacial outwash. Permeability is rapid. Plant available water capacity is low. The effective rooting depth is 60 inches or more and the hazard of runoff and erosion is slight. The potential for windthrow of trees is slight under normal conditions. Seedling mortality is severe and new trees require irrigation to establish. The Kapowsin gravelly ashy loam is a moderately deep, moderately well drained soil found on shoulders of hills. It is formed over volcanic ash and/or glacial drift over dense glaciomarine deposits. A cemented hardpan is located at a depth of about 25 inches. Effective rooting depth is 11 to 30 inches. Available water storage capacity for plants is low. The Neilton gravelly loamy sand is a very deep, excessively drained soil. It is formed in stratified, gravelly glacial outwash deposits on uplands. Permeability is rapid. The available water capacity for plants is low. The effective rooting depth for trees is 60 inches. The potential for windthrow of trees is low under normal conditions.

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Figure 1. Soil types on the Silver Creek common areas: 13B/D – Everett very gravelly

sandy loam; 19B/E – Kapowsin gravelly ashy loam; and 24D – Neilton gravelly loamy sand.

The available water storage capacity for each of these soil types is low, making it difficult for new trees to germinate. The potential for erosion within these forested areas is considered to be ‘slight’ to ‘moderate’. According to the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Web Soil Survey website, “a rating of ‘slight’ indicates that erosion is unlikely;” and “‘moderate’ indicates that some erosion is likely and that erosion-control measures may be needed” if the area experiences extensive damage like vegetation removal. The HOA board is concerned with erosion on these forested slopes that may result from the dying and falling trees. We have suggested replanting the areas that need to be cleared of the laminated root rot infected trees, but in general the loss of a few trees will not impact soil

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stability or erosion. This is based on the above described characteristics of the soils, the moderately-low steepness of the slopes, and the dense amounts of vegetation. Resource Category III – Water Quality/Riparian and Fish Habitat/Wetlands There are two wetlands owned by the Silver Creek HOA (Forest Type IV). Both were protected with appropriate buffers at the time of development. Recent evaluation indicates that these wetlands and surrounding buffers are continuing to develop naturally and do not show any signs of extensive disease or decay among the stands of trees. No active management activities are proposed within these areas, aside from continued monitoring. Resource Category IV – Property Access/Roads and Trails The two wetlands are protected behind fences and homes. Access is open to the abutting properties, but general public access trails do not exist within the wetlands. Homes also abut the three other greenbelts, but each one also has a gravel trail running through it that is well maintained by the HOA. Due to the open fences abutting the greenbelts, homeowners should be informed what can and cannot be done within the greenbelts, with forest health and integrity the priority. Resource Category V – Aesthetics and Recreation In addition to the established and maintained trails within the greenbelts, each of the common areas are abutted by individual homes. Many do not have fences adjacent to the greenbelts. Continuing the practice of removing and maintaining the diseased, dying, and dead trees that are within reach of potential targets is recommended. This will improve safety as well as forest health. V. Management Plan Implementation Timetable Annual maintenance activity should include patrol of the greenbelt and wetland boundaries to look for encroachments and hazardous trees, maintaining access points and trails, controlling noxious weeds, and monitoring the stands for disease and insect problems. The long term management plan of the greenbelt common areas are to ensure their health and longevity and to maintain the slope stability where applicable. At this point in time, a harvest operation to remove as many laminated root rot infected trees as possible should be implemented. Additionally, a selective thinning-from-below of some of the denser areas of the forest (Types I and II) may be beneficial to the HOA’s goals of enhancing the health and longevity of the forest.

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Table 2. Timeline for Activity

YEAR* MONTH TYPE ACTIVITY PRODUCT/TECHNIQUE Annually in perpetuity

Any All Maintenance Inspect trails and stand edges for maintenance needs and hazard tree removal. Monitor disease and insect problems. Remove any hazardous trees.

2017 January -March

I, II Laminated Root Rot clean-up harvesting;

Remove infected (to be marked by professional forester) trees from laminated root rot pockets, leave snags (if possible) and dead wood on the ground. Create small slash piles as habitat for small birds and mammals. Utilize Certified Consulting Forester and a Certified logger. Maintain integrity of standing timber.

2017 or 2018 February – April (2017) or October –

November (2018)

I, II Site prepare open spaces for planting

Create planting spots in the opens left by the laminated root rot harvesting operations.

2017 Any I, II Purchase Seedlings Western red cedar Plug+1. Approximately 500 total seedlings will be needed from Seed Zone 2 - Puget Sound, 0 - 2000 ft. elevation; Weyerhaeuser is suggested source for seedlings.

2017 (if site is ready) or 2018

February – April

I, II Plant open spaces Plant western red cedar seedlings on 10 ft. centers, in the open spaces created by harvesting the infected Douglas-fir trees.

2017 - 2020 Any I, II Thin-from-Below (if desired)

Utilize professional forester to mark tall, weak trees to be removed from within highly dense areas of the forests to speed-up natural competition for dominant trees. Opting not to do this will not be detrimental in terms of general forest health, but will result in continued breakage and mortality within dense portions of the forests.

2019 or 2020 August I, II Plantation release from weeds/brush.

Accord plus 0.25% non-ionic surfactant at labeled rates of Accord.

2027 October I, II Evaluate forest for new laminated root

rot damage

Utilize Certified Consulting Forester.

Anytime Any All Monitor Forest for Health

Explore and inspect the forest for signs of unwanted disease or damage.

* Adjust schedule if activity is delayed/accelerated. Seedlings for reforestation should be sourced from seed zone 2 – Puget Sound and be in the 0-1,000 ft. elevation stock. Douglas-fir and western hemlock should not be planted where laminated root rot disease is known to be present. Western red cedar (plug +1) trees are resistant to the laminated root rot disease, and would be more suitable. Tree seedlings should be planted on 10 ft. centers to achieve 435 trees/acre.

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Follow-up weed and brush control will likely be needed – the frequency to be determined by the weed pressure. Once tree seedlings are established, and terminal leaders are above the weed/brush canopy, no additional weed control (other than invasive weed control) should be necessary. VI. Summary The greenbelts and wetland areas this plan is written for were retained during the planning and construction of the Silver Creek development. The greenbelts were retained on slopes between homes ranging from 10% to 40% steepness. The Silver Creek HOA recognizes that there are some unhealthy areas of trees within these greenbelts, and are concerned that the loss of the trees and their root systems will reduce the integrity of the soils on these slopes. Their objectives are to ensure the integrity of the soil on the slopes, as well as the health and safety of the forest in regards to local homeowners and pedestrians utilizing the forests for recreation. Removing all of the Douglas-fir trees within the laminated root rot areas and replanting with resistant western red cedar trees will both ensure the longevity of the forest and maintain the integrity of the soils. Removing some of the tall, but smaller diameter trees in the dense patches will increase the growing space for the remaining trees, and reduce the number of trees damaged by wind breakage. The forest management plan will need to be revised if the timeline changes or if other significant changes in the forest stand or the land ownership objectives occurs.

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VII. Aerial photo of Silver Creek site with forest cover types.

(Pierce County GIS 2014)

Forest Cover Type Line Approximate HOA Boundaries Disease Pocket (approximate location)

Type III

Type I

Type II

Type IV

Type IV

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VIII. Summary of Resource Category Information

RESOURCE CATEGORY

CONDITION

PROTECTION MEASURES

MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS

I – Forest Health Fair Remove diseased/ dying trees to maintain stand health and public safety.

Harvest LRR pockets; replant holes with western red cedar – Type I/II.

II – Soils Good Logging okay anytime, but best during dry months.

Keep compaction to a minimum; Rip skid trails and smooth after logging, or maintain for access.

III – Water Quality Good Wetland buffer and shade requirements.

Maintain for health and safety.

IV – Property Access/Roads/Trails

Good Annual inspections. Routine maintenance.

V – Aesthetics & Recreation

Good Maintain health and longevity of forest.

Maintaining the property appropriate for HOA’s aesthetic and recreational desires.

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IX. Plan Prepared By:

Galen M. Wright Date: February 20, 2017 Title: Certified Forester No. 44 Washington Forestry Consultants, Inc. (WFCI) 1919 Yelm Hwy. SE Olympia, WA 98501 360/943-1723 Email: [email protected] Other Contributors: Ben MacColl, WFCI Professional Forester

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X. Landowner Signatures (s) LANDOWNER APPROVAL SIGNATURE (REQUIRED)

I/we approve of the contents of this plan and intend to implement the described management activities to best of my/our ability.

Signed: ______________________/___________________________ Printed: ______________________/___________________________ Date: __________________________________________________

Mailing Address: __________________________________________ __________________________________________ Phone: ___________________________________________________ Email: ____________________________________________________

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XI. PLAN APPROVAL SIGNATURES DNR FOREST STEWARDSHIP PLAN APPROVAL (IF APPLICABLE)

This plan meets the requirements for a Forest Stewardship Plan.

WA State Department of Natural Resources Authorized Representative

Signed: ________________________________ Date: __________________________________

Print Name: _____________________________ Title: ___________________________________ Affiliation: ______________________________ Address: ________________________________ Phone: _________________________________ E-mail: _________________________________